Dennis, George: The cities and cemeteries of Etruria: in two volumes (Band 2) (London, 1848)

Heidelberger historische Bestände – digital

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Metadaten

Dennis, George
The cities and cemeteries of Etruria: in two volumes (Band 2) — London, 1848

DOI Seite / Zitierlink:

https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.786#0291

Lizenz: Public Domain Mark

Nutzung/Bestellung

Hinweise zu Volltextsuche und OCR

A

CITIES AND CEMETEEIES OF ETRURIA.

B

BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

Frontispiz

II

THE FAREWELL OFADMETUS AND ALCE5TIS

Titelblatt

III

THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES

Contents of Vol. II

V

Ancient and modern condition of this port—Etruscan relics at Civita Vecchia … Road from Civita Vecchia to Rome-^-Castrum Novum—Sta. Marinella and … Fortress of Sta. Severa—Polygonal walls of Pyrgi—The town was Pelasgic— … The Vaccina, and its ancient honours—Scenes of Virgil's pictures—Cervetri

VI

the Seats and Shields—Grotta del Triclinio—Paintings on its walls— … tectural interest—Tomb of the Tarquins—Probably of the royal blood … Appendix. Shields as sepulchral decorations—Genii and Junones . . 64 … Alsium was of Pelasgic antiquity—Local vestiges—Tumuli of Monteroni—Ex- … Luna an Etruscan town—Its glorious port—Site and vestiges of Luna— … Leghorn—High antiquity of Pisse—Historical notices—Very few ancient … Florence, not an Etruscan site—Museum of the Uffizj—Etruscan Cinerary

VII

Warrior in the Palazzo Bonarroti—Singular discovery of bronzes on … Interest of Fiesole—The Etruscan walls—Character of the masonry—Ancient … tomb, near Colle—Pelasgic alphabet and horn-book—Tomb of the Cilnii— … Commanding position of Volterra—Size and importance of the ancient city … The Museum of Volterra, and its treasures—Ash-chests of Volterra—Condi-

VIII

Banquets—Death-bed scenes—Last farewells—The passage of souls—Good … Road to Populonia—Ancient port—The castle and its hospitable lords—Area … Road from Follonica—Grosseto—Locanda Palandri—Site of Rusellse—Its … The Ombrone—Village of Telamone—Caution to travellers—Ancient remains

IX

Orbetello and its fortifications—The lagoon—Polygonal walls—Etruscan tombs … Site of Cosa—Advice to visitors—Walls of polygonal masonry—Towers—Pecu- … Magliano—Discovery of an Etruscan city in its neighbourhood—Site and extent … Roads to Saturnia—Scansano—Travelling difiieulties—Site of Saturnia—The … gous monuments—Speculations on their origin—The city and its walls are … Citta la Pieve—Clusium, its antiquity, history, and decay—Ancient walls-

X

The necropolis of Clusium—Tomba del Colle Casuccini—Ancient Etruscan … The tomb of Lars Porsena—Not a mere fable—Analogies in extant monuments … CETONA AND SARTEANO. … CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO.

XI

Glories 01 Arezzo—Arretium, its importance and history—Ancient walls of … Venerable antiquity of Cortona—Hints to travellers—Modern Cortona—The … nano — Inflammable waters—Magione, and its attractions —Vale of the … —Antiquity of Perusia—History........454 … romb of the Volumnii—Banquet of the dead—Dantesque monument—Temple-

XII

The Etruscan antiquities in Rome — Museo Gregokiano — Origin of the … bowls—Chamber of the Paintings—Chamber of the Tomb—Museo Campana

List of Illustrations

XIII

the farewell of admetus and alcestis. From a tracing. Frontispiece. … tazza, with a fury and two fauns .... Museo Gregoriano 117 … ETRUSCAN WALLS OF VOLTERRA........G. D. 141 … truscan walls of populonia......S. J. Ainsley 233 … OCOLARE—BLACK WARE OF CHIUSI......Micali 325 … OOR OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB, CHIUSI . . . . . . G. D. 360 … LAN OF PART OF THE POGGIO GAJELLA.....Gruner 394

XIV

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. … ANCIENT WALLS OF CORTONA........G. D. 432 … LIST OF MAPS IN VOLUME II.

Chapter XXX: Civita Vecchia - Centum Cellae

1

THE CITIES AND CEMETERIES … must admit the fidelity of the above picture. As Civita

2

in the ninth century ; but when rebuilt, the disposition of … the hands of a score of custom-house officers—a fingering … State, pre-eminently—till the quickening sun of Pius IX. … Roman town on the shore without the Museum, which, though of the time of … the town with water is said to be erected, beauty all ancient works in this metal

3

in the Town-hall, mostly from Corneto,3 and some in the … versed on the way to Corneto is a desert of undulating … since 1843 ; and consist of sarcophagi … painted in imitation of life, and very … (Vol. I. p. 340)—and several milestones, … in a flower; and the angles of the … spot by a Figaro of Civita Vecchia, who, … 7 Three miles to the north-east of

4

the haunt of the "wild boar and roe-buck.8 Corneto is so … Le Mole, a little to the right of the road, … The ancient sites on this coast, between Rome and Centum Cellse, are

Chapter XXXI: Santa Marinella - Punicum

5

I wandered through the wrecks of days departed, … Few roads in Italy are more frequented, and none are … recollections of her ancient glories, or in lively concep- … Scipio, Cicero, Horace, and a thousand togaed phantoms

6

unattractive, more bleak, dreary, and desolate; and to one … linger many a deHghtful hour in contemplation of "the … 1 Liv. XXXVI. 3; Plin. III. 8; Ptol. mention of an ancient figure of Imius … 3 Liv. loc. cit The Castrum Inui of at hoth sites. Inuus was a pastoral deity, … only of Roman times. But Mttller to be the site—an opinion which is now

7

against Antiochus the Great. In the time of Rutilius it … Marinella for about a mile towards Civita Vecchia, and … 4 Rutil. I. 227. with the Panapio of the Maritime Itme-

8

remains of far prior antiquity to those at Santa Marinella, … " Puntone del Castrate," or " Sito della Gruardiola," and he … some analogy also to the tombs of Magna Grsecia, and yet … The slabs which lined them were, some tumulus, of which Abeken saw few or … A single massive slab often lined each of one of these tombs ; and he thinks it … two chambers, the outer of which served with another. It bears great analogy … the name of LaGuardiola, conferred on p. 113, et seq.; Ann. Inst. 1841, p. 31 ;

9

chap, xxxi.] DISCOVERY OF. AN ETRUSCAN TOWN. 9 … always lay on large slabs of nenfro. … and probably never went out among … of the mound; and though it has lost … excavated, and a sepulchral chamber … bent at right angles, and full of human … and tombs.

10

Duchess of Sermoneta made excavations. What was its … Castrum Novum of antiquity; a name which manifestly … domination of the Romans, or it may have been destroyed … entire population of the old town was transferred to the … ancient at the close of the 16th century,

Chapter XXXII: Santa Severa - Pyrgi

11

Six miles beyond Santa Marinella is the fortress of … side of Civita Vecchia are based on foundations of far … with the shore, and, after a while, again turns towards the

12

than the present fort, and sufficiently extensive for a small … no express assertion in ancient writers that Pyrgi itself … and 260 from Ostia. The Itinerary of distant from that city (Strabo, V. p. 226),

13

jfCHAP. xxxh.] THE POLYGONAL WALLS OF PYRGI. … sive of the fact.7 … 6 Virgil (Mn. X. 184) calls it ancient … afford the Pelasgie builders of Pyrgi … walls, especially for substructions, and … mountains of the interior to find stone … of that style in this case was not acci- … classes it among the iroAi'x»"<» of the

14

place of considerable importance as a port, naval station, … to have suffered the usual evils of a sea- … polis fuit." The small size of Pyrgi, as … Aristotle ((Economic. II. 20) and Po- … said, that Ilithyia being but one form of … daughter of Juno (Paus. I. 18 ; Iliad.

15

chap, xxxn.] ANCIENT TEMPLE OF ILITHYIA. … may have been in the most ancient Doric style.1 If so, it … genEe,Castrum Novum, and the maritime … 8 Rutilius (I. 224), speaking of Alsium

16

and entablature high above the towers and battlements of … The foundations show the walls of Pyrgi to have been … tumulus on the plain, but at the foot of the heights which … stored Plan of Pyrgi, has so represented port, constructed with moles or break- … siderable distance; nor are there traces of is favoured by Hesychius when he says … are traces of Roman work on this side, her, are those at the Puntone del Cas-

Chapter XXXIII: Cervetri - Agylla or Caere

17

TOMB OF THE TARQUINS, CERVETRI. … For thousands of years were inhumed on the shore. … one prominent building sparkling in the sun, at the foot of

18

the homely name of La Vaccina, or the Cow-stream. Insig- … undulating downs, the area lata of ancient song, to the hills

19

rural quiet of the scene. Sword and spear are exchanged … must pursue should he approach Cervetri from the side of … Oxen and goats also, in Corsica, and year 537, "the waters of Caere flowed … 655, ed. Casaub.), who records this fact, Sepim Kaiperavh of Strabo (V. p. 220),

20

land for some miles round it, are the property of Prince … allows them to be carried on by his friends, who are of a … would devote more than a hurried day to the antiquities of … of old.6

21

chap, xxxiii.] ANTIQUITY AND ORIGIN OF AGYLLA. … and Solinus (Polyh. cap. VIII.), who all … account of a fountain ; not being able to … by referring the grove of Silvanus on … origin of Csere, than of any other city … sequent to the fall of Troy (ap. Dion. … of its having dedicated treasure to the … Antica, p. 16. Then the language of the … of the general belief in the Greek origin

22

name was changed into Caere, but the reason of this altera- … and inquired its name; whereon, a soldier from the ramparts, … extant, which had been executed before the foundation of … Agylla. Servius (ad Ma. VIII. 597) p. 25), who is of the old or literal school … the original Etruscan name was " Cisra," ten years after the fall of Troy;" while … Lepsius (die Tyrrhen. Pelasg. p. 28) re- made even as late as the year of Rome

23

chap, xxxm.] HISTORY OF OERE. 23 … might atone for their crime, and were ordered to perform … 4 Dion. Hal. III. p. 193. represents Csere as a powerful city of … Veii and Tarquinii, and the independent its name from Agylla to Caere.

24

exercises and horse-racing in honour of the slain ; which … and gave refuge to the Flamen Quirinalis, and Vestal … people6—in fact, they received the full privileges of … who went to Gabii. Vatican, given by Gruter, p. 492, 7, and … that Rome was a mere colony of Csere— … lasgic population of Csere was preserved and what had originally been conferred

25

chap, xxxiii.] HISTORY OF (LERE. 25 … A year or two before the capture of Rome by the Gauls, … threatened, otherwise "the sympathy of blood" alone … she sent an army into the Roman territory, and laid it … their touching appeal and the remembrance of past services, … of the right of suffrage. Hor. I. ep. Niebuhr (I. p. 386) thinks this derivation … loc. cit. Niebuhr (II. pp. 60, 67) is of to me that the first syllable of the word … degraded from the highest rank of citizen- is expressive of the meaning ; and the

26

prayer and granted them a truce for-a hundred years.10 It … ments and inscriptions found on the spot, and became a … bare crag on the summit of the neigh- … di Stigliano; and the Table favours his … Apollinaris under the name of " Phoebi … the site of the city, some beautiful marble

27

chap. xxxm.] DESOLATION OF THE SITE. 27 … Of the ancient city there are but few vestiges extant ; … there given, add Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 174. 5 A bull of Gregory IX., in 1236, … cornices, and other architectural frag- p. 129. But Gruter (pp. 214 ; 652, 8) … " Cusiach," which is unique in having first to indicate the true site of this city.

28

PLAN OF CJ3RE AND ITS NECROPOLIS,

29

chap, xxxm.] VESTIGES OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 29 … Let not the traveller omit to visit the site of Caere under … there are no vestiges of the walls which I could perceive no such remains; all … the brow of the cliffs, and on the side masonry, of smaller blocks than usual,

30

If he be an artist, or lover of the picturesque, taking no … sional sombring of grey—while the dark ilex, or oak, … has a rectangular cleavage, the Pelasgic composed of enormous masses. Though

31

These are found on all sides of the city, but particularly on … sion I had received at Bieda and other sites, that the … error, when the same had been stated against its inner wall, with capital and

32

were fragments of an ornamental cornice. Within the … of smaller size opening upon it, ■ H I / III … ... r PLAN OF A TOMB AT CERVETRI. … c. c, Chambers on each side of the … i, i. Arm-chairs and foot-stools, hewn … The shaded part of the plan repre- … Varro (L. L. V. 161), and Festus (v.

33

the rock ; and in one instance was the same fan-like orna- … Many of the tombs of the Banditaccia are surmounted … their feet pointing to the centre of the tomb. There is … corner of the tomb, seems to be the Iscriz. Perug. I. p. 140). See Bull,

34

Hard by is a sepulchre, on the plan of those of Bieda, … suggests, for the use of the relatives who came yearly to … blissful repose of the new life on which his spirit had … in the Banditaccia, which contained two of these chairs, … ■where he gives a description of a similar 8 The form of this and similar rock-

35

TOMB OF THE SEATS AND SHIELDS. … among the thousand and one sepulchres of the Banditaccia … It consists of but a single chamber, twenty-four feet by … shields were of large size, like the … at the opening of the tomb, and remem- … twelve of these shields, carved in the

36

they suffered from the damp ; and if unaware of their … On the left-hand wall you perceive the heads of a man … It is from these heads we must judge of the rest in this … instead of a separate lectus for each pair continuous couch, which, as it occupies

37

their sex, and, from the discoloration of the stucco, have … goddess, must refer to the Juno, or presiding spirit of some … figures here lie under a red and white at Vulci. Bull. Inst. 1832, p. 194. … paintings of Tarquinii, but TpliroSes, or Note II. … 3 Banquets by lamp-light are rarely pit, just such as opens in the ceilings of … under the shade of the ivy or vine, or sepulchral chamber beneath this, as … is introduced, the festive couches are found it full of water. In the so-called

38

not al fresco. The freedom of the design, as far as it is … of the existence of ancient paintings. Pliny speaks of … work on Lydia and Phrygia, there is a beard, and close vest, shooting an arrow … 8 See Vol. I. pp. SO—52. much truth and expression in the beasts, … as more archaic than any at Tarquinii. are black, white, and red. The face and

39

chap, xxxm.] TOMB OF THE SARCOPHAGI. 89 … the Tomb of the Sarcophagi, from its containing three of … The sarcophagi are here of alabaster—not that from Vol- … they are unlike any I have elsewhere seen on the lids of

40

and on a slab which served as a cippus, I read larthi ap. … Another of these newly discovered sepulchres, I shall … and must have been occupied by some noble Etruscan and … pillars and pilasters which support the rafter-carved roof— … poured forth on the occasion of the annual sepulchral

41

chap, xxxni.] TOMB OF THE ALCOVE. 41 … or, the " Tomb of the Tarquins ! " Yes, reader—here for

42

been a numerous family of Tarquins settled at Caere. But … Who wrought the deed of shame,"— … Arsian Wood,5 he may have left his family at Caere, and … one of the urns in the Grotta de' Vo- is indicative of connection by marriage, … mann (Bull. Inst. 1833, p. 61, and and after staying there some time in the

43

chap, xxxiii.] TOMB OF THE TAEQUINS. 43

44

instead of more than two thousand years. No finger, not … bility that this family was of the royal race—namely, that … remain legible, whether Etruscan or period of Roman domination. More- … 1 The Latin inscriptions in this tomb could find only eleven names of other … Latin character may be explained, with- were in Latin, and quite distinct.

45

Most of the niches are double, or for two bodies. Some, … Like most of the tombs of the Banditaccia, which are … The sepulchre at Cervetri which has most renown, and the … entrance after the doorway had been common in the tombs of Falerii; but

46

the mound was so large, and its top has been so broken by … the convergence of … square channel, covered by a large block of nenfro. The … 1840, p. 133), as well as at Palo and

47

chap, xxxiii.] HIGH ANTIQUITY OF THIS TOMB. 47 … at an arch, the true principle of -which had yet to be dis- … inferior antiquity. Like the Nuraghe right angles with the line of the arch, … formed sepulchres like these of Cervetri. earliest inhabitants of Agylla, and assigns … logy between these American pseudo- determined that precisely in the reign of

48

The great antiquity of this tomb may be deduced also … In the outer chamber, at the further end, lay a bier of … car, or tray, of bronze, with a basin-like cavity in the … been known and practised at a much … more modern light than most of his … tion of Egyptian forms (Ann. Inst. 1836,

49

On the other side of the bier lay some thirty or forty little … This tomb had evidently contained the body of a warrior; … light on the use of them in the so-called But admitting that there were really … fastened the plates of bronze with which chral furniture, than a lining of metal, … has been suggested, however, that no the so-called " Treasuries" of Greece

50

against each door-post hung a vessel of pure silver. There … chain, and a necklace of very long joints—earrings of great … together — selci collegati in cake—an idea of the great abundance of tliis metal, … mote antiquity of the tomb.

51

than a feminine decoration; and the other ornaments, if … scriptions were on several of the silver ves- … jectured to signify the proprietor of these … they are now in southern Europe ; and … can tombs, prove the abundance of gold … the simple, hardy manners of the Sabines. … priest, for the breastplate and fiiulw, … of their adornments, the most perfect … purely Egyptian works. This, and the

52

with burnt bones, and a number of terra-cotta idols ; the … of his hovel, or the fence of his vineyard, as he has already

53

chap, xxxm.] PELASGIC ALPHABET AND PEIMEB. 53 … others were opened in the neighbourhood ; in one of which … alphabet, in very ancient characters, shown in the bottom … 1 For the foregoing description of the 2 Bull. Inst. 1836, p. 62. The writer … contents of this tomb the oriental, and Regulini-Galassi tomb. Sepulchres of

54

that character, but in Greek, of very archaic style ; 4 and … and both in their form and collocation … assigned to certain of these letters where … sor Lepsius, who is my authority, and

55

chap, xxxoi.] RELICS OF THE PELASGIC TONGUE. 55 … around it, and then filled in with red paint, which Pro- … and remarks that " he who is so inclined may easily read … The vowels in the primer are placed in inscribed on the walls of an Etruscan

56

The high ground to the east of Caere, on the opposite … visible. Ceres has usurped the greater part of the hill, … liarities both in the language and cha- … of Rome, I. p. 1) places the grove on … the statue of Artemisia to conceal it … probability seems in favour of the fir-

57

east of the Regulini sepulchre, after crossing the Vaccina, … conservation of this monument, to the good taste of the … exists in a tomb in the Banditaccia, and in another at … 3 Ut supra, page 33. In one of the is remarkable.

58

rock, panelled like a piece of furniture, and supporting … of a visit. They are not under lock and key, yet can … and are not easily accessible to ladies. To explore them,

59

basement of masonry, which makes it highly probable that … lessly, for, when recently opened, some gold leaf, and … jection or buttress in the masonry. The * Here were fragments of embroidery … not uncommon in this necropolis, espe- the corpse. A morsel of one of these … ments, expresses his opinion that these trance proves this tomb to be very ancient.

60

of a horse, lying by the bier of his master, and suggesting … its name from the proprietor of the land. The basement … diameter. The masonry of the base- states, but apparently as a mere conjec-

61

hand, decorated with Tuscan pilasters, and a chamber also … chres. They have been supposed to huts of their neighbours the Phrygians, … dwellings were very cool in summer, responds. The interiors of these sub- … which now stud the Campagna of Rome.

62

similarly walled and roofed in with masonry, and lying … parts of Tuscany, but attached to streams … of the tombs, see Abeken, Bull. Inst. … westward position of the oldest tombs, … chres of the ancient Agylla or Ca^re."

63

ANCIENT POTTERY OF CJERE. … always remain a matter of mere conjecture.6 … combat of Ajax (Aivas), and Hector, … cimen of this class of Cseritan pottery … black and violet, on a pale yellow … town, and he does so to distinguish it … Etruscan Artena belonged to C^ere, and … here a high and insulated point, which

64

The shields carved or painted in this and other tombs of Caare, proba-

65

carved on city-walls, and the proscenia of theatres. And they were a … The shields borne by the figures of Minerva on the Panathenaic vases are … only to have presided over, but to have been the cause of birth, which is … —one inciting him to good deeds, the other to evil—and whose office it

66

Genii were distinguished from the Manes and Lares, inasmuch as these … A man was believed to he born under the influence of a favourable or … birthday of the individual, when he was propitiated by libations, and … painted on the wall of this tomb at Cervetri. … Not only men and women, but places and things, had their Genii,

67

chap, xxxiii.] GENII AND JUNONES. 67 … These genii loci were supposed to take the visible form of a serpent … held the distinction between Genii and Junones ; for the sex of the … easy to distinguish between the attendant Genii, good or bad, and the … passing over the shoulders, the under, behind the back, and united

68

be drawn from the nature of the scene into which these demons are … the r and s being interchangeable letters ; wherefore we find " Lases" … only of the Genii of men, but of the analogous Junones of women, yet

Chapter XXXIV:: Palo - Alsium

69

The place of tombs, … Argive Halesus, son of Agamemnon, to the dense woods on this coast, … derived its name— of opinion that the Pelasgic tongue, … Its Pelasgic origin being admitted, it trace by that means the origin of the

70

researches. The earliest notice of it by Roman writers is … frequented by the wealthy Romans;5 and even the … At the beginning of the fifth century Alsium, like the … quota of troops in the year 547 (b.c. … King of Syria. Liv. XXXVI. 3. Pliny … also speaks of it as a mere iroXlxwov. … and no small importance. For the … that he was accused of it as a crime, … called it " the nestling-place of his old … thinking of landing on his return from … riones of the Colony of Alsium, which was

71

chap, xxxiv.] VESTIGES OF ALSIUM. 71 … Not a vestige of the Pelasgic or Etruscan town is now … gerian Table we also learn that it existed latter, and 16 from the former town, … 9 Nibby (op. cit. p. 528) takes these distance. These discrepancies are of

72

periphery of nearly eight hundred feet. This wall had two … tomb closely resembled the Grotta Regulini-Galassi of … channel or groove ; and the high antiquity indicated by its … horizontal passage, about a hundred feet long; and here … purely Egyptian in character, and tomb, but Abeken considered them to

73

TUMULI OF MONTERONI. … the necropolis of Alsium; and thus, while one bears out … antiquarian zeal and enterprise this lady rivalled the late … forming the feet of vases. The de- … papers of the late Duchess, gives a some-

74

the basement-wall is re-covered or destroyed, and not a … on either side of the village, there is nothing to relieve the … Yet the lover of sea-side nature may find interest here, as … The calm delight of a sunny shore finds its reflex in the … author was writing to an Emperor, ever, qualifies his praises of Alsium by

75

vault of blue Italian day." A few feluccas, their weary … flank. This was the fort of Piumicino, at the mouth of the … site of Ad Turres, a station on the Via Aurelia.7

76

A mile or two beyond, not far from Palidoro, and at a … Micali, Monum. Ined. p. 374. occupied the sites both of Bottaccia and … Testa di Lepre, near the Arrone. but that he refers to the town of

77

and in 563 (b.c. 191), with the other maritime colonies of … came, for the Fregellse of Volscium, on … with the rest of Pliny's statement, he … maritime colonies of Etruria. Strabo

Chapter XXXV: Luni - Luna

78

The most northerly city of Etruria was Luna. It stood, … of Macra as a place—xa9mv > but Pliny … contradictory statements of ancient … 16) ; Aristotle (or the author of De … Ptolemy (Geog. p. 68, ed. Bert.) ; and … Ligures as dispossessed of Pisa and its

79

LUNA, AND ITS PORT. … among the Twelve chief cities of the … and Luna on the Etruscan side of the … the alluvial deposits of the Magra have … bour within the mouth of the stream … mouth of the Magra, and declares he saw … corrector of Ptolemy, instead of Lunse … also speaks of Luna as—oppidum portu

80

digal of wine and oil—purple mountains behind,—and … Lucca and Pisa, and just before reaching the modern

81

chap, xxxv.] SITE AND VESTIGES OF LUNA. 81 … The first historical notice to be found of Luna is in the … him as to the material ; all the remains takes for that of the genius of the … (I. 2, 4) credits both Ciriacus and Ruti- also Mionnet (Supplem. I. pp. 199,203), … Vara, many miles inland, at the head of is supposed by Melchiorri to have be-

82

force in the port, and sailed thence against the Spaniards.2 … and inscriptions found on the spot prove it to have existed … which was the best in all Etruria; 8 and for its cheeses, … Luca. Promis (p. 29) thinks Luna cause. The lord of Luna won the … editions have " Lucse." Dante (Inferno, and carrying her to his own house. … E'l mar, non gli era la veduta tronca. name of this town by SeX^t), and

83

THE MABBLE OF LUNA. … era. The earliest mention we have of it is in the time of … may be the ancient Latin form; … (Populonia), and Vetldna (Vetulonia); … and meant "a port"—this, which has … page 27), is in the Cathedral of Corneto, … of Luna yielded not only white, but

84

to be neglected by the luxurious Romans of that age ; … was of general application to the harder Toscana X. pp. 403—46B ; but especially … sawn, and the word would lose its force Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 142.

Chapter XXXVI: Pisa - Pisae

85

been inclined to recognise in it, Triturrita, with the ancient … of Livorno (Repetti, II. p. 717) ; and … was at the mouth of the Arno, seem to … Salebro and Ad Herculem at Violino. … of Pisae to have been a bay between the … sea in the Delta of the Arno. Miiller … ancient branch of the Arno, now … of the river, but 9 miles to the south ;

86

It has now more than a mere bank of sea-weed to protect … port, and hurries away to lionise that city. He now needs no … range of created objects, animate or terra, according to his country ; or, as … of his wife and children, as well as of

87

HIGH ANTIQUITY OF PISM. … p. 16) among the primitive cities of … other traditions of its origin, one assign- … Teutani, or Teutones, were of Greek … foundation of Pisse earlier than the … voice of tradition assigns to Pisse a … open plain, so unlike that of most … accumulation of soil brought down by … larity of site between the Pisa of … 283. The analogy of site may explain

88

absence of historical mention of Pisa during the period of … ence of pine-woods, both around the » Liv. XXI. 39; XXXIII. 43 ; … Lycophron, Polybius, and Ptolemy. i Strabo, V. p. 223. Pliny also speaks

89

chap, xxxvi.] VERY FEW ANCIENT REMAINS. … and the line refers to the city of Elis. … Faceio degli Uberti says of Lucca— … wandering Jew, Benjamin of Tudela, it … bank of the Arno, and at some distance … The opinion of early Italian antiquaries

90

recognises them as the roba of Volterra. They were found at … tending with three warriors ; an Amazon with sword and … A large sarcophagus has a pair of figures on its lid, and the … the shape of a horse's head and fore-quarters; in the relief … Etruscan form of Pissa ; and Cramer

91

buskined, but without drapery, in a sitting posture, and … yet few who visit this sacred and silent corner of Pisa, … from the antique pomp, the mosque-like magnificence of

Chapter XXXVII: Firenze - Florentina

92

Of cities, fairest one !—Shelley. … Florence, the Athens of modern Italy, in the days of

93

the latter years of the Roman Republic.1 Yet she may be … saysFlorentia was a colony of the Trium- … is given by Pliny (III. 8) in his list of … In the reign of Tiberius, Florentia was … 72), by the Antonine Itinerary and the … time the vale of the Arno must have … refers the emigration to the time of

94

in the courteous and polished Florentines to the rugged … The collection of such objects in the possession of the … same city, as well as from Chiusi. They are either of … p. 11. ginally, perhaps, in the form of a cow's

95

wretched style of art; yet, as illustrative of the Etruscan … and at the same moment another demon extinguishes … garded as indicative of a debauch.. By … paterce, and even rhyta, we learn some- … were " terrible ones to drink," and were … Very different was the condition of the … the key of the wine-cellar ; and se- … second cousins ; and as she knew not … absolved the husband of the crime of

96

a torch. Here a husband is taking leave of his wife, ere … pine-cone on which indicates the nature of their farewell. … in the midst of a shoal of merry dolphins6—Castor and … and the wheel of Fortune on which he relied availing

97

of women, with flute, lyre, and Pandean pipes, sit on the … And there you may see Clytemnestra slain on her … to the great alarm of two females ; some smite them. In one strange combat, a … gnm," seizes one of the horses by the fallen man, and a Fury directs their

98

temple, with all the wood and tile-work of the roof repre- … Government has not availed itself of the opportunity it … and a monster in human form, with a sented the blinding of (Edipus. Two … recalls Comus and the lady, were it not grief; and a female is also rushing for- … Some of the urns described by Italian Ital. av. Rom. tav. XLVI ; Gori, I. tab. … longer to be seen here. Such is a part- from the Greek version of the story … XXXVIII. Another very interesting fact worthy of attention.

99

chap, xxxvn.] THE KING OF ETRUSCAN VASES. 99 … relax its purse-strings, and purchase it for one thousand … hero of the Trojan War—from the youthful deeds of his … 9 Further notices of this remarkable 214 (Gerhard). See also the Appendix

100

with combats under the walls of Troy—councils of the … their father ; and a beautiful one, of the form called … also some good drinking-bowls—cylices and canthari. The

101

there are numerous and excellent specimens; and it is … or spirits of the dead, demons, beasts, … the head of this chapter.1 Some are … 1 The black ware of which these rases … on Etruscan but on Greek and Oriental … blem, indicative of the passage from one … the Hellenic vases ; and have doubtless

102

—some singular stands which, for want of a better name … painted on it, in the style of the frescoes of Pompeii. … Jetters, would read thus :—«Mi Tesan man of the gem Targumia. But it … Ined. p. 386, tav. LV. 7), who gives a the name of Tarchon.

103

The ancient bronzes in the Uffizj are in a small cham- … of the room stand several works of high celebrity. The … the size of life, of a senator or Lucumo, clad in tunic and … showing this to be the statue of Aulus Metellus, son of

104

A much more archaic figure is that of Minerva, found at

105

stir a step; her face suddenly clouded with dismay and … Much inquiry has been made of late years by English

106

search was fruitless—no compass could be discerned, and … to Ireland, which was a colony of theirs, and this inscrip- … known the course of going.' " 7 … 268), had evidently made acquaintance in the Tomh of the Volumni at Perugia, … wicks, and reservoir for the oil. The XIV. 3.

107

the tombs of Volterra. … the tone in which I have heard them spoken of by high … spear in one hand and a lotus-flower, with a little bird on … Relics of Etruscan art are not always found in sepulchres … could not tell the date of its discovery; lotus and bird to be mystic emblems of … 9 in. high. The Etruscan inscription Etrus. III. p. ii., tab. XVIII. 1 ; and

108

of the Apennines, one of the loftiest mountains in Tuscany, … On the same level with the source of this celebrated river … be a little figure in bronze. She carried it home ; and … with him. The fact got wind in the neighbouring town of

109

chap, xxxvii.] BRONZES OF MONTE FALTERONA. 109 … and afterwards forgotten. But further examination showed

110

There were some articles of very different character … as the relics of some battle fought on the spot, which, be … lake had been completely deprived of vitality, the water … town with all its inhabitants, and ren- lying beneath the heavier conglomerate, … May, 1827, when the Arno was again in which each of these Italian landslips

111

chap, xxxvn.] MYSTERY OF THE LAKE EXPLAINED. Ill … was formed at the time that the landslip occurred, and that … by that medicine. The stiptic water of Pinelli, so cele- … posited as votive offerings around the Lebanon, and in its waters votaries

112

I leave it to medical readers, alloeopathic and homoeo- … like the offerings of peasants, but a few are in the best … doni), and the authorities there cited. Ined. tar. XII.—XVI. pp. 86—102; … 1 Idem. tav. XII. 4 The rest of the collection is also in

113

the little town of Figline, which had never been suspected … the tomb had been formed of masonry, the hill being of … bourhood of Florence in past times. Buonarroti—the … opus incertum, of the pavement was only with letters 6 inches in height. The … torn. II. Passeri (p. 65, ap. Gori, Mus. It was found on the estate of the Cap-

114

pair of figures on the banqueting-couch, and a slave standing … Etruscan inscriptions and bronzes have been found in ages

115

and style. The castle was destroyed in 1185. The site … This monument is of such splendour and interest, that it demands a … The second band has, on one side, the Battle of the Centaurs and

116

The third and principal band represents the Marriage of Peleus and … Iris, with her caduceus ; the Nymphs Hestia and Chariklo, and another … On the fourth band, Achilles is displaying his proverbial swiftness of … is near him. The walls of Troy, to which he hastens, are painted white, … The sixth band is on the foot of the vase, and represents the Pigmies,

117

and says, tA3lQ>ftr\A3l*\\f\l~T I 4 > "Clitias drew me," … 1 The winged Artemis on the Chest of … CANTHARUS, WITH A FURY AND TWO FAUNS

Chapter XXXVIII: Fiesole - Faesulae

118

reminded of such a race—is generally at Fiesole. The … the Hampstead or Highgate of the Tuscan capital—the

119

chap, xxxvoi.] THE ETRUSCAN WALLS OF F^SULjE. 119 … he will perceive, just before reaching the town, a portion of … of the offsets of the Apennines. Here

120

eight, nine feet, and the longest twelve feet and a half. … other Etruscan sites of the same character—Volterra, … in the substructions of the Via Appia, p. 55. But such reckless, destructive … however, would not admit that such to find the joints of the frusta; thus

121

chap, xxxviii.] ANCIENT PAVEMENT AND SEWERS. 121 … quently met with in Cyclopean cities, in pavement at Eleusa or Sebaste in Cilicia, … the Street of Tombs. I have observed from the ground, twenty inches high, … furrowed. Blocks of such pavement high, but scarcely one in breadth,

122

a spout to carry the fluid clear of the wall. The other … him, and he returned to the light of day.7 But the most … conduits or sewers, though that at Norba tav. XIII.) ; and on the ancient walls of … reason to doubt it. of the walls of Oea, in the island of … of the citadel. It is also found tripled it, is said to have been found on the … walling in the Terra di Cesi, three miles Etruria, and even in the Catacombs of

123

might be to intimate the strength of the city, or else to … effects of the evil eye.1 … with the small work of modern repairs, in a straight line … was they who introduced it into Athens, placed on the walls of a city to protect … by the coins of Lemnos and Imbros, for their use as sepulchral emblems ; … of the Cabiri, into Etruria and other 3 The arch is 10 feet high, nearly as … lead us to conclude that it held even Volterra and Cosa, except that it is

124

along the brow of the hill, till in the Borgo Unto, a … 3 There are said on this side of the work, give widely different measure- … p. 209), who classes it with Rusellse, theatre, and other ruins of Fsesute dis-

125

fore, much inferior in size to certain other Etruscan cities— … Twelve. And so also Miiller, Etrusk. … of Italy—Raffael Maffei, Biondi, Alberti, … instance of the quadrangular form, … It is said, that at each angle of the outer … be said of double heights, or cures, within … Fidense and perhaps at Tarquinii ; but … bers lined with masonry and contract-

126

the top of Fesole." Poets, painters, philosophers, his- … remark, that with all its yastness and diversity, the scene

127

chap, xxxviii.] THE ANCIENT THEATRE. 127 … freeze the heart of a Mab or a Titania. … weight of his great name into the oppo- Miiller also thinks it was " probably of

128

the name of "the Etruscan Palace;" but to the Ciceroni … Sotterra." You enter a Gothic archway, and descend a … " in an eternal shower of gentle rain" into the reservoir.9 … is extremely pure, supplying the whole neighbourhood, and … melting of snow and the fall of heavy rains. It very rarely

129

occurred in the autumn of that unusually hot year, … except on one side where a flight of steps led down into it,3 … fountain—for it was discovered by tracing an ancient … 1 * Memorial.—Of this vast cistern, 3 The steps had subsequently been … Giuliano Ruggieri was the first, to his other remains of similar rusticated work … 2 The walls at the entrance of the Ann. Inst. loc. cit.

130

on this spot, and that when it no longer answered its pur- … pronouncing to be the site of the ancient cemetery. All … on the lids as usual. coined prior to the defeat of Catiline, 63 … by Caval. Zannoni in 1830. See also » Etruscan coins of FassuUe, though

131

HISTORY OF FJESULJE. … power, probably till the final subjugation of Etruria, when … found at Caere and Vulci are preserved … Cavedoni, of Modena, considers the in- … among the Etruscans ;" and " jEsar," … adopted, and with an Etruscan termina- … of the digamma (II. p. 444). But why … ful and unsatisfactory ? It is more … dered it of a barbarous people, or a … and spirited manner, the arduous con- … &c." " Cora (who would believe it 2) and

132

The first record we find of it is in the year 529, when … was what Carrse has been of late—the … " Fsesulse " is here out of place. A city … of the same name, which he would place … year 444, to be a mere corruption of … p. 62, who cites Reinesius, CI. II. 23, and

133

and divided its territory among his officers.5 Still later it … One of the attractions of Fiesole was, till of late, La … publisher, and even the illustrator of his own works. It … 6 Sallust. Bell. Cat. 24, 27, 30, 43. among the inland colonies of Etruria.

134

has given to the world; and to insure accuracy, he had

Chapter XXXIX: Siena - Sena

135

or on extant remains. By ancient writers she is men- … or by the second Triumvirate.1 Nor is there a trace of … Tacitus (Hist. IV. 45) ; and Ptolemy Polyb. II. 19 ; cf. Appian. Bell. Civ. … 342) ascribes its origin to the Senonian thinks Sena was probably of Etruscan … on the Adriatic, which derived its name 2 Sepulchres of Etruria, p. 508.

136

Etruscan cities, but that it is situated in a district which, … and was vaulted over with uncemented masonry of large … 16 from Poggibonsi, 36 from Volterra, tima, and 48 from Grosseto.

137

or pot, perhaps one of the rare caskets in that metal—a … Lilliano, about half way between Poggibonsi and Castellina, … fac-simile of a copy of the alphabet made at the time the … II. Gori (Mus. Etr. Class II. tab. III.) called it a mixture of Etruscan and

138

Why an alphabet and hornbook were thus preserved … was discovered in 1728, in a little mound, a tomb of the … scriptions—seven in all. Though each cesses as well suited for the resort of … 9 Passer!, ap. Gori Mus. Etrus. III. a different race, and in a subsequent

139

TOMB OF THE CILNII. … belonged. It had fifteen square urns or " ash-chests" of … On the door-posts of this tomb, as in the Grotta de' … For the royal origin of Maecenas, see … supreme power delegated to one of … metastasis were an error of some of the … of Maecenas' name must have been … one of the recently found sepulchres

140

part of the Etruscan urns in the Museum of Leyden came … Montalcino has now no antiquities to show, and, indeed, … Near Pienza, a town on the heights to the east of San … "Teti" (Titus), "Cae" (Caius), "An- Manliana of Ptolemy and the Itine- … was of the family of the "Arntle"

Chapter XL: Volterra - Volaterrae - the city

141

ETRUSCAN WALLS OF VOLTERRA, BELOW STA. CHURA. … And the great gate.—Shelley.

142

rising from a deep valley and precipitous on every side, … of the sea. MUller was therefore mis- (Geog. p. 357) is opposed to it, on the … Italy. Etrusk. I p. 221. There are Midler (Etrusk. II. 2, 10), and Arnold … Volateme to be the Etruscan city these mighty three, and have suggested

143

chap, xl.] HISTORY OF VOLATERB^. 143 … could have ventured to oppose the views of the rest. This … Etruscan city, Volaterrse must have had a territory of … Sll ; Miiller,Etrusk. II. 1, 2, p. 346; 223), more than 20 miles off; and … 5 North of Volaterrse there was no acquisition of Volateme (Serv. ad Ma.

144

two great ports of Luna and Populonia, she must have … name of the ancient Volscian town … of Etruria, and those of corresponding … and in our present ignorance of the … nas, &c—and the rest of the word … the shores of the Adriatic to settle in … many of the colonists of Italy, especially … up of ships, and also corn. This is

145

chap, xl.] HISTORY OF VOLATERRiE. 145 … prefers that of Gronovius, which is Linus, the successor of St. Peter, as … LXXXIX.; ef. Cic. pro CsecinA, VII.; N. H. III. 8) and Ptolemy (p. 72, ed. … Divers. XIII. 4, 5 ; ad Attic. I. 19. 2 For the post-Roman history of

146

Volterra. He may know it by the sign of three naked … above four thousand inhabitants, and covering but a small … this gateway. The loftiness of the arch ; the boldness of … for a corruption of Porta Herculis.

147

rounded ; the venerable, yet solid air of the whole ; and … be of Roman origin. Those who hold such a doctrine … regards them as of Roman character … posts of the outer arch, and the heads,

148

Roman kings, not only with the Greek colonies of Sicily … Etruscan construction of this arch, on art, which are more simply accounted … than in Greece Proper, and that the regards this gate as one of the most

149

mythical gate, this very Porta all' Arco of Volterra, with … The masonry within the gateway is very massive, and … heads of the Lares Viales, placed in … and the others, two Thebans, looking … served and built up again these three … the Romans of the close of the Republic, … in Roman gateways, and is in accord-

150

the arches are subsequent to the rest of the gateway, … of the doors worked. This plan is proved to have been … which was suspended by iron chains, and let down from

151

to the length of forty or fifty yards, and rises to a … height, and about one hundred and forty in length; and … several shallow blocks are piled up to equal the depth of

152

As usual in the most ancient masonry, there are here no … twenty-five or thirty centuries, and may yet stand for as … they turn to the north, stretching along the brow of the … distinctly, all round the brow of the point which juts out … follow the brow of the high ground in all its sinuosities;

153

OHip.xL.] THE GATE OF DIANA. 153 … This is another gateway of similar construction to the … post rises to the height of about twenty feet, and at … at the same time as the walls, and before the invention of … This sort of double gateway is found in several ancient

154

where there is more than one specimen of it.6 … of the walls, the courses being often scarcely a foot in … At the point of high ground to the east, is a fine frag- … of double gateway that the plural term— 8 Here it may be remarked, that the … which answers the purpose of towers placed at that height in the walls, where … an assailing force would have its right Pop. Ital. II. p. 294) ; and he even infers … by Vitruvius, I. 5, 2. be 11 ft. long, 3 in height, and 4 in

155

chap, xl.] EXTENT OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 155 … and only not … p. 107. This style of" stuffed" walls is p. 32) cites an authority who ascribes to

156a

There are portions of the wall which are of no difficult … Seminario, which are comparatively near at hand: and

156b

PLAN OF VOLTERRA, ANCIENT AND MODERN. … 3, 3, 3 Sites of ancient gates. … 6, 6 Fragments of ancient masonry, … 11,11, 11 Sites of excavations. … 14 Vestiges of an aqueduct. … 18 Church of S. Giusto. … 21 Convent of Sta. Chiara. … Remains of an ancient edifice. … Church of S. Giovanni.

157

not the sepulchre of their great citizen, Archimedes, till he … with that sepulchre, and let this in future be called … This sepulchre, which is said to be a type, in form and … square pillar in the centre, and a triple tier of benches … but most resting on one elbow in the usual attitude of the … 9 Cicero, Tuse. Qusest. V. 23. lie one on each side of the entrance.

158

ashes of a family for several generations. … Such is said to be the general character of the sepulchres … of a singular description have been brought to light.3 … mini, but on a larger scale. At the depth of eight feet … 2 Gori (Mus. Etr. III. p. 93) says the colate through the roof and walls. The … (Mon. Etrusc. IV. p. 80); and he gives it was laid on the bare rock. Sarcophagi … rock. The entrances generally face the of the pots being full of the bones of kids … first, says Inghirami (IV. p. 94). In relics of the funeral feast; a pair of gold … is often a hole, probably formed as a with the idea of a kitchen,

159

chap, xl.] TOMB OF THE C^CINjE. 159 … thick column in the midst, and surrounded by a triple tier … "A. Csecina."6 Most of the urns also bore inscriptions, … in form ; but the inscription marks it as midst, with a base and capital of the … Inghirami, Mon. Etrus. I. p. 11. The other five chambers were of inferior

160

In 1831, Signor Giusto Cinci, to whom most of the … size. Inghirami thinks it was the early which he refers most of the urns of Vol- … 1 See the next Chapter. ticulars of these tombs, together with … a lintel. ages since at Gubbio, the ancient Igu-

161

closely resemble the Nuraghe of Sar- … The point of difference is, that these domed … the shores of that island (De la Marmora, … ture, instead of being conical, is some- … state of preservation that it can be de- … Micali, and Arri, assign them to the … followed by Abeken; and to this view … Petit-Radel's opinion there is ancient … tombs, and Canina (Archit. Ant. V. … on the same plan as the Treasury of

162

with much regularity or spirit, since the death of Signor … numenti Etruschi, IV. Ragionamento, helmets or shields—the hermes of a … cealment, but whether in ancient or

163

series of parallel vaults of great depth, supported by square … the pillars are connected by flat architraves, composed of … had filled it, declared it to be of Etruscan construction,9

164

incertum, the fragments of mosaic pavement, the marble … Inghirami, and the Buche de' Saracini, in the valley to … valley of the Cecina at my feet, all its nakedness and … studding the far-off deep ; and even the track of a

165

expanse of bare undulating country, the valley of the Era, … of the Alban Mount. There was still the blue sea in the … belongs to one of that old Volaterran family, which for … research ; and a most illustrious member of which was

166

of similar character opening in various directions, and … By whom, and for what purpose these passages were … Poggio Gajella at Chiusi, and in the Grotta Regina at Tos-

Chapter XLI: Volterra - Volaterrae - the museum

167

Some consolation for the loss of the tombs which have … mulated sepulchral spoil of more than a century. The

168

Valuable, not in a marketable sense, for a dozen of the … thirty years ; and such multitudes of Monsignor Guarnacci presented his col- … was seeing them lie about in all direc- antiquities, but of late years it has ra- … of Volterra surpassed every other in had but sixty urns ; now it has more

169

chap, xli.] TREASURES OF THE MUSEUM. 169 … sites, and he who has not visited it, must bear in mind … ten rooms of the Museum in succession, and describe the … jola, 3 miles distant, and at Ulignano, mythology was well known to the Etrus-

170

contain not the entire body, but merely the ashes of the … them, of urnlets—urnette. Most have the effigy of the … mirror in the form of a book. But no of wood, coated with wax, which will

171

chap, xu.] ASH-CHESTS OF VOLTERRA. 171 … of cerulean tendencies — too dark or deep a hue was … them in two classes; those of purely Etruscan subjects, … particular monument belongs. We will first treat of the … 5 See Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tav. 43 ; tion of this fact—a lady of the Cseeina

172

links in such a chain might be furnished by the Museum of … across the scene. In another relief of the same subject a … Aurora.—The goddess who " gives light to mortals and … than the poem. The monster and the … tail of a Giant— … myths, sees in the Rape of Proserpine an … emblem of the sun. Cf. Macrob. I. 20.

173

able only for the presence of a winged Fury, who sits by … one original type of the scene, probably the work of some … impending fate of his daughter. The presence of a winged … lection of this urn. 3 Perseus in the one case has all his … 10 Inghir. I. tav. 65. Gori, I. tab. 122. type of these reliefs, and the Juno may

174

The mythical history of Thebes has afforded numerous … former is said to have sown half the teeth of the same … between him and his pursuers. Inghir. … pretation of this scene—that it may be … mus ; Passeri and Winckelmann to … of the unarmed man be a plough, and

175

chap, xu.] MYTHS OF THEBES. 175 … " That sad inexplicable beast of prey," … his chariot, and thrown him to the earth; and is about to … Amphiaraus and Eriphyle.—In some of these scenes a … " Eriphyle, that for an onche of gold, … with the necklace of Harmonia in his hand, with which … omission of the skull. Inghir. I. tar. Rom. tav. 36. Inghirami follows Lanzi … 7 Inghir. I. tav. 19, 20, 74, 75, 76, as the death of Alcestis. Ann. Inst.

176

this subject. One, which represents the assault of Capaneus … above, and are turned into those of warriors resisting the … expressed. The freedom and vigour … of the highest antiquity. The date

177

chap, xli.] MYTHS OF THEBES AND TROY. 177 … The Trojan War has also furnished scenes for some of … covered at Volterra. this scene as the fate of Auges and her

178

One scene represents the death of Polites, so beautifully … venerable Priam comes up and recognises his son. A … scene frequently occurring on Etruscan well admit of interpretation as the

179

chap, xli.] MYTHS OF ULYSSES AND ORESTES. 179 … " Into some brutish form of wolf or tear, … " Ueste"—is represented in the act of slaying his mother, … his fatal hammer raised, and a Fury with naming torch,

180

" Acns" and " Priumnes." 2 … "Urusthe" and " Clutumsta," (Ger- soners!" (Etruria Celtica, II. p. 166) … Etrusk. Spieg. taf. CCXXXVIII.; their foes. One of them being some- … and equivalent to Mania. A totally VI. tav. A. 5.

181

of intellectual action, far transcending that of mortals.4 … a firebrand or mass of rock, to show their might over … and maritime supremacy; and accordingly the active … Italian sailor now looks for succour in the hour of peril— … It is highly probable that these sea-gods were of … Etruscan characteristic, for they are symbols of torrents, regards the wings

182

teristic of that monster, who … have been the embodied emblem of the … on ancient works of art. Never has he … sky or the surface of the waves assumes … increasing the abundant series of their … symbol of celerity and foresight; In-

183

sister of Medusa and the G-orgons, the mother of Cerberus, … Of human or of heavenly; monstrous, fierce … already treated of in describing the tombs of Corneto.2 … 2 See vol. I. pp. 303—5. and the other Giants were, in the Greek

184

terrible catastrophes, and which, on every hand, hears … Florence Gallery. Other urns bear representations of … symbols, it may be, of maritime power, but more probably … lion's skin, and holding a large bough. Etruscan centaurs, … which abounds in the Mediterranean, early Greek works—the chest of Cypse-

185

chap, xli.] SCENES OF ETRUSCAN LIFE. 185 … The reliefs illustrative of Etruscan life are the most … representations of boar-hunts, of which the Etruscans of … VI. 286) represents Centaurs stalled bolise the weakness of humanity to con- … Hell— of his system of astronomical interpre- … ' J * emblem of the power of the sun in the … urns are not one-eyed, as represented He remarks that out of six hundred

186

aper, though celebrated in ancient times, can hardly have … These urns, though not being of early date they can … thought to be Cupids catching the boar introduction of the amphitheatre, in the … nomical symbolism of the legend, tells p. 95. Inghirami (I. tav. 98, p. 718) … rentalia were held in honour of the Cf. Dion. Hal. III. p. 200.

187

know also, from the frequent representations of them in … well acquainted—'probably that of Tarquinii, his native … can monument which shows us how the allusion ; for a man and woman are … Corneto, called the Grotta delle Bighe, goal and finished its course. Inghir. I. … from the sun. See Vol. I. p. 327. page 114 ; and also on an urn with a … be classed with the funereal subjects ; terprets as the curse of (Edipus (I. tav.

188

capsa, a cylindrical box for the documents, and pugillares, … female, with her two daughters, and two little children of … p. 316. ed. Rhod. ; Macrob. Saturn. and cites ancient statues of that monarch … 7 This scene is illustrated by Micali, The introduction of the quadriga from … Gori, III. cl. 4. tab. 15. gives of a triumph in the Etruscan … Gori, Mus. Etr. I. p. 370. Miiller and then, in imitation of an Etruscan … 2 Plutarch. Romul.; Flor. I. 5. Dio- bracelets and torques. Such men,he says,

189

seated on one of the horses.4 It may be that the scene is … of incense, and last of all came the with a torch, into an abyss. Lanzi (ap. … of these urns will be found in Micali, triumphal entrance of souls into the … may be a Victory. On another urn in Lanzi and Micali, made this mistake,

190

a third pours a libation on his head, and a fourth strikes … Here also is seen the dreadful rite of human sacrifice, … (tab. 25) gives a plate of a Perugian urn, … ravaged the land of Volsinii, and to … demon of Temessa, called Lybas, which … his forefathers : " They cannot, and they … custom, thinks it had gone out of prac- … 9 Gori, I. tab. 170. Two of these

191

In another scene the victim lies dead at the foot of the … had been cut off in the bloom of life, ere her education … Banqueting scenes are numerous, and bear a close re- … sents a youth stabbing himself on an reclining on the lid of an urn, which … Inghirami (I. p. 673, tav. 86) as the than 70 ; and explains such anomalies … 1 Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tav. 41 ; not as portraits of individuals, but as … of the car-scenes presently to be de- that the lid was shifted from one urn to … seems to be no relation beyond that of pulchre. The frequent incongruities,

192

another source of the high social civilisation of the Etrus- … how soon they are to be bereft of a mother's tenderness— … tav. Y. 3 ; Micali, Ital. av. Rom. tar. Ulysses in disguise, at the banquet of

193

are sometimes recessed in alcoves, and sometimes canopied … urn, on the lid of which he reclines in effigy, a youth is … There are many such family-separations, all of deep … Stheneboea, the wanton wife of Proetus, upon a funeral feast, as in a celebrated … 8 The horse on sepulchral monuments tav. G. 3. On one of these urns the

194

grim Charun himself, in readiness as conductor, and a … affectionately throws her arm round the neck of the … one within, the other without, giving the last squeeze of … Numerous urns represent the passage of the soul alone, … him, while a spirit of gentle aspect, and with torch … Gori, I. tab. 169 ; III. cl. 4, tab. 20, 21. petasus, staff, sandals, and dishevelled

195

chap, xli.] THE PASSAGE OF SOULS. 195 … that the delights and pursuits of this world were for ever … their features and expression, or by the offices they are … the living and the dead. As the flame symbolises the … of the Virtues ! (I. pp. 80, 139). scene with the other figures; as where

196

on the side of the living holds his torch erect; he on the … very moment of the soul's departure—now here, now … man's ministering angel; but the fearful attendants of … part in miniature of the recumbent effigy on the lid of the … is here a minister of Death, it is » In general it is essentially distin-

197

found in the tomb of the Flavian family in 1760.1 The … guished from the horse-scenes by the and drawn by two mules ; mourners on … 9 For illustrations see Micali, Ital. in their right hands, and sticks in their

198

one end of the sarcophagus, under the conduct of an evil

199

chap, xli.] URNS OF THE (LECINA FAMILY. 199 … And recognising ever and anon … others of these monuments—on a beautiful altar-like cipptis, … 6 Midler (Etrusk. I. p. 416) thinks it on the hanks of the river (Rutil. I. … would lead him rather to the opposite the possession of the family for a

200

days of the Etruscans, almost down to our own times; … of the Romans. … inscription— gives a detailed account of the various … —a proof, among many others, that Dr. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and … selcia—occurs in Etruscan characters. wrote the history of his native city— … derived its name from the ancient family ami (I. p. 7) mentions a Lorenzo Aulo

201

chap, xli.] ANTIQUITY OF THE URNS OF VOLTERRA. … the stone, and filled with black or red paint, more fre- … puni," written "Tlaboni," in some of … was offered to the manes of the deceased … be chiefly the presence or absence of … crowded, and the urns could be placed

202

There are other sepulchral monuments of a different … The figures on the lids are generally wrapt in togas, and. … Etruscan features, causes it justly to be regarded as of … test of antiquity, is not to be relied on. » It is illustrated by Gori, III. cl, 4, ' … slab, of a tomb, and the warrior may Pop, Ital. tav. 51 2.

203

show the characteristic features of Volterran ware, but … 60, cl. I. tab. 9 ; Gerhard, Gottheit. d. 60. The marble of which this statue is … Fortune of the Etruscans—because the quarried in the Tuscan Maremma. In … this goddess at Thebes was repre- wrought, and sundry urns of alabaster, … also Passeri, Paralip. in Dempst. p. 77. Vases like those of Volterra have been

204

form, and brilliancy of varnish, it is … ancient Volaterra, and found in the … the obverse, and a dolphin, with … from these in having a club, or a crescent, in place of the

205

Among the minor curiosities are spoons, pins, and dice … and beautiful jewellery this necropolis has yielded is pre- … In the Casa Cinci there was a valuable collection of … which account many cities of Greece, … of two people^ under one 'government, … of " Velathri" were at first ascribed to … These coins of Velathri are illustrated … 7 One of these represented Poly- … In this Etruscan version of the myth,

206

Note.—The Cbabun of the Etruscans. … He is most frequently introduced as intervening in cases of violent

207

with the death of Clytemnestra, described at page 179, and as on a … He is also often represented as the messenger of Death, leading or … Charun, in the Etruscan mythology, is also the tormentor of guilty … as well as on a Nolan vase in the Museo Mastrilli, and on another in the … and as in the Grotta Cardinale at Corneto, where many such beings, of … with hammers and other attributes generally by the name of Charun.

208

Charun, or leader of souls—Manducus—quasi Manium Dux. Charun … Ambrosch fancied that the sex of the demons indicated that of the … introduced into his celebrated picture of the Last Judgment, has much … in the Greek mythology it is either the instrument of Vulcan, of the

209

Charun had his seat and origin. Gerhard, who has embraced the doc-

Chapter XLII: The Maremma

210

A sun-bright waste of beauty—yet an air

211

chap, xlii.] ATTRACTIONS OF THE MAREMMA. 211 … other part of Italy, and may be visited and explored with … As my object is to point out sites and objects of Etrus- … The high-road along this coast follows the course of the … Quintio, c. VI ; Pliny, III. 8 ; Rntilins, the commencement of the fifth century … neighbourhood. But it was a port, as height of Rosignano, where there are … tection to small vessels. Repetti, V. lana." I. p. 65. For an account of

212

ancient Via Aurelia.2 It is in excellent condition, and a … what rugged in parts, and nowhere to be rejoiced in after

213

where the deep wells and the evaporating factories are … natives say, " una gran bella cosa !" in the midst of this … tention to visit the singular, interesting, and celebrated … find, if he have my lot, his bed fully preoccupied, and the … Cseeinna,"—how much earlier we know " Etrusca et loca et flumina," instead of

214

forth the hot and fetid vapour in numerous tall -white … greatest elevation. Here it commands a prospect of vast … furnished with directions from Inghirami himself, and had … and quite incapable of holding a city such as Vetulonia

215

chap, xlii.] THE HILL OF CASTIGLIONE BEENARDI. … between Volterra, Siena, and Populonia,8 which he thinks … documents of the tenth century speak … proof. That the names of places were … to Narnia, Felsina to Bononia—and we … maintain the honour of their native … poses to make this the basis of his re-

216

may correspond with this hill of Castiglione Bernardi. … could admit of an Etruscan town, even of fourth or fifth- … Classical Museum, 1844, No. V. pp. that of Vetulonia is driven to attempt … 9 Ricerche di Vetulonia, p. 50. He Italicus as to the importance and gran-

217

chap, xlii.] PRETENDED SITE OF VETULONIA. 217 … 1 Amm. Marcell. XIV. 11, 27. He Caesar, the brother of Julian the Apos-

218

speaks of Massa, and which is regarded as a corruption … the features of an Etruscan site. It is about a mile in … of ancient walls could I perceive ; but there are not a few … 2 See Targioni-Tozzetti, Viaggi in that town, are the ruins of the city of … and so also in the rocks beneath Massa 4 Repetti (III. p. 139) does not think … Vuetreta. This name has been sup- southern district of Etruria, had the

219

as its root; and the town may have taken its name from … The rock here is a rich red tufo, much indurated, and … Maremma lies outspread at your feet, and the eye is led … Calvi rises on the right, overhanging the deep vale of the … from the pestiferous atmosphere of the Maremma ; but … nothing but a corruption of the Etrus- urns bearing this name. Vermiglioli, … pp. 340, 446, 499), and may have had

220

night at Massa; for the inn, though of no high pretensions, … appears quite civilised after the dreamy dulness of Massa.7 … 7 Abeken thinks that the abandoned neighbouring Etruscan city of Popu- … mines. They are probably those which Faliesi, the Faleria of Rutilius (I. … inscription on its foot — A0ANAIAI speaks of, is that into which the Cornia

221

chap, xlii.] ITS WOODS AND WASTENESS WIDE. 221 … My road lay through the level of the Maremma, where … twenty feet in height; but a tall underwood of tamarisk, … After some miles there were a few traces of cultivation

222

American backwoods, still studded with stumps of … where there is any, and then it is sauve qui pent, and " the … seen along this coast, confirms a great part of the tale. In

223

chap, xlii.] ITS POPULATION AND CLIMATE. 223 … effects, and the Maremma must have been unhealthy from … the Campagna of Rome to a desert must have operated … is most applicable to these regions, where population and

224

century past, have done much to improve the condition of … The peculiar circumstances of the Maremma are made … sion of inferiority. These lower regions of Italy, in truth, … Maremma. Milk, butter, fruit, all the necessaries of life,

225

the right, between the heights of Massa and Campiglia. … Campiglia is a town of some consequence, having 2000

226

studied. Giovanni himself is as obliging and intelligent an … and detailed account of some ruins in a thick wood here- … He asserts that between the Torre di S. Vincenzio and

227

chap, xlii.] PRETENDED RUINS OF VETULONIA. … mile, and descending to its foot, you find the marsh … vestige of the ruins he pretends to describe; yet no one … Zacchio, a painter, sculptor, and anti- … (II. p. 106) and Micali (Ant. Pop. … repeating the accounts of their prede- … great authority of Clurerius, who gave … vain for a vestige of these ruins ; yet … existence. Classical Tour, I. p. 46. And

228

frequently exposed for years together, and some tradi- … ruins, and for any one who had seen them; but finding … of such rumours along this coast; but could never meet … Yetro (Vetriera, as I heard it) which Inghirami speaks of, … try with the greatest care, but could pably absurd statements of Alberti with … been formed by Zacchio or Alberti, from he ascribes the tradition of the Masse-

229

traces of which are still to be seen in the dross from the … Monte Pilli, half way between Campiglia and Suvereto ; and … Hoare was taken. Classical Tour, I. he thinks this town occupies the site of

230

there is no statement in ancient writers which should lead … hood. I heard of sundry pieces of mosaic, and other … of Vada Volaterrana (ut supra, p. 212), … The hot springs of the Caldane—the … the order of these places than from the … 6 Near Campiglia some ancient mines … Strabo (V. p. 223) of some abandoned

231

chap, saw.] PANORAMA OF THE MAREMMA. 231 … feature in the scenery of Corneto. To the west rises the … steep islet-rock of G-orgona. … year they " exhale earth's rottenest vapours," and curdle

232

this scene, let them be, one and all, what they appear,

Chapter XLIII: Populonia - Populonia

233

ETRUSCAN WALLS OF POPULONIA. … It was an auncient worke of antique fame … horseback, and entered the jungle which stretches from

234

the Leghorn road westward to the heights of Populonia. … i Homer (Odys. XIV. 31) tells us and let his stick drop. Pliny (VIII.

235

chap, xliii.] THE CASTLE AND ITS HOSPITABLE LORDS. 235 … dependence, however, on the good offices of others

236

remains at Populonia, and return at an early hour the … 3 Dempster, II. p. 56. nal Twelve Cities, may in after times

237

chap, xliii.] ANTIQUITY AND IMPORTANCE. 237 … the character of certain coins of Popu- Etrusk. I. p. 348. … settlement in Corsica, and thinks it Mirab. Auscult. c. 95. … Graviscse, Pyrgi, and the other places a Liv. XXVIII. 45. It is subse- … cities in their vicinity. Even Cosa, refuge in this harbour from a storm,

238

forces of Sylla, and was almost destroyed by the victor; for … of Etruria.1 At the beginning of the fifth century of our … its final destruction to the Saracens in A. d. 826 and 828 ;3 … the arrival of the tunny-fish ;6 just as is the practice … heading to this Chapter. was standing in the time of Rutilius,

239

at the present day along the coasts of Italy. It may have … the eastern cliff, which is still known by the name of … " on a lofty promontory, sinking abruptly to the sea, and … Leghorn; and even the snowy Apennines above the Gulf … of Elba which fills the south-western horizon, would

240

Midway lies the Bay of Portoferrajo, so called from … The finest portions of the Etruscan walls he on this … 8 miles distant, and whence there is a … —both he considers to be of the same … information on the antiquities of Elba, … nowned from the days of the Romans … For an account of this beautiful island … height, and many much less than one.

241

chap, xim.] ETRUSCAN WALLS AND TOMBS OF POPULONIA. 241 … path to them lies through a dense wood of tall lentiscus. … make a good foundation for the larger weight, and often diagonally, so as … Inst. I. p. 79) ; but I could perceive woodcut at the head of this Chapter, … often inserted to fill the interstices, and sembles the natural rock, when split by … rally found that the most irregular are or triangular ; and horizontality is

242

On the hill to the east of Populonia, and about one … of three Etruscan towns, all on the coast—Luna, Pup-luna, … 1 Inghirami, Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 148. derive Populonia from this source; and … Mela, and Rutilius—Populonii, by Livy as Venus did hers of Cypris and … Etruscan mirrors — e. g. that which the distinction between Phuphluns and

243

of gold and silver, as well as of copper, and generally have … as it is represented by the sculptors of later Greece, and … —an apt emblem of the Maremma ; or … Chiusi, but it is characteristic of the … by Dr. Levezow of Berlin—that the … Greek or Phoenician mariner ; and that

244

with snaky hair, with gnashing tusks, and tongue lolling … That terrifide his foes, and armed him,

Chapter XLIV: Roselle - Rusellae

245

ETRUSCAN WiUS OF RUSELLS. … It is a tedious drive of nearly thirty miles from Follonica

246

Beyond Gavorrano, Caldana, and Giuncario, the scenery … containing the waters of the Lake Castiglione, the Lacus … Grosseto, the capital of the Tuscan Maremma, stands on … Buriano is said to have the remains Colonna can be the site of the said … quarian treasures are stated to have takes this Buriano to be the site of the

247

it is one of the best in Tuscany, south of Florence. The … to hear mass in the little chapel, and were returning to

248

couple of miles, ascended the steep slope on which Kusellse … then turned to the right and followed the line of walls,

249

ETRUSCAN WALLS OF RUSELLjE. … to ten feet in length, and from four to eight in height. … level of the city. On the western side there are few … of the rudest and most ancient kind of … polygonal portions of these walls are of … ' I add the dimensions of a few of … The difficulty of raising such huge … of the local rock, they have been let

250

fragments extant, and those are of smaller and more … line of it. … or on both sides of, the walls of an it enclosed was called the ager effalus. … Etruscan ritual; and it was so called Aul. Gell. XIII. 14 ; Tacit. Ann. XII. … and it was marked out by the plough, perly to denote a suburb taken into the … being divided into " regions " for that inner portion. But the inner line of

251

chap, xliv.] MODERN DEFENCES OF THE SITE. 251 … I traced the sites of sis gates—two on the northern … Let no one venture to explore the site of Rusellse who is … Even could one disregard the thorns, the difficulty of … taken. Muller (Etrusk. I. 3, 3) cites this part of Italy ; for it is most probably

252

Such at least I found the state of the hill in 1844. Let … besides fragments of rectangular masonry, are some vaults … plan of these ruins as an amphitheatre ; indicate a tower rather than a temple, … Repetti (IV. p. 820), however, speaks been, but an inclosure of such extent as … tions unmoved, consisting of the small so as to leave an even break all the

253

Prom the height of Rusellse you look southward over … for the ruins of Rusellse, describes this … it " Prelius," and speaks of its island. … are still some remains of ancient build- … extent of 33 square miles, but it is now

254

Castiglion della Pescaja is seen on the shore at the foot of … sites of similar character, the tombs were of masonry, … small blocks of unhewn masonry like the Tirynthian in … Sepolture di Giganti of Sardinia, which Micali (Mon. Ined. tav. XVII. 11,

255

The walls of Rusellse, from their stupendous massive- … (II. p. 514), however, speaks of sundry 9 Liv. X. 37.

256

sent him its quota in corn, and fir for ship-building.1 It … seen—a wilderness of rocks and thickets—the haunt of … wondering gaze on the stupendous ruins around him, of … writer shows that at the period of the on account of malaria,

Chapter XLV: Telamone - Telamon

257

South of Grosseto, the next place of Etruscan interest … lius (I. 337—341) speaks of the snug rese may be the site of the Eba of … its name from that ancient people ; and ried here,

258

houses at its foot, and a vessel or two off the shore, mark … Telamone lies nearly two miles off the high road, and … " The blistering drops of the Maremma's dew." … the castle is only of the middle ages, and nothing … tower, called Torre della Bella Mar- share the throne of the Sultan. Repetti,

259

chap, xlv.] LEGENDARY AND HISTORICAL NOTICES. 259 … Telamone has retained its ancient name, which is said … 5 Diod. Sic. IV. p. 259, ed. Rhod. were all Etruscan both in site and … p. 83) suggests that this port may have Pyrgi, and Castrum Novum, as mani- … landed in Elba, whence Porto Ferrajo s Polybius (II. 27) places the site of … cit.) ; and to have contended with the called Colonia, which some think was … origin to the Pelasgi; and so also in the neighbourhood of Toscanella. … 1 Mela (II. 4) in mentioning it among Ionia" instead of "Colonia."

260

fortunes.9 This is the last historical notice we have of … Ptolemy (p. 68) speaks of its " pro- … it a port in the time of the Argonauts, … natural haven, without the addition of a … as Graviscse, the port of Tarquinii, and … are in general just like the as and semis … with the head of a young Hercules, and

261

ohap.xlv.] THE PORT.—THE OSA AND ALBEGNA. 261 … with a little fort on its left bank, marking the frontier of the … and with good reason, for counts in Italy are plentiful as

262

—they are deserving of all reverence, albeit patronised by

Chapter XLVI: Orbetello

263

A strong line of fortifications crosses the sandy isthmus by … position. The causeway which now in Italy and Sicily—by harpooning the … very recent construction, completed only the prow of the boat. It is a curious … 3 Strabo, V. p. 225.—KinvoSiXa-na. on calm nights hundreds of these little

264

foundations of the sea-wall which surround it on three … stopt with mortar and bricks. The masonry tells its … and rubble—that the blocks, even where they retain their … the lake. from Cosa, for the walls of that city on … these fortifications must have been great a mass of material; and again

265

chap, xlvi.] POLYGONAL WALLS AND ETRUSCAN TOMBS. 265 … been the Succosa of the Peutingerian Table ;6 but I hesitate … ratory of the Duke of Tuscany. In which alone makes mention of Succosa

266

to assent to this opinion, and am rather inclined to regard … of the hill on which Cosa stands, only … Orbetello to be the site of Cosa itself. … likely to be derived from Orbieam and … seems confirmed by the fact of its … Ptolemy, in their lists of places along … regarded as an inland town, and may … that Orbetello, though in the midst of a

267

ferred. At the supper-table I met the arch-priest of

268

OF

Chapter XLVII: Ansedonia - Cosa

269

ANCIENT GATE AND WALLS OF COSA. … Go round about her, and tell the towers thereof. … As Cosa was in the time of the Emperor Honorius, such

270

about six hundred feet high, which from its isolation, and … who dwells here, and will act as your guide to the ruins ; … year, and can point out all the lions, which is as much as … described its position so as to leave no from Graviscse ; and from Populonium

271

chap.xlvh.] WALLS OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. 271 … some Roman ruins of brick, among them a columbarium. … erected them, and the state of society which demanded … of stone, irregular polygons in form, not bound together … a billiard-table; and the whole resembling, at a little

272

to thirty feet in height, and are relieved, at intervals, by … Though Cosa resembles many other ancient sites in … states of preservation, the southernmost ness of square towers, however, was … line of walls. In Micali's Plan many of masonry, though its name signified

273

chap, xlvii.] PECULIARITIES OF THESE WALLS. 273 … of walling the rudest and the most finished styles of … confirmatory of the notion suggested by the first sight of … close grey limestone. For if the peculiar cleavage of the

274

is but the natural finishing off of the polygonal, just as the … dislocated, and they topple over.7 … the south-eastern angle of the walls, at … width and 28 feet long ; the inner gate … bly of Roman construction. … open to the attacks of the besieged.

275

still standing rises to the height of nearly twenty feet in … found, in Italy at least, in connection with this style of … the walls of Cosa. In this gate also is a large round … with the upright groove for the saraci- by Dr. Boss of Athens, but first made … connection with this polygonal masonry. 248. Several archaeologists of eminence,

276

certain other Cyclopean cities of Italy.2 Yet such may … lentiscus, and laurestinus. … (see page 121), I may mention a sewer Cyclopean walls of Verulse, now Veroli, … —a truncated cone inverted, appa- walls of Norba, or yet more similar in

277

the Roman work rests on it—marks the foundations of the … ramparts of Cosa ; and in truth it were hard to find one … 3 Servius, ad Virg. Mn. I. 422. difficult to account for the formation of … and " resembles a flight of steps, each The circuit of 36 miles, which Rutilius … There are said to be no antiquities re- features and productions of this singular … 5 It is highly probable that the Monte Ital. XI., and Repetti, s. v. Orbetello.

278

grey peaks of Elba. The Giglio, the so called " Lily" … of sand,—there a long, sea-shore lagoon, or a deadly fen … Vulci, that mine of sepulchral treasures, and Tarquinii, the … 11 The Dianium, or Artemisia of the 7 Classical Museum, V. p. 180.

279

siderable probability, for that of Subcosa.9 … themselves—induced to depart from their general style of … called Ansedonia, and not the ruined p. 328) states that what was found here … Cluver. p. 30) made the same distinc- the late Pope ; and speaks of a flat

280

maintains that the walls of Cosa, and of Saturnia, which … It would demand more room than the limits of this work … 2 Micali,Ant.Pop.Ital.II.pp.l44,196; respectively of hard limestone and tra- … small antiquity in comparison with those the originator of the opinion of the … remote antiquity. Micali's argument, term to the walls of Mycenae, which are … spheric influences. Whereas the forti- in reference to the walls of Mycenae, or

281

chap, xlvii.] ANTIQUITY OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. … Gell, and others, to masonry of the … of the Greeks, rather than to the cha- … hen trovato—and in default of a better, … that the polygonal was more ancient by … certain that even the least ancient … that most of the cities on the Via

282

bettipotentia, and were ever borrowing of their neighbours, … Conceding that the style of masonry must to a consider- … ruder Cyclopean style, which is a mere random piling of

283

chap, xivu.] PECULIARITY OF THE POLYGONAL TYPE. … Now at the risk of being thought to entertain old-fashioned … of the type, as Micali would fain have … model for their pavements. And though … many of the polygonal fortifications of

284

myth of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, and founder of Lycosura, … which it is said to have occupied, we find remains of this … Yet there is, in most instances, the and the Arno almost to the Bosphorus." … that in very early times the lands or of the so-called Cyclopean walls of … Niebnhr, "but with a full historical of some, that these Pelasgi were the … time when the Pelasgians, then perhaps tory race of warlike masons, who went

285

the peculiar homes of this people, such monuments are … hand, hammer and chisel in the other, … or Calabria ; nor, indeed, north of the … maintains the Pelasgic construction of … of very extensive polygonal remains in … have remains of purely polygonal con- … mined the style of the masonry. Where … of masonry. This seems to have been

286

monuments of the land, are but exceptions to the rule, and … regarding its walls as of Roman construction. There is … masonry of their predecessors, is open to doubt. As the … as is proved by the (holm of polygonal towers, gateways, and upper courses, as … polygonal walls of Saturnia of the same throughout, had not the builders been

287

chap, xlvh.] HIGH ANTIQUITY OF COSA AND ITS WALLS. 287 … the walls of Cosa are by no means to … and Ptolemy, but Cluver (II. p. 479) … inscriptions the proper names of "Cusis " … Ital. I. p. 147), and Cramer (I. p. 195), … the Latin colony of Alba in the land of … decline of Tarquinii, for which he cites … the question of the colony apart—that … racter of much of the furniture of its … Livy (XXVII. 15) of a people called

288

possessed the land of the Volsci, it would seem that this … known that walls precisely similar to these of Cosa … and the Cistiberine people, especially with Velathri, by the dropping of the … Ferentinum and an Artena existed in the analogy between the names Volsci … analogous to Capena (Vol. I. p. 175) ; remains of the population of Vulci.

289

massive fortifications of Psestum, which was colonised … received as evidence of her high antiquity, we have no … seventeen other colonies she came forward and saved the … construction of these walls, it must have … mony as to the antiquity of Cosa be … Tacitus (Annal. II. 39) speaks of Cosa … at least Cluver (II. p. 47 9) and Pitiseus … head of Mars on the obverse, and a … trian name of Neptune, whence the

290

cause of such desolation, with needless apologies for its … not ascribe these coins to Cosa, shows Compsa in Samnium ; and so also Mil-

Chapter XLVIII: Vetulonia

291

Time ploughs them up, and not a trace remains. … In former chapters I have spoken of the ancient city of … Calvi, three miles from the sea, buried asserts that the village of Badiola on an … Massa Marittima, or five miles westward geographical mile-and-a-lialf (about six

292

between the Osa and the Albegna, and about eight miles … carriage-road to Magliano, and my vehicle toiled the inter- … Magliano to the Saline at the mouth of the Albegna. I … ment of ruin to indicate prior habitation ; so that it was … ;liano does not appear to be an its name from the gens Manila, and

293

chap. xLvm.j DISCOVERY OF AN ETRUSCAN CITY. 293 … till he had traced out the periphery of a city. … had not spread, save in vague distorted rumours, and no … roba ; another was in utter ignorance of this site, but had

294

by the streamlet Patrignone, whose banks rise in cliffs of … habitation on the site, was found a smaller and inner … strewn with broken pottery, that infallible and ineffaceable … the foundations of the houses on either hand. Many … quadrilatero di mura rovinate, lungo size and rude shaping; others of tufo, … 4 Signor Pasquinelli mentioned two Corneto, agreeing in size and form with

295

I myself saw a piece of bronze drawn from the soil, many … scarcely a trace of this city will be visible, it must be … one metre in diameter, and not much complains of not having received justice … its rim covered with lead, clamped into publication a plan he had made of the … decidedly Etruscan character. 133), who mentions the fact of the dis-

296

some Roman remains—the bases of small Doric columns ; … Magliano and the Albegna. I could not see them, as … by a wall hewn from the rock, on each face of which figures … 9 Many of these tombs were mere holes of cremation,

297

wings open and raised, and a tail terminating in a serpent's … 1 It must be this tomb which was probably on the heights of Colle di

298

city should have been lost sight of, which had no walls or … As I stood on this ancient site, and perceived the sea so … strength of position, for elevation above the unhealthy … of Telamonaccio. The peculiarity of the position on the … bined the advantages of more natural strength and greater … 3 At the present day the swamps of healthy in summer. Eepetti, III. p.

299

chap, xlviii.] WHAT WAS THIS ANCIENT CITY 1 299 … Let us see what has been said of that city by the … ference of thirty feet. metropolis of Etruria (Ann. Inst. 1829,

300

bears testimony to the antiquity and former glory of Vetu- … 6 Sil. Ital. VIII. 485.— corruption of « Vetulonis ;" but there is … gentis. Dionysius (II. p. 104) speaks of an … Et junxit totidem tacito terrore se- came to the assistance of Romulus. … Haec altas eboris decoravit honore be a corruption of Vetulonium. Cas- … Ptolemy calls the city Vetulonium— the insignificant hill of Castiglione Ber- … Vetulonios in Etruria, non procul testimony of Silius Italicus as to the im-

301

Such are the requisites of the long-lost Vetulonia. Every … mari," and far enough inland to come within the category … affects my opinion, as no traditional memory exists of … nia had been of the importance Silius For a more detailed reply to Dr. … —1S5. The limits of this work will not Museum, I have showE, that the argu- … Roman legends, history, and geography drawn from this source. Ut supra,

302

Veii, Fidense, Cosa, and many other ancient cities whose … of ivory chairs and Tyrian purple into … Etruscan cities sent to Tarquin, among … whatever may have been the origin of … and the legend " Vatl " in Etruscan … though a wheel and an axe are the … found in any known collection, and … of Volterra. Bava, ap. Inghir. Mon.

303

chap, xiviii.] MARITIME CHARACTER OF VETULONIA. 303 … We are quite in the dark as to the period and causes of … C. Another learned antiquary of Rome, 1840, p. 93), that this bas-relief formed

304

it.6 In truth, the little mention made of it by ancient … swamps of the coast. … 6 Signor Pasquinelli remarks that even specifies the period of the city's

Chapter XLIX: Saturnia - Saturnia

305

ANCIENT TOMB, SATDRNIA. … A few rude monuments of mountain stone … One of the most ancient of Etruscan sites is Saturnia,

306

The road from Orbetello runs on the left bank of the … From Magliano I took the route of Scansano, a town … the plain to Istia, a ruined village on the right bank of the … so overstept the modesty of its nature as to rival the Tiber, … and as to oblige me to leave my vehicle behind, and do

307

the rest of the way on foot. For the thirteen miles hence … of Troja to those of Telamone and Argentaro, … mires ; and often disappearing altogether; and my guide

308

The modern Saturnia is the representative of the ancient … The form of the ancient city is an irregular rhomboid, … 2 Sir E,. C. Hoare calls the circuit never seen a plan of Saturnia, and regret … half which Santi ascribes to it. Viaggio, culatum—the repairs of the still earlier

309

chap, xlix.] WALLS OF POLYGONAL MASONRY. 309 … above the Campo Santo, is.another fragment of polygonal … 6 It must have been the horizontality want of observation ; and his opinion

310

the foundations of the modern walls. Beyond this I could … but few relics of the olden time, Near the Marrucatone … 7 Hoare, Class. Tour, I. p. 52. of the Piazza is a Roman sepulchral

311

ridge of Scansano ; and there the hoary crests of Monte … when you stroll around the walls. These ruins of art and … yards west of the Porta Eomana he will observe among … 9 In the island of Thera in the Greek isolated rocks with sarcophagi sunk in

312

such traces.1 The extreme simplicity of the details seems … but on the slope beneath the city to the south, and on the … Mon. Ined. Inst. III. tav. XXVI. I the tuib or sandstone of which most … IB the middle by a sort of chimney— and Chiusi, respectively. The first, which … face of the rock. No traces of figures This must be the Via Clodia. See Vol.

313

returning to my quarters I found the fattore and his … kid, poultry, game, and a dessert of dried fruits and cheese, … where everything did credit to the fattore and his men ; … Let future visitors to Saturnia follow my example, and

314

to Saturnia. In spite of its elevation the ariaccia is then … di Palma. The track down the slope followed the line of … none of these, but depositi. In truth they required a peculiar

315

their native rock, with their edges all shapeless and irre- … feet wide, and ten or twelve feet long, leading to the sepul- … 3 I add the dimensions of some that of rock. One tomb indeed was lined … 9 feet by 8—8 feet by 6J. All the Rusellse, but of ruder construction. JJt … that as each side is composed generally head of this Chapter. It is in general

316

is startled by the striking resemblance to the cromlechs of … as it is possible to ascertain, were general; the small size of these slabs

317

be no doubt that these structures of Saturnia are of that … Etrus. III. pp. 75—6, and Inghirami, Tour, I. p. 52. But he does not appear … open in the neighbouring fields, but the Bagni, and describes them simply

318

that race of whose care in decorating their tombs with … port of them to their present sites. If not of Etruscan … to the original town on the site of tioned as a colony by Ptolemy (p. 72, … that this town of Etruria was intended, name of " Sauturine," or « Sauturini'

319

chap, xux.] THE CITY AND ITS WALLS ARE PELASGIC. 319 … the doctrine of the material having alone determined the … horizontal cleavage. The natural superfluities of the blocks … essere"—or assertion ; the only argu- walls of this description were raised … masonry, an argument which, if it have invention of the arch,

320

pleased the builders.6 So much for the doctrine of con-

321

finding some of these rude tombs intact, or by discovering … di Saturnia, dove furono trovate delle quities of that land have been little … oggetto di scultura, senza urne, senza of the Mediterranean they are parti- … nome." If the peasantry may be ere- Sardinia and the Balearics ; and it may

322

instances they may be the work of the same people in … and Sorano. There is a carriage-road to those places … wanting. Captains Irby and Mangles … tains of the Caucasus, and on the … Arcot, he had seen a square mile of … of a villa. On other spots in the neigh-

323

chap, xux.] DISCOVERY OF AN ETRUSCAN TOWN. 323 … necropolis of Saturnia. Three miles beyond is Manciano, … tombs and sepulchral niches in the cliffs, and fragments of … means of determining. It may be remembered, however, … cursion from Corneto to Cosa and 5 jt nas been a\lea^y stated that

324

half draped with wood. The rocks are of the same forma- … served that Livy does not speak of a … Caletra a site in the neighbourhood of

Chapter L: Chiusi - Clusium - the city

325

FOCOLARE----BLACK WARE OF CHIOS!. … With the memorials and the things of fame, … I must transport my reader from the banks of the

326

Ohiusi, once the proud capital of Porsena, crests an olive- … runs through Sorano, crosses the high- Baths of San Caseiano are proved by … Roman territory, and exposes the tra- to indicate a classical origin,

327

ANTIQUITY OF CLUSIUM. … from Siena, and 88 from Florence. … the modern road, and than by the … The Peutingerian Table, in the part of … * That Clusium was oue of the Twelve … Rome. The very name of Clusium … the forces of the whole Etruscan State, … greatest power among the princes of … in Umbria, and says Livy remembers … type of a wild boar, on both sides, and … left to right, and if the letters are

328

inhabitants of Etruria.6 Whatever its origin, it is certain … Cisra, the native name of Caere (ut … racters, and running from right to left. … other series of coins which have been … siders the ancient name of the city, … made of these Camertes of Umbria by … Umbria. The Camers of Umbria is

329

chap, l] HISTORY OF CLUSIUM. 329 … and teaches us to regard the deeds of Horatius, Scsevola, … the figs, the oil, and above all the rich wine of Tuscany— … 3 Dion. Hal. III. p. 189. digies and miracles, which were they … (I. 10) speaks of the heroes, as "pro-

330

foes, sent to beg succour of Rome, though bound to her by … with the Etruscans, and was there cut to pieces by the … Mai. XII. 24, 25 ; Flor. I. 13 ; Plut. VIII. 479. The grain, indeed, of Clu- … LWy- of Clusium.

331

chap, l.] DECAY OF CLUSIUM. 331 … Since the draining of the Val di Chiana, she has risen … after this battle, or 80 b.c. Repetti, I. which is confirmed by the Church of … 7 Repetti, loc. cit. This writer thinks has been supposed that the site of the … Ptolemy (p. 72, ed. Bert.), and by the opinion, which is founded on the disco-

332

"souter Johnny" of Chiusi, who claims to be at once … 720) describing this masonry as " of in this district of Italy, … have been brought from a distance, further end of the Prato. The courses

333

chap, l.] ANCIENT WALLS AND OTHER LIONS. 333 … In the Piazza del Duomo are more traces of this ancient … ness ever beheld or conceived, grotesque caricatures of … respectively. The style of art is very Cicero (Tuse. Qusest. V. 23), not that

334

but without a sign of labyrinthine passages.2 But in the … and spacious, was opened, and on one side … der the house of the Nardi Dei is … seen again the light of day. It is by

335

largest and most important is the property of Signor … This, the largest private collection of Etruscan antiqui- … the idea of a labyrinth has been con- 166.

336

Etruscan relics of Chiusi. On entering, he is instructed … object that first arrests the eye, is the figure of a female, … approached her. The first feeling excited is one of

337

The pedestal of the chair on which the figure sits is … a similar figure of a man, found in a … early works of the Etruscan chisel, and … high, but are in similar attitudes, and … The most remarkable monument of … on his hip. A boy and dog stood at … p. 21. What has become of this singular

338

tombs of Chiusi and its neighbourhood yield articles more … 7 So brittle is this stone that it is pedestal, and must have been a cippus. … in a perfect state. Whence it has singular monument of this description … ments are found throughout the Val di opposite, and holding a chaplet between … the top of the monument are traces of supporters to the female on the top.

339

One of these square monuments has, on each of its sides, … with wands of office, sitting on a platform, with their … helm, spear, shield, and greaves—appears to be awaiting … race of trigce, or three-horse chariots—a very rare subject. … Inghirami (Mus. Chius. tav. I.) takes the mythology of Egypt. See Braun's … life of the deceased, or to represent Etruscan inscription,

340

latter are by no means in so early a style of art.4 Akin … its couch, the helmet and greaves he neglected beneath it, … On a round cippus are fragments of three warriors, … cans of Chiusi, as of … and the trees which are introduced are … an illustration of another of these

341

piled up from floor to ceiling, but of sarcophagi there … his sorrow, and remind him of the ties which yet bind him … horseback, some armed with swords prwnomen of the dying wife,

342

arm.1 She is named " Vanth." In the corner of the scene … larger than life, with remarkably fine head and features. … Porsena, the feminine of the celebrated from Greek fable, whether alluding to … struments of torture used by the demons Proserpine, who severs the hair from

343

on Etruscan urns and sarcophagi are portraits of the … ring ; and as a Lucumo, he was probably skilled in augury … Inghirami interprets this combat as calls it the death of Astyanax.

344

women8—and sundry illustrations … has fled for refuge to an altar, hard by the ashes of his … any individual reference, or illustrative of some unknown … 1 So this urn is explained by Inghi- ject in the Museum of Vol terra, vi … " sacred bough," and thinks the figure Mon. Etrus. I. tav. LVIII. LIX. ; VI.

345

The ministers of death are generally represented at … horses—dolphins—hippocampi; and on one urn is a horse … 6 As on an urn where a winged Fury ' See Mus. Chius. tav. CXVII., and … Theban Brothers, dying by each other's an illustration of one of these urns, in

346

overcoming warriors—and a chimsera with human head, … stretched in slumber, muflled in togas.2 A few of un- … and the relief below ; and many retain vivid traces of … 2 The toga, which was originally an in the urns of stone. Indeed these terra- … time, as a shroud alone in great part of 4 Here, however, there is a little

347

chap, l.] ANCIENT BLACK WARE OF CLUSIUM. 347 … tiglioncel del Trinoro, and the neighbouring Etruscan sites. … « See the wood-cut at p. 395. 7 If the early ware of Caere and the … tiles are discovered either in tombs as inhabitants of the land, rather than to

348

to the stranger — he finds himself in a new world of … baked, but merely sun-dried, and un- … preceded the order of nature" (Mus. … perhaps of the funeral games, as Gerhard … formed of no peculiar earth, and that … tacle of larger size ; the intervening

349

about with prominent figures of veiled women, supposed … guentaria, or perfume-bottles—vases in the forms of cocks,4 … tions, which have been jocularly styled—in ignorance of … sepulchral in application and meaning. If the latter view … 2 Mas. Chius. I. p. 17. Here re- 3 Sepulchres of Etruria, p. 444. … dotal costume. Bull. Inst. 1831, p. 58. and wings are visible.

350

to keep meats or liquids hot, like some of the braziers in … or wheeled cars of bronze, sometimes found in early … of Volterra, to the purest Greek vases of Tarquinii and … actually used as braziers, but were left of such antiquities. Illustrations of … in the most ancient tombs, viz.—the about a mile west of Chiusi.

351

chap, i.] POTTERY AND BRONZES. 351 … pons—idols, though these are not numerous—and specula, … As in every other collection of Etruscan antiquities in … warrior, a female thought to be (Enone, and a Victory, … Mus. Chius. tav. LXXVI. Micali takes bolical of the mysterious birth of that

352

Gajella.9 Another beautiful vase represents the birth of

353

human shape with the head of a beast, supposed to be a … The collection next in interest at Chiusi is that of … sters of this description were common attended by Minerva, about to cut off the … Minotaur, which is usually so repre- Gorgon, Fear, the Minotaur, and the

354

of fetid limestone, with archaic reliefs, representing the … and hair—a subulo at the foot of the couch is endeavouring … been better expressed by the most skilful artist of our … mine. They appear to be parting the raiment of the … Inghirami, Mus. Chius. I. tar. 53-—56, because the souls of the dead were … more resembles, as regards two of its of Solon and by the Twelve Tables … it is said, to squeeze out the milk, and if rendered into Latin letters. The

355

chap, l.] MUSEO PAOLOZZI—CIPPI AND URNS. 355 … is thrown to the earth, and a genius with a torch bestrides … But ladies love, as losse of time, forbore. … Both charett swifte and huntsman overcast. … One may not be a translation of the

356

the goblets of the revellers.7 … are all cinerary urns, and there … ised the world, and the head the pre- … black ware of this district, but a few

357

There are numerous small urns of terra-cotta, with the … bronzes ; and there are still many, remaining—mirrors— … netto," or shop for the sale of Etruscan relics ; chiefly … of earthenware ; others placed on small » There was formerly a remarkable … must be curule chairs, and indicative Charun, with his wonted hammer in one … Casuceini, which are also cinerary Greek—and he was waiting to conduct … Ined. p. 151), while admitting the with the heads of wild beasts, and … nounces the statues to be as late as their torches and threatening their

358

The articles are principally of pottery and bronze, and the … for some monuments I had seen in the origin of the Roman Catholic sa- … visit to Chiusi. On one urn, the soul third stood at the foot of the couch,

359

chap, l.] THE GABINETTO AND PRIVATE MUSEUMS. 359 … the possession of the Bishop, taken from his excavations … figures for Junones; and reminds us 74 ; IX. 63. … well as among the Jews and other said to be quite sublime for the magni- … Varro. ap. eund. cap. XIV. Cicero calls at Chiusi and its neighbourhood will be

Chapter LI: Chiusi - Clusium - the cemetry

360

DOOR OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB AT CHIUSI. … Have they not sword-players, and every sort

361

excavations yield as abundantly as those of Vulci, though … of Tarchon and Tages, and not in number merely ; there … be dispatched expressly from Chiusi with the keys, and

362

a single slab of travertine. You are startled at this un- … hand, probably for the freedmen or slaves of the family.

363

chap, li.] ANCIENT DOOR.—CHARIOT-RACES. 363 … quinii, in concentric squares and oblongs recessed, and … other preparation than smoothing. The rock is a sort of … They are twenty-six in number, and are divided into two

364

cypresses—cupressus funebres. The action of both men … but the latter is more stiff and archaic, Mus. Chius. tav. CLXXXII. … 3 For illustrations of Etruscan turn- especially by a silver gilt vessel in very … beating nothing but the air with his is of opinion that the Etruscan histriones, … ho is a pugilist is rendered evident by a pageantry of the circus, danced armed,

365

chap, li.] FEASTING AND GAMES. 365 … Half of the frieze in this chamber being devoted to … And the armed dances of the Salii in are nearly of the form now in use, but … 3 Mart. VII. 67, 5— and dances, in very archaic style, now

366

diotd/"—is evidently the butler; and the patera sus- … One of the slaves in this scene holds a long ladle— … The inner chamber is of smaller dimensions,5 … s About 9 ft. 10 in., by 7 ft. 9 in. ; than usual in Etruscan tombs. One of … merely for the sake of the colour ; as it woman. They have all been carelessly … those in the outer chamber, but branch- inner chamber of the Mercareccia tomb

367

chap, li.] PECULIARITIES OF THESE PAINTINGS, 367 … in those of Tarquinii; the blues and whites are the most … now remain in mere powder on the Avails, and might be … —all features of archaic character. Yet there are more … apotheosis of virtuous souls" — i. e., and souls in bliss would be served with … ing their sorrow for the dead, but sym- drinking-bout instead of a regular meal … considered that the highest reward the nemora," and the " luci opaci " of the

368

ease and power than are usually found in connection with … been rifled in past ages, for nothing but fragments of … seen. The resemblance is not only in subject, mode of … Illustrations of the scenes in this the family in whose ground it lay. … tav. 181—185. For further notices passed into the hands of Signor Felice

369

entirely to games. Here is a race of three bigee, as in the … pair of wrestlers, or tumblers, in almost the same position, … directions of a padotribe, who appears to be marking the … games of the Pentathlon, or Quinquer- cles for quoits ; but to me they seemed … hurling the spear—and wrestling. to candelabra (ut supra, p. 37), and

370

unsuccessfully6—and a pair of figures which I can only … of stout sticks, propt against each other, which seem to … holds a flower; a third, a branch of olive; a fourth offers … remarkable—in each pediment one of the figures has the … II. p. 132. tav. 131), because one of greasy pole and flitch of bacon of our … but the subject is obvious. From the action of hopping in this … wind, and greased, as Virgil (Georg. II. Chius. tav. 124) fancied the man stam- … an amusement also of the Athenians, designates this game, * il salto del caval- … god. The skin became the prize of air.

371

face of a dog; it is at least so scratched on the wall, … as well as in the other two chambers, are a number of … and her mourning Catullus chose thus to immortalize her … long reclosed, but a record of it is pre- … with a palm-branch in token of victory … vases of the black relieved ware, all glued … "Velus" of the Etruscan, as in the … them as referring to one and the same

372

of the Nuns," so called, not from containing the ashes of … A Juno stands by, holding a second bull by the nose; and … horse by the bridle. The robes of these figures, as well as

373

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE NUNS. 373 … eino, tav. 212. Inghirami (op. cit II. would read it " Volcientes," because of … supported by a comrade ; a figure with of Romulus, " from Solonium, a city of … suspended behind, and a column sup- tioned by any other writer, it is pro- … containing a fragment of an oration by as Cluver (II. pp. 454, 473) imagines,

374

of Umbria; and it is confirmatory of the historical record … oracles. Before purchasing a ticket he tries to dream of … Not far from the Tomba del Colle, and to the east of … Etruscan, which has no B, occurs as a foreign kindred of the Clusians,—"Ca-

375

di Pomponini. It contains seven chambers, full of urns, the … "Jeweller's Field," from the number of scarabcei there … of her tombs,7 or the fruit of systematic research, but … inquiry. But there can be no doubt that this branch of … Not far from this are the Catacombs of the early Chris- … 1837, having two figures of the Etrus- cles of jewellery, however, are dis- … chre against violation. Ann. Inst. 1837. those" of Vulci. Bull. Inst 1829, p.

376

Its eastern shore forms the frontier, and at its southern … of the Crown. It is also known as the " Camera della … contended in the arena. All was colourless and sombre. … courses being from 10 to 18 inches be just double the ancient Roman foot; … without cement. The tomb is 12 ft. Etruscans, and that it has descended

377

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE GRAND DUKE.—ARCHED VAULT. 377 … cans understood and practised the arch.9 … tomb of the Peris—one of the noble families of Clusium.10 … This tomb was discovered in 1818. From the style of … with this same accordance, on measur- 10 One of the males, called " Au. … chres at Chiusi. What other instance family of Pumpus, or Pompeius. The … 9 Though now in the slope of the hill, The females are " Thania. Seianti. Pe- … tare, and then covered with earth—a ' The door is six feet high, and about

378

its urns, rather than from the character of its construction, … was opened in March, 1846, with paintings of singular … 2 A tomb Tery similar to this in double the size ; and he assigns to it a … the Vigna Grande, about three quarters Lydia and Phrygia, p. 5. … polcri presso Chiusi," speaks of this 4 Umbrellas and parasols, be it re- … to this in construction, though nearly great; and proud is the oriental de-

379

chap, li.] TOMB OF THE MONKEY. 379 … There is a race of three bigce, as in the other painted … spot, who can style himself, " Brother a fair one of Greece and Rome from … the Umbrella." Assyrian monarchs vases, bas-reliefs, and paintings. They … homage from their vanquished foes ; the Maids of Athens in the days of Peri- … The proudest trophy of the Gallic arms Etruria also. Yet though an umbrella … Kader, till he himself shared its fate ; patra, and softened the glow of Aspa- … preserved the complexion of " the fair- one through the streets,

380

pair of pugilists, boxing with the cestus, holding one … taking a flask of oil or wine from a boy, who also … dwarfs with bushy black beards—one with tutulus and … cornu represented on the urns of was found at Vulci, and is now in the … and at the extremity is a ring for sus- tare. It is about four feet in length.

381

ohap. li.] DWARFS AND MONKEYS. 381 … hardly be intelligible, were not the arm of a chair painted

382

that the Etruscans, like other nations of antiquity, were … grief, and two pair of wings, like the Cherubim of the Jews. … drawn with strong black outlines, and filled up with … 8 Near this tomb, another was opened art was very inferior, and the walls

383

chap, li.] TOMB OF ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 383 … the other dancers might represent souls attracted and … reclining at the banquet, a subulo playing the pipes, and a

384

been copied, and will shortly be published by the Archaeo- … is a tomb with seven chambers, arranged like atrium and … beautiful vases, now in the possession of the Bishop of … of Chiusi and its neighbourhood, are the following; many of which are

Chapter LII: Chiusi - Clusium - Poggio Gajella

385

It is a notable fact that but one description of an … pyramids are based, each rising to the height of one

386

hundred feet. And above these, from one floor, five more … the work of magic,"—no more substantial than the palace … fragment of an Etruscan epic, preserved … however, and Quatremere de Quincy … tion of this monument. Archit. Ant.

387

chap, mi.] THE TOMB OF LARS PORSENA. 387 … ceived of something utterly foreign to its experience ; any … very name struck terror into Rome, and whose victorious … upwards is uncertain, was merely pic- national, and in accordance with other

388

from the map of Italy.5 The site, too, of such a monu- … posed to lie significant of rank and … significant of deity, and Lars, Lartis, … to be equivalent to " lord;" and it is … Porsena is often called King of … and Porsenna, but in any case, thinks … there is the great authority of Virgil … XXXVI. 19), and Seneca (Epist. 66 ;

389

was of extraordinary dimensions and splendour is likely … the greatest Etruscan prince and hero whom history com- … vulgarly called that of the Horatii and Curiatii.6 And … nothing but themselves, and cannot even do that without … is thought by some to have had a Etruscan tombs, in the form of trun-

390

structure is just that part of the edifice, which offered a … in Pliny's day. The upper portion of the monument, … there is no ground for doubt; such is the opinion of dis- … 9 Dr. Brann points out the analogy the monument had been entirely of ma- … gives a plate of such an urn, of fetid the rest of the monument would soon … peculiarities of the tomb of Porsenna" i Niebuhr, struck with the extrava-

391

It is not idle then to believe that some vestiges of this … that such was its position, the general analogy of the … Some few years since, the attention of the antiquarian … tinction between the upper and lower nenfro, but it is decidedly of aqueous … daysofVarro. Etrusker,IV. 2, 1. So friable when dry; and, like chalk, it

392

it is covered with a light wood of oaks. There was no … a cemetery in itself—a polyandrion—an isolated city of

393

chap, lii.] POLYANDRION OF POGGIO GAJELLA. 393 … tombs of Caere.5 Both atrium and triclinia are surrounded … 6 The antechamber still more nearly They are of very simple character, of … • The principal of these paintings 1 The doors of these tombs are all

394

PLAN OP A PORTION OF THE PRINCIPAL STORY … Original mouth of the passages. … Chambers, more or less rude, and all unpainted, with rock-hewn benches. … The shaded part represents the rock in which the tombs and passages are hewn.

395

CONTENTS OF THE SEPULCHRES. … There are four other groups of tombs in this lower tier, … The finest group is one of five square chambers opening … 9 For an account of these vases, some … was found part of a winged lion, of cispo,

396

found in one hundred and twenty minute pieces, now … which is nearly 3 feet square, runs tombs are at the base of the mound,

397

there it bends back on itself, and forms an inner sweep, … that the passages sometimes rise, sometimes sink, and … and those often existing on Etruscan sites, not forgetting … tiful work of Dr. Braun cited above. 3 Fenerbach, Bull. Inst. 1841, p. 8.

398

destroying the beauty of the walls which were painted … cases, at least, they must be of subsequent construction to … are too large, and in general too regular. In one of the … and urns, and from the pieces of a vase being found in

399

componere parvis—like the tubes of an open telescope. … these are involved in equal obscurity; and in one of the … analogy with the system of vertical shafts and horizontal … circular chamber with the group to the been formed before certain of the tombs 2

400

be discovered to the catacombs of Rome, Naples, and … We have now seen the existence of something very … 8 This is also Abeken's opinion. Mit- seem to indicate the basement of a sepul- … Paolo, which tradition has marked as and are not likely to be made as long

Chapter LIII: Cetona and Sarteano

401

CETONA AND SARTEANO. … The hills to the west of Chiusi are rich in Etruscan … these towns, for they are all within a trifling distance of … the tour of the whole in a day, for the roads are very … little town, and a picturesque, on an olive-clad height,

402

402 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap, wit … But the gems of this collection are two ash-chests. … in human shape, but with the heads of a pig and of a ram. … hero word of the fate of his companions, dance. Micali (Mon. Ined. p. 310) con-

403

monument of this character I remember to have seen. … and the two archers being Ulysses and Telemachus.2 … Inst. 1843. p. 61. He acknowledges one of whom tries in vain to draw the … sented, he thinks that the demon suffi- the soul of Alcestis from Hercules, … arm may be, and what the child weep-

404

404 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap, mm; … The Cavaliere is most courteous to strangers, and per- … Another relic of classical antiquity to be seen at Cetona … philosopher or poet, sitting, half-draped, in an attitude of … further notices of this statue. 5 Monte Cetona rises 1957 braceiu, or … 1839, p. 50; 1842, p. 17. AtPalazzone, find verified the fable of Janus, who

405

from the brow of the long dark hills which stretch up from … lers ; but this range of hills is much resorted to by the … Vulcan, with the other at the realm of rise the laya-cone of Radicdfani, and

406

406 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap. liii. … midst, and extinguishes her torch.8 This urn is worthy of … Another relief represents Orestes in Tauris; and indi- … bloody rite ; and the female attendants of the priestess fill … old man and seizing a maiden, must represent the death of … one tomb, and the inscriptions show them to belong to the … shield, and other parts of the relief bear inflexions of Cumeresa, Cumerusa, Cu- … pent round her neck, blue wings to her °f Camarina, Camurina, and Camas,

407

chap, liii.] COLLECTIONS OF BORSELLI AND LUNGHINI. 407 … supposed the site of the ancient Tar- deeds of Theseus, and Prometheus … Cerberus (here with but two heads) and from the Trojan War—the deeds of … female, in very good style,—a similar the ass of Silenus—fauns pursuing Bac-

408

408 CETONA AND SARTEANO. [chap. liii. … with the shroud—children on their knees in attitudes of … This monument is an excellent specimen of the very early … sures, that in the ordinary processes of agriculture articles

409

ohap.lhi.] TOMBS OF SARTEANO. 409 … Trinoro, a wall-girt village, with the ominous alias of

Chapter LIV: Chianciano and Montepulciano

410

CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. … From Sarteano to Chianciano it is a drive of seven … sort of scenery which wins rather than imposes, whose

411

two thousand souls, and is much resorted to in summer, … in this necropolis is the Signor Carlo Casuccini, cousin of … is obvious; but the very name of this 63; 1831. p. 38. These were, till lately, … Mus. Chius. II. p. 222. This is pro- of an ancient factory of vases and tiles, … answering, it may be, to the Latin ad- L. Gellius. On two of the tiles %vas … ccelestw—ab agro, agrestis—an inflexion was consul in the year of Rome 769 … and forty-three spades, of bronze, weigh- 3 In the neighbourhood of Chianciano

412

412 CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. [chap. liv. … district, appears to be very ancient.4 … bring even a herd of cattle to their knees before her … which is translated by scriptions with this family-name ; and I … The last letter in the second word of the |J p, 422,

413

Arretium Fidens of Pliny,6 or as the Ad Novas of the … to the west to Sena, and apparently to

414

414 CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. [chap. liv. … liquid " manna of Montepulciano," the monarch of Tuscan, … Hark to the extatic jolliness of the god!— … We, Bacchus, in the might of our great mirth

415

Thrasymene, and to the very base of the hoary Apennines. … swamp with alluvial deposits;2 and instead of slime and … 2 In the Roman portion of the Val and the project was abandoned. Tacit, … but is now made to fall into the Arno. of the small lakes near the town, which … sent a deputation to Rome deprecating 18 or 19 from Cortona, and 32 or 33

416

416 CHIANCIANO AND MONTEPULCIANO. [chap. i.tv. … and their eyes are so large, soft, and lustrous, that one … have been found; and it would seem that some of the … There is a good road through Pienza to also at the foot of the " Poggio de' … Donne," a Roman urn of marble and tombs have been opened, containing

Chapter LV: Arezzo - Arretium

417

" Can any good come out of Nazareth 1" was asked of … no unapt metaphor for a city of potters, as this was of old. … And broke the die, in moulding Sheri- On the grass-plot by the Duomo is a

418

It is not for me to set forth the modern glories of Arezzo … This large and lively city is the representative of the … Mai 1819, l. n. s. c." prior to the Trojan War, and to have … —whose peculiarities are set forth by that effect in ancient writers. … 31 from Montepulciano, more than 40 other four cities, is a proof of the rank

419

chap. i,v.] HISTORY OF ARRETIUM. 419 … In the year 453 (b.c. 301) the citizens of Arretium rose … cade, and met with a signal defeat. The Etruscans, … of the Arretines, but that it was peace- refers this event to the year 463, but

420

throw on the shores of the Thrasymene.4 The city did … that the Consul and his horse here fell … to regard the warning, and marched … refers the colony of Arretium Fidens to … 72, ed. Bert.), and as a municipmm by … nvamidjniwm of the third kind described

421

ANCIENT WALLS OF BRICK. … ashes, withstood all the vicissitudes of the dark ages, -which … it was the most inland city of Etruria, … " Sepulchres of Etruria," p. 503, and … most part of squared stones, not unlike

422

In the garden of the Passionist Convent, in the lower … of the structure. Like the amphitheatre of Volterra, … Arretium was celebrated of old for her pottery, which … of Arezzo, generally in laying the foundations of buildings, … not remains of seats, steps, and prce- … to certain structures of that description, … 7 Plin. XXXV. 46.-Samia etiam- Persius <L 130> who sPeaks of an xdile … et calicum tantum, Surrentum, Asta, ' Iu layinS &e foundations of the … litantur. Htec quoque per maria ter- casting the reliefs, and remains of vitri-

423

reliefs, rather of flowers than of figures, and bearing the … ness and the site of the manufacture where a small marble urn with a bilin- … Fabroni, Vasi Fittili Aretini, tav. XI; fallen into disuse at the period of the … Greek artists. Mon. Etrus.V. p. 11. notices of the ancients than on prac-

424

and abundance of it at Modena.3 … 3 In the British Museum is a tazza notices in the publications of the Arclweo- … with others of the same description, at * One is a quincussis, 4 inehes in dia- … in some quantity at Cervetri. Bull. the obverse ; and an anchor or the … cisely like this of Arezzo, even to the city which was further removed from the … plained by the commerce which existed amphora. Marchi and Tessieri refer … V. pp. 1—12, tav. I. And besides the Inst. 1841. p. 104.

425

a dance of Bacchanals, Theseus overcoming an Amazon, … of Etruscan antiquities. Each article is labelled with the … forms one of the chief ornaments of Arezzo Cathedral, … Here are also many cinerary urns of travertine, without … s Dempster, I. tab. XIX. na me of " Tarlnia " occurs on an Etrus- … right, for the addition of a small stroke miles distant, in the Val di Chiana.

426

inscription.9 Here are heads and other articles in terra … tombs of Arretium, Cortona, and … of the Florence Gallery was found … It is singular that the Velus of the … The curved part of the instrument is … It was generally of bronze, sometimes … on the shoulder of a griffon in the

427

of the name of Arretium, distinguished by the epithets of … site, but merely that of one of the colonies. Its position, … years, of the walls of an ancient city in the neighbourhood … (Annot. ad Cluver, p. 72), however, first to make them known ; and that … Fiorentino, on the road to Cortona. makes no mention of them in his

428

Cornelio, or Castel Secco, a barren eminence of no great … unique in Etruria. They have the appearance of great … 2 or 3 feet long, by 18 inches high. less than half a mile, round ; and says

429

chap, w.] ANCIENT WALLS AT SAN CORNELIO. 429 … was the original site, and that this, so much stronger by … 1 Miiller, who visited these ruins in the city. Yet he admits them to be of … particular, and considers them to belong hints that this may be the Acropolis

430

an eminence, and was fortified by nature as well as by … of the Etruscans.

431

Etruscan Arretium, but of one of the Roman colonies of … fied with the original city, it must be the Fidens, and … of brickwork around the higher part of … masonry is of stone, whereas the ancient … and Volsinii, it may have been that … for the sake of the materials.

Chapter LVI: Cortona - Cortona

432

ANCIENT WALLS OF CORTONA. … reverence age—that fulness of years which, as Pliny says,

433

chap, lvi.] VENERABLE ANTIQUITY OF CORTONA. … Servius (in loe.) thus explains it, and … The original name of Cortona was Cory- … lost his helmet, and rallying his men to … Besides the evidence of Virgil and his … The poet uses the ancient name for the

434

OF … Ancient Gate, now blocked up. … Church of Sta. Margherita. … Church of S. Filippo. . … Line of the ancient walls, where they do

435

tribute of homage—acceptam parce movere fidem ! Hast … Let not the traveller mount with baggage, and such … full of all uncleanness. Let him take up his quarters in … Modern Cortona retains the site of the ancient city,

436

round the city ; and are composed of rectangular blocks … the wider circuit of the ancient walls usual. … be scarcely larger than Rusellse, and feet, which is that of the fragment deli- … Confederation. in. to 5 ft. in height, and from 6 or 7

437

chap, lvi.] THE ANCIENT WALLS. 437 … tween them. The joints are often diagonal, and small

438

Then the dark mass of Montepulciano, rising on the … we may believe Dionysius (I. p. 21) abode at Gortynaea, and there died, … and Stephanus of Byzantium. Creston anicus of Lesbos ap. eund. I. p. 22. … is used by Lycophron (Cass. 806), represents Jasius son of Corythus, king

439

ORIGIN OF CORTONA. … the designation of it by Silius Italicus … the most simple of all ancient Italian … to any particular city, but Marchi and … bution of these coins to Cortona, and … particular sites, and he regards the dis- … text of Herodotus the city is called … (II. p. 574), and Mannert (Geog. p. … pp. 18 etseq.), and by Mr Grote (His-

440

included in the great Etruscan Confederation, and one of … takes Cortona to have been the site of 2 There is said to have been a large … (II. 27) states that that battle was Palazzo Passerini; and a third outside … ^ Polyb. III. 82 ; Liv. XXII. 4. the end of the seventeenth century.

441

apparently of the same date as the city-walls.3 Another … of Roman opus incertum, commonly called the Baths of … of an antiquarian society, the Accademia Etrusca, which … and are 15 inches in height.

442

vases of great beauty or interest; merely black or red … sort of conical chimney or tube, to which must have been

443

bowl, and adorned with elegant foliage in relief. Alter- … 7 This is a well-known Orphic doc- on a bronze dog in the possession of Sr. … 8 The inscription is not very legible. attached to monuments, are not of un- … catory gift. It is in all probability is with us to write the name of the giver

444

From the high decoration of the bottom of the lamp, … from the ceilings of palaces or temples … use of sepulchral lamps by the ancients … condition of their keeping a light burn- … that it is of a style between the cele-

445

chap, lvi.] ANCIENT TOMBS. 445 … There are two other collections of antiquities at Cortona; … pp. 72, et seq. tav. IX. X.; Bull. Inst. 6 For a description of the Etruscan

446

ledges in the slopes, where accumulations of soil from the … or the " Cave of Pythagoras," so called from the vulgar … The monument is now in such a state of ruin as at first … which crowned the masonry at the opposite ends of the … Etrus. III. p. 75, cl. II. tav. 2) describes long, 3 ft. wide, and 22 in. thick. The

447

chap, lvi.] THE CAVE OF PYTHAGORAS. 447

448

interior. The slabs and blocks of sandstone seem newly … thus between two and three thousand years. The exter- … coeval with the walls of Cortona, and of Pelasgic origin. … of Tarquinii, but truncated ; and states 1841, p. 37. In Latin letters it would … been found near the monument, as if it It is now in the Museum of the Academy.

449

chap, lvi.] ANCIENT SEPULCHRES OF CORTONA. 449 … last-named tombs were composed of five enormous stones, … 3 Bull. Inst. 1834, p. 198. Ut supra, weapons, much pottery, and many sepul- … 4 In this last tomb was found a large as throwing light on the character of … vase of the same metal within it, holding ap. Inghirami, Mon. Etr. IV. p. 72.

450

had long been suspected of being sepulchral; and at … other yet disclosed in the soil of Etruria. Unfortunately … of the tumulus. For the last seven yards it widens, and … square mass of masonry, which probably served as a … The resemblance of this tomb to the Kegulini at Csere … 6 This mound is about 640 ft. in cir- length. In the inner wall of one of

451

primitive principle of the convergence of the blocks to a … doubt, from the nature of its contents; and its con- … 8 Canina, Cere Antica, p. 67. The kept in their places by the weight of the

452

and bone, and very small fragments of gold and silver. … Above this tomb, in the higher part of the mound, were … This tumulus has not been half excavated, and it is … 9 A detailed description of this tomb chiore Missirini, Siena, 1843. For an

453

sepulchral cells—and seems to have been raised over the … Cortona is a city of great interest. Its very high

Chapter LVII: Perugia - Perusia - the city

454

of Nature, journeys on a bright day from Cortona to … Before leaving the Tuscan State, I halted at the hamlet of

455

chap, lvii.] BATTLE OF THE THRASYMENE. 455 … in Italy, for him who would mix with the natives, and can … at our feet lay the Thrasymene,1 a broad expanse of blue, … menus, Trasymenus, or Trasumenus of Many of the ancients also called it

456

water, and marched on into yon crescent-shaped plain, … and there, enveloped by a dense mist which arose from … they broke and fled, rushing, some to the mountain-steeps, … who had broken through the foe at the first attack, and … Polyb. III. 82—84; Sil. Ital. V.; Appian. same year the news of no less than fifty-

457

with oil and wine, then steeped in a deeper flood, whose … of the lake it must be said, that before Fumavitlacus,atquearseruntfluctibus … 7,6,) had recounted it among Hannibal's both making a mere metaphor of what

458

in the full fructification of beauty, and it may be, with less … vale of the Caina, a stream which seems to have retained … Perugia is one of the very few Etruscan cities that … manifold objects of interest in Perugia, either in its pic- … 5 Caina is an Etruscan family name, Chiusi and its neighbourhood. It is the

459

chap, lvii.] ANCIENT WALLS AND GATES OF PERUGIA. 459 … The walls of Perugia are in many parts ancient, agree- … to the gate, and is in receding courses ; Roman, modernised, as set forth in the … colossal masonry of Cortona.

460

The best preserved and the grandest of all the ancient … arch. It is formed of regular masonry of travertine, … 8 The gate is 14 feet 6 inches wide, been the keystone of the original arch, … unlike that of the Porta di Giove at documents to prove this gate older than … projecting stone, though not in a corre- works of the most ancient times,

461

chap, lvii.] THE ARCH OF AUGUSTUS. 461 … them—the frieze of shields and colonnettes above it—the

462

is in the University of Perugia, and is rich in Etruscan … at Chiusi. That they were sepulchral Steuart (Lydia and Phrygia, p. 4) for

463

while the figures on the lids are of the former. He who … of burial were adhered to, after the city had become a … of these.7

464

to be written in choice Irish, and to be a notice to … In yases the Museum of Perugia is not rich, yet it … earliest style, with bands of animals, black and purple, on … Here are many lamina of this metal, with reliefs of men, … 9 Etruria Celtica, I. pp. 377—387. the figures, that it is not worthy of

465

and charioteer being broken away.—Two small fragments ; … and other figures in bronze ; some of … buried for concealment in ancient times.2 They are sup- … 2 For descriptions and illustrations of … band of British condattieri.

466

There are also in this Museum, some fragments of a curule … There is also a collection of coins.6 … remarkable, discovered on the same the dependence of this city on Cortona, … Munich. the battle-axe is expressive of the ancient … Ined. p. 338) agrees with him. tere," the inscription on the coins of … 6 Some coins, with a wheel on one Oddi, of Perugia, seems to be the origi-

467

and plectrum, attended by slaves ; that in the front of the … hair and beards distinguish them as a separate race from … the next group. This is composed of two horses or mules … armed, driving a pair of oxen and of goats. The subject, … and made to carry their own property for the benefit of

468

supposing them not regular military, but the inhabitants of … colony going forth to fulfil the row of a … procession, with human and other vic- … the tombs of Tarquinii. … sinates were an ancient Umbrian tribe, … of Etruria by the Pelasgi, built Sarsina … built by Aules, father or brother of … it. And Stephanus also (y. Xleppaiaiov),

469

under the walls of this city—a battle which is more gene- … the rest of the Etruscans in opposing the power of Rome; … this defeat did not break the spirit of the Perusians; for … conjunction with Volsinii and Arretium, to sue for peace;

470

supplies for Scipio's fleet at the close of the Second Punic … Ancient Italy, I. p. 219. quently mentioned as a colony by Strabo … of the Etruscans, but after this catas- See Vol. I. p. 146.

Chapter LVIII: Perugia - Perusia - the cemetry

471

The necropolis of Perusia offers a rich field for research ; … zeal of the Cavaliere Vermiglioli, to whom it is also due … First and foremost in magnitude and beauty, and rival-

472

You descend a long flight of steps to the entrance, now … 1 The inscription on the doorpost ignorance of the language, to give an … tomb. It would be thus written in suggest themselves. The initial of the … It seems to imply that the sepulchre - The dimensions of this central

473

chap, win.] TOMB OF THE VOLUMNII. 473 … bent figures of men, one with a female in a sitting posture, … inscriptions show them all to belong to one family, that of … drapery, and supported by elegantly-carved legs, while the … Etruria; so also Gerhard, Gottheiten op. cit. IX. 61.). The wife of Coriolanus

474

The fifth male, who occupies the post of honour at the … threshold through dread of their stern gaolers. The whole … from the lords of her family by her position ; for she sits … her brow, and the owl-legs to the stool beneath her feet … the imagination of the artist could con- ad JEn. II. 616.

475

an effigy of the lady whose dust is contained in the urn, … The last urn is of a totally different character from the … Au. Caphatial."8 That is, Publius Volumnius, son of Aulus, … ankles. Her urn is precisely similar ments, and the sphinxes on the roof, … with a panelled door in the centre, and p. 28) is in error in making this " Pui,"

476

of " Violens," the Etruscans not having cognomina, or at … phates " in Etruscan, is of frequent oc- … author of " Etruria-Celtica," on no … Latin inscription to be a fraud, and … naturally excited the indignation of

477

But look at the ceiling of this chamber. It is coffered … Of strange unearthly tone ; … And silent as a stone." … of Apollo, surrounded with laurel leaves, though the scales … affollarono intorno penetrando impa- white, or are of white stone inlaid,

478

On each side of the shield, and forming with it a sort … but the long flowing hair is still visible ; and behind it is … thinks Abeken, Ann. Inst. 1842, p. 57. p. 253 of this work.

479

chap, urin.] DECORATIONS OF THE TOMB. 479 … These reptiles are of earthenware, but their tongues are … bers.6 The four inner rooms have, each a bench of rock, … Nasoni on the Flaminian Way, which, tury, near the church of S. Costanzo, … position as in this tomb of Perugia. 21__23.

480

and two have Medusa's heads in shields on the ceiling, … a helmet—a fragment of a shield embossed with figures of … inscriptions. Those of the four gentlemen on similar urns … And the lady is called, … No. 1 seems the most venerable, the progenitor of the … p. 21), but its being found in connection the neighbourhood of this tomb, and also

481

which flows beneath the walls of Perugia, and whose name … content with the fashions of his ancestors, he may be … that the name of the river was claimed ancient name is doubtless derived from … of the Veientes ; by the latter as being indicative of the patronymic ; the ter- … Another Etruscan family of Perugia— here hardly be other than the patrony- … rius humor" of Silius Italicus (VIII. sal," i. e. the son of Thephris, the filial

482

on the principal monument, which has all the freedom of … it is not the fault of the sepulchre, which, though of late … after its discovery that I found myself at the mouth of … of the keys, with what strange awe I entered the dark … dreariness of the surrounding cells. The figures on the

483

and darting their tongues at me—and above all the soli- … reality, or rather it was the realisation of the pictures of … of Etruscan origin. A few have been placed under lock … me it has more analogy to a Roman 3 For further notices of this tomb, … chambers is the same. The doorway de' Volunni, with the book of plates ;

484

the hill; one is in the form of a rude dome with beams … The monuments in them are all urns, or ash-chests, of … painted,—reliefs as well as the figures on the lids,—and … heads of two warriors, whom she has entangled in her

485

chap, lviii.] TOMBS OF ETRUSCAN FAMILIES. 485 … goddess is robed in purple, with a veil of the same hue ; … several curious, and highly decorated with colour and

486

as fond of old tales of woe, as those of modern days, and … of the Romans.8 This is a large square tomb, whose roof … can, and answering to the Barrus or possibly to the … answer to the gens in Latin names, the wheel also held by the woman, and … Etruscans. In the same way, in others or dragon ; and in a doorway at each

487

chap. Lviii.] TOMBS OF ETRUSCAN FAMILIES. 487 … of these tombs are without the protection of a door, and … valent to the Farrus or Farianus of the Luceti or Liceti—Upelsi—Suzi—Pum- … though he had already published more A tomb of the Pumpuni family was also … waiting for publication. Bull. Inst. 1843, the Museum. A sepulchre of the family … 3 Among these are the tombs of the Vermigl. Iscriz. Perug. I. pp. 262—3.

488

south of Perugia. Other tombs have been found else- … of La Commenda, two miles from Perugia, on the road to … that in width, and about fifteen feet in height.6 About … was a sepulchre, both from analogy8 and on account of its … were one, has been destroyed and the sepulchre at Sovana, and also in the

489

subterranean character.9 Moreover, the existence of an … the best known of Etruscan sepulchres. Yet though … it for a sepulchre. So also Abeken, Mit- gives numerous proofs of the relation

Chapter LIX: Rome

490

Tokens of the dead :—the wondrous fame … I had intended treating of Rome as an Etruscan city, … of this work, and I am compelled to confine myself to

491

are two—the Museo Gregoriano of the Vatican, and the … This magnificent collection is principally the fruit of the … were made in the neighbourhood of Vulci, most of the … statements, they must be received with indulgence, and … 1 The appointed guardians of these a scientific investigator of antiquities,

492

Three recumbent figures in terra cotta, a male and two … rises, like a handle, a small head, the portrait of the … behind their heads, and one leg tent goriano, I. tar. XCII.

493

of death. In style of art this urn is much superior to … These bear, as usual, Greek myths with a mixture of … to drown the cries of the victim, a slave bringing in the … Besides these, there are several scenes emblematical of the

494

his hand, recalls the monuments of the middle ages. … At one of the ends of the monument is another repre-

495

found, together with a number of small pots, lamps, rude … tion of one of the large jars, containing … nevali ; and again, a party of literati … were found, these must indeed be of

496

Chamber of Terra-Cottas. … and filled with the waters of the lake. … no doubt of their very remote antiquity. … hut of skins, show a far more primitive … by some of the Swiss soldiers in the … Roma, 1817," — a strange farrago of

497

There are several small urns of the same material, … and limbs of the human frame; some for containing the … not Etruscan, but of much later times—representing the … figures on the ground of the clay.3 … names of the principal sorts of ancient Vases for drinking — cantharus, cy- … phm-a, pdice, stamms. need not be stated here- And the … Vases for mixing wine at the banquet foms of ^ have been shown in the

498

tombs of Etruria. It displays Mercury presenting the … might pass for an antique version of Punch ; he brings a … coloured and variegated glass, showing to what perfection … are five on pedestals. The most singular is one of the

499

vases; and as Hesiod describes them on the shield of … The bowl of the vase has four bands of figures, but … it may be, a poet of less celestial origin, seated in the … of the most beautiful specimens of the Second, or Archaic … dice not being shown, and from the hands being held out

500

name, " Echsekias," is recorded, as well as that of the … ing the body of Achilles borne to Peleus and Thetis, … amphora in the Second style ; some of them Panathenaic. … A hydria of extreme beauty, representing Apollo seated

501

over the waves. Dolphins and other fish are gambolling … Stamnos. On the body of the vase is a band of figures … observed among the peasant-girls of Italy at the present … Hydria, with a race of women, a very curious scene.

502

olive-tree, each with an amphora at his feet, and one who … boy has his hoop in one hand, and a cock in the other, … Library, long prior to the formation of this Museum.7 … and pottery; among the latter notice a small canoe, and … 7 Some see in this scene Jupiter and « Mon. Ined. Inst. II. tav. XXXVIII;

503

A hydria, representing the combat of Hercules with … On the shoulder of the vase are contests of racers and … be one of the hero's companions, changed, as the legend

504

Hydria. On the shoulder of the vase, Theseus is slay- … figures in the painted tombs of Corneto. Third style.

505

and rapt in song. A beautiful vase, in the Third style, … son, " the brave Hector "—KAAOS EKTJ2P—and regards … Amphora. A warrior departing to battle ; and receiv- … and both in form and style of art is very different from … ' Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LIX. 2. interpret this scene as Orpheus and a

506

Stamnos. The gods in council. Jupiter and Juno seated … Stamnos. " Zeus " seizing " Mgixa," in the midst of … Amphora. Hercules, bearing the boar of Erymanthus … with so much severity of style. … remarkable thing about the vase is that it was broken of … On the side of the gallery towards the windows are … Troilus, has been surprised at a fountain by Achilles, and

507

Celebe. Combat of Greeks and Amazons. Third style. … Bacchus with a thyrsus, another Faun, and two Msenades … iharus, and a vine-

508

great gods of Olympus combating the giants—driving his … to give birth to Minerva ; Neptune, Mercury, Mars, and … the combat of Hector, assisted by ^Eneas, against Ajax; … of the loftiest peaks of the Apennines. And an amphora,

509

more rare than the. upright vases, and not inferior in … he falls.5 The Eape of Proserpine ; the King of Shades … sacrifice him.7 Theseus binding the bull of Marathon.8 … Several specimens of the curious goblets, painted with … But more common on those of Magna 1 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXVII.

510

warrior galloping,—Mercury and Bacchus,—warriors,— … On the shelves towards the windows are more of … straight horns. Combats of Greeks and Trojans. The … the waves; outside the vase is the Death of Hector.5 … 2 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXVII. 2. Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXII; and so … 4 Mus. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXIII. 1. like one of the crooks, represented in the

511

shows that the vase was a present of affection to some … amphora from his queen.1 A third vase of the same … would Minerva avail her ; and her own peculiar patroness,

512

on a couch of masonry, and wakes to find the fauns have … bossed with reliefs—like the round bucklers of the heroic … feet long, 2 ft. 3 in. wide, and about 5 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XV. 1, XVI- … of men, lions, sphinxes, dogs, and

513

with reliefs of rampant lions. It was an incense-burner, … On the walls hang a number of small disks, some with … retaining, it is said, its lining of wood, and braces of … shown in the annexed wood-cut; and

514

candelabra, of elegant form and fanciful conception, where … between 3 and 4 feet. They invariably … formed by the bodies of three human … and the bowl above has often little birds

515

Near the bier is a votive statue of a boy, with a bulla … nating below in lions' paws, resting on frogs, and decorated … above, not in a bowl but in a number of Mus. Greg. I. tav. XLIII. 4. … page 204), or, it may be, of a warrior their sockets are hollow. Bull. Inst, … Most of them are from Vulci, but they 6 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LVI.

516

—borders of flowers, and elegant Greek patterns, and the … sarcophagi at Palestrina, the ancient Prseneste, in Latium; … On them still lie the curious tongs, shovel, and poker, … Professor Gerhard in his Etruskische were those of the female bath and toilet. … attaching to their purpose, or owing to British Museum, bearing the subject of

517

wheels, and terminate in serpents' heads ; the shovel's … At one end of the room is a war-chariot— … The body alone is ancient—the pole and … On the shelves, and in the glass-cases in … U 5. great taste and elegant fancy of the … Vol. I., and Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XLVII.

518

implements — ladles of various forms-—culenders or … worthy of notice. One is … tunic without sleeves, and a loose pallium with broad … represent Minerva in her character of

519

of the Etruscan aruspew. It was found in a tomb by … Plates of bronze with reliefs, the decorations, probably, of … lightly graven on them, and as the bronze is often much … the body of her son Memnon. She might well be taken … figure is illustrated by some of the 1839, p. 122) would rather attribute … where there was a college of Etruscan

520

Vulci.1 These relieved mirrors are of great rarity. … "Nethuns" (Neptune), "Usil" (Phoebus), and "Thesan" … 1 This is usually styled Aurora and the chariot-race. Mus. Gregor. I. tav. … Abeken, Mittelitalien, taf. VII. 6 It has been doubted if the name of … supposed to be the sign of victory in tav. XXIV.

521

(Venus) and "Laran" in conversation before an Ionic … than some of the foregoing.—Vulci.1 … grace in the female is contrasted with the spirit of the … name of the sitting figure is by some 4 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. XXXV. 2.

522

Coins—weights—small bulls and other figures in bronze, … idols or lares of black earthenware, found around the bier … They are formed of cases of … strength with lightness ; and if … 8 A facsimile of the inscription is

523

Vulci; and they are not the sole specimens of such articles … and, save that the silver is dimmed and tarnished, it is just … these relics of a long past world.2 Can Egypt, Babylon, … greater part of these articles were the produce of a single … 1 ^nfig. 1 is shown the upper part of 2 Mrs. Hamilton Gray states that "a … '•lustrations of another pair of such of the society, and excelled the chefs- … XVII. 9. They are now in the posses- chres of Etruria, p. 272.

524

with twelve bands of figures—sphinxes, goats, pegasi, … The great variety of necklaces, brooches, rings for the … 3 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LXXXII. None of them in this Museum, though … 4 Mus. Gregor. I. tav. LXXXIV. table one in the possession of Thomas … 6 Ut supra, p. 50. Mus. Gregor. I. which was found at Vulci, and has … LXXIV. LXXVIII—LXXXI. One of in the possession of Cavalier Campana

525

are all in imitation of garlands of leaves—oak, laurel, … ' For illustrations of these beautiful first who imitated leaves in gold and … ronse Etruscse" which the Romans mean that Crassus was the first of the … decorate heroes in their triumphs. Plin. gance; for Pliny speaks of these Etrus-

526

tions. One is in the shape of a house or temple, with … are here represented. But the tomb of Vulci is utterly … 3 Vol I. pp. 281—288. Only a part 8 These paintings are of the size of

527

pottery — weightier matters of Etruscan art. A flat … through a small chamber, where stands a tall and very … inaccurate, and sometimes omitted; and, seems from the termination to refer to … cayed, or from the imagination of the … Page 451 of Vol. I. Mus. Gregor. I.

528

united by two spheres, and covered with reliefs, in no less … the collection of Etruscan antiquities in the possession … tion to the Cavaliere is requisite, and he will appoint a … a great number and variety of terra-cotta figures—statuette,

529

selecti, so to speak, though not all are the great rulers of … are now known to the world through the publications of … in a chariot borne off by Paris ; and again brought back … neither are worth having, says the proverb. The son of

530

ashes, with toga-wrapt figures on the lids, and the oft-told … The most beautiful specimens of Etruscan plastics in … with reliefs of archaic figures; one still containing the … 1 There is a similar figure in the s A head of terra-cotta with four or … infants were not burnt by the ancients, at Ruvo, and probably served the same

531

representing Triptolemus on his winged car, and Ceres by … tions in Greek characters, but in an unknown tongue; and … Passeri thought this colouring was with balsam, and those still quite pel-

532

heads in terra-cotta ; some, portraits of Etruscan females,

533

blue and variegated glass.3 But the most marvellous spe- … Here is a bier of bronze, composed of lattice-work— … ancient tombs in the East, in Egypt, in principally at Vulci and Toscanella. … Italy. The estimation in which they other jewellery of this collection, see

534

almost the counterpart of that from the great tomb of … of Hercules; and several elegant candelabra—one sur- … which a little Typhon of approved ugliness, bearded,

535

other smaller collections of Etruscan antiquities. The

Index

537

Puntone del Castrato, ii. 9; on the tomb of … 499; death of, 500, 510; pursuing Troilus, … Admetus and Alcestis, vase of, i. Ixxxix., xc. … -iEneas, scenes of his deeds, ii. 18; on Etruscan … Agylla, see Cjere, and Cervetri … tombs of Caere, ii. 35,38; on Castiglion Ber- … ii. 39; in urns of Volterra, 169 … Alatri, postern of, ii. 122, 276; bastion of, 272 … 225; resembles those of Lycia and Phrygia, … walls of a tomb, 137 … Alsium, Pelasgic origin of, ii. 69; villas at, 70; … Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, on Etruscan urns, ii. … Anitianse, quarries of, i. 208; similar stone from … Antemnae, site of, i. 64 … of, on the Palatine, Ixix.; at Piombino, ii.

538

Arch, date of its invention, i. Ixiv.; ii. 47 ; prac- … Arezzo, inns of, ii. 418; its walls, three times … Arm-chairs of rock, in tombs, ii. 34, 35, 59, 381 … Arpinum, walls of, i. 107 … Arringatore, or Orator, statue of the, ii. 103 … Artena, site of, lost, ii. 63 … Aspendus, theatre of, i. 208 … Babe, swaddled, figure of, ii. 203, 530; bodies … Bacucco, Le Casacce di, i. 202; site of Aquas … ------delle Serpi, ruins of, i. 202 … Baldelli, on the tombs of Cortona, ii. 317, 449 … Bargagli, Cav. Etruscan urns of, ii. 405 … Baths, ancient, i. 230, 244, 274; ii. 3, 19, 26, … Benches of rock in tombs, i. 54, 130, 223, 272; … Birds in the hands of female statues, i. 423; ii. … Boar-hunts of Etruria, i. 284, 336; ii. 88,185 … Bolsena, roads to, i, 501, 514; not the site of

539

Bolsena, Lake of, an extinct crater, i. 514; float- … Borselli, Dr. vases of, ii. 407 … Bracciano, not the site of Sabate, i. 273 … Braccio, Tuscan, its agreement with ancient … Breastplate of gold, ii. 50, 51, 524 … Brickwork, imitation of, in Grotta Sergardi, ii. … copies of paintings in Etruscan tombs, 290, … bronze cista, 516; vase of the Hesperides, i. … Bronze vases, varieties of, ii. 518 … Bucci, Signer, excavations of, ii. 3; Ms shop at … the walls of Rusellse, ii. 249 … Bust of an Etruscan lady, i. 423 … most common on urns of terra-cotta, 346 … fagi, 39; Grotta dell' Alcova, 40; Tomb of … Calpis, form of the, i. xcv.; ii. 490 … Campagna, delights of the, i. 48, 65, 73, 153; … Caere, 57; his collection of Etruscan anti- … den, 442; tomb in it, 443; the family of, … Canina, on the invention of the arch, i. lxv.;

540

on the theatre of Ferento, 207; on the site … Cantharus, form of, i. xcvii; sacred to Bacchus, … Capena, history of, i. 173 j name is Etruscan, … Capital of Paris and Helen, i. 429, 451 … amphitheatre of, 97; vases of, sought by … Carthage, alliance of Etruscans with, i. lviii. … tions, 236; discovery of, 238; the ancient … Castel Giubileo, site of Fidenae, i. 66, 69 … Castiglione Bernard!, pretended site of Vetulonia, … Catania, theatre of, i. 99 … Ceisi, tomb of the, at Perugia, ii. 481 … Cemeteries, Etruscan, position of, i. 34; ii. 56; … Cetona, an Etruscan site, ii. 401; collection of … 206; origin of, 206; never drawn on mirrors, … and attributes, 195, 206 ; his attendants, 68, … Cheeses of Etruria, ii. 82 … collection of Signor Casuccini, 411; origin of … Chimera, Etruscan, ii. 345; figure of, in bronze, … 375; Tomb of the Vigna Grande, 378 ; Poggio … defence of Arretium, 420

541

Ciminus, Laeus, i. 189; legends of, 190 … Cincius, an ancient antiquary, i. 510 … Cisra, native name of Casre, ii. 22, 328 … great size of the ancient city, 119, 128; erro- … Civita Veechia, an ancient port, ii. 1; Roman … Clytemnestra, death of, on Etruscan urns, ii. 97, … Coins of Pisce, ii. 89; of Luna, 81; of Fsesulse, … Colle, alphabetical tomb of, ii. 137 … Cone, sepulchral, of rock, i. 202, 240, 271, 351 … Corinth, vases of, i. 356, 357; sought by the … Cortona, ii. 432; ancient legends of its origin, … Cortuosa, i. 276; and Contenebra, 279, 378 … Cotyliskos, form of, i. c. … Crater, form of, i. xcvi. … Creston, name of Cortona, ii. 439 … Cumere, family of, ii. 406 … Cupid and Psyche, in an Etruscan tomb, i. 321;

542

Curule-chairs, of Etruscan origin, ii. 187; in … 280;—cities, 121, 123, 271;—application of … Dancing, philosophy of, i. 295 … cippi of Chiusi, ii. 340, 353; of Perugia, 462; … Dempster on the Twelve Cities, i. xxix.; on … of anatomy displayed in, 337 … invention of, xxxiii., 339; Achilles and Ajax … Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the origin of the … Dirce, myth of, on an Etrusean urn, ii. 403 … Dogs, ancient mode of quieting, ii. 234 … Drapery, mode of representing, i. 292 … of ostriches, painted and carved, i. 420 … 421; ii. 8, 59, 72, 442; cabinet of, i. 420; … 240; iron of, 237, 240; antiquities of, 240 … 78; geological features, i. xxviii.; Twelve cities … calendar, xxxix.; language, xliii.; traces of … of, Ivii., lix.; literature, lvii.; science, lviii.;

543

racter and analogies, xxxix.—xliii.; public … tiberine people evident in names of places, … decoration of furniture, ii. 379; in wings of … Fablt, heroism of the, i. 28; slaughter of, 6, 29; … EffisuL^:, walls of, ii. 119; pavement, 121; … Falerii, history of, i. 41,140; inhabited by an … Faliscus, Ager, beauties of, i. 153: produce … Fanum VoLTimNJB, seat of the national con- … Farnese, inn at, i. 463; antiquity of, 463; quar- … Ferentinum, of Etrnria, i. 203; ancient temple … Feronia, town of, i. 180 … Fiano, the ancient FlaviEium, i. 182 … Flask of bronze from Cosa, ii. 519 … Florence, antiquity of, ii. 93; peopled from … Forum of Augustus, i. 88,137 … Frontlets of gold, ii. 532 … Funeral feasts of the ancients, i. 294. See

544

Furniture, with representations of animal life, … Galiana, tomb of the beautiful, i. 198, 200 … Gates, three in Etruscan cities, i. 89; double, … lxxxviii.; on the tombs of Tarquinii, 286,291, … Gladiatorial combats, of Etruscan origin, i. 95; … on lamps, 443, 477; emblem of the moon, … Gray, Mrs. Hamilton, i. 230; on the tombs of … Greek cubit, said to be the scale of some Etrus- … Hair, mode of wearing, i. 422, 423 … Hand-mills, invention of, i. 507 … Heads of terra-cotta, i. 450; ii. 102, 493, 497, … Henzen, Dr., his explanation of an inscription … tending for file tripod, 505; with the boar of … Hoare, Sir R. C, on the walls of Orbetello, ii.

545

Hydria, form of the, i. xcv. … as the site of Vetulonia, 214; on the pretended … furniture, i. 60 ; cut on the facades of tombs, … reliefs, 107; on sarcophagi and urns, i. 446 ; … 412, 426, 475; found in the north of Italy, i. … and Styria, i. xxxiv. … Iron of Elba, ii. 237 … Isola Farnese, i. 3; not the arx of Veii, 34, 42; … 141;" temple of, at Veu, 9, 10, 33; at … be confounded with Lasse, 68. See Genii and … 332; on the tombs of Tarquinii, 328, 331, 332; … Koppa, on vases of Etruria, ii. 55, 63 … --------— at Volterra, ii. 166; in the tomb of … Lajard, M., on the scenes in the tombs of Tar- … Lamps, Etruscan, i. Isix.; ii. 106 ; of Cortona,

546

La Pellegrina, painted tomb of, ii. 378 … Lateran Museum, relief with the devices of … Lecne, tomb of the, i. 503 … Lepaste, form of the, i. xcviii. … 251; decorations of tumuli, ii. 395 … not one of the Twelve, 79; local remains, 80, … Lydia, the mother-country of Etruria, i. xxxii., … Maccarese, Torre di, site of Fregense, ii. 76 … Magna Graecia, tombs of, i. 39; vases of, i. … Manducus, effigy of, ii. 207 … Manzi and Fossati, excavations of, i. 216, 355, 382 … population and climate, 222—3; produce, … Maritime power of Etruria, i. lvii., 220, 329 ; ii. … of the Volsmian lake, i, 515; ancient cloaca … 285; sometimes independent of, 286; ancient … Massa, h\ 217; not the site of Vetulonia, 217 … Meleager, statue of, ii. 7 … 206; statue of, 104; in terracotta, 4iH>»

547

labours and death, 134 … statue of, in the Uffizi, ii. 104; on Panathe- … Modena, ancient tombs and relies at, i. xxxv.; … of the, 378 … can relics at, 413; manna of, 414; roads to, … ---------Falterona, bronzes of, i. 459; ii. 107, 112 … Monsters, guardians of sepulchres, i. 338 … Mosul, coloured sculpture of, i. 290 … ^ller, on the Twelve Cities, i. xxix.; on the … larchon and Tyrrhenus, 372; on Demaratus, … Mure, Col., on the site of Pisa, ii. 87 … archaic ctppit 333; sarcophagus of the … cylices, 509; bronzes, 2, 512; armour and … canopi, 356; pottery and bronzes, 357 … Museums, Etruscan, of Arrezzo, ii. 424; of … Mycence, Treasury of, ii. 46, 49; walls of, 280 … 510; in the hands of Etruscan deities, lv., 510, … Nethuns, Etruscan name of Neptune, i. liv.; … Etruscan, 376; on the legend of Demaratus,

548

Niobides, sarcophagus of the, i. 448 ; its value, … of, 510; equivalent to Atropos, 510 … Nuraghe of Sardinia, ii. 47, 62, 160; described, … GEnarea, rebellious slaves of, i. 518; thought to … CEnochoe, form of, i. xcvii. … walls, 264; tombs, 265; origin of name, 266; … Oriental analogies of Etruscan monuments, i. … Orpheus and Eurydiee, tomb of, ii. 383 … Orvteto, not the site of Volsinii, i. 508; roads … Osinius, king of CTusium, ii. 328 … Ottieri, Count, collection of, it 359 … vases, 53, 301, 328, 343; like the frescoes of … Palo, the site of Alsium, ii. 69; inn, 74; shore … Paolozzi, Giardino, the Acropolis of Clusium, … Pasquinelli, Signor, discoverer of an Etruscan … Patera, form of, i. xcviii.; for libations, i. 444 … Pediments, marks of dignity, i. 251 … Pelasgi, first conquerors of Etruria, i. xxxi.; … mes, 123; masonry of, 12, 13, 29, 284, 285; … Peleus and Thetis, on a vase, ii. 116; on a … Peris, tomb of the, ii. 377 … gates, i. 15 ; ii. 459; Arch of Augustus, 460; … Perusia, antiquity of, ii. 468; history of, 459,

549

Petroni, tomb of the, ii. 485 … of, 64, 478 … Piazza d' Armi, the Arx of Veii, i. 7, 42; … Pigmies and Cranes on a vase, ii. 116 … Pine-woods of old on the coast of Italy, i. 395; … of, i. 220 … remains of antiquity, 473; inn, 472, 476; … Pliny's description of the Vadhnonian lake, i. … the tomb of Porsena, 400 … ---------Eenzo, painted tomb of, ii. 378 … Polimartium, supposed name of the ancient … J- 9; at Pyrgi, 11; materials of, 12; at Vol- … Pomegranate in the hands of female statues, ii. … Ponte della Badia, i. 398 ; singularity of, 400 ; … Pons Sublicius, of wood, i. 18, 401 … the events of it are legendary, ii. 329; in what … to the Cucumella of Vulci, and the tomb of … Porta all'Arco, ii. 146; antiquity of, 147; three … Portraits of the deceased, painted in tombs, i. … Ports of Etmria : Graviscas, i. 387 ; Pyrgi, ii. … Priam, death of, on an Etruscan urn, ii. 406 … captives, 467 ; of priests, 348

550

Puntone del Castrato, ancient town and necro- … Etruria, ii. 416; ii. 59, 389; in the tomb of … Quadriga, of Veil, i. 57; in triumphs, introduced … 363, 369, 379; institution of, 24 … -----■— of women, ii. 501 … Ravenna, probably of Etruscan origin, i. xxvi; … and jewellery, 50, 524; terra-cotta figures, … Repetti, on Massa, ii. 218; on the battle of … Rhyta, form of, i. xeix.; ii 94, 351, 511 … ---------ancient, or causeway, i. 393 … Roire, size of, i. 19; rebuilt, with, the ruins of … Roman house, resemblance of an Etruscan tomb … Ruggieri of Viterbo, i. 212, 215, 229 … RtiSELLas, site of, ii. 247 j walls of, 248; not … Ruspi, on the tombs of Tarquinii, i. 297, 298; … Sacrifice, relief of a, i. 511; ii. 526; painting of … Salii, their rites, i. 81; dances of, 295; ii. 365; … Salt-works, ancient, at the mouth of the Tiber, … San Cornelio, ancient city at, ii. 428 ; probably … San Martino, site of Capena, i. 183 … San Silvestro, ancient city at, i. 160; convent of, … Santa Severa, site of Pyrgi, ii. 11 … nella, 444; that of the Mobides, 448; at Caere, … Saetbaso, supposed site of Camars, ii. 331,407; … 313; ancient polygonal walls of, 309; Bagno

551

antiquity of, 318; and of the walls, 319 … Scyphus, form of the, i. xcviii. … Sepulture, modes of, i. 38; Etruscan — not … Sergardi, Grotta, ii. 449; furniture of, 452 … their sacred character among other ancient na- … 67; symbols of volcanic powers, 183; of … Sethlans, Etruscan name of Vulcan, i. Hi.; ii. … sewerage of Etruscan cities, i. lix. … marzo, t 224; ii. 513; form of Etruscan, i. … Sicily, tombs of, i. 39; pits of, 121; ii. 61; … Silvanus, an Etruscan god, i. liv.; grove of, ii. … Slaves in Etruria, i. xlviii; insurrection of, … by warriors, 285; passage of, 53, 313, 362, … Stamnos, form of, i. xcv. … quarries of, 467 ; Lake of, 467,469; wine of, … 530; in stone, i. lxxt; of females, 422 ; ii.

552

Steub, on the relation of Rhsetia to Etruria, i. … Stracciacappa, lake of, i. 84 … Superstition of the ancients, i. 33 … Sutbi, i. 86; history of, 90; ancient proverb … scimetars, ii. 478; in the hand of a figure on … Syracuse, sepulchres of, i. 38, 263; ii. 157, 312 ; … Tages, legend of, i. lv., 373; supposed statue of, … comparative antiquity of these tombs, i. 344 … Tarquinius Priscus, his conquest of Etruria … Temples, on heights, i. 520; and on Arces, 520; … Terrosi, Cavaliere, collection of, ii. 402 … Theatres, antiquity of, in Italy, i. 95; of Falleri, … 406; most common on those of terra-cotta, … Thephri, Etruscan form of Tibris, ii. 481 … Thrasymene, Eake of, ii. 455; battle of, 455; … Tiber, vale of the, i. 171,214; probably an Etrus- … mirrors, ii. 520, 521; the name of a family, … Toga, origin of the, i. xlii.; received by the Ro- … arch, 376, 441, 488; with trench and ram-

553

fanation of, 102, 118, 157, 268, 316, 359, … 416; Greek, 347; ii. 46; of Greek priests, 51 … of, 423 … Torques of gold, i. xxxiv.; ii. 532 … ---------■ Nuova, site of Algse, ii. 3 … Toscanella, inn, i.'441; the Campanari and their … Towers, i. 133—138; ii. 125; of Cosa, 272; … 266, 323. See Cities … 286 ; of Saturnia, 319 ; in the Cyclopean walls … Triclinium, the only ancient painting of, ii. 37 … 188; description of, by Appian, agreeing with … Troy, Scsean gates of, i. 15; war of, shown on … 513; invention of, i. xxxiii., xli. … Saturnia, 315 ; of Poggio Gajella, at Chiusi, … Tuscan order of architecture, i. lxi.; illustrated … Twelve Cities of the Etruscan Confederation— … ------------tomb of the, see TAEaraNn—Grotta … Tyrrhenus, legend of, i. xxxiii., 372 … Umbri, the earliest inhabitants of Etruria, i. … Umrana, family of, ii. 374 … form of statues, ii. 336,337, 396; in the form of … painted and gilt, 159, 171, 342, 346, 372, 403, … Vadimonian Lake, battles of, i. 167, 170, 380; … Valerius Antias, his legend of the Thrasymene,

554

Varro, description of the tomb of Lars Porsena, … "Attic," lxxx., Ixxxviii.; of the Decadence, … antiquity of, i. Ixxxix., 425; of Yeii, fix the … with wreaths, 366; king of, ii. 99, 115, 350; … Veii, site of,i. 2 ; walls, 5, 7,15 ; gates, 5, 7,11, … Velimnas, Etruscan form of Volumnius, ii. 473; … ---------Aphacitis, shrine and lake of, ii. Ill … Vermilion, the conventional hue of rank and … Verulae, sewers of, ii. 276 … 299; history of, 299; insignia of empire de- … Visconti, on the hut-urns of the Alban Mount, … Vitorchiano, singular privilege of, i. 210; … Yolaterr^, one of the Twelve, i. xxviii; ii. 143; … 153; urns of, in the Campo Santo at Pisa, ii. … 204; warrior in relief, 202; position of the … 156; Grotta de' Mar mini, 157; tomb of the … Volsinh, history of, i. 504; its castles, 503; … Volumnius, or Volnius, a writer of Etruscan … 480; the Velimnas family, 480; date of the

555

grand bridge and aqueduct, 399; site of the … beat their breasts and tore their flesh, i. … ■--------■ in the amphitheatre of Sutri, i. 99 … 101, 116; on the lamp of Cortona, 443; on … arched roofs, i. lsiv; his description of a … Wines of Etruria, i. 25, 395, 467, 502 ; ii. 20, 82 … 287, 293; rouged, 293; modesty of, 293; … Xanthus, the historian of Lydia, i. xsxiii. … Yucatan, pseudo-arches of, ii. 47; fascinum

556

BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

Errata in vol. II

557

516, note 7, line 3 from the end, for " There is one of these easkets in the British Museum,

Mr. Murray's list of new works just published

L01

LIST OF NEW WORKS

L02

Mr. Murray's List of … " I know of no such near and intimate picture of the interior of a court. No other … FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF LORD ELDON IN 1838. … " A work of sterling merit—one of very great labour, of richly diversified interest, and, … much applause from the candid among the learned, as well as from the curious of the … Author of the " Mechanism of the Heavens," " Connexion of the Physical Sciences," &c. … PORTUGAL AND GALICIA. … Forming a Volume of Mtirray's " Some and Colonial Library"

L03

Hew and Important Works just Published. … A NEW HISTORY OF GREECE. … " As Mr. Grote's subject advances in interest, so does he in the manifestations of the … LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD OLIVE. … " It was Lord Byron, we believe,—in one of his letters to Mr. Murray—who requested … CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LITERATURE OF THE

L04

Mr. Murray's List of … Forming a volume of Mr. Murray's " Home and Colonial Library." … passports and cartas de securidad, which create as reverential a consternation as Paul … PROVINCES OF CHINA. … Second Edition. Plates and Woodcuts. 8vo. 15*. … LIFE OF LORD SIDMOUTH.

L05

Mew and Important Works just Published. … " The review of these two Schools (Spanish and French), is so clear and concise, that we … A RESIDENCE AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE; … " This volume conveys to the reader a more true and lively presentation of the external … " The statesman who may be called upon to discuss or decide upon the public affairs of … BOSWELL'S LIFE OF JOHNSON. … " This is a new and thoroughly revised edition of'Boswell,' in one octavo volume. The … ENGLISH MISRULE AND IRISH MISDEEDS. … " From the times of Bolingbroke or Burke—since statesmen first sought to move the

L06

A NEW VERSION, PURIFIED AND ADAPTED FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. … " The literary object of this edition is to present a better and less coarse translation of … By Authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. … SPECIMENS OF SWEDISH AND GERMAN POETRY, … SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN ART. … " Here is a book whose very title is attractive, and the name of whose author is a … But we honour and hail his artistic enthusiasm : and we think that the public owe to him

L07

New and Important Works just Published. … Author of " Over-Population and its Remedy." … Translated, under the care of Lieut. Col. Sabine. … A GUIDE TO THE REGULATION OF BUILDINGS

L08

New and Important Works just Published. … " Mr. Jesse has added so much more of a various and desultory character to the results … The Financial and Commercial Crisis. … Thoughts on the Principles of Tax- … or Relief to Landlords and Labourers held … English Misrule and Irish Misdeeds. … against the removal of the remaining … of the People. … On the Crisis and the Currency. … Adventures of a £1000 note; or,

L09

LIST OF NEW WORKS … Researches and Discoveries in Ancient Assyria. … With Map, and Numerous Illustrations of Sculpture and other Remains. … memoir on Kuzistan evinces great power of observation, enlarged activity, and … bears the traditionary name of Nimroud. It occupies a large amount of artificial … AND WALES.

L10

Mr. Murray's List of … DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO; … Map, Plans, and Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. … This is the only translation pullisJied v/n&er the sanction of the Avthor.

L11

THE LETTERS AND JOURNALS OF THE LATE … A HISTORY OF POTTERY AID PORCELAIN, … HAND-BOOK OF LONDON, PAST AND PRESENT. … Tim Work, which is arranged alphabetically, will fwrnish extended notices of— … AND TAVERNS. … THE WARDS OF LONDON. … By Authority of Her Majesty's Government. … Collected from Public Libraries in Italy, France, and Belgium; with Introductions, and Notes.

L12

12 Mr. Murray's list of … ON MANY OF THE LEADING DOCTEINES AND DUTIES TAUGHT … BY THE HON. AND REV. GEORGE PELLEW, D.D. … OUTLINES OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. … ture, a work which, in a concise, cheap, and readable form, does not at present exist— … Forming a Number of Murray's " Home and Colonial Library."

L13

A PERPETUAL POCKET BOOK FOR ALL CLASSES AND AGES. … UNIFORM WITH SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. … Dictionary of Lempriere, avoiding its errors, supplying its deficiencies, and exhibiting hi … FROM THE MSS. EXISTING AT DUBLIN, PARIS, GRENOBLE, ZURICH, AND LYONS. … HISTORIES OF ROME AND GREECE,

L14

OF ALL LIVING OFFICERS, FROM THE RANK OF ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET TO THAT OF … THE WORKS OF HORACE. … THE MONUMENTS OF NINEVEH. … It is proposed to publish a Selection from the Drawings made by Mr. Layard, of … The Engravings will be accompanied by short descriptions of the Monuments.

Jame's edition of Aesop's fables

L15

JAMES'S EDITION OF /ESOP'S FABLES. … Purified and rendered available for Schools and Families. … ADDRESS JO INSTRUCTORS OF YOUTH. … practice of the English Fabulists, who have generally diluted the spirit of the … It is hoped that the book, stamped with the wisdom, of more than twenty … " The present Edition ia remarkable for the clearness and conciseness with which each tale is narrated ;

L16

JAMES'S EDITION OF v"ESOP*S FABLES.

OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

274

COSA.

[chap. XI.VII.

other hand it may be said, that this rectangular masonry-
is but the natural finishing off of the polygonal, just as the
latter generally runs into the horizontal at angles, as may
be observed in the gates and towers of this same city.6

Prom the ramparts you may perceive that the walls
fall back in some degree, though never so much as in a
modern revStement, but the towers are perpendicular on
every side, save in a few cases where the masonry is
dislocated, and they topple over.7

Of gates there is the orthodox number of three ; one in
the centre of the northern, southern, and eastern walls of
the city respectively.8 They are well worthy of attention,
all of them being double, like the two celebrated gateways
of Volterra, though without even the vestige of an arch.
The most perfect is that in the eastern wall, which is
represented in the woodcut at the head of this chapter.9

6 These features are shown in the
woodcut at the head of this Chapter,
which represents the eastern gate of
Cosa. The masonry, though decidedly
polygonal, appears in the door-post of
the gate to be rectangular. In the
fragment of walling to the left, the
blocks are polygonal below, and regular
above, or at least laid in horizontal
courses. The manner in which small
pieces were fitted into the interstices
is also shown. But the peculiarities of
the masonry are not so striking in this,
as in many other portions of the forti-
fications. It was selected from several
sketches, as illustrative also of the gate.
On this side of the city the masonry is
smaller than on the others. The largest
of the blocks in the woodcut is not
more than 4 feet square, and the height
of the wall is only 15 or 16 feet.

7 The bastion and round tower of
Norba, on the contrary, narrow up-
wards considerably.

8 There may have been a postern in

the south-eastern angle of the walls, at
the spot marked 2 in the Plan. Sir R.
C. Hoare also thought he could perceive
four gates; and he speaks of four ancient
roads. Classical Tour, I. p. 58.

9 Its entrance is about 12 feet wide,
but the passage within is double that in
width and 28 feet long ; the inner gate
is no longer standing, though indications
of it are traceable. The depth of the
outer doorposts, or in other words the
thickness of the wall, is 7 feet, 8 inches.
Gateways on a similar plan are found
in the Cyclopean cities of Latium—the
Porta di S. Francesco at Alatri, and
the Porta Cassamara at Ferentino for
instance ; the latter however is proba-
bly of Roman construction.

The gates of Cosa, unlike those of
Volterra, do not exemplify the precepts
of Vitruvius (I. 5), that the road to a
gateway should be so arranged, that the
approaching foe should have his right
side, or that unprotected by his shield,
open to the attacks of the besieged.

Annotationen

Letzte Aktualisierung 30.10.2023 © Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg Impressum