Dennis, George: The cities and cemeteries of Etruria: in two volumes (Band 2) (London, 1848)

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Dennis, George
The cities and cemeteries of Etruria: in two volumes (Band 2) — London, 1848

DOI Page / Citation link:

https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.786#0572

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A

CITIES AND CEMETEEIES OF ETRURIA.

B

BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

Frontispiz

II

THE FAREWELL OFADMETUS AND ALCE5TIS

Titelblatt

III

THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES

Contents of Vol. II

V

Ancient and modern condition of this port—Etruscan relics at Civita Vecchia … Road from Civita Vecchia to Rome-^-Castrum Novum—Sta. Marinella and … Fortress of Sta. Severa—Polygonal walls of Pyrgi—The town was Pelasgic— … The Vaccina, and its ancient honours—Scenes of Virgil's pictures—Cervetri

VI

the Seats and Shields—Grotta del Triclinio—Paintings on its walls— … tectural interest—Tomb of the Tarquins—Probably of the royal blood … Appendix. Shields as sepulchral decorations—Genii and Junones . . 64 … Alsium was of Pelasgic antiquity—Local vestiges—Tumuli of Monteroni—Ex- … Luna an Etruscan town—Its glorious port—Site and vestiges of Luna— … Leghorn—High antiquity of Pisse—Historical notices—Very few ancient … Florence, not an Etruscan site—Museum of the Uffizj—Etruscan Cinerary

VII

Warrior in the Palazzo Bonarroti—Singular discovery of bronzes on … Interest of Fiesole—The Etruscan walls—Character of the masonry—Ancient … tomb, near Colle—Pelasgic alphabet and horn-book—Tomb of the Cilnii— … Commanding position of Volterra—Size and importance of the ancient city … The Museum of Volterra, and its treasures—Ash-chests of Volterra—Condi-

VIII

Banquets—Death-bed scenes—Last farewells—The passage of souls—Good … Road to Populonia—Ancient port—The castle and its hospitable lords—Area … Road from Follonica—Grosseto—Locanda Palandri—Site of Rusellse—Its … The Ombrone—Village of Telamone—Caution to travellers—Ancient remains

IX

Orbetello and its fortifications—The lagoon—Polygonal walls—Etruscan tombs … Site of Cosa—Advice to visitors—Walls of polygonal masonry—Towers—Pecu- … Magliano—Discovery of an Etruscan city in its neighbourhood—Site and extent … Roads to Saturnia—Scansano—Travelling difiieulties—Site of Saturnia—The … gous monuments—Speculations on their origin—The city and its walls are … Citta la Pieve—Clusium, its antiquity, history, and decay—Ancient walls-

X

The necropolis of Clusium—Tomba del Colle Casuccini—Ancient Etruscan … The tomb of Lars Porsena—Not a mere fable—Analogies in extant monuments … CETONA AND SARTEANO. … CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO.

XI

Glories 01 Arezzo—Arretium, its importance and history—Ancient walls of … Venerable antiquity of Cortona—Hints to travellers—Modern Cortona—The … nano — Inflammable waters—Magione, and its attractions —Vale of the … —Antiquity of Perusia—History........454 … romb of the Volumnii—Banquet of the dead—Dantesque monument—Temple-

XII

The Etruscan antiquities in Rome — Museo Gregokiano — Origin of the … bowls—Chamber of the Paintings—Chamber of the Tomb—Museo Campana

List of Illustrations

XIII

the farewell of admetus and alcestis. From a tracing. Frontispiece. … tazza, with a fury and two fauns .... Museo Gregoriano 117 … ETRUSCAN WALLS OF VOLTERRA........G. D. 141 … truscan walls of populonia......S. J. Ainsley 233 … OCOLARE—BLACK WARE OF CHIUSI......Micali 325 … OOR OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB, CHIUSI . . . . . . G. D. 360 … LAN OF PART OF THE POGGIO GAJELLA.....Gruner 394

XIV

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. … ANCIENT WALLS OF CORTONA........G. D. 432 … LIST OF MAPS IN VOLUME II.

Chapter XXX: Civita Vecchia - Centum Cellae

1

THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES … must admit the fidelity of the above picture. As Civita

2

in the ninth century ; but when rebuilt, the disposition of … the hands of a score of custom-house officers—a fingering … State, pre-eminently—till the quickening sun of Pius IX. … Roman town on the shore without the Museum, which, though of the time of … the town with water is said to be erected, beauty all ancient works in this metal

3

in the Town-hall, mostly from Corneto,3 and some in the … versed on the way to Corneto is a desert of undulating … since 1843 ; and consist of sarcophagi … painted in imitation of life, and very … (Vol. I. p. 340)—and several milestones, … in a flower; and the angles of the … spot by a Figaro of Civita Vecchia, who, … 7 Three miles to the north-east of

4

the haunt of the "wild boar and roe-buck.8 Corneto is so … Le Mole, a little to the right of the road, … The ancient sites on this coast, between Rome and Centum Cellse, are

Chapter XXXI: Santa Marinella - Punicum

5

I wandered through the wrecks of days departed, … Few roads in Italy are more frequented, and none are … recollections of her ancient glories, or in lively concep- … Scipio, Cicero, Horace, and a thousand togaed phantoms

6

unattractive, more bleak, dreary, and desolate; and to one … linger many a deHghtful hour in contemplation of "the … 1 Liv. XXXVI. 3; Plin. III. 8; Ptol. mention of an ancient figure of Imius … 3 Liv. loc. cit The Castrum Inui of at hoth sites. Inuus was a pastoral deity, … only of Roman times. But Mttller to be the site—an opinion which is now

7

against Antiochus the Great. In the time of Rutilius it … Marinella for about a mile towards Civita Vecchia, and … 4 Rutil. I. 227. with the Panapio of the Maritime Itme-

8

remains of far prior antiquity to those at Santa Marinella, … " Puntone del Castrate," or " Sito della Gruardiola," and he … some analogy also to the tombs of Magna Grsecia, and yet … The slabs which lined them were, some tumulus, of which Abeken saw few or … A single massive slab often lined each of one of these tombs ; and he thinks it … two chambers, the outer of which served with another. It bears great analogy … the name of LaGuardiola, conferred on p. 113, et seq.; Ann. Inst. 1841, p. 31 ;

9

chap, xxxi.] DISCOVERY OF. AN ETRUSCAN TOWN. 9 … always lay on large slabs of nenfro. … and probably never went out among … of the mound; and though it has lost … excavated, and a sepulchral chamber … bent at right angles, and full of human … and tombs.

10

Duchess of Sermoneta made excavations. What was its … Castrum Novum of antiquity; a name which manifestly … domination of the Romans, or it may have been destroyed … entire population of the old town was transferred to the … ancient at the close of the 16th century,

Chapter XXXII: Santa Severa - Pyrgi

11

Six miles beyond Santa Marinella is the fortress of … side of Civita Vecchia are based on foundations of far … with the shore, and, after a while, again turns towards the

12

than the present fort, and sufficiently extensive for a small … no express assertion in ancient writers that Pyrgi itself … and 260 from Ostia. The Itinerary of distant from that city (Strabo, V. p. 226),

13

jfCHAP. xxxh.] THE POLYGONAL WALLS OF PYRGI. … sive of the fact.7 … 6 Virgil (Mn. X. 184) calls it ancient … afford the Pelasgie builders of Pyrgi … walls, especially for substructions, and … mountains of the interior to find stone … of that style in this case was not acci- … classes it among the iroAi'x»"<» of the

14

place of considerable importance as a port, naval station, … to have suffered the usual evils of a sea- … polis fuit." The small size of Pyrgi, as … Aristotle ((Economic. II. 20) and Po- … said, that Ilithyia being but one form of … daughter of Juno (Paus. I. 18 ; Iliad.

15

chap, xxxn.] ANCIENT TEMPLE OF ILITHYIA. … may have been in the most ancient Doric style.1 If so, it … genEe,Castrum Novum, and the maritime … 8 Rutilius (I. 224), speaking of Alsium

16

and entablature high above the towers and battlements of … The foundations show the walls of Pyrgi to have been … tumulus on the plain, but at the foot of the heights which … stored Plan of Pyrgi, has so represented port, constructed with moles or break- … siderable distance; nor are there traces of is favoured by Hesychius when he says … are traces of Roman work on this side, her, are those at the Puntone del Cas-

Chapter XXXIII: Cervetri - Agylla or Caere

17

TOMB OF THE TARQUINS, CERVETRI. … For thousands of years were inhumed on the shore. … one prominent building sparkling in the sun, at the foot of

18

the homely name of La Vaccina, or the Cow-stream. Insig- … undulating downs, the area lata of ancient song, to the hills

19

rural quiet of the scene. Sword and spear are exchanged … must pursue should he approach Cervetri from the side of … Oxen and goats also, in Corsica, and year 537, "the waters of Caere flowed … 655, ed. Casaub.), who records this fact, Sepim Kaiperavh of Strabo (V. p. 220),

20

land for some miles round it, are the property of Prince … allows them to be carried on by his friends, who are of a … would devote more than a hurried day to the antiquities of … of old.6

21

chap, xxxiii.] ANTIQUITY AND ORIGIN OF AGYLLA. … and Solinus (Polyh. cap. VIII.), who all … account of a fountain ; not being able to … by referring the grove of Silvanus on … origin of Csere, than of any other city … sequent to the fall of Troy (ap. Dion. … of its having dedicated treasure to the … Antica, p. 16. Then the language of the … of the general belief in the Greek origin

22

name was changed into Caere, but the reason of this altera- … and inquired its name; whereon, a soldier from the ramparts, … extant, which had been executed before the foundation of … Agylla. Servius (ad Ma. VIII. 597) p. 25), who is of the old or literal school … the original Etruscan name was " Cisra," ten years after the fall of Troy;" while … Lepsius (die Tyrrhen. Pelasg. p. 28) re- made even as late as the year of Rome

23

chap, xxxm.] HISTORY OF OERE. 23 … might atone for their crime, and were ordered to perform … 4 Dion. Hal. III. p. 193. represents Csere as a powerful city of … Veii and Tarquinii, and the independent its name from Agylla to Caere.

24

exercises and horse-racing in honour of the slain ; which … and gave refuge to the Flamen Quirinalis, and Vestal … people6—in fact, they received the full privileges of … who went to Gabii. Vatican, given by Gruter, p. 492, 7, and … that Rome was a mere colony of Csere— … lasgic population of Csere was preserved and what had originally been conferred

25

chap, xxxiii.] HISTORY OF (LERE. 25 … A year or two before the capture of Rome by the Gauls, … threatened, otherwise "the sympathy of blood" alone … she sent an army into the Roman territory, and laid it … their touching appeal and the remembrance of past services, … of the right of suffrage. Hor. I. ep. Niebuhr (I. p. 386) thinks this derivation … loc. cit. Niebuhr (II. pp. 60, 67) is of to me that the first syllable of the word … degraded from the highest rank of citizen- is expressive of the meaning ; and the

26

prayer and granted them a truce for-a hundred years.10 It … ments and inscriptions found on the spot, and became a … bare crag on the summit of the neigh- … di Stigliano; and the Table favours his … Apollinaris under the name of " Phoebi … the site of the city, some beautiful marble

27

chap. xxxm.] DESOLATION OF THE SITE. 27 … Of the ancient city there are but few vestiges extant ; … there given, add Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 174. 5 A bull of Gregory IX., in 1236, … cornices, and other architectural frag- p. 129. But Gruter (pp. 214 ; 652, 8) … " Cusiach," which is unique in having first to indicate the true site of this city.

28

PLAN OF CJ3RE AND ITS NECROPOLIS,

29

chap, xxxm.] VESTIGES OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 29 … Let not the traveller omit to visit the site of Caere under … there are no vestiges of the walls which I could perceive no such remains; all … the brow of the cliffs, and on the side masonry, of smaller blocks than usual,

30

If he be an artist, or lover of the picturesque, taking no … sional sombring of grey—while the dark ilex, or oak, … has a rectangular cleavage, the Pelasgic composed of enormous masses. Though

31

These are found on all sides of the city, but particularly on … sion I had received at Bieda and other sites, that the … error, when the same had been stated against its inner wall, with capital and

32

were fragments of an ornamental cornice. Within the … of smaller size opening upon it, ■ H I / III … ... r PLAN OF A TOMB AT CERVETRI. … c. c, Chambers on each side of the … i, i. Arm-chairs and foot-stools, hewn … The shaded part of the plan repre- … Varro (L. L. V. 161), and Festus (v.

33

the rock ; and in one instance was the same fan-like orna- … Many of the tombs of the Banditaccia are surmounted … their feet pointing to the centre of the tomb. There is … corner of the tomb, seems to be the Iscriz. Perug. I. p. 140). See Bull,

34

Hard by is a sepulchre, on the plan of those of Bieda, … suggests, for the use of the relatives who came yearly to … blissful repose of the new life on which his spirit had … in the Banditaccia, which contained two of these chairs, … ■where he gives a description of a similar 8 The form of this and similar rock-

35

TOMB OF THE SEATS AND SHIELDS. … among the thousand and one sepulchres of the Banditaccia … It consists of but a single chamber, twenty-four feet by … shields were of large size, like the … at the opening of the tomb, and remem- … twelve of these shields, carved in the

36

they suffered from the damp ; and if unaware of their … On the left-hand wall you perceive the heads of a man … It is from these heads we must judge of the rest in this … instead of a separate lectus for each pair continuous couch, which, as it occupies

37

their sex, and, from the discoloration of the stucco, have … goddess, must refer to the Juno, or presiding spirit of some … figures here lie under a red and white at Vulci. Bull. Inst. 1832, p. 194. … paintings of Tarquinii, but TpliroSes, or Note II. … 3 Banquets by lamp-light are rarely pit, just such as opens in the ceilings of … under the shade of the ivy or vine, or sepulchral chamber beneath this, as … is introduced, the festive couches are found it full of water. In the so-called

38

not al fresco. The freedom of the design, as far as it is … of the existence of ancient paintings. Pliny speaks of … work on Lydia and Phrygia, there is a beard, and close vest, shooting an arrow … 8 See Vol. I. pp. SO—52. much truth and expression in the beasts, … as more archaic than any at Tarquinii. are black, white, and red. The face and

39

chap, xxxm.] TOMB OF THE SARCOPHAGI. 89 … the Tomb of the Sarcophagi, from its containing three of … The sarcophagi are here of alabaster—not that from Vol- … they are unlike any I have elsewhere seen on the lids of

40

and on a slab which served as a cippus, I read larthi ap. … Another of these newly discovered sepulchres, I shall … and must have been occupied by some noble Etruscan and … pillars and pilasters which support the rafter-carved roof— … poured forth on the occasion of the annual sepulchral

41

chap, xxxni.] TOMB OF THE ALCOVE. 41 … or, the " Tomb of the Tarquins ! " Yes, reader—here for

42

been a numerous family of Tarquins settled at Caere. But … Who wrought the deed of shame,"— … Arsian Wood,5 he may have left his family at Caere, and … one of the urns in the Grotta de' Vo- is indicative of connection by marriage, … mann (Bull. Inst. 1833, p. 61, and and after staying there some time in the

43

chap, xxxiii.] TOMB OF THE TAEQUINS. 43

44

instead of more than two thousand years. No finger, not … bility that this family was of the royal race—namely, that … remain legible, whether Etruscan or period of Roman domination. More- … 1 The Latin inscriptions in this tomb could find only eleven names of other … Latin character may be explained, with- were in Latin, and quite distinct.

45

Most of the niches are double, or for two bodies. Some, … Like most of the tombs of the Banditaccia, which are … The sepulchre at Cervetri which has most renown, and the … entrance after the doorway had been common in the tombs of Falerii; but

46

the mound was so large, and its top has been so broken by … the convergence of … square channel, covered by a large block of nenfro. The … 1840, p. 133), as well as at Palo and

47

chap, xxxiii.] HIGH ANTIQUITY OF THIS TOMB. 47 … at an arch, the true principle of -which had yet to be dis- … inferior antiquity. Like the Nuraghe right angles with the line of the arch, … formed sepulchres like these of Cervetri. earliest inhabitants of Agylla, and assigns … logy between these American pseudo- determined that precisely in the reign of

48

The great antiquity of this tomb may be deduced also … In the outer chamber, at the further end, lay a bier of … car, or tray, of bronze, with a basin-like cavity in the … been known and practised at a much … more modern light than most of his … tion of Egyptian forms (Ann. Inst. 1836,

49

On the other side of the bier lay some thirty or forty little … This tomb had evidently contained the body of a warrior; … light on the use of them in the so-called But admitting that there were really … fastened the plates of bronze with which chral furniture, than a lining of metal, … has been suggested, however, that no the so-called " Treasuries" of Greece

50

against each door-post hung a vessel of pure silver. There … chain, and a necklace of very long joints—earrings of great … together — selci collegati in cake—an idea of the great abundance of tliis metal, … mote antiquity of the tomb.

51

than a feminine decoration; and the other ornaments, if … scriptions were on several of the silver ves- … jectured to signify the proprietor of these … they are now in southern Europe ; and … can tombs, prove the abundance of gold … the simple, hardy manners of the Sabines. … priest, for the breastplate and fiiulw, … of their adornments, the most perfect … purely Egyptian works. This, and the

52

with burnt bones, and a number of terra-cotta idols ; the … of his hovel, or the fence of his vineyard, as he has already

53

chap, xxxm.] PELASGIC ALPHABET AND PEIMEB. 53 … others were opened in the neighbourhood ; in one of which … alphabet, in very ancient characters, shown in the bottom … 1 For the foregoing description of the 2 Bull. Inst. 1836, p. 62. The writer … contents of this tomb the oriental, and Regulini-Galassi tomb. Sepulchres of

54

that character, but in Greek, of very archaic style ; 4 and … and both in their form and collocation … assigned to certain of these letters where … sor Lepsius, who is my authority, and

55

chap, xxxoi.] RELICS OF THE PELASGIC TONGUE. 55 … around it, and then filled in with red paint, which Pro- … and remarks that " he who is so inclined may easily read … The vowels in the primer are placed in inscribed on the walls of an Etruscan

56

The high ground to the east of Caere, on the opposite … visible. Ceres has usurped the greater part of the hill, … liarities both in the language and cha- … of Rome, I. p. 1) places the grove on … the statue of Artemisia to conceal it … probability seems in favour of the fir-

57

east of the Regulini sepulchre, after crossing the Vaccina, … conservation of this monument, to the good taste of the … exists in a tomb in the Banditaccia, and in another at … 3 Ut supra, page 33. In one of the is remarkable.

58

rock, panelled like a piece of furniture, and supporting … of a visit. They are not under lock and key, yet can … and are not easily accessible to ladies. To explore them,

59

basement of masonry, which makes it highly probable that … lessly, for, when recently opened, some gold leaf, and … jection or buttress in the masonry. The * Here were fragments of embroidery … not uncommon in this necropolis, espe- the corpse. A morsel of one of these … ments, expresses his opinion that these trance proves this tomb to be very ancient.

60

of a horse, lying by the bier of his master, and suggesting … its name from the proprietor of the land. The basement … diameter. The masonry of the base- states, but apparently as a mere conjec-

61

hand, decorated with Tuscan pilasters, and a chamber also … chres. They have been supposed to huts of their neighbours the Phrygians, … dwellings were very cool in summer, responds. The interiors of these sub- … which now stud the Campagna of Rome.

62

similarly walled and roofed in with masonry, and lying … parts of Tuscany, but attached to streams … of the tombs, see Abeken, Bull. Inst. … westward position of the oldest tombs, … chres of the ancient Agylla or Ca^re."

63

ANCIENT POTTERY OF CJERE. … always remain a matter of mere conjecture.6 … combat of Ajax (Aivas), and Hector, … cimen of this class of Cseritan pottery … black and violet, on a pale yellow … town, and he does so to distinguish it … Etruscan Artena belonged to C^ere, and … here a high and insulated point, which

64

The shields carved or painted in this and other tombs of Caare, proba-

65

carved on city-walls, and the proscenia of theatres. And they were a … The shields borne by the figures of Minerva on the Panathenaic vases are … only to have presided over, but to have been the cause of birth, which is … —one inciting him to good deeds, the other to evil—and whose office it

66

Genii were distinguished from the Manes and Lares, inasmuch as these … A man was believed to he born under the influence of a favourable or … birthday of the individual, when he was propitiated by libations, and … painted on the wall of this tomb at Cervetri. … Not only men and women, but places and things, had their Genii,

67

chap, xxxiii.] GENII AND JUNONES. 67 … These genii loci were supposed to take the visible form of a serpent … held the distinction between Genii and Junones ; for the sex of the … easy to distinguish between the attendant Genii, good or bad, and the … passing over the shoulders, the under, behind the back, and united

68

be drawn from the nature of the scene into which these demons are … the r and s being interchangeable letters ; wherefore we find " Lases" … only of the Genii of men, but of the analogous Junones of women, yet

Chapter XXXIV:: Palo - Alsium

69

The place of tombs, … Argive Halesus, son of Agamemnon, to the dense woods on this coast, … derived its name— of opinion that the Pelasgic tongue, … Its Pelasgic origin being admitted, it trace by that means the origin of the

70

researches. The earliest notice of it by Roman writers is … frequented by the wealthy Romans;5 and even the … At the beginning of the fifth century Alsium, like the … quota of troops in the year 547 (b.c. … King of Syria. Liv. XXXVI. 3. Pliny … also speaks of it as a mere iroXlxwov. … and no small importance. For the … that he was accused of it as a crime, … called it " the nestling-place of his old … thinking of landing on his return from … riones of the Colony of Alsium, which was

71

chap, xxxiv.] VESTIGES OF ALSIUM. 71 … Not a vestige of the Pelasgic or Etruscan town is now … gerian Table we also learn that it existed latter, and 16 from the former town, … 9 Nibby (op. cit. p. 528) takes these distance. These discrepancies are of

72

periphery of nearly eight hundred feet. This wall had two … tomb closely resembled the Grotta Regulini-Galassi of … channel or groove ; and the high antiquity indicated by its … horizontal passage, about a hundred feet long; and here … purely Egyptian in character, and tomb, but Abeken considered them to

73

TUMULI OF MONTERONI. … the necropolis of Alsium; and thus, while one bears out … antiquarian zeal and enterprise this lady rivalled the late … forming the feet of vases. The de- … papers of the late Duchess, gives a some-

74

the basement-wall is re-covered or destroyed, and not a … on either side of the village, there is nothing to relieve the … Yet the lover of sea-side nature may find interest here, as … The calm delight of a sunny shore finds its reflex in the … author was writing to an Emperor, ever, qualifies his praises of Alsium by

75

vault of blue Italian day." A few feluccas, their weary … flank. This was the fort of Piumicino, at the mouth of the … site of Ad Turres, a station on the Via Aurelia.7

76

A mile or two beyond, not far from Palidoro, and at a … Micali, Monum. Ined. p. 374. occupied the sites both of Bottaccia and … Testa di Lepre, near the Arrone. but that he refers to the town of

77

and in 563 (b.c. 191), with the other maritime colonies of … came, for the Fregellse of Volscium, on … with the rest of Pliny's statement, he … maritime colonies of Etruria. Strabo

Chapter XXXV: Luni - Luna

78

The most northerly city of Etruria was Luna. It stood, … of Macra as a place—xa9mv > but Pliny … contradictory statements of ancient … 16) ; Aristotle (or the author of De … Ptolemy (Geog. p. 68, ed. Bert.) ; and … Ligures as dispossessed of Pisa and its

79

LUNA, AND ITS PORT. … among the Twelve chief cities of the … and Luna on the Etruscan side of the … the alluvial deposits of the Magra have … bour within the mouth of the stream … mouth of the Magra, and declares he saw … corrector of Ptolemy, instead of Lunse … also speaks of Luna as—oppidum portu

80

digal of wine and oil—purple mountains behind,—and … Lucca and Pisa, and just before reaching the modern

81

chap, xxxv.] SITE AND VESTIGES OF LUNA. 81 … The first historical notice to be found of Luna is in the … him as to the material ; all the remains takes for that of the genius of the … (I. 2, 4) credits both Ciriacus and Ruti- also Mionnet (Supplem. I. pp. 199,203), … Vara, many miles inland, at the head of is supposed by Melchiorri to have be-

82

force in the port, and sailed thence against the Spaniards.2 … and inscriptions found on the spot prove it to have existed … which was the best in all Etruria; 8 and for its cheeses, … Luca. Promis (p. 29) thinks Luna cause. The lord of Luna won the … editions have " Lucse." Dante (Inferno, and carrying her to his own house. … E'l mar, non gli era la veduta tronca. name of this town by SeX^t), and

83

THE MABBLE OF LUNA. … era. The earliest mention we have of it is in the time of … may be the ancient Latin form; … (Populonia), and Vetldna (Vetulonia); … and meant "a port"—this, which has … page 27), is in the Cathedral of Corneto, … of Luna yielded not only white, but

84

to be neglected by the luxurious Romans of that age ; … was of general application to the harder Toscana X. pp. 403—46B ; but especially … sawn, and the word would lose its force Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 142.

Chapter XXXVI: Pisa - Pisae

85

been inclined to recognise in it, Triturrita, with the ancient … of Livorno (Repetti, II. p. 717) ; and … was at the mouth of the Arno, seem to … Salebro and Ad Herculem at Violino. … of Pisae to have been a bay between the … sea in the Delta of the Arno. Miiller … ancient branch of the Arno, now … of the river, but 9 miles to the south ;

86

It has now more than a mere bank of sea-weed to protect … port, and hurries away to lionise that city. He now needs no … range of created objects, animate or terra, according to his country ; or, as … of his wife and children, as well as of

87

HIGH ANTIQUITY OF PISM. … p. 16) among the primitive cities of … other traditions of its origin, one assign- … Teutani, or Teutones, were of Greek … foundation of Pisse earlier than the … voice of tradition assigns to Pisse a … open plain, so unlike that of most … accumulation of soil brought down by … larity of site between the Pisa of … 283. The analogy of site may explain

88

absence of historical mention of Pisa during the period of … ence of pine-woods, both around the » Liv. XXI. 39; XXXIII. 43 ; … Lycophron, Polybius, and Ptolemy. i Strabo, V. p. 223. Pliny also speaks

89

chap, xxxvi.] VERY FEW ANCIENT REMAINS. … and the line refers to the city of Elis. … Faceio degli Uberti says of Lucca— … wandering Jew, Benjamin of Tudela, it … bank of the Arno, and at some distance … The opinion of early Italian antiquaries

90

recognises them as the roba of Volterra. They were found at … tending with three warriors ; an Amazon with sword and … A large sarcophagus has a pair of figures on its lid, and the … the shape of a horse's head and fore-quarters; in the relief … Etruscan form of Pissa ; and Cramer

91

buskined, but without drapery, in a sitting posture, and … yet few who visit this sacred and silent corner of Pisa, … from the antique pomp, the mosque-like magnificence of

Chapter XXXVII: Firenze - Florentina

92

Of cities, fairest one !—Shelley. … Florence, the Athens of modern Italy, in the days of

93

the latter years of the Roman Republic.1 Yet she may be … saysFlorentia was a colony of the Trium- … is given by Pliny (III. 8) in his list of … In the reign of Tiberius, Florentia was … 72), by the Antonine Itinerary and the … time the vale of the Arno must have … refers the emigration to the time of

94

in the courteous and polished Florentines to the rugged … The collection of such objects in the possession of the … same city, as well as from Chiusi. They are either of … p. 11. ginally, perhaps, in the form of a cow's

95

wretched style of art; yet, as illustrative of the Etruscan … and at the same moment another demon extinguishes … garded as indicative of a debauch.. By … paterce, and even rhyta, we learn some- … were " terrible ones to drink," and were … Very different was the condition of the … the key of the wine-cellar ; and se- … second cousins ; and as she knew not … absolved the husband of the crime of

96

a torch. Here a husband is taking leave of his wife, ere … pine-cone on which indicates the nature of their farewell. … in the midst of a shoal of merry dolphins6—Castor and … and the wheel of Fortune on which he relied availing

97

of women, with flute, lyre, and Pandean pipes, sit on the … And there you may see Clytemnestra slain on her … to the great alarm of two females ; some smite them. In one strange combat, a … gnm," seizes one of the horses by the fallen man, and a Fury directs their

98

temple, with all the wood and tile-work of the roof repre- … Government has not availed itself of the opportunity it … and a monster in human form, with a sented the blinding of (Edipus. Two … recalls Comus and the lady, were it not grief; and a female is also rushing for- … Some of the urns described by Italian Ital. av. Rom. tav. XLVI ; Gori, I. tab. … longer to be seen here. Such is a part- from the Greek version of the story … XXXVIII. Another very interesting fact worthy of attention.

99

chap, xxxvn.] THE KING OF ETRUSCAN VASES. 99 … relax its purse-strings, and purchase it for one thousand … hero of the Trojan War—from the youthful deeds of his … 9 Further notices of this remarkable 214 (Gerhard). See also the Appendix

100

with combats under the walls of Troy—councils of the … their father ; and a beautiful one, of the form called … also some good drinking-bowls—cylices and canthari. The

101

there are numerous and excellent specimens; and it is … or spirits of the dead, demons, beasts, … the head of this chapter.1 Some are … 1 The black ware of which these rases … on Etruscan but on Greek and Oriental … blem, indicative of the passage from one … the Hellenic vases ; and have doubtless

102

—some singular stands which, for want of a better name … painted on it, in the style of the frescoes of Pompeii. … Jetters, would read thus :—«Mi Tesan man of the gem Targumia. But it … Ined. p. 386, tav. LV. 7), who gives a the name of Tarchon.

103

The ancient bronzes in the Uffizj are in a small cham- … of the room stand several works of high celebrity. The … the size of life, of a senator or Lucumo, clad in tunic and … showing this to be the statue of Aulus Metellus, son of

104

A much more archaic figure is that of Minerva, found at

105

stir a step; her face suddenly clouded with dismay and … Much inquiry has been made of late years by English

106

search was fruitless—no compass could be discerned, and … to Ireland, which was a colony of theirs, and this inscrip- … known the course of going.' " 7 … 268), had evidently made acquaintance in the Tomh of the Volumni at Perugia, … wicks, and reservoir for the oil. The XIV. 3.

107

the tombs of Volterra. … the tone in which I have heard them spoken of by high … spear in one hand and a lotus-flower, with a little bird on … Relics of Etruscan art are not always found in sepulchres … could not tell the date of its discovery; lotus and bird to be mystic emblems of … 9 in. high. The Etruscan inscription Etrus. III. p. ii., tab. XVIII. 1 ; and

108

of the Apennines, one of the loftiest mountains in Tuscany, … On the same level with the source of this celebrated river … be a little figure in bronze. She carried it home ; and … with him. The fact got wind in the neighbouring town of

109

chap, xxxvii.] BRONZES OF MONTE FALTERONA. 109 … and afterwards forgotten. But further examination showed

110

There were some articles of very different character … as the relics of some battle fought on the spot, which, be … lake had been completely deprived of vitality, the water … town with all its inhabitants, and ren- lying beneath the heavier conglomerate, … May, 1827, when the Arno was again in which each of these Italian landslips

111

chap, xxxvn.] MYSTERY OF THE LAKE EXPLAINED. Ill … was formed at the time that the landslip occurred, and that … by that medicine. The stiptic water of Pinelli, so cele- … posited as votive offerings around the Lebanon, and in its waters votaries

112

I leave it to medical readers, alloeopathic and homoeo- … like the offerings of peasants, but a few are in the best … doni), and the authorities there cited. Ined. tar. XII.—XVI. pp. 86—102; … 1 Idem. tav. XII. 4 The rest of the collection is also in

113

the little town of Figline, which had never been suspected … the tomb had been formed of masonry, the hill being of … bourhood of Florence in past times. Buonarroti—the … opus incertum, of the pavement was only with letters 6 inches in height. The … torn. II. Passeri (p. 65, ap. Gori, Mus. It was found on the estate of the Cap-

114

pair of figures on the banqueting-couch, and a slave standing … Etruscan inscriptions and bronzes have been found in ages

115

and style. The castle was destroyed in 1185. The site … This monument is of such splendour and interest, that it demands a … The second band has, on one side, the Battle of the Centaurs and

116

The third and principal band represents the Marriage of Peleus and … Iris, with her caduceus ; the Nymphs Hestia and Chariklo, and another … On the fourth band, Achilles is displaying his proverbial swiftness of … is near him. The walls of Troy, to which he hastens, are painted white, … The sixth band is on the foot of the vase, and represents the Pigmies,

117

and says, tA3lQ>ftr\A3l*\\f\l~T I 4 > "Clitias drew me," … 1 The winged Artemis on the Chest of … CANTHARUS, WITH A FURY AND TWO FAUNS

Chapter XXXVIII: Fiesole - Faesulae

118

reminded of such a race—is generally at Fiesole. The … the Hampstead or Highgate of the Tuscan capital—the

119

chap, xxxvoi.] THE ETRUSCAN WALLS OF F^SULjE. 119 … he will perceive, just before reaching the town, a portion of … of the offsets of the Apennines. Here

120

eight, nine feet, and the longest twelve feet and a half. … other Etruscan sites of the same character—Volterra, … in the substructions of the Via Appia, p. 55. But such reckless, destructive … however, would not admit that such to find the joints of the frusta; thus

121

chap, xxxviii.] ANCIENT PAVEMENT AND SEWERS. 121 … quently met with in Cyclopean cities, in pavement at Eleusa or Sebaste in Cilicia, … the Street of Tombs. I have observed from the ground, twenty inches high, … furrowed. Blocks of such pavement high, but scarcely one in breadth,

122

a spout to carry the fluid clear of the wall. The other … him, and he returned to the light of day.7 But the most … conduits or sewers, though that at Norba tav. XIII.) ; and on the ancient walls of … reason to doubt it. of the walls of Oea, in the island of … of the citadel. It is also found tripled it, is said to have been found on the … walling in the Terra di Cesi, three miles Etruria, and even in the Catacombs of

123

might be to intimate the strength of the city, or else to … effects of the evil eye.1 … with the small work of modern repairs, in a straight line … was they who introduced it into Athens, placed on the walls of a city to protect … by the coins of Lemnos and Imbros, for their use as sepulchral emblems ; … of the Cabiri, into Etruria and other 3 The arch is 10 feet high, nearly as … lead us to conclude that it held even Volterra and Cosa, except that it is

124

along the brow of the hill, till in the Borgo Unto, a … 3 There are said on this side of the work, give widely different measure- … p. 209), who classes it with Rusellse, theatre, and other ruins of Fsesute dis-

125

fore, much inferior in size to certain other Etruscan cities— … Twelve. And so also Miiller, Etrusk. … of Italy—Raffael Maffei, Biondi, Alberti, … instance of the quadrangular form, … It is said, that at each angle of the outer … be said of double heights, or cures, within … Fidense and perhaps at Tarquinii ; but … bers lined with masonry and contract-

126

the top of Fesole." Poets, painters, philosophers, his- … remark, that with all its yastness and diversity, the scene

127

chap, xxxviii.] THE ANCIENT THEATRE. 127 … freeze the heart of a Mab or a Titania. … weight of his great name into the oppo- Miiller also thinks it was " probably of

128

the name of "the Etruscan Palace;" but to the Ciceroni … Sotterra." You enter a Gothic archway, and descend a … " in an eternal shower of gentle rain" into the reservoir.9 … is extremely pure, supplying the whole neighbourhood, and … melting of snow and the fall of heavy rains. It very rarely

129

occurred in the autumn of that unusually hot year, … except on one side where a flight of steps led down into it,3 … fountain—for it was discovered by tracing an ancient … 1 * Memorial.—Of this vast cistern, 3 The steps had subsequently been … Giuliano Ruggieri was the first, to his other remains of similar rusticated work … 2 The walls at the entrance of the Ann. Inst. loc. cit.

130

on this spot, and that when it no longer answered its pur- … pronouncing to be the site of the ancient cemetery. All … on the lids as usual. coined prior to the defeat of Catiline, 63 … by Caval. Zannoni in 1830. See also » Etruscan coins of FassuUe, though

131

HISTORY OF FJESULJE. … power, probably till the final subjugation of Etruria, when … found at Caere and Vulci are preserved … Cavedoni, of Modena, considers the in- … among the Etruscans ;" and " jEsar," … adopted, and with an Etruscan termina- … of the digamma (II. p. 444). But why … ful and unsatisfactory ? It is more … dered it of a barbarous people, or a … and spirited manner, the arduous con- … &c." " Cora (who would believe it 2) and

132

The first record we find of it is in the year 529, when … was what Carrse has been of late—the … " Fsesulse " is here out of place. A city … of the same name, which he would place … year 444, to be a mere corruption of … p. 62, who cites Reinesius, CI. II. 23, and

133

and divided its territory among his officers.5 Still later it … One of the attractions of Fiesole was, till of late, La … publisher, and even the illustrator of his own works. It … 6 Sallust. Bell. Cat. 24, 27, 30, 43. among the inland colonies of Etruria.

134

has given to the world; and to insure accuracy, he had

Chapter XXXIX: Siena - Sena

135

or on extant remains. By ancient writers she is men- … or by the second Triumvirate.1 Nor is there a trace of … Tacitus (Hist. IV. 45) ; and Ptolemy Polyb. II. 19 ; cf. Appian. Bell. Civ. … 342) ascribes its origin to the Senonian thinks Sena was probably of Etruscan … on the Adriatic, which derived its name 2 Sepulchres of Etruria, p. 508.

136

Etruscan cities, but that it is situated in a district which, … and was vaulted over with uncemented masonry of large … 16 from Poggibonsi, 36 from Volterra, tima, and 48 from Grosseto.

137

or pot, perhaps one of the rare caskets in that metal—a … Lilliano, about half way between Poggibonsi and Castellina, … fac-simile of a copy of the alphabet made at the time the … II. Gori (Mus. Etr. Class II. tab. III.) called it a mixture of Etruscan and

138

Why an alphabet and hornbook were thus preserved … was discovered in 1728, in a little mound, a tomb of the … scriptions—seven in all. Though each cesses as well suited for the resort of … 9 Passer!, ap. Gori Mus. Etrus. III. a different race, and in a subsequent

139

TOMB OF THE CILNII. … belonged. It had fifteen square urns or " ash-chests" of … On the door-posts of this tomb, as in the Grotta de' … For the royal origin of Maecenas, see … supreme power delegated to one of … metastasis were an error of some of the … of Maecenas' name must have been … one of the recently found sepulchres

140

part of the Etruscan urns in the Museum of Leyden came … Montalcino has now no antiquities to show, and, indeed, … Near Pienza, a town on the heights to the east of San … "Teti" (Titus), "Cae" (Caius), "An- Manliana of Ptolemy and the Itine- … was of the family of the "Arntle"

Chapter XL: Volterra - Volaterrae - the city

141

ETRUSCAN WALLS OF VOLTERRA, BELOW STA. CHURA. … And the great gate.—Shelley.

142

rising from a deep valley and precipitous on every side, … of the sea. MUller was therefore mis- (Geog. p. 357) is opposed to it, on the … Italy. Etrusk. I p. 221. There are Midler (Etrusk. II. 2, 10), and Arnold … Volateme to be the Etruscan city these mighty three, and have suggested

143

chap, xl.] HISTORY OF VOLATERB^. 143 … could have ventured to oppose the views of the rest. This … Etruscan city, Volaterrse must have had a territory of … Sll ; Miiller,Etrusk. II. 1, 2, p. 346; 223), more than 20 miles off; and … 5 North of Volaterrse there was no acquisition of Volateme (Serv. ad Ma.

144

two great ports of Luna and Populonia, she must have … name of the ancient Volscian town … of Etruria, and those of corresponding … and in our present ignorance of the … nas, &c—and the rest of the word … the shores of the Adriatic to settle in … many of the colonists of Italy, especially … up of ships, and also corn. This is

145

chap, xl.] HISTORY OF VOLATERRiE. 145 … prefers that of Gronovius, which is Linus, the successor of St. Peter, as … LXXXIX.; ef. Cic. pro CsecinA, VII.; N. H. III. 8) and Ptolemy (p. 72, ed. … Divers. XIII. 4, 5 ; ad Attic. I. 19. 2 For the post-Roman history of

146

Volterra. He may know it by the sign of three naked … above four thousand inhabitants, and covering but a small … this gateway. The loftiness of the arch ; the boldness of … for a corruption of Porta Herculis.

147

rounded ; the venerable, yet solid air of the whole ; and … be of Roman origin. Those who hold such a doctrine … regards them as of Roman character … posts of the outer arch, and the heads,

148

Roman kings, not only with the Greek colonies of Sicily … Etruscan construction of this arch, on art, which are more simply accounted … than in Greece Proper, and that the regards this gate as one of the most

149

mythical gate, this very Porta all' Arco of Volterra, with … The masonry within the gateway is very massive, and … heads of the Lares Viales, placed in … and the others, two Thebans, looking … served and built up again these three … the Romans of the close of the Republic, … in Roman gateways, and is in accord-

150

the arches are subsequent to the rest of the gateway, … of the doors worked. This plan is proved to have been … which was suspended by iron chains, and let down from

151

to the length of forty or fifty yards, and rises to a … height, and about one hundred and forty in length; and … several shallow blocks are piled up to equal the depth of

152

As usual in the most ancient masonry, there are here no … twenty-five or thirty centuries, and may yet stand for as … they turn to the north, stretching along the brow of the … distinctly, all round the brow of the point which juts out … follow the brow of the high ground in all its sinuosities;

153

OHip.xL.] THE GATE OF DIANA. 153 … This is another gateway of similar construction to the … post rises to the height of about twenty feet, and at … at the same time as the walls, and before the invention of … This sort of double gateway is found in several ancient

154

where there is more than one specimen of it.6 … of the walls, the courses being often scarcely a foot in … At the point of high ground to the east, is a fine frag- … of double gateway that the plural term— 8 Here it may be remarked, that the … which answers the purpose of towers placed at that height in the walls, where … an assailing force would have its right Pop. Ital. II. p. 294) ; and he even infers … by Vitruvius, I. 5, 2. be 11 ft. long, 3 in height, and 4 in

155

chap, xl.] EXTENT OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 155 … and only not … p. 107. This style of" stuffed" walls is p. 32) cites an authority who ascribes to

156a

There are portions of the wall which are of no difficult … Seminario, which are comparatively near at hand: and

156b

PLAN OF VOLTERRA, ANCIENT AND MODERN. … 3, 3, 3 Sites of ancient gates. … 6, 6 Fragments of ancient masonry, … 11,11, 11 Sites of excavations. … 14 Vestiges of an aqueduct. … 18 Church of S. Giusto. … 21 Convent of Sta. Chiara. … Remains of an ancient edifice. … Church of S. Giovanni.

157

not the sepulchre of their great citizen, Archimedes, till he … with that sepulchre, and let this in future be called … This sepulchre, which is said to be a type, in form and … square pillar in the centre, and a triple tier of benches … but most resting on one elbow in the usual attitude of the … 9 Cicero, Tuse. Qusest. V. 23. lie one on each side of the entrance.

158

ashes of a family for several generations. … Such is said to be the general character of the sepulchres … of a singular description have been brought to light.3 … mini, but on a larger scale. At the depth of eight feet … 2 Gori (Mus. Etr. III. p. 93) says the colate through the roof and walls. The … (Mon. Etrusc. IV. p. 80); and he gives it was laid on the bare rock. Sarcophagi … rock. The entrances generally face the of the pots being full of the bones of kids … first, says Inghirami (IV. p. 94). In relics of the funeral feast; a pair of gold … is often a hole, probably formed as a with the idea of a kitchen,

159

chap, xl.] TOMB OF THE C^CINjE. 159 … thick column in the midst, and surrounded by a triple tier … "A. Csecina."6 Most of the urns also bore inscriptions, … in form ; but the inscription marks it as midst, with a base and capital of the … Inghirami, Mon. Etrus. I. p. 11. The other five chambers were of inferior

160

In 1831, Signor Giusto Cinci, to whom most of the … size. Inghirami thinks it was the early which he refers most of the urns of Vol- … 1 See the next Chapter. ticulars of these tombs, together with … a lintel. ages since at Gubbio, the ancient Igu-

161

closely resemble the Nuraghe of Sar- … The point of difference is, that these domed … the shores of that island (De la Marmora, … ture, instead of being conical, is some- … state of preservation that it can be de- … Micali, and Arri, assign them to the … followed by Abeken; and to this view … Petit-Radel's opinion there is ancient … tombs, and Canina (Archit. Ant. V. … on the same plan as the Treasury of

162

with much regularity or spirit, since the death of Signor … numenti Etruschi, IV. Ragionamento, helmets or shields—the hermes of a … cealment, but whether in ancient or

163

series of parallel vaults of great depth, supported by square … the pillars are connected by flat architraves, composed of … had filled it, declared it to be of Etruscan construction,9

164

incertum, the fragments of mosaic pavement, the marble … Inghirami, and the Buche de' Saracini, in the valley to … valley of the Cecina at my feet, all its nakedness and … studding the far-off deep ; and even the track of a

165

expanse of bare undulating country, the valley of the Era, … of the Alban Mount. There was still the blue sea in the … belongs to one of that old Volaterran family, which for … research ; and a most illustrious member of which was

166

of similar character opening in various directions, and … By whom, and for what purpose these passages were … Poggio Gajella at Chiusi, and in the Grotta Regina at Tos-

Chapter XLI: Volterra - Volaterrae - the museum

167

Some consolation for the loss of the tombs which have … mulated sepulchral spoil of more than a century. The

168

Valuable, not in a marketable sense, for a dozen of the … thirty years ; and such multitudes of Monsignor Guarnacci presented his col- … was seeing them lie about in all direc- antiquities, but of late years it has ra- … of Volterra surpassed every other in had but sixty urns ; now it has more

169

chap, xli.] TREASURES OF THE MUSEUM. 169 … sites, and he who has not visited it, must bear in mind … ten rooms of the Museum in succession, and describe the … jola, 3 miles distant, and at Ulignano, mythology was well known to the Etrus-

170

contain not the entire body, but merely the ashes of the … them, of urnlets—urnette. Most have the effigy of the … mirror in the form of a book. But no of wood, coated with wax, which will

171

chap, xu.] ASH-CHESTS OF VOLTERRA. 171 … of cerulean tendencies — too dark or deep a hue was … them in two classes; those of purely Etruscan subjects, … particular monument belongs. We will first treat of the … 5 See Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tav. 43 ; tion of this fact—a lady of the Cseeina

172

links in such a chain might be furnished by the Museum of … across the scene. In another relief of the same subject a … Aurora.—The goddess who " gives light to mortals and … than the poem. The monster and the … tail of a Giant— … myths, sees in the Rape of Proserpine an … emblem of the sun. Cf. Macrob. I. 20.

173

able only for the presence of a winged Fury, who sits by … one original type of the scene, probably the work of some … impending fate of his daughter. The presence of a winged … lection of this urn. 3 Perseus in the one case has all his … 10 Inghir. I. tav. 65. Gori, I. tab. 122. type of these reliefs, and the Juno may

174

The mythical history of Thebes has afforded numerous … former is said to have sown half the teeth of the same … between him and his pursuers. Inghir. … pretation of this scene—that it may be … mus ; Passeri and Winckelmann to … of the unarmed man be a plough, and

175

chap, xu.] MYTHS OF THEBES. 175 … " That sad inexplicable beast of prey," … his chariot, and thrown him to the earth; and is about to … Amphiaraus and Eriphyle.—In some of these scenes a … " Eriphyle, that for an onche of gold, … with the necklace of Harmonia in his hand, with which … omission of the skull. Inghir. I. tar. Rom. tav. 36. Inghirami follows Lanzi … 7 Inghir. I. tav. 19, 20, 74, 75, 76, as the death of Alcestis. Ann. Inst.

176

this subject. One, which represents the assault of Capaneus … above, and are turned into those of warriors resisting the … expressed. The freedom and vigour … of the highest antiquity. The date

177

chap, xli.] MYTHS OF THEBES AND TROY. 177 … The Trojan War has also furnished scenes for some of … covered at Volterra. this scene as the fate of Auges and her

178

One scene represents the death of Polites, so beautifully … venerable Priam comes up and recognises his son. A … scene frequently occurring on Etruscan well admit of interpretation as the

179

chap, xli.] MYTHS OF ULYSSES AND ORESTES. 179 … " Into some brutish form of wolf or tear, … " Ueste"—is represented in the act of slaying his mother, … his fatal hammer raised, and a Fury with naming torch,

180

" Acns" and " Priumnes." 2 … "Urusthe" and " Clutumsta," (Ger- soners!" (Etruria Celtica, II. p. 166) … Etrusk. Spieg. taf. CCXXXVIII.; their foes. One of them being some- … and equivalent to Mania. A totally VI. tav. A. 5.

181

of intellectual action, far transcending that of mortals.4 … a firebrand or mass of rock, to show their might over … and maritime supremacy; and accordingly the active … Italian sailor now looks for succour in the hour of peril— … It is highly probable that these sea-gods were of … Etruscan characteristic, for they are symbols of torrents, regards the wings

182

teristic of that monster, who … have been the embodied emblem of the … on ancient works of art. Never has he … sky or the surface of the waves assumes … increasing the abundant series of their … symbol of celerity and foresight; In-

183

sister of Medusa and the G-orgons, the mother of Cerberus, … Of human or of heavenly; monstrous, fierce … already treated of in describing the tombs of Corneto.2 … 2 See vol. I. pp. 303—5. and the other Giants were, in the Greek

184

terrible catastrophes, and which, on every hand, hears … Florence Gallery. Other urns bear representations of … symbols, it may be, of maritime power, but more probably … lion's skin, and holding a large bough. Etruscan centaurs, … which abounds in the Mediterranean, early Greek works—the chest of Cypse-

185

chap, xli.] SCENES OF ETRUSCAN LIFE. 185 … The reliefs illustrative of Etruscan life are the most … representations of boar-hunts, of which the Etruscans of … VI. 286) represents Centaurs stalled bolise the weakness of humanity to con- … Hell— of his system of astronomical interpre- … ' J * emblem of the power of the sun in the … urns are not one-eyed, as represented He remarks that out of six hundred

186

aper, though celebrated in ancient times, can hardly have … These urns, though not being of early date they can … thought to be Cupids catching the boar introduction of the amphitheatre, in the … nomical symbolism of the legend, tells p. 95. Inghirami (I. tav. 98, p. 718) … rentalia were held in honour of the Cf. Dion. Hal. III. p. 200.

187

know also, from the frequent representations of them in … well acquainted—'probably that of Tarquinii, his native … can monument which shows us how the allusion ; for a man and woman are … Corneto, called the Grotta delle Bighe, goal and finished its course. Inghir. I. … from the sun. See Vol. I. p. 327. page 114 ; and also on an urn with a … be classed with the funereal subjects ; terprets as the curse of (Edipus (I. tav.

188

capsa, a cylindrical box for the documents, and pugillares, … female, with her two daughters, and two little children of … p. 316. ed. Rhod. ; Macrob. Saturn. and cites ancient statues of that monarch … 7 This scene is illustrated by Micali, The introduction of the quadriga from … Gori, III. cl. 4. tab. 15. gives of a triumph in the Etruscan … Gori, Mus. Etr. I. p. 370. Miiller and then, in imitation of an Etruscan … 2 Plutarch. Romul.; Flor. I. 5. Dio- bracelets and torques. Such men,he says,

189

seated on one of the horses.4 It may be that the scene is … of incense, and last of all came the with a torch, into an abyss. Lanzi (ap. … of these urns will be found in Micali, triumphal entrance of souls into the … may be a Victory. On another urn in Lanzi and Micali, made this mistake,

190

a third pours a libation on his head, and a fourth strikes … Here also is seen the dreadful rite of human sacrifice, … (tab. 25) gives a plate of a Perugian urn, … ravaged the land of Volsinii, and to … demon of Temessa, called Lybas, which … his forefathers : " They cannot, and they … custom, thinks it had gone out of prac- … 9 Gori, I. tab. 170. Two of these

191

In another scene the victim lies dead at the foot of the … had been cut off in the bloom of life, ere her education … Banqueting scenes are numerous, and bear a close re- … sents a youth stabbing himself on an reclining on the lid of an urn, which … Inghirami (I. p. 673, tav. 86) as the than 70 ; and explains such anomalies … 1 Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tav. 41 ; not as portraits of individuals, but as … of the car-scenes presently to be de- that the lid was shifted from one urn to … seems to be no relation beyond that of pulchre. The frequent incongruities,

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another source of the high social civilisation of the Etrus- … how soon they are to be bereft of a mother's tenderness— … tav. Y. 3 ; Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tar. Ulysses in disguise, at the banquet of

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are sometimes recessed in alcoves, and sometimes canopied … urn, on the lid of which he reclines in effigy, a youth is … There are many such family-separations, all of deep … Stheneboea, the wanton wife of Proetus, upon a funeral feast, as in a celebrated … 8 The horse on sepulchral monuments tav. G. 3. On one of these urns the

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grim Charun himself, in readiness as conductor, and a … affectionately throws her arm round the neck of the … one within, the other without, giving the last squeeze of … Numerous urns represent the passage of the soul alone, … him, while a spirit of gentle aspect, and with torch … Gori, I. tab. 169 ; III. cl. 4, tab. 20, 21. petasus, staff, sandals, and dishevelled

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chap, xli.] THE PASSAGE OF SOULS. 195 … that the delights and pursuits of this world were for ever … their features and expression, or by the offices they are … the living and the dead. As the flame symbolises the … of the Virtues ! (I. pp. 80, 139). scene with the other figures; as where

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on the side of the living holds his torch erect; he on the … very moment of the soul's departure—now here, now … man's ministering angel; but the fearful attendants of … part in miniature of the recumbent effigy on the lid of the … is here a minister of Death, it is » In general it is essentially distin-

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found in the tomb of the Flavian family in 1760.1 The … guished from the horse-scenes by the and drawn by two mules ; mourners on … 9 For illustrations see Micali, Ital. in their right hands, and sticks in their

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one end of the sarcophagus, under the conduct of an evil

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chap, xli.] URNS OF THE (LECINA FAMILY. 199 … And recognising ever and anon … others of these monuments—on a beautiful altar-like cipptis, … 6 Midler (Etrusk. I. p. 416) thinks it on the hanks of the river (Rutil. I. … would lead him rather to the opposite the possession of the family for a

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days of the Etruscans, almost down to our own times; … of the Romans. … inscription— gives a detailed account of the various … —a proof, among many others, that Dr. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and … selcia—occurs in Etruscan characters. wrote the history of his native city— … derived its name from the ancient family ami (I. p. 7) mentions a Lorenzo Aulo

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chap, xli.] ANTIQUITY OF THE URNS OF VOLTERRA. … the stone, and filled with black or red paint, more fre- … puni," written "Tlaboni," in some of … was offered to the manes of the deceased … be chiefly the presence or absence of … crowded, and the urns could be placed

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There are other sepulchral monuments of a different … The figures on the lids are generally wrapt in togas, and. … Etruscan features, causes it justly to be regarded as of … test of antiquity, is not to be relied on. » It is illustrated by Gori, III. cl, 4, ' … slab, of a tomb, and the warrior may Pop, Ital. tav. 51 2.

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show the characteristic features of Volterran ware, but … 60, cl. I. tab. 9 ; Gerhard, Gottheit. d. 60. The marble of which this statue is … Fortune of the Etruscans—because the quarried in the Tuscan Maremma. In … this goddess at Thebes was repre- wrought, and sundry urns of alabaster, … also Passeri, Paralip. in Dempst. p. 77. Vases like those of Volterra have been

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form, and brilliancy of varnish, it is … ancient Volaterra, and found in the … the obverse, and a dolphin, with … from these in having a club, or a crescent, in place of the

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Among the minor curiosities are spoons, pins, and dice … and beautiful jewellery this necropolis has yielded is pre- … In the Casa Cinci there was a valuable collection of … which account many cities of Greece, … of two people^ under one 'government, … of " Velathri" were at first ascribed to … These coins of Velathri are illustrated … 7 One of these represented Poly- … In this Etruscan version of the myth,

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Note.—The Cbabun of the Etruscans. … He is most frequently introduced as intervening in cases of violent

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with the death of Clytemnestra, described at page 179, and as on a … He is also often represented as the messenger of Death, leading or … Charun, in the Etruscan mythology, is also the tormentor of guilty … as well as on a Nolan vase in the Museo Mastrilli, and on another in the … and as in the Grotta Cardinale at Corneto, where many such beings, of … with hammers and other attributes generally by the name of Charun.

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Charun, or leader of souls—Manducus—quasi Manium Dux. Charun … Ambrosch fancied that the sex of the demons indicated that of the … introduced into his celebrated picture of the Last Judgment, has much … in the Greek mythology it is either the instrument of Vulcan, of the

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Charun had his seat and origin. Gerhard, who has embraced the doc-

Chapter XLII: The Maremma

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A sun-bright waste of beauty—yet an air

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chap, xlii.] ATTRACTIONS OF THE MAREMMA. 211 … other part of Italy, and may be visited and explored with … As my object is to point out sites and objects of Etrus- … The high-road along this coast follows the course of the … Quintio, c. VI ; Pliny, III. 8 ; Rntilins, the commencement of the fifth century … neighbourhood. But it was a port, as height of Rosignano, where there are … tection to small vessels. Repetti, V. lana." I. p. 65. For an account of

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ancient Via Aurelia.2 It is in excellent condition, and a … what rugged in parts, and nowhere to be rejoiced in after

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where the deep wells and the evaporating factories are … natives say, " una gran bella cosa !" in the midst of this … tention to visit the singular, interesting, and celebrated … find, if he have my lot, his bed fully preoccupied, and the … Cseeinna,"—how much earlier we know " Etrusca et loca et flumina," instead of

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forth the hot and fetid vapour in numerous tall -white … greatest elevation. Here it commands a prospect of vast … furnished with directions from Inghirami himself, and had … and quite incapable of holding a city such as Vetulonia

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chap, xlii.] THE HILL OF CASTIGLIONE BEENARDI. … between Volterra, Siena, and Populonia,8 which he thinks … documents of the tenth century speak … proof. That the names of places were … to Narnia, Felsina to Bononia—and we … maintain the honour of their native … poses to make this the basis of his re-

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may correspond with this hill of Castiglione Bernardi. … could admit of an Etruscan town, even of fourth or fifth- … Classical Museum, 1844, No. V. pp. that of Vetulonia is driven to attempt … 9 Ricerche di Vetulonia, p. 50. He Italicus as to the importance and gran-

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chap, xlii.] PRETENDED SITE OF VETULONIA. 217 … 1 Amm. Marcell. XIV. 11, 27. He Caesar, the brother of Julian the Apos-

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speaks of Massa, and which is regarded as a corruption … the features of an Etruscan site. It is about a mile in … of ancient walls could I perceive ; but there are not a few … 2 See Targioni-Tozzetti, Viaggi in that town, are the ruins of the city of … and so also in the rocks beneath Massa 4 Repetti (III. p. 139) does not think … Vuetreta. This name has been sup- southern district of Etruria, had the

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as its root; and the town may have taken its name from … The rock here is a rich red tufo, much indurated, and … Maremma lies outspread at your feet, and the eye is led … Calvi rises on the right, overhanging the deep vale of the … from the pestiferous atmosphere of the Maremma ; but … nothing but a corruption of the Etrus- urns bearing this name. Vermiglioli, … pp. 340, 446, 499), and may have had

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night at Massa; for the inn, though of no high pretensions, … appears quite civilised after the dreamy dulness of Massa.7 … 7 Abeken thinks that the abandoned neighbouring Etruscan city of Popu- … mines. They are probably those which Faliesi, the Faleria of Rutilius (I. … inscription on its foot — A0ANAIAI speaks of, is that into which the Cornia

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chap, xlii.] ITS WOODS AND WASTENESS WIDE. 221 … My road lay through the level of the Maremma, where … twenty feet in height; but a tall underwood of tamarisk, … After some miles there were a few traces of cultivation

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American backwoods, still studded with stumps of … where there is any, and then it is sauve qui pent, and " the … seen along this coast, confirms a great part of the tale. In

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chap, xlii.] ITS POPULATION AND CLIMATE. 223 … effects, and the Maremma must have been unhealthy from … the Campagna of Rome to a desert must have operated … is most applicable to these regions, where population and

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century past, have done much to improve the condition of … The peculiar circumstances of the Maremma are made … sion of inferiority. These lower regions of Italy, in truth, … Maremma. Milk, butter, fruit, all the necessaries of life,

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the right, between the heights of Massa and Campiglia. … Campiglia is a town of some consequence, having 2000

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studied. Giovanni himself is as obliging and intelligent an … and detailed account of some ruins in a thick wood here- … He asserts that between the Torre di S. Vincenzio and

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chap, xlii.] PRETENDED RUINS OF VETULONIA. … mile, and descending to its foot, you find the marsh … vestige of the ruins he pretends to describe; yet no one … Zacchio, a painter, sculptor, and anti- … (II. p. 106) and Micali (Ant. Pop. … repeating the accounts of their prede- … great authority of Clurerius, who gave … vain for a vestige of these ruins ; yet … existence. Classical Tour, I. p. 46. And

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frequently exposed for years together, and some tradi- … ruins, and for any one who had seen them; but finding … of such rumours along this coast; but could never meet … Yetro (Vetriera, as I heard it) which Inghirami speaks of, … try with the greatest care, but could pably absurd statements of Alberti with … been formed by Zacchio or Alberti, from he ascribes the tradition of the Masse-

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traces of which are still to be seen in the dross from the … Monte Pilli, half way between Campiglia and Suvereto ; and … Hoare was taken. Classical Tour, I. he thinks this town occupies the site of

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there is no statement in ancient writers which should lead … hood. I heard of sundry pieces of mosaic, and other … of Vada Volaterrana (ut supra, p. 212), … The hot springs of the Caldane—the … the order of these places than from the … 6 Near Campiglia some ancient mines … Strabo (V. p. 223) of some abandoned

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chap, saw.] PANORAMA OF THE MAREMMA. 231 … feature in the scenery of Corneto. To the west rises the … steep islet-rock of G-orgona. … year they " exhale earth's rottenest vapours," and curdle

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this scene, let them be, one and all, what they appear,

Chapter XLIII: Populonia - Populonia

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ETRUSCAN WALLS OF POPULONIA. … It was an auncient worke of antique fame … horseback, and entered the jungle which stretches from

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the Leghorn road westward to the heights of Populonia. … i Homer (Odys. XIV. 31) tells us and let his stick drop. Pliny (VIII.

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chap, xliii.] THE CASTLE AND ITS HOSPITABLE LORDS. 235 … dependence, however, on the good offices of others

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remains at Populonia, and return at an early hour the … 3 Dempster, II. p. 56. nal Twelve Cities, may in after times

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chap, xliii.] ANTIQUITY AND IMPORTANCE. 237 … the character of certain coins of Popu- Etrusk. I. p. 348. … settlement in Corsica, and thinks it Mirab. Auscult. c. 95. … Graviscse, Pyrgi, and the other places a Liv. XXVIII. 45. It is subse- … cities in their vicinity. Even Cosa, refuge in this harbour from a storm,

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forces of Sylla, and was almost destroyed by the victor; for … of Etruria.1 At the beginning of the fifth century of our … its final destruction to the Saracens in A. d. 826 and 828 ;3 … the arrival of the tunny-fish ;6 just as is the practice … heading to this Chapter. was standing in the time of Rutilius,

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at the present day along the coasts of Italy. It may have … the eastern cliff, which is still known by the name of … " on a lofty promontory, sinking abruptly to the sea, and … Leghorn; and even the snowy Apennines above the Gulf … of Elba which fills the south-western horizon, would

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Midway lies the Bay of Portoferrajo, so called from … The finest portions of the Etruscan walls he on this … 8 miles distant, and whence there is a … —both he considers to be of the same … information on the antiquities of Elba, … nowned from the days of the Romans … For an account of this beautiful island … height, and many much less than one.

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chap, xim.] ETRUSCAN WALLS AND TOMBS OF POPULONIA. 241 … path to them lies through a dense wood of tall lentiscus. … make a good foundation for the larger weight, and often diagonally, so as … Inst. I. p. 79) ; but I could perceive woodcut at the head of this Chapter, … often inserted to fill the interstices, and sembles the natural rock, when split by … rally found that the most irregular are or triangular ; and horizontality is

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On the hill to the east of Populonia, and about one … of three Etruscan towns, all on the coast—Luna, Pup-luna, … 1 Inghirami, Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 148. derive Populonia from this source; and … Mela, and Rutilius—Populonii, by Livy as Venus did hers of Cypris and … Etruscan mirrors — e. g. that which the distinction between Phuphluns and

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of gold and silver, as well as of copper, and generally have … as it is represented by the sculptors of later Greece, and … —an apt emblem of the Maremma ; or … Chiusi, but it is characteristic of the … by Dr. Levezow of Berlin—that the … Greek or Phoenician mariner ; and that

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with snaky hair, with gnashing tusks, and tongue lolling … That terrifide his foes, and armed him,

Chapter XLIV: Roselle - Rusellae

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ETRUSCAN WiUS OF RUSELLS. … It is a tedious drive of nearly thirty miles from Follonica

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Beyond Gavorrano, Caldana, and Giuncario, the scenery … containing the waters of the Lake Castiglione, the Lacus … Grosseto, the capital of the Tuscan Maremma, stands on … Buriano is said to have the remains Colonna can be the site of the said … quarian treasures are stated to have takes this Buriano to be the site of the

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it is one of the best in Tuscany, south of Florence. The … to hear mass in the little chapel, and were returning to

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couple of miles, ascended the steep slope on which Kusellse … then turned to the right and followed the line of walls,

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ETRUSCAN WALLS OF RUSELLjE. … to ten feet in length, and from four to eight in height. … level of the city. On the western side there are few … of the rudest and most ancient kind of … polygonal portions of these walls are of … ' I add the dimensions of a few of … The difficulty of raising such huge … of the local rock, they have been let

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fragments extant, and those are of smaller and more … line of it. … or on both sides of, the walls of an it enclosed was called the ager effalus. … Etruscan ritual; and it was so called Aul. Gell. XIII. 14 ; Tacit. Ann. XII. … and it was marked out by the plough, perly to denote a suburb taken into the … being divided into " regions " for that inner portion. But the inner line of

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chap, xliv.] MODERN DEFENCES OF THE SITE. 251 … I traced the sites of sis gates—two on the northern … Let no one venture to explore the site of Rusellse who is … Even could one disregard the thorns, the difficulty of … taken. Muller (Etrusk. I. 3, 3) cites this part of Italy ; for it is most probably

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Such at least I found the state of the hill in 1844. Let … besides fragments of rectangular masonry, are some vaults … plan of these ruins as an amphitheatre ; indicate a tower rather than a temple, … Repetti (IV. p. 820), however, speaks been, but an inclosure of such extent as … tions unmoved, consisting of the small so as to leave an even break all the

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Prom the height of Rusellse you look southward over … for the ruins of Rusellse, describes this … it " Prelius," and speaks of its island. … are still some remains of ancient build- … extent of 33 square miles, but it is now

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Castiglion della Pescaja is seen on the shore at the foot of … sites of similar character, the tombs were of masonry, … small blocks of unhewn masonry like the Tirynthian in … Sepolture di Giganti of Sardinia, which Micali (Mon. Ined. tav. XVII. 11,

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The walls of Rusellse, from their stupendous massive- … (II. p. 514), however, speaks of sundry 9 Liv. X. 37.

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sent him its quota in corn, and fir for ship-building.1 It … seen—a wilderness of rocks and thickets—the haunt of … wondering gaze on the stupendous ruins around him, of … writer shows that at the period of the on account of malaria,

Chapter XLV: Telamone - Telamon

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South of Grosseto, the next place of Etruscan interest … lius (I. 337—341) speaks of the snug rese may be the site of the Eba of … its name from that ancient people ; and ried here,

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houses at its foot, and a vessel or two off the shore, mark … Telamone lies nearly two miles off the high road, and … " The blistering drops of the Maremma's dew." … the castle is only of the middle ages, and nothing … tower, called Torre della Bella Mar- share the throne of the Sultan. Repetti,

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chap, xlv.] LEGENDARY AND HISTORICAL NOTICES. 259 … Telamone has retained its ancient name, which is said … 5 Diod. Sic. IV. p. 259, ed. Rhod. were all Etruscan both in site and … p. 83) suggests that this port may have Pyrgi, and Castrum Novum, as mani- … landed in Elba, whence Porto Ferrajo s Polybius (II. 27) places the site of … cit.) ; and to have contended with the called Colonia, which some think was … origin to the Pelasgi; and so also in the neighbourhood of Toscanella. … 1 Mela (II. 4) in mentioning it among Ionia" instead of "Colonia."

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fortunes.9 This is the last historical notice we have of … Ptolemy (p. 68) speaks of its " pro- … it a port in the time of the Argonauts, … natural haven, without the addition of a … as Graviscse, the port of Tarquinii, and … are in general just like the as and semis … with the head of a young Hercules, and

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ohap.xlv.] THE PORT.—THE OSA AND ALBEGNA. 261 … with a little fort on its left bank, marking the frontier of the … and with good reason, for counts in Italy are plentiful as

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—they are deserving of all reverence, albeit patronised by

Chapter XLVI: Orbetello

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A strong line of fortifications crosses the sandy isthmus by … position. The causeway which now in Italy and Sicily—by harpooning the … very recent construction, completed only the prow of the boat. It is a curious … 3 Strabo, V. p. 225.—KinvoSiXa-na. on calm nights hundreds of these little

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foundations of the sea-wall which surround it on three … stopt with mortar and bricks. The masonry tells its … and rubble—that the blocks, even where they retain their … the lake. from Cosa, for the walls of that city on … these fortifications must have been great a mass of material; and again

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chap, xlvi.] POLYGONAL WALLS AND ETRUSCAN TOMBS. 265 … been the Succosa of the Peutingerian Table ;6 but I hesitate … ratory of the Duke of Tuscany. In which alone makes mention of Succosa

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to assent to this opinion, and am rather inclined to regard … of the hill on which Cosa stands, only … Orbetello to be the site of Cosa itself. … likely to be derived from Orbieam and … seems confirmed by the fact of its … Ptolemy, in their lists of places along … regarded as an inland town, and may … that Orbetello, though in the midst of a

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ferred. At the supper-table I met the arch-priest of

268

OF

Chapter XLVII: Ansedonia - Cosa

269

ANCIENT GATE AND WALLS OF COSA. … Go round about her, and tell the towers thereof. … As Cosa was in the time of the Emperor Honorius, such

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about six hundred feet high, which from its isolation, and … who dwells here, and will act as your guide to the ruins ; … year, and can point out all the lions, which is as much as … described its position so as to leave no from Graviscse ; and from Populonium

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chap.xlvh.] WALLS OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. 271 … some Roman ruins of brick, among them a columbarium. … erected them, and the state of society which demanded … of stone, irregular polygons in form, not bound together … a billiard-table; and the whole resembling, at a little

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to thirty feet in height, and are relieved, at intervals, by … Though Cosa resembles many other ancient sites in … states of preservation, the southernmost ness of square towers, however, was … line of walls. In Micali's Plan many of masonry, though its name signified

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chap, xlvii.] PECULIARITIES OF THESE WALLS. 273 … of walling the rudest and the most finished styles of … confirmatory of the notion suggested by the first sight of … close grey limestone. For if the peculiar cleavage of the

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is but the natural finishing off of the polygonal, just as the … dislocated, and they topple over.7 … the south-eastern angle of the walls, at … width and 28 feet long ; the inner gate … bly of Roman construction. … open to the attacks of the besieged.

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still standing rises to the height of nearly twenty feet in … found, in Italy at least, in connection with this style of … the walls of Cosa. In this gate also is a large round … with the upright groove for the saraci- by Dr. Boss of Athens, but first made … connection with this polygonal masonry. 248. Several archaeologists of eminence,

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certain other Cyclopean cities of Italy.2 Yet such may … lentiscus, and laurestinus. … (see page 121), I may mention a sewer Cyclopean walls of Verulse, now Veroli, … —a truncated cone inverted, appa- walls of Norba, or yet more similar in

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the Roman work rests on it—marks the foundations of the … ramparts of Cosa ; and in truth it were hard to find one … 3 Servius, ad Virg. Mn. I. 422. difficult to account for the formation of … and " resembles a flight of steps, each The circuit of 36 miles, which Rutilius … There are said to be no antiquities re- features and productions of this singular … 5 It is highly probable that the Monte Ital. XI., and Repetti, s. v. Orbetello.

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grey peaks of Elba. The Giglio, the so called " Lily" … of sand,—there a long, sea-shore lagoon, or a deadly fen … Vulci, that mine of sepulchral treasures, and Tarquinii, the … 11 The Dianium, or Artemisia of the 7 Classical Museum, V. p. 180.

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siderable probability, for that of Subcosa.9 … themselves—induced to depart from their general style of … called Ansedonia, and not the ruined p. 328) states that what was found here … Cluver. p. 30) made the same distinc- the late Pope ; and speaks of a flat

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maintains that the walls of Cosa, and of Saturnia, which … It would demand more room than the limits of this work … 2 Micali,Ant.Pop.Ital.II.pp.l44,196; respectively of hard limestone and tra- … small antiquity in comparison with those the originator of the opinion of the … remote antiquity. Micali's argument, term to the walls of Mycenae, which are … spheric influences. Whereas the forti- in reference to the walls of Mycenae, or

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chap, xlvii.] ANTIQUITY OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. … Gell, and others, to masonry of the … of the Greeks, rather than to the cha- … hen trovato—and in default of a better, … that the polygonal was more ancient by … certain that even the least ancient … that most of the cities on the Via

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bettipotentia, and were ever borrowing of their neighbours, … Conceding that the style of masonry must to a consider- … ruder Cyclopean style, which is a mere random piling of

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chap, xivu.] PECULIARITY OF THE POLYGONAL TYPE. … Now at the risk of being thought to entertain old-fashioned … of the type, as Micali would fain have … model for their pavements. And though … many of the polygonal fortifications of

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myth of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, and founder of Lycosura, … which it is said to have occupied, we find remains of this … Yet there is, in most instances, the and the Arno almost to the Bosphorus." … that in very early times the lands or of the so-called Cyclopean walls of … Niebnhr, "but with a full historical of some, that these Pelasgi were the … time when the Pelasgians, then perhaps tory race of warlike masons, who went

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the peculiar homes of this people, such monuments are … hand, hammer and chisel in the other, … or Calabria ; nor, indeed, north of the … maintains the Pelasgic construction of … of very extensive polygonal remains in … have remains of purely polygonal con- … mined the style of the masonry. Where … of masonry. This seems to have been

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monuments of the land, are but exceptions to the rule, and … regarding its walls as of Roman construction. There is … masonry of their predecessors, is open to doubt. As the … as is proved by the (holm of polygonal towers, gateways, and upper courses, as … polygonal walls of Saturnia of the same throughout, had not the builders been

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chap, xlvh.] HIGH ANTIQUITY OF COSA AND ITS WALLS. 287 … the walls of Cosa are by no means to … and Ptolemy, but Cluver (II. p. 479) … inscriptions the proper names of "Cusis " … Ital. I. p. 147), and Cramer (I. p. 195), … the Latin colony of Alba in the land of … decline of Tarquinii, for which he cites … the question of the colony apart—that … racter of much of the furniture of its … Livy (XXVII. 15) of a people called

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possessed the land of the Volsci, it would seem that this … known that walls precisely similar to these of Cosa … and the Cistiberine people, especially with Velathri, by the dropping of the … Ferentinum and an Artena existed in the analogy between the names Volsci … analogous to Capena (Vol. I. p. 175) ; remains of the population of Vulci.

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massive fortifications of Psestum, which was colonised … received as evidence of her high antiquity, we have no … seventeen other colonies she came forward and saved the … construction of these walls, it must have … mony as to the antiquity of Cosa be … Tacitus (Annal. II. 39) speaks of Cosa … at least Cluver (II. p. 47 9) and Pitiseus … head of Mars on the obverse, and a … trian name of Neptune, whence the

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cause of such desolation, with needless apologies for its … not ascribe these coins to Cosa, shows Compsa in Samnium ; and so also Mil-

Chapter XLVIII: Vetulonia

291

Time ploughs them up, and not a trace remains. … In former chapters I have spoken of the ancient city of … Calvi, three miles from the sea, buried asserts that the village of Badiola on an … Massa Marittima, or five miles westward geographical mile-and-a-lialf (about six

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between the Osa and the Albegna, and about eight miles … carriage-road to Magliano, and my vehicle toiled the inter- … Magliano to the Saline at the mouth of the Albegna. I … ment of ruin to indicate prior habitation ; so that it was … ;liano does not appear to be an its name from the gens Manila, and

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chap. xLvm.j DISCOVERY OF AN ETRUSCAN CITY. 293 … till he had traced out the periphery of a city. … had not spread, save in vague distorted rumours, and no … roba ; another was in utter ignorance of this site, but had

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by the streamlet Patrignone, whose banks rise in cliffs of … habitation on the site, was found a smaller and inner … strewn with broken pottery, that infallible and ineffaceable … the foundations of the houses on either hand. Many … quadrilatero di mura rovinate, lungo size and rude shaping; others of tufo, … 4 Signor Pasquinelli mentioned two Corneto, agreeing in size and form with

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I myself saw a piece of bronze drawn from the soil, many … scarcely a trace of this city will be visible, it must be … one metre in diameter, and not much complains of not having received justice … its rim covered with lead, clamped into publication a plan he had made of the … decidedly Etruscan character. 133), who mentions the fact of the dis-

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some Roman remains—the bases of small Doric columns ; … Magliano and the Albegna. I could not see them, as … by a wall hewn from the rock, on each face of which figures … 9 Many of these tombs were mere holes of cremation,

297

wings open and raised, and a tail terminating in a serpent's … 1 It must be this tomb which was probably on the heights of Colle di

298

city should have been lost sight of, which had no walls or … As I stood on this ancient site, and perceived the sea so … strength of position, for elevation above the unhealthy … of Telamonaccio. The peculiarity of the position on the … bined the advantages of more natural strength and greater … 3 At the present day the swamps of healthy in summer. Eepetti, III. p.

299

chap, xlviii.] WHAT WAS THIS ANCIENT CITY 1 299 … Let us see what has been said of that city by the … ference of thirty feet. metropolis of Etruria (Ann. Inst. 1829,

300

bears testimony to the antiquity and former glory of Vetu- … 6 Sil. Ital. VIII. 485.— corruption of « Vetulonis ;" but there is … gentis. Dionysius (II. p. 104) speaks of an … Et junxit totidem tacito terrore se- came to the assistance of Romulus. … Haec altas eboris decoravit honore be a corruption of Vetulonium. Cas- … Ptolemy calls the city Vetulonium— the insignificant hill of Castiglione Ber- … Vetulonios in Etruria, non procul testimony of Silius Italicus as to the im-

301

Such are the requisites of the long-lost Vetulonia. Every … mari," and far enough inland to come within the category … affects my opinion, as no traditional memory exists of … nia had been of the importance Silius For a more detailed reply to Dr. … —1S5. The limits of this work will not Museum, I have showE, that the argu- … Roman legends, history, and geography drawn from this source. Ut supra,

302

Veii, Fidense, Cosa, and many other ancient cities whose … of ivory chairs and Tyrian purple into … Etruscan cities sent to Tarquin, among … whatever may have been the origin of … and the legend " Vatl " in Etruscan … though a wheel and an axe are the … found in any known collection, and … of Volterra. Bava, ap. Inghir. Mon.

303

chap, xiviii.] MARITIME CHARACTER OF VETULONIA. 303 … We are quite in the dark as to the period and causes of … C. Another learned antiquary of Rome, 1840, p. 93), that this bas-relief formed

304

it.6 In truth, the little mention made of it by ancient … swamps of the coast. … 6 Signor Pasquinelli remarks that even specifies the period of the city's

Chapter XLIX: Saturnia - Saturnia

305

ANCIENT TOMB, SATDRNIA. … A few rude monuments of mountain stone … One of the most ancient of Etruscan sites is Saturnia,

306

The road from Orbetello runs on the left bank of the … From Magliano I took the route of Scansano, a town … the plain to Istia, a ruined village on the right bank of the … so overstept the modesty of its nature as to rival the Tiber, … and as to oblige me to leave my vehicle behind, and do

307

the rest of the way on foot. For the thirteen miles hence … of Troja to those of Telamone and Argentaro, … mires ; and often disappearing altogether; and my guide

308

The modern Saturnia is the representative of the ancient … The form of the ancient city is an irregular rhomboid, … 2 Sir E,. C. Hoare calls the circuit never seen a plan of Saturnia, and regret … half which Santi ascribes to it. Viaggio, culatum—the repairs of the still earlier

309

chap, xlix.] WALLS OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. 309 … above the Campo Santo, is.another fragment of polygonal … 6 It must have been the horizontality want of observation ; and his opinion

310

the foundations of the modern walls. Beyond this I could … but few relics of the olden time, Near the Marrucatone … 7 Hoare, Class. Tour, I. p. 52. of the Piazza is a Roman sepulchral

311

ridge of Scansano ; and there the hoary crests of Monte … when you stroll around the walls. These ruins of art and … yards west of the Porta Eomana he will observe among … 9 In the island of Thera in the Greek isolated rocks with sarcophagi sunk in

312

such traces.1 The extreme simplicity of the details seems … but on the slope beneath the city to the south, and on the … Mon. Ined. Inst. III. tav. XXVI. I the tuib or sandstone of which most … IB the middle by a sort of chimney— and Chiusi, respectively. The first, which … face of the rock. No traces of figures This must be the Via Clodia. See Vol.

313

returning to my quarters I found the fattore and his … kid, poultry, game, and a dessert of dried fruits and cheese, … where everything did credit to the fattore and his men ; … Let future visitors to Saturnia follow my example, and

314

to Saturnia. In spite of its elevation the ariaccia is then … di Palma. The track down the slope followed the line of … none of these, but depositi. In truth they required a peculiar

315

their native rock, with their edges all shapeless and irre- … feet wide, and ten or twelve feet long, leading to the sepul- … 3 I add the dimensions of some that of rock. One tomb indeed was lined … 9 feet by 8—8 feet by 6J. All the Rusellse, but of ruder construction. JJt … that as each side is composed generally head of this Chapter. It is in general

316

is startled by the striking resemblance to the cromlechs of … as it is possible to ascertain, were general; the small size of these slabs

317

be no doubt that these structures of Saturnia are of that … Etrus. III. pp. 75—6, and Inghirami, Tour, I. p. 52. But he does not appear … open in the neighbouring fields, but the Bagni, and describes them simply

318

that race of whose care in decorating their tombs with … port of them to their present sites. If not of Etruscan … to the original town on the site of tioned as a colony by Ptolemy (p. 72, … that this town of Etruria was intended, name of " Sauturine," or « Sauturini'

319

chap, xux.] THE CITY AND ITS WALLS ARE PELASGIC. 319 … the doctrine of the material having alone determined the … horizontal cleavage. The natural superfluities of the blocks … essere"—or assertion ; the only argu- walls of this description were raised … masonry, an argument which, if it have invention of the arch,

320

pleased the builders.6 So much for the doctrine of con-

321

finding some of these rude tombs intact, or by discovering … di Saturnia, dove furono trovate delle quities of that land have been little … oggetto di scultura, senza urne, senza of the Mediterranean they are parti- … nome." If the peasantry may be ere- Sardinia and the Balearics ; and it may

322

instances they may be the work of the same people in … and Sorano. There is a carriage-road to those places … wanting. Captains Irby and Mangles … tains of the Caucasus, and on the … Arcot, he had seen a square mile of … of a villa. On other spots in the neigh-

323

chap, xux.] DISCOVERY OF AN ETRUSCAN TOWN. 323 … necropolis of Saturnia. Three miles beyond is Manciano, … tombs and sepulchral niches in the cliffs, and fragments of … means of determining. It may be remembered, however, … cursion from Corneto to Cosa and 5 jt nas been a\lea^y stated that

324

half draped with wood. The rocks are of the same forma- … served that Livy does not speak of a … Caletra a site in the neighbourhood of

Chapter L: Chiusi - Clusium - the city

325

FOCOLARE----BLACK WARE OF CHIOS!. … With the memorials and the things of fame, … I must transport my reader from the banks of the

326

Ohiusi, once the proud capital of Porsena, crests an olive- … runs through Sorano, crosses the high- Baths of San Caseiano are proved by … Roman territory, and exposes the tra- to indicate a classical origin,

327

ANTIQUITY OF CLUSIUM. … from Siena, and 88 from Florence. … the modern road, and than by the … The Peutingerian Table, in the part of … * That Clusium was oue of the Twelve … Rome. The very name of Clusium … the forces of the whole Etruscan State, … greatest power among the princes of … in Umbria, and says Livy remembers … type of a wild boar, on both sides, and … left to right, and if the letters are

328

inhabitants of Etruria.6 Whatever its origin, it is certain … Cisra, the native name of Caere (ut … racters, and running from right to left. … other series of coins which have been … siders the ancient name of the city, … made of these Camertes of Umbria by … Umbria. The Camers of Umbria is

329

chap, l] HISTORY OF CLUSIUM. 329 … and teaches us to regard the deeds of Horatius, Scsevola, … the figs, the oil, and above all the rich wine of Tuscany— … 3 Dion. Hal. III. p. 189. digies and miracles, which were they … (I. 10) speaks of the heroes, as "pro-

330

foes, sent to beg succour of Rome, though bound to her by … with the Etruscans, and was there cut to pieces by the … Mai. XII. 24, 25 ; Flor. I. 13 ; Plut. VIII. 479. The grain, indeed, of Clu- … LWy- of Clusium.

331

chap, l.] DECAY OF CLUSIUM. 331 … Since the draining of the Val di Chiana, she has risen … after this battle, or 80 b.c. Repetti, I. which is confirmed by the Church of … 7 Repetti, loc. cit. This writer thinks has been supposed that the site of the … Ptolemy (p. 72, ed. Bert.), and by the opinion, which is founded on the disco-

332

"souter Johnny" of Chiusi, who claims to be at once … 720) describing this masonry as " of in this district of Italy, … have been brought from a distance, further end of the Prato. The courses

333

chap, l.] ANCIENT WALLS AND OTHER LIONS. 333 … In the Piazza del Duomo are more traces of this ancient … ness ever beheld or conceived, grotesque caricatures of … respectively. The style of art is very Cicero (Tuse. Qusest. V. 23), not that

334

but without a sign of labyrinthine passages.2 But in the … and spacious, was opened, and on one side … der the house of the Nardi Dei is … seen again the light of day. It is by

335

largest and most important is the property of Signor … This, the largest private collection of Etruscan antiqui- … the idea of a labyrinth has been con- 166.

336

Etruscan relics of Chiusi. On entering, he is instructed … object that first arrests the eye, is the figure of a female, … approached her. The first feeling excited is one of

337

The pedestal of the chair on which the figure sits is … a similar figure of a man, found in a … early works of the Etruscan chisel, and … high, but are in similar attitudes, and … The most remarkable monument of … on his hip. A boy and dog stood at … p. 21. What has become of this singular

338

tombs of Chiusi and its neighbourhood yield articles more … 7 So brittle is this stone that it is pedestal, and must have been a cippus. … in a perfect state. Whence it has singular monument of this description … ments are found throughout the Val di opposite, and holding a chaplet between … the top of the monument are traces of supporters to the female on the top.

339

One of these square monuments has, on each of its sides, … with wands of office, sitting on a platform, with their … helm, spear, shield, and greaves—appears to be awaiting … race of trigce, or three-horse chariots—a very rare subject. … Inghirami (Mus. Chius. tav. I.) takes the mythology of Egypt. See Braun's … life of the deceased, or to represent Etruscan inscription,

340

latter are by no means in so early a style of art.4 Akin … its couch, the helmet and greaves he neglected beneath it, … On a round cippus are fragments of three warriors, … cans of Chiusi, as of … and the trees which are introduced are … an illustration of another of these

341

piled up from floor to ceiling, but of sarcophagi there … his sorrow, and remind him of the ties which yet bind him … horseback, some armed with swords prwnomen of the dying wife,

342

arm.1 She is named " Vanth." In the corner of the scene … larger than life, with remarkably fine head and features. … Porsena, the feminine of the celebrated from Greek fable, whether alluding to … struments of torture used by the demons Proserpine, who severs the hair from

343

on Etruscan urns and sarcophagi are portraits of the … ring ; and as a Lucumo, he was probably skilled in augury … Inghirami interprets this combat as calls it the death of Astyanax.

344

women8—and sundry illustrations … has fled for refuge to an altar, hard by the ashes of his … any individual reference, or illustrative of some unknown … 1 So this urn is explained by Inghi- ject in the Museum of Vol terra, vi … " sacred bough," and thinks the figure Mon. Etrus. I. tav. LVIII. LIX. ; VI.

345

The ministers of death are generally represented at … horses—dolphins—hippocampi; and on one urn is a horse … 6 As on an urn where a winged Fury ' See Mus. Chius. tav. CXVII., and … Theban Brothers, dying by each other's an illustration of one of these urns, in

346

overcoming warriors—and a chimsera with human head, … stretched in slumber, muflled in togas.2 A few of un- … and the relief below ; and many retain vivid traces of … 2 The toga, which was originally an in the urns of stone. Indeed these terra- … time, as a shroud alone in great part of 4 Here, however, there is a little

347

chap, l.] ANCIENT BLACK WARE OF CLUSIUM. 347 … tiglioncel del Trinoro, and the neighbouring Etruscan sites. … « See the wood-cut at p. 395. 7 If the early ware of Caere and the … tiles are discovered either in tombs as inhabitants of the land, rather than to

348

to the stranger — he finds himself in a new world of … baked, but merely sun-dried, and un- … preceded the order of nature" (Mus. … perhaps of the funeral games, as Gerhard … formed of no peculiar earth, and that … tacle of larger size ; the intervening

349

about with prominent figures of veiled women, supposed … guentaria, or perfume-bottles—vases in the forms of cocks,4 … tions, which have been jocularly styled—in ignorance of … sepulchral in application and meaning. If the latter view … 2 Mas. Chius. I. p. 17. Here re- 3 Sepulchres of Etruria, p. 444. … dotal costume. Bull. Inst. 1831, p. 58. and wings are visible.

350

to keep meats or liquids hot, like some of the braziers in … or wheeled cars of bronze, sometimes found in early … of Volterra, to the purest Greek vases of Tarquinii and … actually used as braziers, but were left of such antiquities. Illustrations of … in the most ancient tombs, viz.—the about a mile west of Chiusi.

351

chap, i.] POTTERY AND BRONZES. 351 … pons—idols, though these are not numerous—and specula, … As in every other collection of Etruscan antiquities in … warrior, a female thought to be (Enone, and a Victory, … Mus. Chius. tav. LXXVI. Micali takes bolical of the mysterious birth of that

352

Gajella.9 Another beautiful vase represents the birth of

353

human shape with the head of a beast, supposed to be a … The collection next in interest at Chiusi is that of … sters of this description were common attended by Minerva, about to cut off the … Minotaur, which is usually so repre- Gorgon, Fear, the Minotaur, and the

354

of fetid limestone, with archaic reliefs, representing the … and hair—a subulo at the foot of the couch is endeavouring … been better expressed by the most skilful artist of our … mine. They appear to be parting the raiment of the … Inghirami, Mus. Chius. I. tar. 53-—56, because the souls of the dead were … more resembles, as regards two of its of Solon and by the Twelve Tables … it is said, to squeeze out the milk, and if rendered into Latin letters. The

355

chap, l.] MUSEO PAOLOZZI—CIPPI AND URNS. 355 … is thrown to the earth, and a genius with a torch bestrides … But ladies love, as losse of time, forbore. … Both charett swifte and huntsman overcast. … One may not be a translation of the

356

the goblets of the revellers.7 … are all cinerary urns, and there … ised the world, and the head the pre- … black ware of this district, but a few

357

There are numerous small urns of terra-cotta, with the … bronzes ; and there are still many, remaining—mirrors— … netto," or shop for the sale of Etruscan relics ; chiefly … of earthenware ; others placed on small » There was formerly a remarkable … must be curule chairs, and indicative Charun, with his wonted hammer in one … Casuceini, which are also cinerary Greek—and he was waiting to conduct … Ined. p. 151), while admitting the with the heads of wild beasts, and … nounces the statues to be as late as their torches and threatening their

358

The articles are principally of pottery and bronze, and the … for some monuments I had seen in the origin of the Roman Catholic sa- … visit to Chiusi. On one urn, the soul third stood at the foot of the couch,

359

chap, l.] THE GABINETTO AND PRIVATE MUSEUMS. 359 … the possession of the Bishop, taken from his excavations … figures for Junones; and reminds us 74 ; IX. 63. … well as among the Jews and other said to be quite sublime for the magni- … Varro. ap. eund. cap. XIV. Cicero calls at Chiusi and its neighbourhood will be

Chapter LI: Chiusi - Clusium - the cemetry

360

DOOR OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB AT CHIUSI. … Have they not sword-players, and every sort

361

excavations yield as abundantly as those of Vulci, though … of Tarchon and Tages, and not in number merely ; there … be dispatched expressly from Chiusi with the keys, and

362

a single slab of travertine. You are startled at this un- … hand, probably for the freedmen or slaves of the family.

363

chap, li.] ANCIENT DOOR.—CHARIOT-RACES. 363 … quinii, in concentric squares and oblongs recessed, and … other preparation than smoothing. The rock is a sort of … They are twenty-six in number, and are divided into two

364

cypresses—cupressus funebres. The action of both men … but the latter is more stiff and archaic, Mus. Chius. tav. CLXXXII. … 3 For illustrations of Etruscan turn- especially by a silver gilt vessel in very … beating nothing but the air with his is of opinion that the Etruscan histriones, … ho is a pugilist is rendered evident by a pageantry of the circus, danced armed,

365

chap, li.] FEASTING AND GAMES. 365 … Half of the frieze in this chamber being devoted to … And the armed dances of the Salii in are nearly of the form now in use, but … 3 Mart. VII. 67, 5— and dances, in very archaic style, now

366

diotd/"—is evidently the butler; and the patera sus- … One of the slaves in this scene holds a long ladle— … The inner chamber is of smaller dimensions,5 … s About 9 ft. 10 in., by 7 ft. 9 in. ; than usual in Etruscan tombs. One of … merely for the sake of the colour ; as it woman. They have all been carelessly … those in the outer chamber, but branch- inner chamber of the Mercareccia tomb

367

chap, li.] PECULIARITIES OF THESE PAINTINGS, 367 … in those of Tarquinii; the blues and whites are the most … now remain in mere powder on the Avails, and might be … —all features of archaic character. Yet there are more … apotheosis of virtuous souls" — i. e., and souls in bliss would be served with … ing their sorrow for the dead, but sym- drinking-bout instead of a regular meal … considered that the highest reward the nemora," and the " luci opaci " of the

368

ease and power than are usually found in connection with … been rifled in past ages, for nothing but fragments of … seen. The resemblance is not only in subject, mode of … Illustrations of the scenes in this the family in whose ground it lay. … tav. 181—185. For further notices passed into the hands of Signor Felice

369

entirely to games. Here is a race of three bigee, as in the … pair of wrestlers, or tumblers, in almost the same position, … directions of a padotribe, who appears to be marking the … games of the Pentathlon, or Quinquer- cles for quoits ; but to me they seemed … hurling the spear—and wrestling. to candelabra (ut supra, p. 37), and

370

unsuccessfully6—and a pair of figures which I can only … of stout sticks, propt against each other, which seem to … holds a flower; a third, a branch of olive; a fourth offers … remarkable—in each pediment one of the figures has the … II. p. 132. tav. 131), because one of greasy pole and flitch of bacon of our … but the subject is obvious. From the action of hopping in this … wind, and greased, as Virgil (Georg. II. Chius. tav. 124) fancied the man stam- … an amusement also of the Athenians, designates this game, * il salto del caval- … god. The skin became the prize of air.

371

face of a dog; it is at least so scratched on the wall, … as well as in the other two chambers, are a number of … and her mourning Catullus chose thus to immortalize her … long reclosed, but a record of it is pre- … with a palm-branch in token of victory … vases of the black relieved ware, all glued … "Velus" of the Etruscan, as in the … them as referring to one and the same

372

of the Nuns," so called, not from containing the ashes of … A Juno stands by, holding a second bull by the nose; and … horse by the bridle. The robes of these figures, as well as

373

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE NUNS. 373 … eino, tav. 212. Inghirami (op. cit II. would read it " Volcientes," because of … supported by a comrade ; a figure with of Romulus, " from Solonium, a city of … suspended behind, and a column sup- tioned by any other writer, it is pro- … containing a fragment of an oration by as Cluver (II. pp. 454, 473) imagines,

374

of Umbria; and it is confirmatory of the historical record … oracles. Before purchasing a ticket he tries to dream of … Not far from the Tomba del Colle, and to the east of … Etruscan, which has no B, occurs as a foreign kindred of the Clusians,—"Ca-

375

di Pomponini. It contains seven chambers, full of urns, the … "Jeweller's Field," from the number of scarabcei there … of her tombs,7 or the fruit of systematic research, but … inquiry. But there can be no doubt that this branch of … Not far from this are the Catacombs of the early Chris- … 1837, having two figures of the Etrus- cles of jewellery, however, are dis- … chre against violation. Ann. Inst. 1837. those" of Vulci. Bull. Inst 1829, p.

376

Its eastern shore forms the frontier, and at its southern … of the Crown. It is also known as the " Camera della … contended in the arena. All was colourless and sombre. … courses being from 10 to 18 inches be just double the ancient Roman foot; … without cement. The tomb is 12 ft. Etruscans, and that it has descended

377

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE GRAND DUKE.—ARCHED VAULT. 377 … cans understood and practised the arch.9 … tomb of the Peris—one of the noble families of Clusium.10 … This tomb was discovered in 1818. From the style of … with this same accordance, on measur- 10 One of the males, called " Au. … chres at Chiusi. What other instance family of Pumpus, or Pompeius. The … 9 Though now in the slope of the hill, The females are " Thania. Seianti. Pe- … tare, and then covered with earth—a ' The door is six feet high, and about

378

its urns, rather than from the character of its construction, … was opened in March, 1846, with paintings of singular … 2 A tomb Tery similar to this in double the size ; and he assigns to it a … the Vigna Grande, about three quarters Lydia and Phrygia, p. 5. … polcri presso Chiusi," speaks of this 4 Umbrellas and parasols, be it re- … to this in construction, though nearly great; and proud is the oriental de-

379

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE MONKEY. 379 … There is a race of three bigce, as in the other painted … spot, who can style himself, " Brother a fair one of Greece and Rome from … the Umbrella." Assyrian monarchs vases, bas-reliefs, and paintings. They … homage from their vanquished foes ; the Maids of Athens in the days of Peri- … The proudest trophy of the Gallic arms Etruria also. Yet though an umbrella … Kader, till he himself shared its fate ; patra, and softened the glow of Aspa- … preserved the complexion of " the fair- one through the streets,

380

pair of pugilists, boxing with the cestus, holding one … taking a flask of oil or wine from a boy, who also … dwarfs with bushy black beards—one with tutulus and … cornu represented on the urns of was found at Vulci, and is now in the … and at the extremity is a ring for sus- tare. It is about four feet in length.

381

ohap. li.] DWARFS AND MONKEYS. 381 … hardly be intelligible, were not the arm of a chair painted

382

that the Etruscans, like other nations of antiquity, were … grief, and two pair of wings, like the Cherubim of the Jews. … drawn with strong black outlines, and filled up with … 8 Near this tomb, another was opened art was very inferior, and the walls

383

chap, li.] TOMB OF ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 383 … the other dancers might represent souls attracted and … reclining at the banquet, a subulo playing the pipes, and a

384

been copied, and will shortly be published by the Archaeo- … is a tomb with seven chambers, arranged like atrium and … beautiful vases, now in the possession of the Bishop of … of Chiusi and its neighbourhood, are the following; many of which are

Chapter LII: Chiusi - Clusium - Poggio Gajella

385

It is a notable fact that but one description of an … pyramids are based, each rising to the height of one

386

hundred feet. And above these, from one floor, five more … the work of magic,"—no more substantial than the palace … fragment of an Etruscan epic, preserved … however, and Quatremere de Quincy … tion of this monument. Archit. Ant.

387

chap, mi.] THE TOMB OF LARS PORSENA. 387 … ceived of something utterly foreign to its experience ; any … very name struck terror into Rome, and whose victorious … upwards is uncertain, was merely pic- national, and in accordance with other

388

from the map of Italy.5 The site, too, of such a monu- … posed to lie significant of rank and … significant of deity, and Lars, Lartis, … to be equivalent to " lord;" and it is … Porsena is often called King of … and Porsenna, but in any case, thinks … there is the great authority of Virgil … XXXVI. 19), and Seneca (Epist. 66 ;

389

was of extraordinary dimensions and splendour is likely … the greatest Etruscan prince and hero whom history com- … vulgarly called that of the Horatii and Curiatii.6 And … nothing but themselves, and cannot even do that without … is thought by some to have had a Etruscan tombs, in the form of trun-

390

structure is just that part of the edifice, which offered a … in Pliny's day. The upper portion of the monument, … there is no ground for doubt; such is the opinion of dis- … 9 Dr. Brann points out the analogy the monument had been entirely of ma- … gives a plate of such an urn, of fetid the rest of the monument would soon … peculiarities of the tomb of Porsenna" i Niebuhr, struck with the extrava-

391

It is not idle then to believe that some vestiges of this … that such was its position, the general analogy of the … Some few years since, the attention of the antiquarian … tinction between the upper and lower nenfro, but it is decidedly of aqueous … daysofVarro. Etrusker,IV. 2, 1. So friable when dry; and, like chalk, it

392

it is covered with a light wood of oaks. There was no … a cemetery in itself—a polyandrion—an isolated city of

393

chap, lii.] POLYANDRION OF POGGIO GAJELLA. 393 … tombs of Caere.5 Both atrium and triclinia are surrounded … 6 The antechamber still more nearly They are of very simple character, of … • The principal of these paintings 1 The doors of these tombs are all

394

PLAN OP A PORTION OF THE PRINCIPAL STORY … Original mouth of the passages. … Chambers, more or less rude, and all unpainted, with rock-hewn benches. … The shaded part represents the rock in which the tombs and passages are hewn.

395

CONTENTS OF THE SEPULCHRES. … There are four other groups of tombs in this lower tier, … The finest group is one of five square chambers opening … 9 For an account of these vases, some … was found part of a winged lion, of cispo,

396

found in one hundred and twenty minute pieces, now … which is nearly 3 feet square, runs tombs are at the base of the mound,

397

there it bends back on itself, and forms an inner sweep, … that the passages sometimes rise, sometimes sink, and … and those often existing on Etruscan sites, not forgetting … tiful work of Dr. Braun cited above. 3 Fenerbach, Bull. Inst. 1841, p. 8.

398

destroying the beauty of the walls which were painted … cases, at least, they must be of subsequent construction to … are too large, and in general too regular. In one of the … and urns, and from the pieces of a vase being found in

399

componere parvis—like the tubes of an open telescope. … these are involved in equal obscurity; and in one of the … analogy with the system of vertical shafts and horizontal … circular chamber with the group to the been formed before certain of the tombs 2

400

be discovered to the catacombs of Rome, Naples, and … We have now seen the existence of something very … 8 This is also Abeken's opinion. Mit- seem to indicate the basement of a sepul- … Paolo, which tradition has marked as and are not likely to be made as long

Chapter LIII: Cetona and Sarteano

401

CETONA AND SARTEANO. … The hills to the west of Chiusi are rich in Etruscan … these towns, for they are all within a trifling distance of … the tour of the whole in a day, for the roads are very … little town, and a picturesque, on an olive-clad height,

402

402 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap, wit … But the gems of this collection are two ash-chests. … in human shape, but with the heads of a pig and of a ram. … hero word of the fate of his companions, dance. Micali (Mon. Ined. p. 310) con-

403

monument of this character I remember to have seen. … and the two archers being Ulysses and Telemachus.2 … Inst. 1843. p. 61. He acknowledges one of whom tries in vain to draw the … sented, he thinks that the demon suffi- the soul of Alcestis from Hercules, … arm may be, and what the child weep-

404

404 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap, mm; … The Cavaliere is most courteous to strangers, and per- … Another relic of classical antiquity to be seen at Cetona … philosopher or poet, sitting, half-draped, in an attitude of … further notices of this statue. 5 Monte Cetona rises 1957 braceiu, or … 1839, p. 50; 1842, p. 17. AtPalazzone, find verified the fable of Janus, who

405

from the brow of the long dark hills which stretch up from … lers ; but this range of hills is much resorted to by the … Vulcan, with the other at the realm of rise the laya-cone of Radicdfani, and

406

406 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap. liii. … midst, and extinguishes her torch.8 This urn is worthy of … Another relief represents Orestes in Tauris; and indi- … bloody rite ; and the female attendants of the priestess fill … old man and seizing a maiden, must represent the death of … one tomb, and the inscriptions show them to belong to the … shield, and other parts of the relief bear inflexions of Cumeresa, Cumerusa, Cu- … pent round her neck, blue wings to her °f Camarina, Camurina, and Camas,

407

chap, liii.] COLLECTIONS OF BORSELLI AND LUNGHINI. 407 … supposed the site of the ancient Tar- deeds of Theseus, and Prometheus … Cerberus (here with but two heads) and from the Trojan War—the deeds of … female, in very good style,—a similar the ass of Silenus—fauns pursuing Bac-

408

408 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap. liii. … with the shroud—children on their knees in attitudes of … This monument is an excellent specimen of the very early … sures, that in the ordinary processes of agriculture articles

409

ohap.lhi.] TOMBS OF SARTEANO. 409 … Trinoro, a wall-girt village, with the ominous alias of

Chapter LIV: Chianciano and Montepulciano

410

CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. … From Sarteano to Chianciano it is a drive of seven … sort of scenery which wins rather than imposes, whose

411

two thousand souls, and is much resorted to in summer, … in this necropolis is the Signor Carlo Casuccini, cousin of … is obvious; but the very name of this 63; 1831. p. 38. These were, till lately, … Mus. Chius. II. p. 222. This is pro- of an ancient factory of vases and tiles, … answering, it may be, to the Latin ad- L. Gellius. On two of the tiles %vas … ccelestw—ab agro, agrestis—an inflexion was consul in the year of Rome 769 … and forty-three spades, of bronze, weigh- 3 In the neighbourhood of Chianciano

412

412 CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. [chap. liv. … district, appears to be very ancient.4 … bring even a herd of cattle to their knees before her … which is translated by scriptions with this family-name ; and I … The last letter in the second word of the |J p, 422,

413

Arretium Fidens of Pliny,6 or as the Ad Novas of the … to the west to Sena, and apparently to

414

414 CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. [chap. liv. … liquid " manna of Montepulciano," the monarch of Tuscan, … Hark to the extatic jolliness of the god!— … We, Bacchus, in the might of our great mirth

415

Thrasymene, and to the very base of the hoary Apennines. … swamp with alluvial deposits;2 and instead of slime and … 2 In the Roman portion of the Val and the project was abandoned. Tacit, … but is now made to fall into the Arno. of the small lakes near the town, which … sent a deputation to Rome deprecating 18 or 19 from Cortona, and 32 or 33

416

416 CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. [chap. i.tv. … and their eyes are so large, soft, and lustrous, that one … have been found; and it would seem that some of the … There is a good road through Pienza to also at the foot of the " Poggio de' … Donne," a Roman urn of marble and tombs have been opened, containing

Chapter LV: Arezzo - Arretium

417

" Can any good come out of Nazareth 1" was asked of … no unapt metaphor for a city of potters, as this was of old. … And broke the die, in moulding Sheri- On the grass-plot by the Duomo is a

418

It is not for me to set forth the modern glories of Arezzo … This large and lively city is the representative of the … Mai 1819, l. n. s. c." prior to the Trojan War, and to have … —whose peculiarities are set forth by that effect in ancient writers. … 31 from Montepulciano, more than 40 other four cities, is a proof of the rank

419

chap. i,v.] HISTORY OF ARRETIUM. 419 … In the year 453 (b.c. 301) the citizens of Arretium rose … cade, and met with a signal defeat. The Etruscans, … of the Arretines, but that it was peace- refers this event to the year 463, but

420

throw on the shores of the Thrasymene.4 The city did … that the Consul and his horse here fell … to regard the warning, and marched … refers the colony of Arretium Fidens to … 72, ed. Bert.), and as a municipmm by … nvamidjniwm of the third kind described

421

ANCIENT WALLS OF BRICK. … ashes, withstood all the vicissitudes of the dark ages, -which … it was the most inland city of Etruria, … " Sepulchres of Etruria," p. 503, and … most part of squared stones, not unlike

422

In the garden of the Passionist Convent, in the lower … of the structure. Like the amphitheatre of Volterra, … Arretium was celebrated of old for her pottery, which … of Arezzo, generally in laying the foundations of buildings, … not remains of seats, steps, and prce- … to certain structures of that description, … 7 Plin. XXXV. 46.-Samia etiam- Persius <L 130> who sPeaks of an xdile … et calicum tantum, Surrentum, Asta, ' Iu layinS &e foundations of the … litantur. Htec quoque per maria ter- casting the reliefs, and remains of vitri-

423

reliefs, rather of flowers than of figures, and bearing the … ness and the site of the manufacture where a small marble urn with a bilin- … Fabroni, Vasi Fittili Aretini, tav. XI; fallen into disuse at the period of the … Greek artists. Mon. Etrus.V. p. 11. notices of the ancients than on prac-

424

and abundance of it at Modena.3 … 3 In the British Museum is a tazza notices in the publications of the Arclweo- … with others of the same description, at * One is a quincussis, 4 inehes in dia- … in some quantity at Cervetri. Bull. the obverse ; and an anchor or the … cisely like this of Arezzo, even to the city which was further removed from the … plained by the commerce which existed amphora. Marchi and Tessieri refer … V. pp. 1—12, tav. I. And besides the Inst. 1841. p. 104.

425

a dance of Bacchanals, Theseus overcoming an Amazon, … of Etruscan antiquities. Each article is labelled with the … forms one of the chief ornaments of Arezzo Cathedral, … Here are also many cinerary urns of travertine, without … s Dempster, I. tab. XIX. na me of " Tarlnia " occurs on an Etrus- … right, for the addition of a small stroke miles distant, in the Val di Chiana.

426

inscription.9 Here are heads and other articles in terra … tombs of Arretium, Cortona, and … of the Florence Gallery was found … It is singular that the Velus of the … The curved part of the instrument is … It was generally of bronze, sometimes … on the shoulder of a griffon in the

427

of the name of Arretium, distinguished by the epithets of … site, but merely that of one of the colonies. Its position, … years, of the walls of an ancient city in the neighbourhood … (Annot. ad Cluver, p. 72), however, first to make them known ; and that … Fiorentino, on the road to Cortona. makes no mention of them in his

428

Cornelio, or Castel Secco, a barren eminence of no great … unique in Etruria. They have the appearance of great … 2 or 3 feet long, by 18 inches high. less than half a mile, round ; and says

429

chap, w.] ANCIENT WALLS AT SAN CORNELIO. 429 … was the original site, and that this, so much stronger by … 1 Miiller, who visited these ruins in the city. Yet he admits them to be of … particular, and considers them to belong hints that this may be the Acropolis

430

an eminence, and was fortified by nature as well as by … of the Etruscans.

431

Etruscan Arretium, but of one of the Roman colonies of … fied with the original city, it must be the Fidens, and … of brickwork around the higher part of … masonry is of stone, whereas the ancient … and Volsinii, it may have been that … for the sake of the materials.

Chapter LVI: Cortona - Cortona

432

ANCIENT WALLS OF CORTONA. … reverence age—that fulness of years which, as Pliny says,

433

chap, lvi.] VENERABLE ANTIQUITY OF CORTONA. … Servius (in loe.) thus explains it, and … The original name of Cortona was Cory- … lost his helmet, and rallying his men to … Besides the evidence of Virgil and his … The poet uses the ancient name for the

434

OF … Ancient Gate, now blocked up. … Church of Sta. Margherita. … Church of S. Filippo. . … Line of the ancient walls, where they do

435

tribute of homage—acceptam parce movere fidem ! Hast … Let not the traveller mount with baggage, and such … full of all uncleanness. Let him take up his quarters in … Modern Cortona retains the site of the ancient city,

436

round the city ; and are composed of rectangular blocks … the wider circuit of the ancient walls usual. … be scarcely larger than Rusellse, and feet, which is that of the fragment deli- … Confederation. in. to 5 ft. in height, and from 6 or 7

437

chap, lvi.] THE ANCIENT WALLS. 437 … tween them. The joints are often diagonal, and small

438

Then the dark mass of Montepulciano, rising on the … we may believe Dionysius (I. p. 21) abode at Gortynaea, and there died, … and Stephanus of Byzantium. Creston anicus of Lesbos ap. eund. I. p. 22. … is used by Lycophron (Cass. 806), represents Jasius son of Corythus, king

439

ORIGIN OF CORTONA. … the designation of it by Silius Italicus … the most simple of all ancient Italian … to any particular city, but Marchi and … bution of these coins to Cortona, and … particular sites, and he regards the dis- … text of Herodotus the city is called … (II. p. 574), and Mannert (Geog. p. … pp. 18 etseq.), and by Mr Grote (His-

440

included in the great Etruscan Confederation, and one of … takes Cortona to have been the site of 2 There is said to have been a large … (II. 27) states that that battle was Palazzo Passerini; and a third outside … ^ Polyb. III. 82 ; Liv. XXII. 4. the end of the seventeenth century.

441

apparently of the same date as the city-walls.3 Another … of Roman opus incertum, commonly called the Baths of … of an antiquarian society, the Accademia Etrusca, which … and are 15 inches in height.

442

vases of great beauty or interest; merely black or red … sort of conical chimney or tube, to which must have been

443

bowl, and adorned with elegant foliage in relief. Alter- … 7 This is a well-known Orphic doc- on a bronze dog in the possession of Sr. … 8 The inscription is not very legible. attached to monuments, are not of un- … catory gift. It is in all probability is with us to write the name of the giver

444

From the high decoration of the bottom of the lamp, … from the ceilings of palaces or temples … use of sepulchral lamps by the ancients … condition of their keeping a light burn- … that it is of a style between the cele-

445

chap, lvi.] ANCIENT TOMBS. 445 … There are two other collections of antiquities at Cortona; … pp. 72, et seq. tav. IX. X.; Bull. Inst. 6 For a description of the Etruscan

446

ledges in the slopes, where accumulations of soil from the … or the " Cave of Pythagoras," so called from the vulgar … The monument is now in such a state of ruin as at first … which crowned the masonry at the opposite ends of the … Etrus. III. p. 75, cl. II. tav. 2) describes long, 3 ft. wide, and 22 in. thick. The

447

chap, lvi.] THE CAVE OF PYTHAGORAS. 447

448

interior. The slabs and blocks of sandstone seem newly … thus between two and three thousand years. The exter- … coeval with the walls of Cortona, and of Pelasgic origin. … of Tarquinii, but truncated ; and states 1841, p. 37. In Latin letters it would … been found near the monument, as if it It is now in the Museum of the Academy.

449

chap, lvi.] ANCIENT SEPULCHRES OF CORTONA. 449 … last-named tombs were composed of five enormous stones, … 3 Bull. Inst. 1834, p. 198. Ut supra, weapons, much pottery, and many sepul- … 4 In this last tomb was found a large as throwing light on the character of … vase of the same metal within it, holding ap. Inghirami, Mon. Etr. IV. p. 72.

450

had long been suspected of being sepulchral; and at … other yet disclosed in the soil of Etruria. Unfortunately … of the tumulus. For the last seven yards it widens, and … square mass of masonry, which probably served as a … The resemblance of this tomb to the Kegulini at Csere … 6 This mound is about 640 ft. in cir- length. In the inner wall of one of

451

primitive principle of the convergence of the blocks to a … doubt, from the nature of its contents; and its con- … 8 Canina, Cere Antica, p. 67. The kept in their places by the weight of the

452

and bone, and very small fragments of gold and silver. … Above this tomb, in the higher part of the mound, were … This tumulus has not been half excavated, and it is … 9 A detailed description of this tomb chiore Missirini, Siena, 1843. For an

453

sepulchral cells—and seems to have been raised over the … Cortona is a city of great interest. Its very high

Chapter LVII: Perugia - Perusia - the city

454

of Nature, journeys on a bright day from Cortona to … Before leaving the Tuscan State, I halted at the hamlet of

455

chap, lvii.] BATTLE OF THE THRASYMENE. 455 … in Italy, for him who would mix with the natives, and can … at our feet lay the Thrasymene,1 a broad expanse of blue, … menus, Trasymenus, or Trasumenus of Many of the ancients also called it

456

water, and marched on into yon crescent-shaped plain, … and there, enveloped by a dense mist which arose from … they broke and fled, rushing, some to the mountain-steeps, … who had broken through the foe at the first attack, and … Polyb. III. 82—84; Sil. Ital. V.; Appian. same year the news of no less than fifty-

457

with oil and wine, then steeped in a deeper flood, whose … of the lake it must be said, that before Fumavitlacus,atquearseruntfluctibus … 7,6,) had recounted it among Hannibal's both making a mere metaphor of what

458

in the full fructification of beauty, and it may be, with less … vale of the Caina, a stream which seems to have retained … Perugia is one of the very few Etruscan cities that … manifold objects of interest in Perugia, either in its pic- … 5 Caina is an Etruscan family name, Chiusi and its neighbourhood. It is the

459

chap, lvii.] ANCIENT WALLS AND GATES OF PERUGIA. 459 … The walls of Perugia are in many parts ancient, agree- … to the gate, and is in receding courses ; Roman, modernised, as set forth in the … colossal masonry of Cortona.

460

The best preserved and the grandest of all the ancient … arch. It is formed of regular masonry of travertine, … 8 The gate is 14 feet 6 inches wide, been the keystone of the original arch, … unlike that of the Porta di Giove at documents to prove this gate older than … projecting stone, though not in a corre- works of the most ancient times,

461

chap, lvii.] THE ARCH OF AUGUSTUS. 461 … them—the frieze of shields and colonnettes above it—the

462

is in the University of Perugia, and is rich in Etruscan … at Chiusi. That they were sepulchral Steuart (Lydia and Phrygia, p. 4) for

463

while the figures on the lids are of the former. He who … of burial were adhered to, after the city had become a … of these.7

464

to be written in choice Irish, and to be a notice to … In yases the Museum of Perugia is not rich, yet it … earliest style, with bands of animals, black and purple, on … Here are many lamina of this metal, with reliefs of men, … 9 Etruria Celtica, I. pp. 377—387. the figures, that it is not worthy of

465

and charioteer being broken away.—Two small fragments ; … and other figures in bronze ; some of … buried for concealment in ancient times.2 They are sup- … 2 For descriptions and illustrations of … band of British condattieri.

466

There are also in this Museum, some fragments of a curule … There is also a collection of coins.6 … remarkable, discovered on the same the dependence of this city on Cortona, … Munich. the battle-axe is expressive of the ancient … Ined. p. 338) agrees with him. tere," the inscription on the coins of … 6 Some coins, with a wheel on one Oddi, of Perugia, seems to be the origi-

467

and plectrum, attended by slaves ; that in the front of the … hair and beards distinguish them as a separate race from … the next group. This is composed of two horses or mules … armed, driving a pair of oxen and of goats. The subject, … and made to carry their own property for the benefit of

468

supposing them not regular military, but the inhabitants of … colony going forth to fulfil the row of a … procession, with human and other vic- … the tombs of Tarquinii. … sinates were an ancient Umbrian tribe, … of Etruria by the Pelasgi, built Sarsina … built by Aules, father or brother of … it. And Stephanus also (y. Xleppaiaiov),

469

under the walls of this city—a battle which is more gene- … the rest of the Etruscans in opposing the power of Rome; … this defeat did not break the spirit of the Perusians; for … conjunction with Volsinii and Arretium, to sue for peace;

470

supplies for Scipio's fleet at the close of the Second Punic … Ancient Italy, I. p. 219. quently mentioned as a colony by Strabo … of the Etruscans, but after this catas- See Vol. I. p. 146.

Chapter LVIII: Perugia - Perusia - the cemetry

471

The necropolis of Perusia offers a rich field for research ; … zeal of the Cavaliere Vermiglioli, to whom it is also due … First and foremost in magnitude and beauty, and rival-

472

You descend a long flight of steps to the entrance, now … 1 The inscription on the doorpost ignorance of the language, to give an … tomb. It would be thus written in suggest themselves. The initial of the … It seems to imply that the sepulchre - The dimensions of this central

473

chap, win.] TOMB OF THE VOLUMNII. 473 … bent figures of men, one with a female in a sitting posture, … inscriptions show them all to belong to one family, that of … drapery, and supported by elegantly-carved legs, while the … Etruria; so also Gerhard, Gottheiten op. cit. IX. 61.). The wife of Coriolanus

474

The fifth male, who occupies the post of honour at the … threshold through dread of their stern gaolers. The whole … from the lords of her family by her position ; for she sits … her brow, and the owl-legs to the stool beneath her feet … the imagination of the artist could con- ad JEn. II. 616.

475

an effigy of the lady whose dust is contained in the urn, … The last urn is of a totally different character from the … Au. Caphatial."8 That is, Publius Volumnius, son of Aulus, … ankles. Her urn is precisely similar ments, and the sphinxes on the roof, … with a panelled door in the centre, and p. 28) is in error in making this " Pui,"

476

of " Violens," the Etruscans not having cognomina, or at … phates " in Etruscan, is of frequent oc- … author of " Etruria-Celtica," on no … Latin inscription to be a fraud, and … naturally excited the indignation of

477

But look at the ceiling of this chamber. It is coffered … Of strange unearthly tone ; … And silent as a stone." … of Apollo, surrounded with laurel leaves, though the scales … affollarono intorno penetrando impa- white, or are of white stone inlaid,

478

On each side of the shield, and forming with it a sort … but the long flowing hair is still visible ; and behind it is … thinks Abeken, Ann. Inst. 1842, p. 57. p. 253 of this work.

479

chap, urin.] DECORATIONS OF THE TOMB. 479 … These reptiles are of earthenware, but their tongues are … bers.6 The four inner rooms have, each a bench of rock, … Nasoni on the Flaminian Way, which, tury, near the church of S. Costanzo, … position as in this tomb of Perugia. 21__23.

480

and two have Medusa's heads in shields on the ceiling, … a helmet—a fragment of a shield embossed with figures of … inscriptions. Those of the four gentlemen on similar urns … And the lady is called, … No. 1 seems the most venerable, the progenitor of the … p. 21), but its being found in connection the neighbourhood of this tomb, and also

481

which flows beneath the walls of Perugia, and whose name … content with the fashions of his ancestors, he may be … that the name of the river was claimed ancient name is doubtless derived from … of the Veientes ; by the latter as being indicative of the patronymic ; the ter- … Another Etruscan family of Perugia— here hardly be other than the patrony- … rius humor" of Silius Italicus (VIII. sal," i. e. the son of Thephris, the filial

482

on the principal monument, which has all the freedom of … it is not the fault of the sepulchre, which, though of late … after its discovery that I found myself at the mouth of … of the keys, with what strange awe I entered the dark … dreariness of the surrounding cells. The figures on the

483

and darting their tongues at me—and above all the soli- … reality, or rather it was the realisation of the pictures of … of Etruscan origin. A few have been placed under lock … me it has more analogy to a Roman 3 For further notices of this tomb, … chambers is the same. The doorway de' Volunni, with the book of plates ;

484

the hill; one is in the form of a rude dome with beams … The monuments in them are all urns, or ash-chests, of … painted,—reliefs as well as the figures on the lids,—and … heads of two warriors, whom she has entangled in her

485

chap, lviii.] TOMBS OF ETRUSCAN FAMILIES. 485 … goddess is robed in purple, with a veil of the same hue ; … several curious, and highly decorated with colour and

486

as fond of old tales of woe, as those of modern days, and … of the Romans.8 This is a large square tomb, whose roof … can, and answering to the Barrus or possibly to the … answer to the gens in Latin names, the wheel also held by the woman, and … Etruscans. In the same way, in others or dragon ; and in a doorway at each

487

chap. Lviii.] TOMBS OF ETRUSCAN FAMILIES. 487 … of these tombs are without the protection of a door, and … valent to the Farrus or Farianus of the Luceti or Liceti—Upelsi—Suzi—Pum- … though he had already published more A tomb of the Pumpuni family was also … waiting for publication. Bull. Inst. 1843, the Museum. A sepulchre of the family … 3 Among these are the tombs of the Vermigl. Iscriz. Perug. I. pp. 262—3.

488

south of Perugia. Other tombs have been found else- … of La Commenda, two miles from Perugia, on the road to … that in width, and about fifteen feet in height.6 About … was a sepulchre, both from analogy8 and on account of its … were one, has been destroyed and the sepulchre at Sovana, and also in the

489

subterranean character.9 Moreover, the existence of an … the best known of Etruscan sepulchres. Yet though … it for a sepulchre. So also Abeken, Mit- gives numerous proofs of the relation

Chapter LIX: Rome

490

Tokens of the dead :—the wondrous fame … I had intended treating of Rome as an Etruscan city, … of this work, and I am compelled to confine myself to

491

are two—the Museo Gregoriano of the Vatican, and the … This magnificent collection is principally the fruit of the … were made in the neighbourhood of Vulci, most of the … statements, they must be received with indulgence, and … 1 The appointed guardians of these a scientific investigator of antiquities,

492

Three recumbent figures in terra cotta, a male and two … rises, like a handle, a small head, the portrait of the … behind their heads, and one leg tent goriano, I. tar. XCII.

493

of death. In style of art this urn is much superior to … These bear, as usual, Greek myths with a mixture of … to drown the cries of the victim, a slave bringing in the … Besides these, there are several scenes emblematical of the

494

his hand, recalls the monuments of the middle ages. … At one of the ends of the monument is another repre-

495

found, together with a number of small pots, lamps, rude … tion of one of the large jars, containing … nevali ; and again, a party of literati … were found, these must indeed be of

496

Chamber of Terra-Cottas. … and filled with the waters of the lake. … no doubt of their very remote antiquity. … hut of skins, show a far more primitive … by some of the Swiss soldiers in the … Roma, 1817," — a strange farrago of

497

There are several small urns of the same material, … and limbs of the human frame; some for containing the … not Etruscan, but of much later times—representing the … figures on the ground of the clay.3 … names of the principal sorts of ancient Vases for drinking — cantharus, cy- … phm-a, pdice, stamms. need not be stated here- And the … Vases for mixing wine at the banquet foms of ^ have been shown in the

498

tombs of Etruria. It displays Mercury presenting the … might pass for an antique version of Punch ; he brings a … coloured and variegated glass, showing to what perfection … are five on pedestals. The most singular is one of the

499

vases; and as Hesiod describes them on the shield of … The bowl of the vase has four bands of figures, but … it may be, a poet of less celestial origin, seated in the … of the most beautiful specimens of the Second, or Archaic … dice not being shown, and from the hands being held out

500

name, " Echsekias," is recorded, as well as that of the … ing the body of Achilles borne to Peleus and Thetis, … amphora in the Second style ; some of them Panathenaic. … A hydria of extreme beauty, representing Apollo seated

501

over the waves. Dolphins and other fish are gambolling … Stamnos. On the body of the vase is a band of figures … observed among the peasant-girls of Italy at the present … Hydria, with a race of women, a very curious scene.

502

olive-tree, each with an amphora at his feet, and one who … boy has his hoop in one hand, and a cock in the other, … Library, long prior to the formation of this Museum.7 … and pottery; among the latter notice a small canoe, and … 7 Some see in this scene Jupiter and « Mon. Ined. Inst. II. tav. XXXVIII;

503

A hydria, representing the combat of Hercules with … On the shoulder of the vase are contests of racers and … be one of the hero's companions, changed, as the legend

504

Hydria. On the shoulder of the vase, Theseus is slay- … figures in the painted tombs of Corneto. Third style.

505

and rapt in song. A beautiful vase, in the Third style, … son, " the brave Hector "—KAAOS EKTJ2P—and regards … Amphora. A warrior departing to battle ; and receiv- … and both in form and style of art is very different from … ' Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LIX. 2. interpret this scene as Orpheus and a

506

Stamnos. The gods in council. Jupiter and Juno seated … Stamnos. " Zeus " seizing " Mgixa," in the midst of … Amphora. Hercules, bearing the boar of Erymanthus … with so much severity of style. … remarkable thing about the vase is that it was broken of … On the side of the gallery towards the windows are … Troilus, has been surprised at a fountain by Achilles, and

507

Celebe. Combat of Greeks and Amazons. Third style. … Bacchus with a thyrsus, another Faun, and two Msenades … iharus, and a vine-

508

great gods of Olympus combating the giants—driving his … to give birth to Minerva ; Neptune, Mercury, Mars, and … the combat of Hector, assisted by ^Eneas, against Ajax; … of the loftiest peaks of the Apennines. And an amphora,

509

more rare than the. upright vases, and not inferior in … he falls.5 The Eape of Proserpine ; the King of Shades … sacrifice him.7 Theseus binding the bull of Marathon.8 … Several specimens of the curious goblets, painted with … But more common on those of Magna 1 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXVII.

510

warrior galloping,—Mercury and Bacchus,—warriors,— … On the shelves towards the windows are more of … straight horns. Combats of Greeks and Trojans. The … the waves; outside the vase is the Death of Hector.5 … 2 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXVII. 2. Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXII; and so … 4 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXIII. 1. like one of the crooks, represented in the

511

shows that the vase was a present of affection to some … amphora from his queen.1 A third vase of the same … would Minerva avail her ; and her own peculiar patroness,

512

on a couch of masonry, and wakes to find the fauns have … bossed with reliefs—like the round bucklers of the heroic … feet long, 2 ft. 3 in. wide, and about 5 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XV. 1, XVI- … of men, lions, sphinxes, dogs, and

513

with reliefs of rampant lions. It was an incense-burner, … On the walls hang a number of small disks, some with … retaining, it is said, its lining of wood, and braces of … shown in the annexed wood-cut; and

514

candelabra, of elegant form and fanciful conception, where … between 3 and 4 feet. They invariably … formed by the bodies of three human … and the bowl above has often little birds

515

Near the bier is a votive statue of a boy, with a bulla … nating below in lions' paws, resting on frogs, and decorated … above, not in a bowl but in a number of Mus. Greg. I. tav. XLIII. 4. … page 204), or, it may be, of a warrior their sockets are hollow. Bull. Inst, … Most of them are from Vulci, but they 6 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LVI.

516

—borders of flowers, and elegant Greek patterns, and the … sarcophagi at Palestrina, the ancient Prseneste, in Latium; … On them still lie the curious tongs, shovel, and poker, … Professor Gerhard in his Etruskische were those of the female bath and toilet. … attaching to their purpose, or owing to British Museum, bearing the subject of

517

wheels, and terminate in serpents' heads ; the shovel's … At one end of the room is a war-chariot— … The body alone is ancient—the pole and … On the shelves, and in the glass-cases in … U 5. great taste and elegant fancy of the … Vol. I., and Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XLVII.

518

implements — ladles of various forms-—culenders or … worthy of notice. One is … tunic without sleeves, and a loose pallium with broad … represent Minerva in her character of

519

of the Etruscan aruspew. It was found in a tomb by … Plates of bronze with reliefs, the decorations, probably, of … lightly graven on them, and as the bronze is often much … the body of her son Memnon. She might well be taken … figure is illustrated by some of the 1839, p. 122) would rather attribute … where there was a college of Etruscan

520

Vulci.1 These relieved mirrors are of great rarity. … "Nethuns" (Neptune), "Usil" (Phoebus), and "Thesan" … 1 This is usually styled Aurora and the chariot-race. Mus. Gregor. I. tav. … Abeken, Mittelitalien, taf. VII. 6 It has been doubted if the name of … supposed to be the sign of victory in tav. XXIV.

521

(Venus) and "Laran" in conversation before an Ionic … than some of the foregoing.—Vulci.1 … grace in the female is contrasted with the spirit of the … name of the sitting figure is by some 4 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XXXV. 2.

522

Coins—weights—small bulls and other figures in bronze, … idols or lares of black earthenware, found around the bier … They are formed of cases of … strength with lightness ; and if … 8 A facsimile of the inscription is

523

Vulci; and they are not the sole specimens of such articles … and, save that the silver is dimmed and tarnished, it is just … these relics of a long past world.2 Can Egypt, Babylon, … greater part of these articles were the produce of a single … 1 ^nfig. 1 is shown the upper part of 2 Mrs. Hamilton Gray states that "a … '•lustrations of another pair of such of the society, and excelled the chefs- … XVII. 9. They are now in the posses- chres of Etruria, p. 272.

524

with twelve bands of figures—sphinxes, goats, pegasi, … The great variety of necklaces, brooches, rings for the … 3 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LXXXII. None of them in this Museum, though … 4 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LXXXIV. table one in the possession of Thomas … 6 Ut supra, p. 50. Mus. Gregor. I. which was found at Vulci, and has … LXXIV. LXXVIII—LXXXI. One of in the possession of Cavalier Campana

525

are all in imitation of garlands of leaves—oak, laurel, … ' For illustrations of these beautiful first who imitated leaves in gold and … ronse Etruscse" which the Romans mean that Crassus was the first of the … decorate heroes in their triumphs. Plin. gance; for Pliny speaks of these Etrus-

526

tions. One is in the shape of a house or temple, with … are here represented. But the tomb of Vulci is utterly … 3 Vol I. pp. 281—288. Only a part 8 These paintings are of the size of

527

pottery — weightier matters of Etruscan art. A flat … through a small chamber, where stands a tall and very … inaccurate, and sometimes omitted; and, seems from the termination to refer to … cayed, or from the imagination of the … Page 451 of Vol. I. Mus. Gregor. I.

528

united by two spheres, and covered with reliefs, in no less … the collection of Etruscan antiquities in the possession … tion to the Cavaliere is requisite, and he will appoint a … a great number and variety of terra-cotta figures—statuette,

529

selecti, so to speak, though not all are the great rulers of … are now known to the world through the publications of … in a chariot borne off by Paris ; and again brought back … neither are worth having, says the proverb. The son of

530

ashes, with toga-wrapt figures on the lids, and the oft-told … The most beautiful specimens of Etruscan plastics in … with reliefs of archaic figures; one still containing the … 1 There is a similar figure in the s A head of terra-cotta with four or … infants were not burnt by the ancients, at Ruvo, and probably served the same

531

representing Triptolemus on his winged car, and Ceres by … tions in Greek characters, but in an unknown tongue; and … Passeri thought this colouring was with balsam, and those still quite pel-

532

heads in terra-cotta ; some, portraits of Etruscan females,

533

blue and variegated glass.3 But the most marvellous spe- … Here is a bier of bronze, composed of lattice-work— … ancient tombs in the East, in Egypt, in principally at Vulci and Toscanella. … Italy. The estimation in which they other jewellery of this collection, see

534

almost the counterpart of that from the great tomb of … of Hercules; and several elegant candelabra—one sur- … which a little Typhon of approved ugliness, bearded,

535

other smaller collections of Etruscan antiquities. The

Index

537

Puntone del Castrato, ii. 9; on the tomb of … 499; death of, 500, 510; pursuing Troilus, … Admetus and Alcestis, vase of, i. Ixxxix., xc. … -iEneas, scenes of his deeds, ii. 18; on Etruscan … Agylla, see Cjere, and Cervetri … tombs of Caere, ii. 35,38; on Castiglion Ber- … ii. 39; in urns of Volterra, 169 … Alatri, postern of, ii. 122, 276; bastion of, 272 … 225; resembles those of Lycia and Phrygia, … walls of a tomb, 137 … Alsium, Pelasgic origin of, ii. 69; villas at, 70; … Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, on Etruscan urns, ii. … Anitianse, quarries of, i. 208; similar stone from … Antemnae, site of, i. 64 … of, on the Palatine, Ixix.; at Piombino, ii.

538

Arch, date of its invention, i. Ixiv.; ii. 47 ; prac- … Arezzo, inns of, ii. 418; its walls, three times … Arm-chairs of rock, in tombs, ii. 34, 35, 59, 381 … Arpinum, walls of, i. 107 … Arringatore, or Orator, statue of the, ii. 103 … Artena, site of, lost, ii. 63 … Aspendus, theatre of, i. 208 … Babe, swaddled, figure of, ii. 203, 530; bodies … Bacucco, Le Casacce di, i. 202; site of Aquas … ------delle Serpi, ruins of, i. 202 … Baldelli, on the tombs of Cortona, ii. 317, 449 … Bargagli, Cav. Etruscan urns of, ii. 405 … Baths, ancient, i. 230, 244, 274; ii. 3, 19, 26, … Benches of rock in tombs, i. 54, 130, 223, 272; … Birds in the hands of female statues, i. 423; ii. … Boar-hunts of Etruria, i. 284, 336; ii. 88,185 … Bolsena, roads to, i, 501, 514; not the site of

539

Bolsena, Lake of, an extinct crater, i. 514; float- … Borselli, Dr. vases of, ii. 407 … Bracciano, not the site of Sabate, i. 273 … Braccio, Tuscan, its agreement with ancient … Breastplate of gold, ii. 50, 51, 524 … Brickwork, imitation of, in Grotta Sergardi, ii. … copies of paintings in Etruscan tombs, 290, … bronze cista, 516; vase of the Hesperides, i. … Bronze vases, varieties of, ii. 518 … Bucci, Signer, excavations of, ii. 3; Ms shop at … the walls of Rusellse, ii. 249 … Bust of an Etruscan lady, i. 423 … most common on urns of terra-cotta, 346 … fagi, 39; Grotta dell' Alcova, 40; Tomb of … Calpis, form of the, i. xcv.; ii. 490 … Campagna, delights of the, i. 48, 65, 73, 153; … Caere, 57; his collection of Etruscan anti- … den, 442; tomb in it, 443; the family of, … Canina, on the invention of the arch, i. lxv.;

540

on the theatre of Ferento, 207; on the site … Cantharus, form of, i. xcvii; sacred to Bacchus, … Capena, history of, i. 173 j name is Etruscan, … Capital of Paris and Helen, i. 429, 451 … amphitheatre of, 97; vases of, sought by … Carthage, alliance of Etruscans with, i. lviii. … tions, 236; discovery of, 238; the ancient … Castel Giubileo, site of Fidenae, i. 66, 69 … Castiglione Bernard!, pretended site of Vetulonia, … Catania, theatre of, i. 99 … Ceisi, tomb of the, at Perugia, ii. 481 … Cemeteries, Etruscan, position of, i. 34; ii. 56; … Cetona, an Etruscan site, ii. 401; collection of … 206; origin of, 206; never drawn on mirrors, … and attributes, 195, 206 ; his attendants, 68, … Cheeses of Etruria, ii. 82 … collection of Signor Casuccini, 411; origin of … Chimera, Etruscan, ii. 345; figure of, in bronze, … 375; Tomb of the Vigna Grande, 378 ; Poggio … defence of Arretium, 420

541

Ciminus, Laeus, i. 189; legends of, 190 … Cincius, an ancient antiquary, i. 510 … Cisra, native name of Casre, ii. 22, 328 … great size of the ancient city, 119, 128; erro- … Civita Veechia, an ancient port, ii. 1; Roman … Clytemnestra, death of, on Etruscan urns, ii. 97, … Coins of Pisce, ii. 89; of Luna, 81; of Fsesulse, … Colle, alphabetical tomb of, ii. 137 … Cone, sepulchral, of rock, i. 202, 240, 271, 351 … Corinth, vases of, i. 356, 357; sought by the … Cortona, ii. 432; ancient legends of its origin, … Cortuosa, i. 276; and Contenebra, 279, 378 … Cotyliskos, form of, i. c. … Crater, form of, i. xcvi. … Creston, name of Cortona, ii. 439 … Cumere, family of, ii. 406 … Cupid and Psyche, in an Etruscan tomb, i. 321;

542

Curule-chairs, of Etruscan origin, ii. 187; in … 280;—cities, 121, 123, 271;—application of … Dancing, philosophy of, i. 295 … cippi of Chiusi, ii. 340, 353; of Perugia, 462; … Dempster on the Twelve Cities, i. xxix.; on … of anatomy displayed in, 337 … invention of, xxxiii., 339; Achilles and Ajax … Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the origin of the … Dirce, myth of, on an Etrusean urn, ii. 403 … Dogs, ancient mode of quieting, ii. 234 … Drapery, mode of representing, i. 292 … of ostriches, painted and carved, i. 420 … 421; ii. 8, 59, 72, 442; cabinet of, i. 420; … 240; iron of, 237, 240; antiquities of, 240 … 78; geological features, i. xxviii.; Twelve cities … calendar, xxxix.; language, xliii.; traces of … of, Ivii., lix.; literature, lvii.; science, lviii.;

543

racter and analogies, xxxix.—xliii.; public … tiberine people evident in names of places, … decoration of furniture, ii. 379; in wings of … Fablt, heroism of the, i. 28; slaughter of, 6, 29; … EffisuL^:, walls of, ii. 119; pavement, 121; … Falerii, history of, i. 41,140; inhabited by an … Faliscus, Ager, beauties of, i. 153: produce … Fanum VoLTimNJB, seat of the national con- … Farnese, inn at, i. 463; antiquity of, 463; quar- … Ferentinum, of Etrnria, i. 203; ancient temple … Feronia, town of, i. 180 … Fiano, the ancient FlaviEium, i. 182 … Flask of bronze from Cosa, ii. 519 … Florence, antiquity of, ii. 93; peopled from … Forum of Augustus, i. 88,137 … Frontlets of gold, ii. 532 … Funeral feasts of the ancients, i. 294. See

544

Furniture, with representations of animal life, … Galiana, tomb of the beautiful, i. 198, 200 … Gates, three in Etruscan cities, i. 89; double, … lxxxviii.; on the tombs of Tarquinii, 286,291, … Gladiatorial combats, of Etruscan origin, i. 95; … on lamps, 443, 477; emblem of the moon, … Gray, Mrs. Hamilton, i. 230; on the tombs of … Greek cubit, said to be the scale of some Etrus- … Hair, mode of wearing, i. 422, 423 … Hand-mills, invention of, i. 507 … Heads of terra-cotta, i. 450; ii. 102, 493, 497, … Henzen, Dr., his explanation of an inscription … tending for file tripod, 505; with the boar of … Hoare, Sir R. C, on the walls of Orbetello, ii.

545

Hydria, form of the, i. xcv. … as the site of Vetulonia, 214; on the pretended … furniture, i. 60 ; cut on the facades of tombs, … reliefs, 107; on sarcophagi and urns, i. 446 ; … 412, 426, 475; found in the north of Italy, i. … and Styria, i. xxxiv. … Iron of Elba, ii. 237 … Isola Farnese, i. 3; not the arx of Veii, 34, 42; … 141;" temple of, at Veu, 9, 10, 33; at … be confounded with Lasse, 68. See Genii and … 332; on the tombs of Tarquinii, 328, 331, 332; … Koppa, on vases of Etruria, ii. 55, 63 … --------— at Volterra, ii. 166; in the tomb of … Lajard, M., on the scenes in the tombs of Tar- … Lamps, Etruscan, i. Isix.; ii. 106 ; of Cortona,

546

La Pellegrina, painted tomb of, ii. 378 … Lateran Museum, relief with the devices of … Lecne, tomb of the, i. 503 … Lepaste, form of the, i. xcviii. … 251; decorations of tumuli, ii. 395 … not one of the Twelve, 79; local remains, 80, … Lydia, the mother-country of Etruria, i. xxxii., … Maccarese, Torre di, site of Fregense, ii. 76 … Magna Graecia, tombs of, i. 39; vases of, i. … Manducus, effigy of, ii. 207 … Manzi and Fossati, excavations of, i. 216, 355, 382 … population and climate, 222—3; produce, … Maritime power of Etruria, i. lvii., 220, 329 ; ii. … of the Volsmian lake, i, 515; ancient cloaca … 285; sometimes independent of, 286; ancient … Massa, h\ 217; not the site of Vetulonia, 217 … Meleager, statue of, ii. 7 … 206; statue of, 104; in terracotta, 4iH>»

547

labours and death, 134 … statue of, in the Uffizi, ii. 104; on Panathe- … Modena, ancient tombs and relies at, i. xxxv.; … of the, 378 … can relics at, 413; manna of, 414; roads to, … ---------Falterona, bronzes of, i. 459; ii. 107, 112 … Monsters, guardians of sepulchres, i. 338 … Mosul, coloured sculpture of, i. 290 … ^ller, on the Twelve Cities, i. xxix.; on the … larchon and Tyrrhenus, 372; on Demaratus, … Mure, Col., on the site of Pisa, ii. 87 … archaic ctppit 333; sarcophagus of the … cylices, 509; bronzes, 2, 512; armour and … canopi, 356; pottery and bronzes, 357 … Museums, Etruscan, of Arrezzo, ii. 424; of … Mycence, Treasury of, ii. 46, 49; walls of, 280 … 510; in the hands of Etruscan deities, lv., 510, … Nethuns, Etruscan name of Neptune, i. liv.; … Etruscan, 376; on the legend of Demaratus,

548

Niobides, sarcophagus of the, i. 448 ; its value, … of, 510; equivalent to Atropos, 510 … Nuraghe of Sardinia, ii. 47, 62, 160; described, … GEnarea, rebellious slaves of, i. 518; thought to … CEnochoe, form of, i. xcvii. … walls, 264; tombs, 265; origin of name, 266; … Oriental analogies of Etruscan monuments, i. … Orpheus and Eurydiee, tomb of, ii. 383 … Orvteto, not the site of Volsinii, i. 508; roads … Osinius, king of CTusium, ii. 328 … Ottieri, Count, collection of, it 359 … vases, 53, 301, 328, 343; like the frescoes of … Palo, the site of Alsium, ii. 69; inn, 74; shore … Paolozzi, Giardino, the Acropolis of Clusium, … Pasquinelli, Signor, discoverer of an Etruscan … Patera, form of, i. xcviii.; for libations, i. 444 … Pediments, marks of dignity, i. 251 … Pelasgi, first conquerors of Etruria, i. xxxi.; … mes, 123; masonry of, 12, 13, 29, 284, 285; … Peleus and Thetis, on a vase, ii. 116; on a … Peris, tomb of the, ii. 377 … gates, i. 15 ; ii. 459; Arch of Augustus, 460; … Perusia, antiquity of, ii. 468; history of, 459,

549

Petroni, tomb of the, ii. 485 … of, 64, 478 … Piazza d' Armi, the Arx of Veii, i. 7, 42; … Pigmies and Cranes on a vase, ii. 116 … Pine-woods of old on the coast of Italy, i. 395; … of, i. 220 … remains of antiquity, 473; inn, 472, 476; … Pliny's description of the Vadhnonian lake, i. … the tomb of Porsena, 400 … ---------Eenzo, painted tomb of, ii. 378 … Polimartium, supposed name of the ancient … J- 9; at Pyrgi, 11; materials of, 12; at Vol- … Pomegranate in the hands of female statues, ii. … Ponte della Badia, i. 398 ; singularity of, 400 ; … Pons Sublicius, of wood, i. 18, 401 … the events of it are legendary, ii. 329; in what … to the Cucumella of Vulci, and the tomb of … Porta all'Arco, ii. 146; antiquity of, 147; three … Portraits of the deceased, painted in tombs, i. … Ports of Etmria : Graviscas, i. 387 ; Pyrgi, ii. … Priam, death of, on an Etruscan urn, ii. 406 … captives, 467 ; of priests, 348

550

Puntone del Castrato, ancient town and necro- … Etruria, ii. 416; ii. 59, 389; in the tomb of … Quadriga, of Veil, i. 57; in triumphs, introduced … 363, 369, 379; institution of, 24 … -----■— of women, ii. 501 … Ravenna, probably of Etruscan origin, i. xxvi; … and jewellery, 50, 524; terra-cotta figures, … Repetti, on Massa, ii. 218; on the battle of … Rhyta, form of, i. xeix.; ii 94, 351, 511 … ---------ancient, or causeway, i. 393 … Roire, size of, i. 19; rebuilt, with, the ruins of … Roman house, resemblance of an Etruscan tomb … Ruggieri of Viterbo, i. 212, 215, 229 … RtiSELLas, site of, ii. 247 j walls of, 248; not … Ruspi, on the tombs of Tarquinii, i. 297, 298; … Sacrifice, relief of a, i. 511; ii. 526; painting of … Salii, their rites, i. 81; dances of, 295; ii. 365; … Salt-works, ancient, at the mouth of the Tiber, … San Cornelio, ancient city at, ii. 428 ; probably … San Martino, site of Capena, i. 183 … San Silvestro, ancient city at, i. 160; convent of, … Santa Severa, site of Pyrgi, ii. 11 … nella, 444; that of the Mobides, 448; at Caere, … Saetbaso, supposed site of Camars, ii. 331,407; … 313; ancient polygonal walls of, 309; Bagno

551

antiquity of, 318; and of the walls, 319 … Scyphus, form of the, i. xcviii. … Sepulture, modes of, i. 38; Etruscan — not … Sergardi, Grotta, ii. 449; furniture of, 452 … their sacred character among other ancient na- … 67; symbols of volcanic powers, 183; of … Sethlans, Etruscan name of Vulcan, i. Hi.; ii. … sewerage of Etruscan cities, i. lix. … marzo, t 224; ii. 513; form of Etruscan, i. … Sicily, tombs of, i. 39; pits of, 121; ii. 61; … Silvanus, an Etruscan god, i. liv.; grove of, ii. … Slaves in Etruria, i. xlviii; insurrection of, … by warriors, 285; passage of, 53, 313, 362, … Stamnos, form of, i. xcv. … quarries of, 467 ; Lake of, 467,469; wine of, … 530; in stone, i. lxxt; of females, 422 ; ii.

552

Steub, on the relation of Rhsetia to Etruria, i. … Stracciacappa, lake of, i. 84 … Superstition of the ancients, i. 33 … Sutbi, i. 86; history of, 90; ancient proverb … scimetars, ii. 478; in the hand of a figure on … Syracuse, sepulchres of, i. 38, 263; ii. 157, 312 ; … Tages, legend of, i. lv., 373; supposed statue of, … comparative antiquity of these tombs, i. 344 … Tarquinius Priscus, his conquest of Etruria … Temples, on heights, i. 520; and on Arces, 520; … Terrosi, Cavaliere, collection of, ii. 402 … Theatres, antiquity of, in Italy, i. 95; of Falleri, … 406; most common on those of terra-cotta, … Thephri, Etruscan form of Tibris, ii. 481 … Thrasymene, Eake of, ii. 455; battle of, 455; … Tiber, vale of the, i. 171,214; probably an Etrus- … mirrors, ii. 520, 521; the name of a family, … Toga, origin of the, i. xlii.; received by the Ro- … arch, 376, 441, 488; with trench and ram-

553

fanation of, 102, 118, 157, 268, 316, 359, … 416; Greek, 347; ii. 46; of Greek priests, 51 … of, 423 … Torques of gold, i. xxxiv.; ii. 532 … ---------■ Nuova, site of Algse, ii. 3 … Toscanella, inn, i.'441; the Campanari and their … Towers, i. 133—138; ii. 125; of Cosa, 272; … 266, 323. See Cities … 286 ; of Saturnia, 319 ; in the Cyclopean walls … Triclinium, the only ancient painting of, ii. 37 … 188; description of, by Appian, agreeing with … Troy, Scsean gates of, i. 15; war of, shown on … 513; invention of, i. xxxiii., xli. … Saturnia, 315 ; of Poggio Gajella, at Chiusi, … Tuscan order of architecture, i. lxi.; illustrated … Twelve Cities of the Etruscan Confederation— … ------------tomb of the, see TAEaraNn—Grotta … Tyrrhenus, legend of, i. xxxiii., 372 … Umbri, the earliest inhabitants of Etruria, i. … Umrana, family of, ii. 374 … form of statues, ii. 336,337, 396; in the form of … painted and gilt, 159, 171, 342, 346, 372, 403, … Vadimonian Lake, battles of, i. 167, 170, 380; … Valerius Antias, his legend of the Thrasymene,

554

Varro, description of the tomb of Lars Porsena, … "Attic," lxxx., Ixxxviii.; of the Decadence, … antiquity of, i. Ixxxix., 425; of Yeii, fix the … with wreaths, 366; king of, ii. 99, 115, 350; … Veii, site of,i. 2 ; walls, 5, 7,15 ; gates, 5, 7,11, … Velimnas, Etruscan form of Volumnius, ii. 473; … ---------Aphacitis, shrine and lake of, ii. Ill … Vermilion, the conventional hue of rank and … Verulae, sewers of, ii. 276 … 299; history of, 299; insignia of empire de- … Visconti, on the hut-urns of the Alban Mount, … Vitorchiano, singular privilege of, i. 210; … Yolaterr^, one of the Twelve, i. xxviii; ii. 143; … 153; urns of, in the Campo Santo at Pisa, ii. … 204; warrior in relief, 202; position of the … 156; Grotta de' Mar mini, 157; tomb of the … Volsinh, history of, i. 504; its castles, 503; … Volumnius, or Volnius, a writer of Etruscan … 480; the Velimnas family, 480; date of the

555

grand bridge and aqueduct, 399; site of the … beat their breasts and tore their flesh, i. … ■--------■ in the amphitheatre of Sutri, i. 99 … 101, 116; on the lamp of Cortona, 443; on … arched roofs, i. lsiv; his description of a … Wines of Etruria, i. 25, 395, 467, 502 ; ii. 20, 82 … 287, 293; rouged, 293; modesty of, 293; … Xanthus, the historian of Lydia, i. xsxiii. … Yucatan, pseudo-arches of, ii. 47; fascinum

556

BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

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INDEX.

555

Vulci, recently rediscovered, i. 397, 407;
grand bridge and aqueduct, 399; site of the
city, 402 ; no history, 403; Etruscan charac-
ter of the name, 403; connection with the
Volsei, 404; ii. 287 ; Roman remains, i, 402,
405; tomb of the Sun and Moon, 408 ; ii. 57 ;
painted tomb, i. 409, 428; tombs, 412 ; the
Cucumella, 412; Grotta d* Iside, 419 ; painted
vases, 424, 426; compared with those of Tar-
quinii, 425; gold and jewellery, 427; ii.
524; road from Toseanelia, i. 461; inscrip-
tion, ii. 527

W.

Wailikg-women, i. 295; ii. 340; why they
beat their breasts and tore their flesh, i.
lxsxiv.; ii. 354

Wallaehia, torque found in, i. xsxv.

"Warriors, figures of, ii. 105,112, 534; reliefs of,
107, 130, 202, 340

Warrior-tombs, i, 54, 224, 353, 369, 417 ; ii. 49

Water-channels in roads, i. 35, 117, 156, 263,
267, 496

■--------■ in the amphitheatre of Sutri, i. 99

■--------in tombs, ii. 451

Water preserved in an ancient pot, i. 166

Wathen, Mr., on the arches in Egyptian tombs,
i. htiv; on the origin of heraldry, ii. 65

Weapons, Etruscan, ii. 513; in tombs, 49; dis-
covery of, in a lake, 110

"Welcker, Professor, on Vulci, i. 426

Wheel on Etruscan coins, ii. 439,466

Wild-beasts, sepulchral emblems, i. 359; ii.

101, 116; on the lamp of Cortona, 443; on

vases, 495; i. lxxix.
Wilkinson, Sir G., on Egyptian tombs with

arched roofs, i. lsiv; his description of a

tomb at Beni Hassan, ii. 138
Windows in tombs, i. 262, 270; ii. 32; in a

shaft opening into tombs, 382
Wines of Etruria, i. 25, 395, 467, 502 ; ii. 20, 82
Wing, solitary, in a tomb, ii. 478
Wolf of the Capitol, i. Ixx.; ii. 103
Wolves of Soracte, i. 186, 187
Women, treatment of, in Etruria, i. lxi.; equality

with men, 286; learned from the urns, ii.

170; Etruscan, maligned by the Greeks, i.

287, 293; rouged, 293; modesty of, 293;

unchastityof,xlii; beauty of, 447; effigies of,

422, 423; habits, ii. 95 ; Roman, 95
Wrestlers, Etruscan, i. 339; ii. 364, 369, 379

X.

Xanthus, the historian of Lydia, i. xsxiii.

xxxvii
Xerokampo, bridge of, i. lsiv; ii. 275
Ximenes, the Marches© Panciatichi, ii. 308

y.

Yucatan, pseudo-arches of, ii. 47; fascinum
on monuments of, 123

Zacchto, Zaccaria, describes ruins called Yetu-
lonia, ii. 227

THE END.

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