Edwards, Amelia B.: Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers (New York, NY, 1892)

30S PHARAOHS, FELLAHS, AND EXPLORERS.

banks being each planted with a row of trees. The only bridge known to be rep-
resented in ancient Egyptian art is here shown as crossing the canal in front of the
fortified gates of a strong frontier fortress, named El Khetam, or " The Key." For
an exact reproduction of this important sculpture, see Kosselini, Monumenti Storici.
A part of the subject is also given in Eber's Egypt, vol. ii.

Note 78, page 282.—Dr. Doenitz, in his remarks on the fishes, contributed to Dr.
Diimichen'a work, Die Flotlc einer JEgyptisclien Kbnigin, writes of these turtles
as tortoises, and classifies the crawfish as the Palinurus penicillatus of the Red Sea.
lie remarks, however, that the Egyptian artist has here and there mixed up the
fishes of the Nile and the Red Sea in a curiously arbitrary manner, having more
than once introduced the sacred oxyrhinchus of the Nile among the fishes of 1*11111.

Nora 79, page 285.—The speech which the Egyptian lapidary scribe has here put
into the mouth of Parihu gives to Hatasu the glory of being the first ruler of Egypt
whose representatives visited the Land of Punt; the tablet of Sankhara (Eleventh
Dynasty) in the Wady Maghara refers, however, to an expedition, despatched by this
Pharaoh to the Land of Punt in quest of the " green ana." The tablet states that
the King's explorers started from Coptos and crossed the Arabian desert by the old
trade route to a port on the Red Sea, the site, no doubt, of the more modern city of
Berenice. Here they built and launched the vessels which conveyed them to the
coast of the Somali country. See the Wady Maghara Tablet in Lepsius' Denkmaler.

Note 80, page 286.—The Egyptians entertained an extreme reverence in the ab-
stract for the Land of Punt, which apparently formed part of a larger district
known generally as Ta-nuter, or the Land of the Gods. Hathor and Bes, two of
the principal deities worshipped by the Egyptians had their divine origin in Punt,
and Hathor was adored under a special form as " The Lady of Punt." Bes, in his
grotesque features and general characteristics, is clearly a barbaric divinity, and is
occasionally represented as nursing or devouring the large cynocephalus apes de-
picted in the wall-sculptures of Dayr-el-Bahari as indigenous to the Land of Punt.
The Egyptians appear to have cherished a vague tradition of their own origin as
natives of Ta-nuter at some extremely remote period; and it is interesting to note
that the curved beard characteristic of these natives of the Land of the Gods is a
special attribute of divinities as well as of deified personages in Egyptian art.

Note 81, page 287.—An inscription at Karnak, which gives a long list of the
booty brought to Egypt after -a victorious campaign of Thothmcs III.; especially
mentions a certain curious bird "which delighted the heart of his Majesty more than
all other things." The architraves of this Pharaoh's Hall of Pillars, also at Kar-
nak, are covered with elaborate representations of foreign flowers, trees, and plants
brought by that king from Syria for planting out in the great botanic garden at-
tached to the Temple of Amen at Thebes. A wood-cut in Maspero's Egyptian Ar-
cheology admirably reproduces some of these very curious designs. (See English
translation, 2d edition, p. 89, fig. 100.)

Note 82, page 288.—See Plinic's Natural Historic, translated by Philemon Hol-
land, 1691, Book XII., chaps, xv. and xvi.

Note 83, page 289.—See Sehweinfurth's Heart of Africa, vol. i., p. 271.

Note 84, page 291.—See Chabas, Antiquitcs Historiqucs, chap. iii.

Note 85, page 293.—The Egyptian word Pcra, signifying literally " Great House,"
is the invariable name for a royal palace. It is also used as a synonym for the King
himself, and gives us the origin of that title which is transliterated in the Hebrew
Bible by " Pharaoh." This employment of the name of the palace as a synonym
for the name of the King is exactly paralleled at the present day by our own use
of the term "Sublime Porte," or "Great Gate-way" for the title of the Sultan of
Turkey.

Note 86, page 295.—Urtheku, or " Great Charmer," is a Goddess of Magic but
rarely met with in the inscriptions.

Nora 87, page 296.—A somewhat similar inscription on the face of the cliff
above the entrance to the celebrated Speos Artemidos in the province of Minieh,
which is in part effaced, has recently been copied and deciphered by M. Goleni-
scheff. This sanctuary had hitherto been attributed to Thothmes III.; but M. Go-