Edwards, Amelia B.: Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers (New York, NY, 1892)

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Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

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Edwards, Amelia B.
Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers — New York, NY, 1892

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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.5538#0137

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Preface

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subjects recently delivered in the United States of America. "While

Contents

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … mound—Objects likely to be found in Egyptian mounds—Exploration … Extreme antiquity of the ancient Egyptian monarchy — The FlorsJicsti, or … ses"—The Hebrews in the Land of Goshen—Tell Abu Suleiman identi-

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in Tahpanhes "—Discovery of the brick-work, or pavement, mentioned … PORTRAIT PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … —The same errors common to early art in all the nations of antiquity … scription of Sankhara in the Valley of Hammamat—The Greeks in … cal Ethiopian—The tomb of Hui—The Sardinian in Egyptian art—The

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cartonuage and painted canvas—Painting in Egypt in the time of Ha- … in these portraits—Egyptian names of Greek and Roman settlers—Se- … lotus-bud necklace of Etruria an ancient Egyptian design—Antiquity of … Our interest in the past history of the human race—Great value of the art … in the Great Temple of Luxor—Association of the Ka with the " ankh "

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raohs of the two Ramesside dynasties—Art of portraiture in wood, as … Egypt—The "Hanebu"—The Danasans in the time of Thothmes III.— … Nile—The lotus in nature and the lotus in art—The conventional lotus

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lotus pattern in Greek goldsmith's work—Various religious conceptious … dencies of the ancient Egyptians—Great antiquity of papyrus as a writ- … of Thothmes HI.—The heroic poem of Pentaur—This poem composed in … poem—Its reproduction on the walls of various great temples in Egypt—

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—Immense antiquity of the ancient Egyptian alphabet—This alphabet … —Part played by the human figure in the hieroglyphic system—The … words in European languages—Ancient name of Egypt in hieroglyphs

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pean museums in demotic documents—Classification of the three writ- … able route taken by the exploring squadron—The ancient canal in the … in these tableaux; the procession from the ships, the procession of wel-

List of illustrations

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A Canal in the Delta. [From a photograph by Mr. AY. M. F. Petrie.] . 3 … Cellar in the House of Bakakhiu. [From a drawing by -Air. Tristram

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Ancient Egyptian Pen-drawing. [From a vignette in a funerary-

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A Village in Punt. [From Mariette's Deir-d-Bahari.]......282 … Tributaries of Punt Walking in Procession to the Temple of Amen. … Sacrifice in the Temple of Amen. [From Mariette's Deir-d-Bahari.] . 294

I: The explorer in Egypt

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … of Egypt. Our knowledge of how men lived and thought in

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Egypt Exploration Fund was indebted, in 1883, for liberty … immense population of the Nile Valley in the times of the … The late Dr. Birch—a cautious man, and the last man in

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in common graves; but even … sam" in Sir Thomas … raced cliffs that hem in the Nile to east and west, and the … adornments were discovered in 1881,

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the face of the country, and thickest of all in the Delta. They … and yonder, a mile or so off in the midst of the cotton-fields, … trict of the Delta, if modelled in relief, might be taken for a

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mixed with a little chopped straw, and dried in the sun. The … of brown clay, which crumble slowly away in dry weather, … foundation. In a country subject to annual inundation this … mound in particular, but that it applies, in a general sense, … down by the inundation of the Nile, and in the course of

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modern town and village in the Delta rests on a sandy emi- … rounded bj' rich pastures in winter and summer, and by tur- … or their descendants enclose that altar in a little mud-built … cos, colonnades, gate-ways, obelisks, and statues in such num- … temple covers an area as large as St. Peter's at Rome. In … elevation that the temple actually stands in a deep hollow

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painted columns, and the ground begins to rise in and … pigeons, and vermin. Thus, in process of time, the whole

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predict what may be found in it. Let us now excavate this … perhaps, in an earthen jar, in the evil days of religious per- … Next below this, in strata of the Greek period, he would … foreign conquest, in the form of Persian and Assyrian tab- .

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ied in the heart of our mound be forgotten — a temple of … links of history. Some would be found in one mound, and … Memphis, inscribed potsherds in Nubia, scraps of beautiful … an ancient burial-ground, or mound, or ruined temple in … The Yalley of the Nile is, in short, one great museum, of

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awakens an echo in some dark vault or corridor, untrodden … Here his quick eye notes a depression in the soil, and be-

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children with baskets in which to carry away the rubbish. … has had nothing to eat since seven o'clock in the morning, … in state, just as they left him there three thousand years ago,

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"Cased in cedar and wrapped in a sacred gloom; … family of the deceased, restoring some lost link in a royal … ous tombs.* In Lower Egypt, his work assumes a quite dif-

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … the spot selected for excavation being the site of the great pylon gate-way in ad-

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It may be in a district so thinly populated that the work- … in the month of February, 18S6, they literally landed on an … Nor could they be said, meanwhile, to have lived in the lap … earthen divan, under which the rats burrowed in legions, ran … Like many places in Egypt, modern as well as ancient, this

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. 17 … from about the period of the Twentieth Djmasty. In later … tions of the same ground might be traced. In some of these

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scarabs, etc., were also turned up in considerable numbers. … rus," whose legendary birthplace was in these Delta marsh- … reward in personal discomfort, and sometimes even in actual

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Tell Nebesheh. Here the mounds were hemmed in between … This mound, excavated by M. Naville in 1887, gives an excellent idea of a mound … mere lentils, and in default of any shelter from the burning

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in the town was the heaviest, so he who took the heaviest … life easily when not on duty in the diggings, that the temple … comes in: this takes perhaps one hour and a half. He then … in the act and dismisses him, separates gossips, copies inscrip- … was to burn a night-light and shoot them. Now to lie in

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The great field of archaeological exploration in Egypt is … Two of the great trenches cut by Mr. Petrie are visible in tlie illustration, one at … reap a harvest from it must clear it. dig it, and put in a

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of life he is wont to lead when engaged in the work of ex- … in a tent, and that he spends his time in " discovering things." … the " things " in question; but they, at all events, conceive … needed in the mere selection of a site for excavation; of the … In the first place, the explorer in Egypt must have a fair … have lately been found in large numbers at Tell el Amarna,

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Ernest Gardner at Naukratis, in the Eastern Delta. Fraer- … rus in most beautiful uncial … cut off and laid in a thick coil … was buried with her in the grave. Her head and her beau- … value in surveying sites and determining ancient levels.

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the sum of man's achievement in those arts and handicrafts … chapter, which must always be in a state of transition, may … abolition of the ancient religion in the latter half of the

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … The plan is reduced from Mr. Petrie's large plate in "Naukratis," Part I., and

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years, sought for it in vain, and given up the quest in de- … returned in 1885, when he made one of the most important

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … posits, as also those discovered by M. Xaville at Tell Qarmus, are in the British … leaves in Vallombrosa," proved on examination to be even

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fragments of archaic vases painted in black and crimson on … statuettes in limestone and alabaster; pottery and limestone … cotta statuettes, and small objects of various kinds in green … with an inscription in honor of one Ileliodorus, a citizen of

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … bronzes, terra-cottas turned up in astonishing profusion, and … tion-bowls, accidentally broken in the

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did a great trade in scarabs. He made all sorts of things— … the like.(") In the ruins of this old artist's workshops Mr. … deserted, all the good man's stock in trade being left behind. … In another part of the town Mr. Petrie came upon the … er been in circulation, and they were doubtless intended to

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. … pottery furnishes specimens of this design in all its stages. … Taken in hand by the Greek, … first lessons in letters and … placed in possession of direct … of the younger. Every link in the chain which connects the … riod. This head is in the British

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munity. In a later age Ptolemy Philadelphus appears to … had been laid a little bed of white sand; and in this bed of … mony performed in laying the foundations. There was, for … Then came models of articles used in the masonic cere-

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THE EXPLORER IN EGYPT. 33 … in the form of a royal cartouche, engraved with the names and … in the British Museum. They are most beautifully wrought, … Petrie in 1SSG, at Tell Nebesheh, under the substructions of a … (mended) discovered in the great trench of the Temple of Aphrodite, Naukratis.

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(mended) discovered in the great trench of the Temple of Aphrodite, Xaukratis. … At Tell Qarmus, in 1SS7, M. Naville also discovered a se- … No large works of sculpture were found in the ruins of

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the deities "worshipped in these temples, while others are fash- … each shoulder, and a knife in his girdle. It has been sup- … treatment of the head and hair is distinctly Cypriote in … traordinarily rich in fragments of … the most part in wooden coffins … in the classic type o£ the Al-

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about four hundred and fifty pounds in weight, or a total … minating in a human face at each end; while midway be- … original, as if his first lessons had never been learned in an

II: The buried cities of ancient Egypt

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The traveller who would visit the court of Memphis in the

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with antiquity when Abraham journeyed into the land of … ers of Horus." They occupied, in fact, much the same place … bly remote age survives to this day in the great Sphinx of

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and fled at the fatal sea-fight in which Mark Antony was … Xow, Egypt is unapproachably rich in building material. … Egyptians became a nation of builders. In no country an-

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In Upper Egypt, those wrecks are noble ruins open to the … Cairo. Nothing in Egypt so excites the curiosity of the … It was in order to rescue at least a part of the historical … even three, simultaneously at work in different parts of the … arms, papyri, jewellery, painted pottery, beautiful objects in

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chapter in the history of Greek art and Greek epigraphy has … It was, as I have said, in 1SS3 that the Egypt Exploration … tion a celebrated mound in the Wady Tinnilat, between Za- … built by the forced labor of the Hebrew colonists in the time

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canal, which in all probability the Hebrew settlers themselves … since been entered in maps and guide-books as "Pithom" … own surprise, and to the surprise of all concerned in his ex-

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tectural remains ever discovered in Egypt or elsewhere. … liest recorded in the inscriptions discovered. Statues, bas-

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smashed up any available material in order to level the … ceased prince and high-priest named Aak, we find a prayer in … governor of the storehouse." In these two inscriptions (to

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in the Bible. And so, in like manner, the Hebrews changed … is of this very store-fort, " Pa-Tum," that we read in the pas-

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So, although Lepsius was mistaken in identifying Tell-el- … many years in certain geographical lists of temples and local … tified the district in which that great mixed multitude first … Suez. They crossed, in all probability, near Shaluf; but for … which it was known in later times, under the Ptolemies and … "Heroopolis" that we read of Pithom in the Septuagint

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This magnificent colossal statue is one of a pair which yet lie prostrate in the ruins … was neither a Pithom nor a Heroopolis in the time of Joseph, … it shows that Pithom was already known as Heroopolis in

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on the east coast of Africa, and brought them hither in trans- … Canal in the "Wady Tumilat. This tablet also mentions a … The mounds of Maskhutah, as shown in our illustration, … great wall of circuit twenty-four feet in thickness, were … tion walls about ten feet in thickness, without doors or any … are large, and are made of Nile mud pressed in a wooden … with rigor, and made their lives bitter with hard bondage in

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poor souls were driven forth to gather in stubble for mixing … Pithom bricks are of three qualities. In the lower courses … The above is reduced from Mr. Petrie'a large plan in "Tanis," Part I., showing the

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kind of reeds which grow to this day in the bed of the old … viving in solid evidence to the present time. We go down … their hearts were breaking. Shakespeare, in one of his most … It was. then, in 1881 that Mr. Petrie worked for the Egypt … esting in Egypt, is the least known to visitors. It enjoys an

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ter a dreary railway trip followed by eight or ten hours in a

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of the largest and most splendid in Egypt. It dated ap- … Mr. Petrie turned, cleaned, and planned every stone in this … been cut up into lengths, dressed down, and built in with as … graved in small hieroglyphs about one inch in length. These … thy of a Turkish pasha, hewed them in pieces to build a wall

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series of large size, were found in halves, none of which match, … which approach nearest to him in size are the colossi of Abu- … This is nearly fifty feet higner than the obelisk in Central

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when perfect, was fifty-seven inches and two-eighths in length. … able doubt of the fact. Every known colossal statue in Egypt

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GROUP OP OBJECTS DISCOVERED IN A PRIVATE HOUSE AT TANIS (PERIOD, THIRTIETH DYNASTY).

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Many very precious things were found by Mr. Petrie in … a remarkable portrait statuette of himself; and in that of his … ment ; some were written in Greek, and some in the old … manac ; and another is a syllabary. The first is in the hands … society hopes in time to publish fac-similes and translations … Some very interesting work was done by M. Xaville in the

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Henneh. For centuries they had lain neglected in an open … own name, and that in " Kes," " Goshen " (now Saft el-Hen- … Petrie's work in 18S6, and at the foot of Tell Defenneh. … military colony. In course of time, a Greek town sprang

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C.ltOUP OF OBJECTS CHIEFLY FOUND IN THE HOUSE OF BAKAKHIU. … sphinx with mural crown, emblematic of the city of Tautis, statuete of an unnamed king in Pharaonic

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settlement of Greeks in Egypt—a settlement ninety years … and in the Bible " Ilophra," It was during the reign of … hind in Jerusalem, then occupied by a Chaldean garrison un-

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a mixed multitude, in fact, consisting mainly of old men, … feared, shall overtake you there in the land of Egypt; and … sorely against his will, threw in his lot with that of his … Pharaoh. The whole scene is thus related in the forty-third

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" Then came the word of the Lord unto Jeremiah in Tah- … larly noted that there is an alternative reading given in the … identification. There, in the midst of an arid waste, half … ed the site of an important city, in which the lines of the

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having fallen in and buried the basements. Layer by layer, … in splintered heaps among the debris of charred beams and … of little tablets in gold, silver, lapis lazuli, porcelain, carnelian,

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was intact—a big room with recesses in the walls which served … was the room in which the wine-jars were opened; in other … broken; while in others of the ground-floor rooms were

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true, but many in a mendable condition. … were found in the fallen rubbish above the level of the … rusted scale-armor. The great camp, in the midst of which … crown) measured 2000 feet in length by 1000 feet in breadth;

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was also found buried in a corner of the camp, where doubt- … piece of gold plate ever found in Egypt. … or sitting out in the air, or transacting business, or convers- … which, in so hot a climate, is done in the open air. This

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ment, which is at the ' entry of Pharaoh's House in Tahpan- … "Balat;" and that we have in this "Balat" the brickwork … Jeremiah laid with mortar in the thickness of that pave- … Meanwhile, we turn in vain to the pages of sacred and

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clay cylinders of Nebuchadnezzar, inscribed in cuneiform … his pavilion, and planted his royal standard, in the hour of … POTTKIIV I.N THE CELLAR OF HOUSE OF BAKAKHIU.

III: Portrait-painting in ancient Egypt

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … allel antiquity. But the art of painting implies first the art … animals upon the wet sands, and the cave-dweller in the ages … It precedes the attempt to model in clay, or to carve images

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 71 … that in the meanwhile there had been changes of many kinds … in possession of a religious literature of great antiquity. He … assign a date, are executed in tempera upon the Avails of cer- … The heads are given in profile, but the eyes are given as if

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represented the body in front view. But he thus landed him- … started, and drawing the legs and feet in profile, like the … so exactly in front of the other that a line drawn from the … self in the attitude in which he elected to represent his fel- … ish-buff. Not that the men were in reality red-brown or the

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 73 … unquestionably an artist. Drawing only in profile, and paint- … after a victorious campaign in Ethiopia or Asia Minor, bring- … to insist in this connection. Among even those who care … ing errors in their treatment of the " human form divine "

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same difficulties; he meets those difficulties in the same way ; … great Greek painters there remains but an echo in the pages … in battle-pieces, was called the "most ethical of painters;" … all the rest in ideal beauty and grace.

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POKTRAIT-PAINTIXG IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 75 … Alexander, for his own portrait in the character of Zeus hurl- … other in ostentation and vanity. They robed themselves in … down to us in the shape of ancient Egyptian painting. The … ing in the way of drawing which has yet been discovered in … beginnings of art in the very core of Hellas, marks its old … thereof in Greece, a vaine brag and ostentation of theirs, as

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the incredulity of ignorance. Himself living in an age when … hundred years that the Egyptians should have claimed in … Of this king it is recorded in a contemporary rock-cut in- … tives toiling in the mines and quarries, and that the land of … light dawned upon the horizon eastward of Hellas. In two

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 77 … as Tell Gurob. In both have been found innumerable frag- … that he was " Governor of the Palace." Now, in its etymolo- … ians in an attack upon Egypt during the reign of Seti I., … Tursha that come before us first in company with the Sar-

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ment in which the man An-Tursha lived and died) that … desire to call attention very particularly to the sequel in … is in the reign of Thothmes III. that another alien colony is … then deserted, like its predecessor. In the course of that … tribes which hurled themselves in vain against the trained

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 79 … this colony that we find the Etruscan letters; and it is in … in the very ancient cemeteries of Santorin and Thera, and … by Mr. Petrie in the Fayum cany back the history of the … ments of their own, they show in what school of art those … was the settlers in those two little towns in the Fayum who … Egypt hold in store for the explorer. There are probably

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hundreds of such sites in Egypt—sites so insignificant in ap- … these foreigners in Egypt during the Nineteenth and Twen- … skilled in handicrafts, a less intolerable lot would be as- … at work; and it is in the little nameless, unnoticed mounds … And now it will be interesting to examine in detail the

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … The ligure is drawn in pure line, and … The feet are placed in line, the heel of … is shown as if seen in the full face. … God of On, Ruler of the Gods. In tin's

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typical groups known as " the four races" in the great … Mr. Petrie from a wall-painting in the tomb of Rameses III.

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … lillet yet in use. The fringed and patterned robe, the cap and

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lock shown in the illustration. A piece of the wall-plaster … the Maxyans (who are in all probability identical with the … The " blameless Ethiopian " was a very familiar figure in the … is a faithful witness. In the present subject, we see a pro- … child in a funnel-shaped bag over her shoulder.

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … and her attendant chiefs are in excellent preservation. … From a wall-painting in the tomb of Hui at El Kab. reproduced from a photograph

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the unaccustomed European type. In the heads of the Sar- … man in a new subject. … look as though Sardinia, in the time of the Twentieth Dy-

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 87 … taken from a " pre-Homeric" vase figured in Woltmann's … on each side of the chariot, are placed in line. Xeither have … Homeric type, of which an illustration is given in Collig-

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in Egyptian paintings, their bodies, from the waist upward, … placed in a row like ninepins. The figures stand on a single … in the ruins of the palace-fort of Psammetichus I. at Daph- … ninet}' years later, in the reign of Amasis II. We have

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … that the Greek colonists who settled in the neighborhood of … much improved in their treat- … tian monster and of immemorial antiquity, the Great Sphinx

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the filleted and ringleted head of a Greek woman. In … A great advance in … Mr. Petrie in the ruins

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 91 … Egyptian influence in early Greek painting, we will next … The Etrurians are the most mysterious people of antiquity.

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We meet with them in the sculptured chronicles of ancient … ar has yet succeeded in identifying more than proper names … tian in style, and the wall-paintings with which they are … purchased by the British Museum in 1889. Two of these … as it would seem, in a funerary procession. Some cany lotus … in the Egyptian paintings, frontwise in the profile face ; and … lithographed plate in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1S90. … tian, and Ave have numberless examples of the type in Egyp-

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POKTRAIT-PAINTIXG IN AXCIEXT EGYPT. … ard or sceptre; the second man, who seems to be in the act … by the figure of a lion in gilded bronze, the lion being some-

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sceptre surmounted by an eagle, being invariably carried in … tance ; that grass in sunshine is not the same color as grass … a semblance of relief upon a perfectly flat surface. In a … The Egyptians, meanwhile, went on in the old grooves for … fifth-rate town in the Fayum. The town occupied one cor-

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 95 … ures one thousand feet in length by eight hundred in breadth, … world lived in that little town on the south-west corner of

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use of it for a cemetery; and so, in course of time, the last … They seem, in fact, to have changed their fashions for the … in modelled stucco had been caiTied as far as it could be car-

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … in Egypt. It signalizes the … and it coincides in point of … of light and shadow, or the value of color in transition,

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diggers at a place called Rubaiyat, in the Fayum. These … Petrie in the cemetery of this Graeco-Roman town on the … in fine cases solidly stuccoed and brilliantly painted, an … the mummy in his tomb. It … a quarter of an inch in thick- … trait is painted in tempera,;

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … generally laid in of a leaden tint for the background, and … No artificial heat was needed in … saucers were laid beside his head—six in number, piled one

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in Egypt; others will be the … unmistakably Greek; while in

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … ecution, as shown by the rejection of tempera in favor of … ment, and were everywhere in … crats, in whose hands the wealth of the country, as well as … beliefs and rites yet current in the Valley of the Nile, these … rous, whose name is painted in Greek characters on either

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scription of Ixi-ari-s, or Ast-ari-s—a name which is found in … now in the national Egyptian collection. It is interesting to … survives to this day in the … romax ttkar though in some instances it is

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … The light and shadow in the Greek head is very forcible, and … very gayly attired in a scarlet … the panel in stucco, and gilt … balls, as in this portrait, is but a variation upon a more sim-

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and head-scarfs found by Mr. Petrie in many of these Ha- … wears a gold wreath fashioned in imitation of the victor's … Her features are moulded in the … maining in the Fayum. Unfor-

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PORTRAIT-PAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … while a second inscription, written in ink upon one of … effect. There is a set look in … tinctly Jewish in type. That he … though in a different way, is an

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dilly, in 1SSS, a few weeks after they had been discovered, … but spirit in the head of a young … long. Dashed off in hot haste, the … tent to get in the effect of the … There is no lack of expression in the dejected counte-

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hair in a curiously modern fash- … opaque stones, cut in the form … popular in Egypt under the Bo- … cut in a short fringe round the brow, and laid in two lono-

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resentation of an elaborate Egyptian collarette in the whole … pean museums. The design is of remote antiquity, and … the hair is remarkably free and well put in. He wears a dull … in commemoration of the dead '. If the former, then they

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PORTRAIT-TAINTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT. … my-case in the grave, and that … in their rooms, as we do now. … reproduced in these pages, it is not difficult to conjecture … have expired. In these portraits, and some others, the eyes

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gladiator, is a case in point. There is no " speculation " in his … of Oriental blood ; and in the crisp waviness of her hair, the … a charming portrait, well and carefully painted, and in ex-

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which are so charming in the mouth … being now in the British Museum. … being used in successive layers, and … that there was not only a school of art, but an art-market, in

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modern character of the heads. There is not a face in the … lives in marble and bronze, far more nearly resembles the … compared with the Ethiopian subjects in the tomb of Hui at

IV: The origin of portrait sculpture, and the history of the"Ka"

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Certain it is, that whatsoever concerned man in the past

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died " in the old time before us." It preserves for us the feat- … By the extent of our wealth in the possession of certain … in him, if there had been no bust at Stratford-on-Avon, and … we take in the counterfeit presentment of our fellow-man

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likeness survives, the man, in a sense, retains his hold upon … known specimens of portraiture, whether in sculpture or … their funerary effigies in the darkness and secrecy of the … ery eye. In the oldest time of all—that is, in the time of … portrait-statues found in tombs of the first period is from

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the accommodation of these statues in the thickness of the … tian Museum of Ghizeh, near Cairo, is rich in statues of this … the dead, as our dead are commemorated in modern churches … fluenced the mind of man at any period in the history of re-

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ancient Egyptian portraiture holds in relation to the art of … self in a very elaborate and philosophical fashion. He con- … and another element, called in Egyptian a " Ka." To these … by Dr. Wiedemann t as "the husk," which is, in fact, the … Meanwhile, being dead, the Body lay inert in the depths of … * See Mnspero's " Bulletin Critique de la Religion Egyptienne," in the Re-

118

Ka dwelt with the mummy in the sepulchre. … Egyptologists. Dr. Brugsch, in his Hieroglyphic Dictionar}', … by that which distinguished him in life from other men; in … ures in historical texts, and with reference to living persons,

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time in little village church-yards on the continent of Eu- … ing its pilgrimage in Hades, but of his Ka, which was the … —in a word,for what is expressively termed l,a square meal."

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lets are accumulated by hundreds in European museums. … latest, in the largest as well as in the smallest, the one most … milk, water, and barley beer, were deposited in the sepul-

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It was for the sustenance of the Ka. The mummy, in fact, … ed food and drink in the votive chapel attached to the tomb. … the endowment to lapse, the Ka had still a last resource in

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why should the immaterial Ka stand in need of material … portrait-statues immured in the walls of the tomb. It has … forms of portraiture in ancient Egypt were funerary, or … mained intact in their hiding-places—so long as the painted … stance, is extended on a wooden hand in a glove-maker's

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but which also places in our hands a key to the interpreta- … but for the life—in other words, for the vital principle. I … closed in an upright rectangular frame, like a banner, deco- … walls of the upper chamber in which funerary food-offerings … * A Season in Egypt. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. Chap. iv. 1888.

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further discovery that the standard-name was in reality the … name was enclosed in a royal oval, or cartouche, like the … already stated, is known in funerary texts as the " House of … chre, it followed that he was as much interested in providing … represented in a royal Ka-name may as probably stand for … * Knumliotep, in the great Beni-Hassan inscription, states that he built

125

tep III. indulging in no less than seven. … and Ka-name on its head. In the Museum of Leyden, for … quently, from the latter half of the Eighteenth Dynasty. In … in her arms, and a second Hathor, with a second babe in … are, however, omitted in Mariette's plate.

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we see the child Amenhotep and the child-Ka, both in the … "ankhs" tied together in his right hand—an "ankh," evi-

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In these elaborate chronicles in stone, we see the hero at- … carried over the King's head in processional subjects, is not

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thus in the arms of the Ka, it means protection to his life … neither birth nor peril of death, in which the Ka figures … my interpretation. Thus, in a bas-relief group in the Great … asu X bears the Ka-name on his head, the " ankh " in his right … In addition to this close and invariable association of the

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(also called Ka, and expressive of vital energy) in royal Ka- … ly in a large number of royal Ka-names; and the Ka-figure … ventured to define the Ka as the life, or vital principle. In … * "Life," as the translation of Ka. make1- sense of a passage in The Book of … tuk Ka em Khat-a," which is currently rendered by, " Thou art a Ka in my

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•was, in fact, because the Ka was the life that it required … man's prospects of ultimate reunion with his Ka. In a word, … in which to abide, just as it needed bread, meats, fruit, … means of pious foundations in perpetuity.

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of antiquity who believed in the immortality of the soul. … or life. They in fact borrowed not only the notion but … oath is easily understood. It was in this sense, and the

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in the origin of the art of portraiture. It explains, for in- … In order that the Iva … kept in prison, that your words may

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instance, in this funerary statue of Xemhotep, a deformed … the loveliest woman in the world before a looking-glass, peep … sitters (actuated by a motive in which personal vanity had … Later on, when Asiatic influences were at work in Egypt, an … ion in their treatment of historical portraiture, their power

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ertheless, one essential principle in common: they were … is in this respect that the history of art in the Valley of the

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of their execution remains the same. We in vain ask how … is a funerary tablet in bas-relief belonging to the remote … ization, in order to arrive at these results. When we first … * This tablet was found in the Necropolis of Sakkara, brought from

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From a bas-relief sculpture in his tomb at Ghizeh. Photographed by Mr. W. M. … great nobleman of the time of Khufu, whose tomb is in the

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by his servants. Later in point of date, but on the same … From a bus-relief sculpture in the tomb of Semnefer at Ghizeh, Photographed by

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years in various illustrated books treating of ancient Egyptian … the Memphite school. In General Ra-hotep we behold a … The features of his wife, Princess Nefert, though cast in

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These statues are carved in fine limestone, seated, and col- … in the time of the Fourth … portions are frequently represented in the sculptures of the

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in every direction; but that it should be thus split is not … In marked contrast to the plebeian type of Ra-em-ka is … they might continue to wait upon him and work for him in … " stick," and he is so well trained in the virtues of obedi-

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waits, pen in hand, till the next sentence shall fall from the … Cairo, for it is in the Museum of … tinued in force as long as the … In the Museum of Gliizeh.

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Arabs opened the tomb in which the statues of Xefert and … light shifts in their liquid … group to group in the hall … Ka-chambers in the massive … In

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legged Scribe " or the " Wooden Man." Their skill was in … succeeded, perhaps, in thoroughly expressing the relation be-

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Colossal head in red granite, from the ruins of the Great Temple of Tanis. … in their treatment of the hands and feet. These are always

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(Supposed to be Salatis.) Sculptured in black granite, and discovered by Marietta … ble something which indicates character—or in other words, … The sculptors of this age excelled in the skill with which … Pharaohs, their queens and families, carved in these obdu-

146

rate materials have been found in the ruins of the great … IIVKSOS SPHINX, IN PROFILE.

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trict known in a later age as the two Scythias. These … certain of their kings have been preserved to us in Egyp- … found in the Fayum. It is believed to be a portrait of Sala- … Temple of Tanis. They are all duplicates of the one in the Museum of Gizeh. In

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The same racial characteristics are strongly marked in … headed sphinx found in the … were in nowise inferior to … ered in 1888 by M. Na- … assumption that we have in one or other of these statues, if

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not in both a portrait of the famous tyrant of the First … From a group in red granite. Tanis. Photographed by Mr. W. it. F. Petr

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Eighteenth Dynasty—a line of builder and warrior kings, in … to the wife of Iloremheb. Seen in profile, however, this

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of one of Hatasu's obelisks in the ruins of the Great Temple … Bas-relief, from his sepulelire in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes. … a vivacious charm, which is ever the rarest achievement in

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the sculptors and figure-painters of the time in a very cu- … Bas-relief, from his sepulchre in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings, Thebes. … peats itself. In times comparatively recent, court beauties

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fair faces to the prescribed pattern. It was so in the days … From a bas-relief in liis .sepulchre in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at … a group in red granite. This fine head (unfortunately mu-

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seen in our illustration on page 150, taken from a beautiful … plunged, when in a heated condi- … In the second portrait Iiameses … tomb in the same valley. This

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served in the museums of Europe, and his fine tomb in … The family likeness of the Eamessides is perpetuated in a … royalty, were buried in one grave. … battle known to history was fought in his reign, and is pict-

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cannot be passed over in silence, and which was peculiarly … and bas-relief subjects found in his tomb. One of the largest … of Queen Ahmes Nefertari, now in the Museum of Grhizeh.

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of his wooden sarcophagus, is in the Muse- … men of portrait sculpture in wood of the … the mummy of Kameses II., in the sixth … of Her-Hor in the great funerary papyrus of his mother,

V: Egypt the birthplace of greek decorative art

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are—can take so lively an interest in the men and manners … selves the creatures of a day, we delight in studies which … written records of the world we live in. Hence the eager-

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formation of other races; nor do we so turn in vain. … appear in this memorable inscription as the "Hanebu"—

160

used not only by the prophets, but earlier still in the Mosaic … Greeks in Egypt till they reappear as the Danai or Danasans, … Avails of Ivarnak; and he set up a tablet of Victory in the … that in the time of Thothmes III., although we are still dis-

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on the mainland in Argolis, be described as " those who dwell … about two hundred years later in a colossal bas-relief group … a Greek in the world. … heads in archaic Greek … of the Ptolemies, when the Greeks ruled in Egypt. Native … thers had used it to denote Greek barbarians taken in battle.

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farther along the stream of time. In Iiameses II. we are fain … Minor, come thronging in quick succession upon the stage of … prince, they invade the Syrian provinces of Egypt in the … him, the hero charges them in his chariot, hews them down, … So said Pentaur, the poet-laureate of his day, in an epic … In this poem, which is sculptured at full length on four

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this day in the Dardanelles. … in truth the first page of the first chapter of European histo- … in the record of their defeat receive for the first time a name … inscription is carved is in a ruinous state, and the part which … do know, however, that they were clad in brass, like the

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inner side of the knee, is clearly cut in the in- … First in alliance with the Syrians, next with the Libyans, … in a north-westerly direction; nor do we again encounter the … foreign force, Psammetichus established his Greeks in two

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town sprang up in the shelter of the camps and the castle, … nse of Pelusium. This also is the town which in the Bible … known to us; but we read of it in the forty-third chapter of … settlement of a foreign-speaking people in Egypt;" and He-

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houses in which the Greek citizens of Daphnaa once dwelt," … found a permanent and recognized footing in Egypt. No … many a market in which the Egyptians have for ages en- … That debt, in so far as it was in their power to estimate it,

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what they saw in Egypt, and what they must certainly have … tions of art of their own. In the time of Thothmes III., … years ago in Delos, with probably an upright stone for a god. … And the proof that they had none is found in the fact … The most ancient remains of buildings in Greece are of

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ury of Minyas—the former at Mycenae, in Argolis, the latter … The whole was then covered in with earth, and so buried. … mous sights of the Nile. They are excavated in terraces at … in polychromatic decoration; and many are adorned with

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in historic times a stock … either in its simplest form, … The spiral in combination with the rosette is first found,

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Mr.W. H. Goodyear in his remark- … in 1888. To the same chain of … Dr. Schliemann in the course of his … Dr. Schliemann, in 1880, discovered rosette and key-pattern.

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of their authority to these views, were for once in error. The

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gives the spiral in com- … In the second example … filled in with the true … patterns are to be found in Rosel- … of decorative design, not only in

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the presence of prehistoric Greeks in Egypt, Let us grant

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b.c; and this ruin is believed to be the oldest in Greece. In … The column of the Corinth temple is identical in design

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finest example of this style in Egypt. … cial needs; and in the proto - Doric column of Egypt, the … most in harmony with his taste and his climate.

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to the Egyptian origin of the Ionic. In order to prove this … with the people who in olden time associated it with all the … jS? . ">"~«i»| grow with rank luxuriance in the ditches … Egyptians plucked and ate them in the … Pasha, in La Mat-

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sign in the history of ornament. … * Abridged from an illustration to Mr. W. H. Goodyear's article in the

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enfold it in its earlier stages, separate from the fully-opened … We now pass from the lotus in nature to the lotus in art. … meet with it at every turn in the tombs and temples of

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example of the curvature of the calyx-leaf in architectural … ample was in existence only … dria and Cairo, in the West- … ways been taken for granted that they then first settled in

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been in possession of the city from a much earlier period—• … now in the British Museum.

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tained in the art of … demonstrated by Mr. W. H. Goodyear in a series of exam- … It is impossible in

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In this illustration we … in a tomb of the time of … is identical in treatment … of Pelusium) in the ruins

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in the Beni-Hasan designs; while the floral subjects in the … vase is restored in dotted lines where broken. … his design. In the lowest … tects and vase - painters in

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In this piece of necking, which belonged to one of the lime- … would seem to have been a busy trade in jewellery as well … by Mr. Petrie's Arabs in the ruins of the town; but by far … precious and beautiful relic is a tray handle in solid gold,

185

ranged in an elongated form, … Egyptian lotus in Greek deco- … nent footing in the Delta. … Found in the ruins of tlie Greek eamp … * See third example in illustration of " The Conventional Lotus in Egyp-

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duced in the painted vases of Rhodes and Cyprus; it blos- … tors in the Panathenaic games. Professor Alan Marquand, … in Greek ceramic art, we marvel at the ingenuity with which … the lotus. From the Fields of "Aahlu" in the realm of Osi- … infant with his finger in his mouth, became the Greek God

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embalmed; the Ka dwelt with the mummy in the sepul- … grasping in one hand a … immortality in the sunny Fields of Aahlu. The Greeks, how- … Daphnte. But we have a still finer example in the illustra- … From ii vignette in "The Book of the

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lows at Xanthus, in Lycia,

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The illustration is from a vase in the British Museum, and it … From a vase in the British Museum.

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eyes. In the Muse- … represented in the … stamps all Egyptian figure-sculpture in stone.

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ive sculpture discovered by Mr. Petrie in the ruins of the … pearance in Homer. And, further, we … * This important fragment is now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,

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the Classical scholar in a bond of brotherhood which had

VI: The literature and religion of ancient Egypt

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That the first people who possessed letters in the literal … ning to find out, were in possession of the Cadmasan alpha- … of the poet. Literature is, in fact, the fruit of leisure. Na- … representative of literature at that early stage in the history

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Hemmed in between two vast and pathless deserts, their fer- … peaceful people, well content with their lot in this life, and

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his meditations in writing, for the benefit of posterity. … est book in the world ;"(49) and it is, at all events, the oldest … tions cut in stone—as, for instance, to the Fourth Dynasty … arches. We mean such literature as may be stored in a li-

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the language in which it was written, was of the most va- … heroic poems, love-songs, and essays in the form of letters; … of the whole, far exceed in mere bulk all that remains to us … Twelfth Dynasty period were found by Mr. Petrie in the … reign of a Pharaoh of this line. In the course of the same … this the first time that Homer has been found in Egypt.

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her Homer that those avIio laid her in her last resting-place … hair—are now in the South Kensington Museum, London. … The two most important subjects in the literature of a na- … Brugsch, in his Geschwlite Aegyptens JJnter Den Pharaonen,

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Priest of Pa, and Keeper of the Archives in the Great … most ancient home of learning in Egypt. Its foundation … time. A few invaluable fragments are preserved in the form … has perished with the libraries in which it was treasured … and the great international treaty between Rameses II. and … tablet found in the Great Temple of Karnak, at Thebes. It

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the great equatorial lakes which have been rediscovered in … in style, does not exaggerate the facts. This chant, written … literative, cadenced, symmetrical. It abounded in imagery, … Thothmes III. represents the King in adoration before Araen-

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perfections are pleasant in my sight. I am established in … thy war-cry in the breasts of the outer barbarians. I stretch … and thou hast scoured Mesopotamia in victory and power. … them captive, burning them to ashes in their settlements.

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shining in their faces, even in my own likeness! … West! Phoenicia and Cyprus have thee in terror. I made … " 5. I came ! I gave thee might to fell the dwellers in the … "6. I came! I save thee might to fell those who dwell in

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marsh-lands,* and to bind in captivity the Herusha,t lords … The poem concludes with a few lines of peroration in meas- … tian Iliad, is in a quite different style. It is much longer … brated was undertaken in the fifth year of his reign, against

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liiimeses took the field in person with the flower of the … From the Great Tableau in the Temple of Abu-Simbcl. … raised on arches; it was probably of wood, and was constructed in such wise as to … end of a pole across his shoulders: infantry and charioteers arriving in camp; sol-

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of the enemy. The latter, meanwhile, had their spies out in … From the Great Tableau in the Temple of Alm-Simbel.

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brigade of Ptah marched in the centre, and the brigade of … * The translated extracts here given are in part from the French of De

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donned his armor, like unto Baal, the war-god, in his hour of … three on each chariot, and massed in one solid phalanx."

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walked in thy ways, and waited on thy words? Have I … the whole world in tribute? I call upon thee, oh Amen, my

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mine enemies go down! I am as Baal in his wrath ! The … hearts die in their breasts—their limbs fail—they can nei- … other, and I slay them in the mass! No time have they to … " It is no man who is in the midst of us! It is Sutekh the

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ly a ford, some Egyptian chariots are dashing across in pursuit of a Khetan chariot, in which are seen three warriors. Other

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obeyed my hand, when I found myself alone in the midst of … me daily in my royal palace, for they alone were with me in

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To use a very modern word in connection with a very an- … dos, and in the main hall of the great rock-cut Temple of

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of the walls of the Temple of Uerr, in Xubia. In these … of these copies is in the British Museum, a fragment of the … in the year VII., the month Fayni, in the reign of King Ba- … From the original Hieratic papyrus in the British Museum.

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author of the poem, or but a copyist in the employment of … narrated in the poem, … by the poet. In this … in a single subject. In

214

]SText follow the infantry, marching in a solid square, and … From the great Abu.-Simbel Tableau. In this section of the great tableau the Egyp- … preceding day ; but merely to fill the spaces with figures. In … scalp-lock, and are three in a chariot.

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King, seated in his … the severed hands in … In the last scene of

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painter. In that spirited scene where Rameses, Phoebus- … scription engraved over the head of the rescued man in the

217

episode designed by the artist in order to heighten the effect … ged ashore, and is held up head downwards, in order to … lowing of roj'al scribes, and one of them was in all proba- … ject to the same law of motion. In a hieratic inscription of

218

navigates the celestial ocean in like manner with the sun and … the earth revolving in spaceP Unhappily, no papyrus treat- … covered by Mr. Petrie in the ruins of a buried house in Tanis. … nificent example in the Pyramids, which could never have … Works on medicine abounded in Egypt from the remotest … ing was held in such high esteem that even kings made

219

at Thebes by Dr. Ebers in 1874. This papyrus contains one … Syrian medical lore, and some of such great antiquity that … dies. What we suffer at the hands of the faculty in this … written in the form of aphorisms on the conduct of life,

220

Maxims of Ptah-hotep are contained in the famous Prisse … theque jSTationale, in Paris. … walks in her ways, there is no room in his soul for bad temper." … repeated in thy hearing, look on the ground and be silent."

221

" Do not eat bread in the presence of one who stands and … " Enter not into a crowd if thou art there in the begin- … " Be not discourteous to the stranger who is in thy house. … A demotic papyrus (") of comparatively recent date (in

222

them " as in a glass," and we see them at their best: a gen- … the favor of their superiors, to train their children in sane … their desires. It is a philosophy of utility and good-will, in … it is true, had once been alive in a solemn, leathery, un- … undeciphered in the learned dust of various museums. Oth-

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antler and the Ptolemies. In some we recognize stories … ered by Dr. Brugsch in an Egyptian papyrus a few years … that of Rhodopis, who lived at Xaukratis in the time of … Of this same Rhodopis it is said, in an ancient Egyptian … lie sent out his messengers in all directions to find the own- … is found, of course, and she becomes his bride. In these tales

224

into the city in the character of captives. Once inside the … sonages, and although Joppa figures in the lists of cities con- … Hathors, who play the part of fairy godmothers in these old … course, in vain. The young man escapes from durance vile, … Another tale of extreme antiquity, entitled "The Ship-

225

In others of these ancient fictions, King Khufu, the builder … but two specimens, the one a love-song, from a papyrus in … My heart stands still in thy presence. … Fain would I be to thee as the garden in which I have planted … Here let us walk, oh my Beloved, hand in hand, our hearts filled

226

carved on the -walls of the tomb of one Pahiri, at El Kab in … fail to be struck by their evident antiquity. Doubtless, the … evident as the pyramids, and as well understood as the law

227

Unas, Teta, and other very early kings were excavated in … born, so to speak, in the time of the Pyramid Kings. Thebes … We cannot, in fact, exercise too much caution in formulat- … in Egypt a Religion of the Pyramid Period, a Religion of the … drive out the old, as the bud pushes off the dead leaf in au-

228

ter in the least, if the dogmas of one school were diametri- … Egyptians believed in one God, or in many gods. In Ra, the … This theory was elaborated in the first instance by M. … ret and Dr. Brugsch in their proposed solution of tin's deeply

229

people of antiquity; but they would have been infinitely … of a people already highly civilized, and in the possession of … barbarian origin of any other highly civilized nation of an- … in order to discover the living solution of some of our most … sometimes birds, as the snipe, the hawk, the heron. So, in … of life, whether savage or civilized; and in an age when

230

swiftness, or fearlessness may symbolize such qualities in … as sacred. They forbear to eat it; and if compelled in self- … ism— the Bull-clan at Memphis, the Crocodile-clan in the … there is no clearer proof of the extreme antiquity of their

231

sence, invisible, omnipresent, omniscient; in a word, that he … city, and questioning the priests of every great temple in turn, … their catholicity in this respect. Ptah and Apis were, of … historians in a land where the governing classes were all … their Pantheon in favor of one, and only one, supreme de-

232

looked in any discussion of the religion of the old Egyptian … lived a pure and holy life in this world, and came before the … This is from the Negative Confession in the 125th chapter

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points; they may in one place have put gold rings in the

VII: The hieroglyphic writing of the ancient Egyptians

234

IN THE ASHMOI.EAN MUSEUM, OXFORD. … The infancy of writing has much in common with the in-

235

eked out his limited vocabulary with gestures. He was, in … No matter in what country, in what age, or under what cir- … standing the many phases through which it passed in the … characters of the Chinese, are abridged picture-writings in … in a curious story told by Herodotus. He relates how Da-

236

arrows. In vain the Persians interrogated the herald. He … the ground, or be as frogs and take refuge in the fens, ye … tomary style of polite letter-writing in Scythia at that pe-

237

amphitheatre is in course of excavation; and it is quite pos- … writing were like in the East, we must turn for light to the … sist of long catalogues, in which there are signs for numerals,

238

tories, in which every fact is a picture. "We see a youth bid- … nor less than a " nutshell novel," and it is written in pictures … in the neighborhood of Lake Superior.

239

These creatures are represented as walking in procession, the … cut here and there upon the face of a cliff in Scandinavia or

240

few things in this world more interesting than these pathetic … ancient specimens of tine art in the world. … sketches done with a flint point by an artist clad in skins, … The historic age in Egypt begins with Mena, the first king

241

of the First Dynasty; but, as there was a prehistoric age in … governed by hereditary chieftains. That was, in all probabil- … of the scribe's craft was developed in the Valley of the … in which a man stands for a man, a ship for a ship, a camel … ist in a foreign land is sometimes reduced to picture-writing … of picture-writing, in which sounds were expressed instead

242

The illustration gives us an example in our own language: … torial phonetism is, in fact, pictorial … known that a summary representation in outline was at

243

ered in the ruins of Kahun—a site of which I have already … cord of palm-fibre yet in its place.

244

long ago that they were in the full possession of vowels and … alphabetic writing in the hands of the Medes and Persians; … whose origin lies so far back in the darkness before dawn

245

accepted, the process was effected in this way. A monosyl- … in the picture-writing. The vowel sound being … But the parent was, in some respects, very unlike its chil- … Here is the hieroglyphic alphabet as it was commonly in

246

clothes in which their infant literature had till then been … od once adopted was never wholly relinquished. Being in … Thus, in writing the word hetra, which is the Egyptian for … spelled a-h. Now ah, spelled in the same way, also l -&

247

and the generic determinative commonly in use to denote … stratification of the language or the writing. In such an … dertake to teach in twelve lessons. At the same time the … of information locked up in these little figures is quite incal-

248

he reaped his harvest; the wine-press in which he crushed his … burrow in the sands or lurk in rocks and caves, have like- … The human figure plays a conspicuous part in the hiero- … is in Egypt to this day. Or say that an old man is in … is recorded, and straightway the scribe adds a figure in

249

tation. A man with his hands and arms in the po- … to these determinatives, which are of extreme antiquity, … coeval with the beginnings of human speech. In this fash- … course to the representation of picture action in order to … Thus, when it is said in The Book of the Dead that the … And this reminds me of a similar device in

250

It may be objected that these are not in the least … , ogram is, in truth, strictly correct. We do not … has nothing whatever in his hands; and it distinctly points … be asked whether the stud}7 of hieroglyphs is not, in truth,

251

only a limited number were in common use. It is for none … god, in his golden bark. But at night the iron ceiling was

252

ing fixed courses according to the seasons.* In the mean … — forked boughs, in fact, such as were used to support … and if it rained heavily (which is very unusual in every … perspective, so they placed them in a row. These props, it

253

of the cardinal points stepped in with their four props and … object is described in hieroglyphic dictionaries as a " cake,"

254

they are in other places. … nually deposited by the inundation ; and so on. In the same … fruits of the earth." In this sense, he was also the god of … and in this connection it survives in "alchemy," the "black … country, a province, a city, being feminine in Egyptian, as

255

as in the word hetra, or " horse." … of which contained nuts in which there was water; and these … is a word in which every stage of the hieroglyphic writ- … in b, n, and i.

256

by great bales of this gum sewn up in buffalo hides, waiting … for literature to flourish, as it did flourish in Egypt from the … time they made their first efforts in this direction we know … many changes in the course of centuries, so the hieratic

257

nasties it lost something in the way of force, and gained

258

of the people. In the mean while neither the hieroglyphic … ated into Egyptian, carved in hieroglyphic characters, and

259

demotic documents in the museums of Turin, Berlin, Vienna, … the Egyptian language is wrapped in obscurity. Some great … languages. In all these the feminine takes the letter t either … mon source. Their grammatical system is, in certain essential

260

Some parts of speech are altogether lacking. In the series … me." As a rule, however, he omitted the conjunction in this

VIII: Queen Hatasu, and her expedition to the land of Punt

261

of the most extraordinary women in the annals of the an- … pylons of the Great Temple of Earnak records this event in

262

senting Thothmes I. in adoration before the Theban triad, … that he put down various rebellions which had broken out in … Further on, in the seventeenth and eighteenth columns, … In these passages there is more than meets the eye at first … and probably was in general accompanied by some such … that De Bouge recognized in this act of Thothmes I. a

263

evidently made before the altar of the god in the Great … in the female line. By placing his and her daughter upon … ure of the Goddess of Truth, Law, and Justice; Ka, repre- … meaning that Truth, Law, and Justice are the vital mani- … And this, be it observed, was in no mere symbolic sense. The

264

discovered in 1SS7 by M. Grebaut, a little to the northward … erected in the chapel of Uatmes. It would thus appear that … ing-sheet of Thothmes III., now preserved in the Museum … inferior rank of the younger. Ilatasu, in short, was not

267

latter died in infancy, whereas Hatasu-Meri inherited the … Thothmes II. and Thothmes III. are found in conjunction … In contemporary wall-paintings and bas-relief sculptures, we … brought up in the Great Temple of Amen and dedicated to

268

with that of Hatasu upon a rock-cut tablet in Sinai. Four … ple in Western Thebes. In those works she proved herself … Numerous and stately as were the obelisks erected in … and nine feet high in the shaft, cut from a single flawless

269

Amen, that her name should live forever in this temple. … " His Majesty began this work in the fifteenth year of her … With regard to the dates recorded in the inscription on … engraved, and placed in position within the amazingly short

270

measuring one hundred and nine feet in the shaft, without … ments are still the property of Ilatasu. In the bas-relief … face portrait of this queen, given in Lecture IV., and com- … tecturally unlike any other temple in Egypt. It stands at

271

the other, and ending in a 7naze of colonnades and court- … nue, is excavated in the face … er it was in any degree a rem- … As the statue of Bak-en-Khonsu in the Glyptotheca of … work in this unique temple to show that he was not only … the Pharaohs in battle, with the

272

ground when the French Commission visited Egypt in 1798, … few columns are yet standing in the shelter of the cliff-side; … succeeded in making a restored elevation of this beautiful

273

terrace; and the pillared portico in the centre of the third … picture, are covered with bas-relief sculptures, which in the

274

served does not appear at all in our illustration—namely, … senting Queen Hatasu, in the costume of a royal prince, … princes. Her cartouche is sculptured in the space between … II. appear, it is true, in some of the inscriptions. "Whether … touches of Thotlimes III. also appear in many of the in-

275

his own to be engraved in their place. The building is dedi- … Bas-relief sculpture representing Hatasu in the costume of n youthful Prince, suck- … in the Temple of Dayr-el-Eahari.

276

Aden. This region, rich in incense-bearing trees, in costly … valuable products from which the incense used in the serv-

277

ribs of the ship, as may be seen in our illustration. There … seven feet in height. This is fixed in the middle of the ship, … firmly bound to a kind of bracket in front of the rear plat-

278

squadron. Each rower is in his place. Their overseer, stand- … Every part of the vessel shown in our illustration is elabo- … front-wise body in conjunction with profile legs and head. … taken shows the whole squadron in full sail, and is accorn-

279

Land of the Gods, in obedience to the will of the King of

280

pyramids or temples of Egypt. It would, in fact, imply that … we do know that it was already canalized in the reign of … in fact, followed the course of the old canal of the Pharaohs,

281

er of the Pyramids, because in Gerome*s great picture he is … In the next tableau, the expedition has reached its des- … by ladders. A cow reposes peacefully in the shade of a tree

282

VIEW OF A VILLAGE IN TINT. … Toguls of the modern Soudanese. The trees are two date-palms in fruit, and … er. The water in the original is painted green, which may … beautifid variegated glass, in the manufacture of which the

283

of the present day. The envoy is in civil dress, and leans … with a bow, in addi- … dagger in his belt, and a shenti, or loin-cloth, of the same fash- … and deceased Pharaohs. The inscription engraved in front

285

King of Karagoue, whose fat hung in large puddings about … race; but Schweinfurth, in his " Heart of Africa," describes … Over the ears of this beast of heav}r burden is engraved in

286

the great ass, if the ancient artist is to be relied upon in his … of the natives of Punt in Egyptian art. On the sculptured … offer in return five ship-loads of the special products of his … ous scene, those in the lower register being almost perfect, … ported in baskets slung upon poles, each pole carried by

287

of ebony, others leading apes, and one a giraffe. In one place … This Queen doubtless shared in that lively interest which, as … Over the saplings which are being carried in baskets, is … gum which has exuded through the bark. A passage in

288

"... in many quarters of Arabia; also there is very good … more crisped and curled, and withall it is in the end sharpe- … trees, " the first is that which groweth in the Troglodites … white veines resembling men's nails, and in tast is somewhat … "green Ana" being constantly named in Egyptian inscrip- … One very interesting tableau, which is yet happily in good

289

trees is shown a row of sycamore saplings in tubs, with an … tives of Punt, are busily engaged in loading the ships, Hata- … the dangabor of the Bongo people, as shown in an illustra- … sented in a very summary fashion by a mere outline, but

290

tration—and is apparently in the act of inviting his guests … In the very interesting subject now before us, we see the … from the shore, which, however, is not shown in the picture. … now be seen in the hands of native musicians in Cairo and

291

found in the Land of the Amu ; with blocks of the wood … and the next incidents of this curious panorama in stone take … and sailors. The order in which these processions meet and … that the artist, in order to produce a more brilliant ef-

292

In one tableau we see the Sacred Bark of Amen, carried by … called in the inscrip- … come more sailors, carrying the sycamore saplings in bas- … TRIBl'TARIES OF PDNT WALKING IN THE PROCES-

293

boomerang. All carry green boughs in token of festivity. … in the inscription as the soldiers of the Per-aa, or palace. (")

294

where she is seen in the next … Ana in abundance for the service of the temple. The god, … in reply, congratulates her on the success of her expedition,

295

depicted in a bas-relief, from which, unfortunately, the next … various kinds of cakes. Four priests uplift their hands in … the treasury of the temple; the Ana gum (specified in the … by a conventional fiction, being weighed in the presence of

296

the expedition is rowed across the Nile in a flotilla of State … Such is the story told in the sculptured decorations of … esting sculptures were visible above the sand and debris in … mand. In the slight but interesting work in which he has … ruined shrines and temples in various parts of her kingdom,

297

not only in the Speos Artemidos, but in hundreds of cases at … for, combined with the Pharaonic style in which the inscrip- … in 1841, excavated in the cliff-side, in the near vicinity … were discovered in 1881, in the famous tomb of the Priest- … posited, in company with the mummies of her kindred.

298

found at Karnak, and is now in the Museum of Ghizeh; her … uette, or Ushabti, inscribed with her name and titles, in the … by some Arabs in 1885 or 1S8(>; brought to England in 1887, … cupies a conspicuous place in the upper Egyptian gallery.

299

four legs are carved in the shape of the legs of some hoofed … which only a few fragments remain. The cross-rail in front … in some lighter colored wood, and incrusted with hundreds … namental brass-headed nails in use at the present day. The … fragment, which measures some nine or ten inches in length, … nails and the creases of the finger-joints in part of a hiero-

300

in the tomb of Ttameses III. at Thebes show exactly into

Notes

301

Universally accepted, that embalmment was not practised in ancient Egypt till … mid of King Pepi (Sixth Dynasty, circa 3500 B.C.) was opened in 1880, the mum- … the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, in the Revue de VHistoire des Reli- … Note 3, page 18.—The colossal seated statue of Rameses II. in black granite, … Note 4, page 23.—Many of these interesting fragments are preserved in the Mu- … Goodyear's paper on " The Origin of the Ionic Capital and the Anthemion in Greek

302

which lie granted them, gave to such as liked to settle in Egypt the city of Naukra- … taking part in the work : the Ionian States of Chios, Teos, Phocoea, and Klazomeme; … appointing the governors of the factory ; the other cities which claim a share in … considers it to be, if not actually prehistoric, at all events the oldest monument in … diphthong Th ; as, notably, in the Greek transcription of the Egyptian name of the … in fact, responsible for the work, and are accredited with the performance of the

303

in nowise stand for Upper and Lower Egypt. It has also been suggested by M. … in rich and picturesque raiment, after the fashion of [he garments worn by the … by the enumeration of the booty taken from Sisera in the "Song of Deborah," where … of wrought gold. She shall be brought unto the King in raiment of needle-work." … in Xaukrutis, Part II., writes as follows: " This is a plaque-painting rather than … ible in some places, especially on the front of the fore-legs and paws. The use of

304

in all probability as a picture to decorate the wall of the temple. If so, we may … great famine in Lydia in the time of Atys, son of Menes, wherefore the King di- … nation had by this time found their long-sought place of settlement in Central Italy. … of Asia and the islands of the yEgcan, emigrated en masse in a westward direction, … in true perspective; he was the first, it is emphatically stated, who rightly managed … figures, and thus no longer to draw and tint merely, but, in the true sense of the … Note 80, page 104.—In the Grseco-Roman cemetery at Hawara, in which these

305

Note 33, page 119.—The tablet of Pepi-Xa is in the Museum of Ghizeh. … Notk 85, page 140.—The presence of these statues of servants in tombs of the … a temple to Sutekh, a Semitic deity, and that it was in his time that the Theban … upon the Theban prince, in order to compel his acceptance of some unwelcome al- … ship of the Gods of Egypt, in order to impose upon his subjects the exclusive worship … first Sallier Papyrus has been translated into English by E. L. Lushington, in Rec- … Note 39, page 157.—See "Lying in State in Cairo," in Harper's Monthly Maga- … stranger or a friend is to abnegate in his favor the tomb prepared for his own mor- … fidel, is recorded in the experiences of Ladv Duff Gordon.

306

ployed in tlie Bible in a generic sense, designating the Greek nationalities collect- … 1885. Printed in the Third Annual Report of the Society, pp. 14-32. … four diameters in height, and the architrave—the only part of the superstructure … commentary, in the Bibliotheca Sacra, 1888, has been made by Professor Howard … that the copy was made in the 7th year of Rameses II. but that Pentaur was the … all to be found in the latest edition of M. Maspero's delightful little volume of Contes

307

Note 58, page 225..—The flowers mentioned in this love-song are identified by … sounded in the mouths of the men who sang them 3540 years ago. The old … Note 62, page 231.—Bulletin de la Religion d'Egypte in Revue de I'Histoire des … their daughter, the princess Neferu Kheb, who died in infancy. Whether Hatasu … de Rouge, in the Melanges d'Archeologir, vol i., page 50. … Note 71, page 269.—-Compare various translations of this inscription in Records … Note 73, page 272.—One whole sphinx, and part of another are in Berlin. … series relating to the reign of Seti I. sculptured in bas-relief on the north outer

308

resented in ancient Egyptian art is here shown as crossing the canal in front of the … fishes of the Nile and the Red Sea in a curiously arbitrary manner, having more … Dynasty) in the Wady Maghara refers, however, to an expedition, despatched by this … coast of the Somali country. See the Wady Maghara Tablet in Lepsius' Denkmaler. … the principal deities worshipped by the Egyptians had their divine origin in Punt, … picted in the wall-sculptures of Dayr-el-Bahari as indigenous to the Land of Punt. … special attribute of divinities as well as of deified personages in Egyptian art. … brought by that king from Syria for planting out in the great botanic garden at- … himself, and gives us the origin of that title which is transliterated in the Hebrew … rarely met with in the inscriptions.

309

In tl Co1! rse of the same inscription it is said that she had restored1 theJanpk.

Index

311

gade of, 204, 216 ; coming to aid in

312

— early works in sculpture of the, 132.

313

Canal, branch of Nile existing in Nine- … in decorative designs, 183; sculpture,

314

— following in canal-course of Hatasu, … Doric columns, development of shaft in

315

— liisi. appearance in Egypt, 159.

316

— in Egypt as Danai or Dainea, 160,161; … — Petrie's discoveries as evidence in art, … — (Hebrew in" hnggoim) as Greeks in

317

History, none of Egyptian, Manetho in … — leagued with Greeks in Egyptian wars, … now in British Museum, 197. … in Egypt, 165. … --------in Egypt, 58.

318

— fidelity of likeness in Ka statues, 132, … — survival in chemistry, and carried by … Kols of Khota Nagpar, in Asia, 230. … Literature, Egyptians first in field of, 195. … —London, in, 259.

319

— no history (Manetho's in Greek), 198. … Papyrus (oldest book in the world), … — first appearance in architecture, 184. … tory of Egypt in Greek, 11, 197, 198. … of Ptah-hotep in Prisse Papyrus, 220;

320

— discoveries in Saft-el-llenneh, 57. … — branch of canalized in Nineteenth Dy- … — fashions in hair, 84.

321

Pahiri, at El-Eab, songs in stone, 220. … Pentaur: edition in papyrus, 212. … — on standards, in relation to false doors … — house of, in Tahpanhes, 19,68,67,-68.

322

Pigments in panel-portraits, 99. … Prisse Papyrus (oldest book in the world), … — exploits given in battle-piece, Abu- … — in relation to sculpture, 117.

323

Rhodian school, Greek onlv in Greek art,

324

— as a meeting-point in history, 03. … — in mounds, 11. … — founded in the Eleventh Dynasty, 227. … — period in Egyptian art, 81.

325

— earliest examples in relief, 237.

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326

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327

the Troad in.the years 1871—'72—'73—'78—"79 ; including an Auto- … larger, more minute and copious in details, fuller of autobiographical incidents, and … Site of Homer's Troy and in the Heroic Tumuli and other Sites … tions—in other words, to find Troy. In the judgment of competent and candid … gotten, even when the memory of the plaudits that have greeted him in the univer- … arrived at in "Ilios," are of the highest value.—Prof A. II. Sayce, Oxford.

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OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

THE ORIGIN OF PORTRAIT SCULPTURE. 117

If, therefore, we are rightly to apprehend the place which
ancient Egyptian portraiture holds in relation to the art of
portraiture in other and later civilizations, it is necessary
that we should know what that belief was, and in what way
it affected the actions of those who entertained it.

Man, emerging from barbarism, is like an intelligent child,
full of curiosity about himself. He is puzzled by the mys-
tery of his own existence; and, according to his limited
experience, he seeks to account for that mystery. Now, the
ancient inhabitant of the Nile Valley accounted for him-
self in a very elaborate and philosophical fashion. He con-
ceived of man as a composite being, consisting of at least
six parts; namely, a body, "Khat"; a soul, "Ba"; an in-
telligence, " Khou"; a shadow, "Khaibit"; a name, "Ren";
and another element, called in Egyptian a " Ka." To these
six parts, as enumerated by Maspero,* Dr. Wiedemann adds
two more — the heart, "Ab," and the " Sahu," which has
hitherto been translated as the mummy, but is now defined
by Dr. Wiedemann t as "the husk," which is, in fact, the
same thing; a mummy from which all the internal organs
have been removed, being really only the outer shell of the
man. Now, the co-operation of these several parts as one
harmonious whole constituted the living man; but they
were dissociated by death, and could only be reunited after
a long probation. When so reunited, it was forever. The
man attained immortality, and became as one of the gods.
Meanwhile, being dead, the Body lay inert in the depths of
the tomb ; the Soul performed a perilous pilgrimage through
a demon-haunted Valley of Shades; the Intelligence, freed
from mortal encumbrance, wandered through space; the
Name, the Shadow, and the Heart awaited the arrival of the

* See Mnspero's " Bulletin Critique de la Religion Egyptienne," in the Re-
vue de I'llixtoire des Religions, vol. xiii. f Die Umlerblichkeit der Seele nach
altdf/yptischer Lehre.—Von A. Wiedemann.

[The Sahu, considered as only the "husk,"may from this point of view
be regarded as somewhat differing from the Khat, or body, which is the
whole corporeal bein^'.—A. B. E.J

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