Evans, Arthur J.: Scripta minoa: the written documents of minoan Crete with special reference to the archives of Knossos (Band 1): The hieroglyphic and primitive linear classes (Oxford, 1909)

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Evans, Arthur J.
Scripta minoa: the written documents of minoan Crete with special reference to the archives of Knossos (Band 1): The hieroglyphic and primitive linear classes — Oxford, 1909

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III

THE WRITTEN DOCUMENTS OF MINOAN CRETE … THE HIEROGLYPHIC AND PRIMITIVE LINEAR CLASSES … WITH PLATES, TABLES AND FIGURES IN THE TEXT

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

Preface

The aim of the present publication is to give in the first place a Corpus

For these reasons the First Part of the present volume has been devoted … la Civilisation minoemte), the term ' Minoan' has at … going to oppose the view that Minos I or II had any … as destroyer but as builder of his Palace-shrine, the

VII

a discovery of Minoan tablets had actually taken place in Nero's time and

VIII

In Section 8 is given a complete list of the Cretan hieroglyphs as at

the Philistines are grouped, and within whose orbit, later on, the Achaeans … complete their preliminary publication. In Volume II of this work I shall … General of Cretan Antiquities and Director of the Candia Museum, who has … who, by subscribing to the Cretan Exploration Fund, initiated in 1899, have

have never failed. Without the liberal assistance thus afforded it would have

Contents

THE PRE-PHOENICIAN SCRIPTS OF CRETE. THEIR MEDITERRANEAN RELA- … THE HIEROGLYPHIC OR CONVENTIONALIZED PICTOGRAPHIC SCRIPT OF … §3. The Early Prism-seals of Crete with Pictographic Designs....... 130 … § 8. Catalogue of Conventionalized Pictographic (or Hieroglyphic) Inscriptions on Clay Sealings, … THE PHAESTOS DISK .............273-293

List of tables / List of plates

XII

LIST OF TABLES … III. Comparison of Minoan Signs of Crete and Cyprus......... 71 … XII. Diagram showing Derivation of the ' Double Sickle' and Allied Types on Cretan Seal-stones … XV. Comparative Groups of "¥, Leg, and Gate.......... 237 … XXV. Signs in Similar Collocations with or without the Distinguishing Marks .... 289 … III. Clay Sealings from the Palace of Knossos, with Conventionalized Pictographic (or

I. The pre-phoenician scripts of Crete. Their mediterranean relations and place in Minoan story

THE PRE-PHOENICIAN SCRIPTS OF CRETE. THEIR … I. § i. ANTIQUITY AND EUROPEAN DIFFUSION OF PICTOGRAPH5 … xvii). handles, on each of which is incised the sign H, but with … 3 Tsuntas, MumjiMi, p. 113; Tsuntas and Manatt, op. cit., observes (p. 215) that the amphora was of Egyptian form,

however, of a stone vessel of undoubtedly indigenous form, found in 1892 among … of Perrot. … p. 985. In describing the marks on the Knossian blocks, … Waffen, p. 14a) that certain curvilinear designs below the … 1892-3, p. 199, n. ii"), the figures in question represent

EUROPEAN DIFFUSION OF PICTOGRAPHS 3 … Was this great early civilization, then, altogether dumb ? Were the builders of Contrary … clear. The germs of written communication must have long pre-existed a^esm it,yt°f earIy

of picto- … with animals in the marvellous rock-paintings of the Altamira Cave near Santander,2 … Fig. 3. Table showing degeneration of goat's-head pictograph. (Magdalenian Period.) … of coloured pebbles showing remarkably alphabetiform

EUROPEAN DIFFUSION OF PICTOGRAPHS 5 … ! Some good early illustrations of this group will be … (p. 347) that many of these 'figures' or 'characters', … materials regarding these. Unfortunately, a good deal of

which extend into the Sahara region and find their analogies in the rock-carvings … It is true that many of these marks, both Dacian and Trojan, are ' vain repetitions' … 5 For a review of the literature regarding the Mera- … actions of the International Congress of Prehist. Arch., 1868, … Explorations in the Regions of the Prehistoric Rock Engrav- … a series of drawings of characteristic objects from Broos,

EUROPEAN DIFFUSION OF PICTOGRAPHS 7 … rude linear figures on the Neolithic and Early Metal Age pottery of Hissarlik and Jraphs^not … or letters. This elaborate selection and systematization of primitive elements … within it {cf. Alias trojcmischer Alterth&mer, Nos. 2504, reduces the original elements of the 400 cuneiform signs

Mayas of ancient Mexico and Yucatan, we are able to trace the handiwork of … acquired in a practical form in 1889. In that year a four-sided bead-seal of cornelian, bearing on

SUCCESSIVE TYPES OF MINOAN WRITING 9 … It was not long before decisive evidence came under my observation. In the Further … ventionalized pictographic system. My inquiries succeeded in tracing all of these to

The evidence conclusively pointed to Crete as the principal source of these

SUCCESSIVE TYPES OF MINOAN WRITING n … to the Hellenic Society in November of the latter year a considerable mass of … of these discoveries have been communicated by me to

. deposit of … already existed at a time when the 'conventionalized pictographic' or hieroglyphic … contain examples of a class of three-sided bead-seals of

SUCCESSIVE TYPES OF MINOAN WRITING 13 … the vast 'Atrium' of the Cave, part of the black steatite slab of a table that had been *ound.'!l1 … upon the top of a sacred cone or pillar in the manner shown in Fig. 7.* Its great baityao2. … researches there from 1895 onwards, resulting in the dis- * Further Discoveries, &c, pp. 350 seqq., and Figs. S5 a, … the interior of the cave was methodically excavated by 6 See my Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cull, pp. 14 seqq.

Triple least to the early part of the second millennium before our era. The threefold

SUCCESSIVE TYPES OF MINOAN WRITING

tion of … The ex- … The hill of … on stone, and probably of a dedicatory nature, which in the strictest sense of the word … was with difficulty rescued. The inevitable massacre followed, directed, with every … the possession of his brother, Mr. Lysimachos Kalo- in Perrot et Chipiez, Greet Primitive, pp. 460,462.

SUCCESSIVE TYPES OF MINOAN WRITING 17 … 1 Cretan Picts., Fig. 30, p. 24 [293] and Fig. 40, p. 30 * Preliminary Reports have appeared in the Annual

of suc- … archives. … it, which I at once recognized as presenting the same form oflinear script as that of

I. § 3. THE HIEROGLYPHIC ARCHIVES OF KNOSSOS … corresponds with the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. … 1 For the South-East Pillar Room see' Knossos,' Report, … in it of … of clay

Hierogly- Immediately behind the landing of the stone steps at the north end of the Long … c- ' filling has preserved a series of clay documents belonging to the first period of this … diseovery. ventionalized pictographic script as that of the more advanced specimens of seal-stones … Types of tablets, short bars with three or four sides, scallop-shaped labels perforated for … confined to the easternmost district of Crete than was

HIEROGLYPHIC ARCHIVES OF KNOSSOS sr … 1 R.Zahn,Arch. Anzeiger, 1901^.23,'...dieZeichenauf Religious formulae of a talismanie nature may also have … derschrift in dem Sinne zu thun haben wie Evans will, form of script. … schen Goldringe im Bilde zeigen.' That religious signs the tablet had at first escaped detection, and its exact … Many of these are, doubtless, the equivaient of Egyptian * See my letter to the Times (' Further Discoveries in

seal, we see a beautiful delineation of a fish and sepia in a rock-girt pool. Nothing can … I. $4. THE HIEROGLYPHIC DISK FROM PHAESTOS … 1 J am indebted to Professor Halbherr for this piece of information.

disposal excellent photographs of both sides of the Disk, I am able to give in this place' … Fig. 11a. The Phaestos Disk. Face A.

from the centre outwards. It is by far the largest hieroglyphic inscription yet dis-

The human figures in their outline and costume are non-Minoan. We miss the … under Merenptah. this same group of seafaring peoples, and the belt

On some of the linear tablets of Class B this is abbreviated into a half ship, but … as a curious correspondence in detail that the upturned

These comparisons of course are only of a general kind. The projecting platform

Approxi- At the same time we are warranted in believing that the Phaestos Disk belongs … chronological evidence goes, it would not be safe to place the latest elements in the … Phaestos itself suffered a great overthrow not long alter the time when the Disk was … This new naval Confederacy was destined to outstrip the Minoan sea power, and it … script the most advanced phase of the Third Middle Minoan style, tablets and other … people cf. W. Max MQller, Asien mid Europa, 354 seqq., zines of Phaestos show that the linear script of Class A

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A 29 … took place in the South-East part of the site. Here, immediately above the Pillar Cups with … It may be said that wherever there was any distinct stratification observable the … s 'Knossos,' Report, 1901, pp. 9-12. But the strati-

close of … of King … of Khyan. … linear inscriptions of Class A found at Knossos occurred under circumstances which … * Three of these are given by Newberry, Scarabs, PI.

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A 31 … The alternative hypothesis, which by carrying the Twelfth Dynasty back to … 3 E. Meyer, NacktrQge eur Aegyptischtn Chrouologie, Ab- applied to the Thirteen Ih Dynasty kings, this would show … PP- 34* 35! ef. Aeg. Chronologic, pp. 65 seqq.). Dr. Meyer is interesting to note that the'Era of Tanis' wasaiso used

Palace or Royal Villa excavated by the Italian Mission at Hagia Triada near Phaestos, … What traces, moreover, may have there existed of the First Late Minoan Age … i9o6,pp.38o,seqq.)- The tablets of Fig. 73 are from' Lavori

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A

magazine in a layer immediately below one containing vases of the Zakro types, and … tension of … The above finds show that Type A of the linear script was once prevalent through- … ' By the courtesy of Dr. Hazzidakis, Ephor-General of … 5 Dr. Robert Zahn has favoured me with a copy of a

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A 35 … F;g. 17. Sign groups of Class B indicating male and … other contemporary forms,2 incised marks, a whole series of which correspond with indication … may, however, represent some local fabric of a somewhat 3 See my observations on the 'Significance of the

form of … of the in- … having after them the determinative signs of 'man* or 'woman'. In these groups … It is worth noting, as an archaic characteristic of this type of script in … 1 See above, p. 29 and Fig. 12. ' A detailed analysis of this inscription must be re- … 1 See pp. I3seqq. of the documents belonging to Class A of the linear script.

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A 37 … on the reverse of the clay sealing already impressed by the g^"13 :,. :■:.. 1

THE LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B … deposits of … Knossos. … At Knossos we see the inscriptions of the Linear Class A entirely superseded

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B 39 … its most characteristic shape in the Second Late Minoan Period, best illustrated by ^second

The Gram- … which betrays the hand of an official grammarian. The sinuous and boustrophedon … Kongr., p. 134, Fig. 2; and cf. Abhandl. d. k. Ges. d. s ' Knossos,' Report, 1904, pp. 56 seqq.

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B … of their

of the … rest of the chamber by a stone bench, which may have stood before a wooden counter … ments of … were metal vases and a plant with long stamens, evidently the saffron (Crocus satimts … An interesting phenomenon, afterwards continually repeated in the case of similar … a Minoan Prince in his chariot, this latter, however, almost entirely destroyed by the

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B … piece with their earthy matrix, and transferred on a wooden tray to the old Turkish

Series of … of the … a clay mass which no doubt owed its formation to the dissolvent effects of moisture

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B

Theft of … of tablets … them were arranged like books on a modern shelf so as to show their edges, the … suspicious circumstances. On examining the inscriptions on the stolen tablets … from Chest of A

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B … We see here implements and weapons, chariots and their parts, and the Different … ducts, granaries or storehouses on piles, and different kinds of cereals, the saffron … The example given in Fig. 24 shows a tablet relating to chariot wheels, which, con-

Large a number of documents contain lists of persons of both sexes, with what appear … Fig. 25. Copy of tablet showing women's names.

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS … a case like this we have a record of another kind, possibly a contract or a judicial

That, in addition to the tablets, ink-written documents must also have' been … and sacred writings; liturgies, and books of magic, or hymns, possibly, like that to the … None of these possibilities can any longer be excluded, but the perishable nature … 2 'Knossos,' Report, 1902, pp. 75 seqq. … 7 ' Knossos,' Report, 1901, p. 27. The graffiti are not

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B … Fig. 27. Graffiti on stucco facing of wall, Room of t!ie Cists, Knossos. … from the wall-paintings of Theban tombs, first published

strophe of … the same typical outline and square-cut handle.1 The inscription itself is well written, … s I bad previously accepted the earlier dating of Dr.

LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS B 53

of immobility in art is succeeded by one of gradual decadence, but the course of … In Crete, at any rate, together with other traditional arts, the Art of Writing … " The rectangular building above the earlier

SURVIVALS OF THE ART OF WRITING … explored, reproduces on a somewhat reduced scale many of the salient features of rme ' … seignorial halls were parcelled out among humbler denizens. But on the later … It will be shown below that there are distinct evidences of the existence of … 1 ' Knossos,' Report, 1902, pp. 94, 95. This deposit

The 'Kad- … of a lioness's head found by the French explorers at Delphi' is of identical fabric … 1 ' Knossos,' Report (1900), B.S.A., vi. p. 31. An illus- … regards the building as the 'House of Kadmos'. See … Dr. Bulle, who rightly regards the resemblance with the

SURVIVALS OF THE ART OF WRITING … This consideration has an important bearing on the very interesting discovery inscribed … signs' (Fig. 31). The signs are painted in red on the body of the vase, and they itsindi- … it will be seen, goes a little beyond the mark in saying

of Main- … It also appears that the numeral signs ,*. I which follow the inscription, answer to those … bility. Rather we may see in it a remarkable indication that the tradition of the … Pkls., tec., p. 4 [273], Fig. 2 (reproduced in Fig. 33). which Fig. 34 is taken. The stone vessel itself resembles

SURVIVALS OF THE ART OF WRITING … Fie. 34. Part of stone vessel from Mycenae with inscription on handle. … See Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, pp. 108, 109.

prising spirits in the different districts would be impelled by their growing needs to

SURVIVALS OF THE ART OF WRITING 61 … Iliad may be taken to reflect Achaean domination at Knossos itself. At the same time … earlier Minoan and Mycenaean culture lived on in that of the Viking race of Greece. … Spain, there are indications of intimate contact with the Minoan world, suggesting at … seqq.,and cf. 'Homer and his Critics',Edinb.Rev., Jan. 1908, to the extent of recalling a particular transitional phase of … L. M. Ill vases, bronze axes, and spear-heads, but an iron Mr. Lang has the credit of pointing out the distinct

as examples, presenting various indigenous characters, the origin of which has not … a For the source of the Carian alphabet see Sayce, seqq. … Bibl. Arch., ix. pp. 112-54), a"<l cf. Kretschmer (Eiitl. in d. Arch., 1888, p. 432). The first element in the word is also … attempt seriously to grapple with the non-Greek forms. 6 J. A. Knudtzon, Die zivei Arzawa-Briefs, &c., mil

MINOAN INFLUENCES ON THE ANATOLIAN SIDE 63 … May we perhaps conclude that throughout at least the maritime tract of Southern Were … the Mitannian group, in which case a remarkable Iranian ingredient. … Meyer,' Das erste Auftreten der Arier in der Geschichte,' 1907, p. 7. The later Ionian Miletos was traditionally a … 1908). It is certainly surprising to find not only Iranian —itself a prolific source of Late Minoan remains. But … 531. But Professor Sayce has since shown himself quite this class, from the beginning of the Late Minofin Period,

of local … source of … The letter … That over and above the pre-existing race affinities there was an actual colonial … That the cnfrtara \vypd, written in a folding tablet, must be here taken -to mean some … ' Compare the judicious observations of Dr. W. Leat,

MINOAN INFLUENCES ON THE ANATOLIAN SIDE 65 … It results from these considerations that comparisons based on the signs of the … in 1895, after the publication of my work on the Cretan tions. To-day, with thedeveloped linear scripts before us, … Pictographs, M. J. P. Six wrote: 'Je n'ai paseu de peine as well as the fuller materials for the hieroglyphic signary, … grandes entre les lettres lyciennes qui ne sont pas deri- also shown a due appreciation of the comparative value of

Minoan script must in their nature be somewhat eclectic. In the annexed comparative … It must, of course, be admitted that correspondences of characters of simple

MINOAN INFLUENCES ON THE ANATOLIAN SIDE 67 … 1 This sign, with its three upright strokes, is clearly to dard (B. M. Cat, Ionia, PI. Ill, 5,6). The simpler type … in two Carian names. It is also found on Naukratite of Miletos the civic name is indicated by the monogram H. … on the gold plate discovered by him at Ephesus (Archaic 46oav. J-C) The variant No. 9 appears (also with 1) on … Arlemision, ch. vi, ad fin.). the reverse of the same coin.

MINOAN CYPRUS AND THE INSULAR SCRIPTS … culture of … Of a Minoan colonial influence, accompanied by parallel phenomena in a more … Yet despite its mineral wealth, despite its position, within sight of the Lebanon … much to illustrate the connexions between the early

MINOAN CYPRUS AND THE INSULAR SCRIPTS 69 … 5 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de FArf, &c, iii. pp. 704, p. 74. Fig-128, which is undoubtedly of Cretan fabric. … * I have called attention to this aspect of the religious from the Late Minoan painted sarcophagi (larnakes). A … 1 As, for instance, the Late Minoan III ' stirrup-vase' s Ibid., PI. I.

of Enkomi. … script.2 But the materials that have since then accumulated, and in particular the … 3 Myc. Cyprus, p. 216 and Fig. 13. The tomb was dis-

CHARACTERS OF … Fig. 39 (Table III). Comparisons of Minoan signs of Crete and Cyprus.

to certain quasi-pictorial forms of the ox's head; No. 7 is only a slight simplification … in"cavDrusS are' mcIeed, some indications that there existed among the indigenous population … value. Professor Sayce, for example, has called attention to a group of five such … Paraskeve,1 and belonging to a period which considerably antedates that of the … seen in the Cypro-Minoan or Cypro-Mycenaean signs may be due to the influence of … Cypriote This question has a crucial import, since, should the affinity be ascertained, an

MINOAN CYPRUS AND THE INSULAR SCRIPTS 73 … form and archaic aspect, presenting six or seven characters passed from the Greek to the Phoenician colonists of

Were the … whose sacred Grove was at Amathus, we see a very near relationship to the Mother … to show that at least the Mainland representatives of Minoan culture, as seen at … Much, no doubt, in ancient tradition would be explained by the hypothesis that … It must in any case be recognized that the Cypriote syllabary itself has every … the Greek colonization of Cyprus. It is true that by the Homeric Age the fame of the

MINOAN CYPRUS AND THE INSULAR SCRIPTS 75 … Breastplates are represented on a series of clay tablets 7 The earliest direct mention of the inhabitants of a … handle from Enkomi (op. ciL, p. 209, Fig. 5; from Excava- temple official Wen Amon, about 1100 b.c. The town … cf. Engel, Kypros, i. 228. and Assyrians, which recurs in the Tell el-Amarna letters.

ning of … In any case, however, it is clear, from the evidence supplied by the Cypriote … 1 Cf. Myc. Cyprus, &c., p. 294, and J. L. My res, Cat. of … Crete {H.Boyd, Am.Journ. of Archaeology, v. 136, Fig. 2). … Carian signs and those of the Cypriote syllabary.

MINOAN CYPRUS AND THE INSULAR SCRIPTS 77 … 2 Zeph. ii. 5; Ezra xxv. 16. Elsewhere, however, the doth or Lappidotk=torches, the name of Deborah's hus- … eluded under the Philistine name. This would confirm pp. 387 seqq. These two tribes are the Kreti and Plethi

South Arabian trade route.1 Gaza itself bore in later times the title of Minoa … grounds for believing that the conquest took place about … 1 For an excellent appreciation of the geographical … ! For fresh evidence connecting the Philistines with … of the Sea' (B. S. A., viii. pp. 182 seqq.). In my original … Mr. R. A. Stewart Macalister, for the * Palestine Explora- … column bases of typical Minoan character.

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 79 … But the relation of the Theban temple-official, Wen Amon, as preserved in Minoan … is remarkable in many ways. It reveals to us a community, the earliest known … * For the votive deposit of Petsofa, which included Sprache, xxxviii (1900), pp. 1-14). … tions, see J. L. Myres, B. S. Annual, ix. pp. 336 seqq. 9 Ibid., p. 17. A ' Head Page' of the Prince of Dor is … e Cf., too, 1 Sam. xxxi. 3. by the determinative of' dancing'.

Did the … the tombstone'.1 But the most striking passage in this connexion is where the … are we to trace the impulse which, during the immediately ensuing period, resulted … [364-6], and cf, Table III, I had already been led by the … is due an early recognition of the plausibility of this … to Anthr. Sect, of … 0 Fick, Vorgriechische Orlsnatnen, p. 123. The same … ' The cuneiform script stili prevailed in Syria, accord-

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 81 … such ' architectonic'. modifications and turnings about, the radical divergences are J^cts. … kunde' {Mitth. d. vorderasiat. Ges., 1901), after a review of to account for the rapid divergence of the Southern from … kingdom (Ma'ln) goes back at least to 1200 b. c. He Minaean letters were derived from the North Semitic in … earliest Sabaean forms, which do not go back beyond the forms from the Canaanite characters are in many cases

source of … The natural inference from these phenomena is that both the North and the South … In what area, then, are we to seek this parent stock? The most natural meeting- … seqq.). Dr. Deecke cites certain hieratic Assyrian signs of … 1900, H. 2). Dr. Peiser, however, puts forward the hypo- … The crude method of Hommel's comparisons is criticized

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 83 … generally regarded as of uncertain meaning, Delitsch's … ' a kind of graphic {not phonetic) alphabet' employed for … Alphabets' (Z. D. M. G., vol. I. pp. 667 seqq.). The series … not a single one of the Phoenician characters is in the … It will be seen that in spite of the arbitrary rearrange- … of the * head ' signs. In the same way v

It will be seen that the attempts to trace the Phoenician alphabet to.an old … and how easily it can be worked out in the case of many of the Phoenician letters … lished by his son, the Vicomte Emanuel de Rougg.

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 85 … More recently, indeed, it has been suggested that the Semitic alphabet was … The attempts hitherto made to derive the Phoenician letters from a Babylonian … It is indeed evident that in Canaan, as elsewhere, primitive linear signs of one Primitive … supplied by him, in De Rough's Meinoire sur forigine recently discovered materials in any way added to the … Rouge in 1874, pp. 5 seqq.). specialized of these signs, No. 21, which approaches the … de l'origine des lettres pheniciennes comme definitive- * Professor Petrie's theory as to the origin of the … * De rebus Naturae, v. 1041,1043. the correspondence of certain primitive Egyptian signs

the Art of Writing, as illustrated by the letters of the Phoenician alphabet, is a far … Samek recurs totidem lineis among the characters of the linear Class A and … number of primitive signs naturally recur in various … signs of the advanced Linear Script of Crete (found on … received values in the later times.' From this … invariable to order as our own numbers, and force the

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 87 … Fig. 41 (Table V). Phoenician, &c, letters of … follows it, is by general consent interpreted as the human head, and if derived from , he<.ad'!,oan … pi-'mouth'—it is natural to explain it as having originally represented the outline … word signifying the back of the head ; but Delitsch con- Cf., too, Peters, op. cit., p. 196.

favour of … a similar character should reappear as a common sign in both classes of the Minoan … ' eagle'; pe was not a ' mouth', as its name signifies, but a ' shutter', and the ' tooth' … thing like a proof that these names afford a real clue to the origin of the letters. … It will be seen from this Table that—not to speak of other striking similarities—

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 89 … IDEOGRAPH OF … Fig. 42 (Table VI). Phoenician, &c, letters with names of ascertained meaning

the form throws no obvious light on the name unless it be the triangular door … Ilfand Lenormant, that he in the Phoenician series is a differentiated form of cMth? the … Thus we find it coupled with a pig. This sense of guardianship also comes out … ■Fish/or The Hebrew nun means a 'fish', and the word in this sense is common to all … min. not obvious, though it has been suggested3 that this letter originated from the … certainly receives a striking corroboration from the ascertained history of a similar … 1 This form also reappears as a letter of the Phrygian Evans, Ioc. cit.

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 91 … starts, as its name implies, from a pictorial delineation of the human mouth.2 This' … may, as has been suggested, be intended to represent the and their locality too inaccessible, for them to be regarded … 5 See Kirchhoff, Einleitung, &c, p. 172. They appear analogies with the fl), V, and *f* are to be found in the … date. They must have been known quite as early at that if the Ionians adopted the South Semitic letter-forms … the complementary signs, including the Omega, are found as successful, dmega, however, has an independent … is a further proof of their still earlier existence in the

tion of … to the Minoan signaries. … Phoenician able correspondence between old Semitic and Minoan characters. In many cases the … gave a series of figures of the probable pictorial originals

CRETAN PHILISTINES AND THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET 93 … linear signary, but that these were succeeded by two divergent systems of

Phoenician It will be shown in the course of this work that even the advanced linear signs … 1 In an interesting conversation that I had with (eristics, and concluded with the remarkable expression

The diffusion of the Philistine settlements through the Southern part of the indications … 2 The Ashmolean Museum is now the repository of htriens und Dalmatiens zti //alien and Griechenland, 1904, … ' The discovery in this district of extensive remains ; See especially the papers of Orsi in the Bidltllino di

The … origin of … But a new chapter in discovery has been now opened by the recent investigations … ! See my ' Minoan Weights and Mediums of Currency' … 4 Some of these are incised on the hard metal. Others … e A. J. Evans,' Minoan Weights and Mediums of Cur- … 6 Some clay vessels and other objects in the Museum … notice of Prof. Paris's book in the Revue Arche'ologlque {v. … de la Grece historique.' For further discoveries of the same … interesting review of the materials will be found in Paul

the upper waters of the Jucar, to Alicante, and Murcia, and not least from the ancient … not obsolete fashions that are imitated abroad—that the earlier class of designs mIho^tw … dications are supplied by ancient bronzes, and notably a series of bulls* heads with Urus- Majorca … accepted by Fiirtwangler as Late Mycenaean. Cf. Perrot, Melida from a tongue of land at Cos tig, known as Son … s But hardly, as M. Siret suggests, Rev. Arcli^ x. p. 453, containing a talayot of similar construction,

of Iberic … horns. It may be added in this connexion that a bronze figure in the Madrid … It is certain that both branches of the Iberic alphabet—Celtiberian and Tur- … .■ar Almansa, South-West of Valencia. … 5 Excluding the later ypsihn and omega. For summary

or easy derivations of such, but there are also eight alternative forms ot these … regarded as of a rough pre- … of Minoan influences on the … as the linearized derivatives of a pictograph representing the human head and neck,

100

derivative form which answers to the Phoenician koph these have been lost. It is, … of Minos … break of … Crete, as already observed, was never more densely populated than in the Third … 1 See above, p. 92, note 3, under R. Knossos, pp. 133 seqq.). At some distance to the West

101

SURVIVAL OF MINOAN ELEMENTS IN CRETE 101 … of Minoan … the survival of Minoan elements throughout the Geo- … (Am. Journ. of Archaeology, v (1901), pp. 146 seqq.).

102

in the group f tf, which appears before the totals in lists and additions of accounts. … 3 The Cretan towns enumerated in the Catalogue (ii. … rtprvr) to have been also called, like the chief town of … 9 Cf. p. 58. The ultimate triumph of the civic term … 5 Mas Meyer (loc. cit.) writes of the double-axe as it … the double-axe itself was the fetish form of the God or … nexion between the first elements of >,a&ipii>8os and the

103

SURVIVAL OF MINOAN ELEMENTS IN CRETE 103 … It is noteworthy that, except for the enumeration in the Catalogue of a certain Crete out- … 100-4; 1903, pp. 35-8, &c. Mr. H. R. Hall, 'The both in its speech and constitution, took over the essential … accepts this identification, makes some interesting com- pkyloi is found here ('Treaty between Knossos and … word ' Labyrinth' was transferred from Crete to Egypt, Doric was spoken at Knossos (as at Gortyna). But it … mologie'. by the Welsh, to whom it was originally an acquired

104

The … The … hardly have completed itself even in Central Crete before the beginning of the historic … There was then no inherent reason why in Crete, where the ethnic transforma- … discussed in my Cretan Pictograpks, &c, p. 91 [360]. The parison than that given in my former work is supplied by

105

SURVIVAL OF MINOAN ELEMENTS IN CRETE 105

106

festival of … account of … Diodoros,2 the Cretans imparted the first knowledge of letters to the Phoenicians … Classical It may be suspected that the Cretan tradition of the invention of letters would

107

WAS DISCOVERY OF MINOAN WRITING ANTICIPATED? 107 … It is worth recalling, moreover, in this connexion, that the contemporary Hittites … passage by M. Salomon Reinach (Anthropologic, 1900, the penetration of 'Aegean' elements into Mainland … the Ketes of the Egyptians, belongs to the period of the 518, Sec; De Rouge, in Egger, Eludes historiques sur Us … correspond with the close of the Third Late Minoan i. 285; Wright, Enip. of Hittites, pp. 65 seqq.

108

Was the … of the … of Dictys's … pp. 375 seqq.). The fact that the Governor of Crete is … in Byzantine writers such as Malalas (sixth century), the

109

WAS DISCOVERY OF MINOAN WRITING ANTICIPATED? 109 … prove that the account of the discovery on the site of Knossos was itself a pure … and Crete was actually ravaged by an earthquake at that period.5 But the effect of an containing … attention to the statement of the professed translator of maxime inter tarn diversa loquendi genera consequi ac

110

bark documents, and the Minoan script of prehistoric Crete would very naturally … It may be observed that the white appearance of the nigrum).

II. The hieroglyphic or conventionalized pictograpgic script of Crete

111

THE HIEROGLYPHIC OR CONVENTIONALIZED PICTOGRAPHIC … In considering the origins of the conventionalized types of the Cretan script it Primitive … proper sense pictorial, it is of course easy to distinguish it from the more advanced … forms, the meaning of which is only traditionally known, are continually interspersed

112

signs of … to the most heterogeneous groups. … Good examples of these from the Aegean area are supplied by a series of marks … of great … of script. … point of form, which, like the archaic linear figures of … all the modifications in* their form seems to stand to reason. The detrition due … system of writing?

113

differed in various localities or families. That in the case of simple linear signs Their

114

Dynasty tombs of Abydos there were found, together with a series of monuments … careful investigation of the origin of these linear signs, as illustrated by fuller

115

treated as if they were simply surviving elements of some linear signary of remote … Rude linear pictographs and signs go back in Crete, as in other parts of the Primitive … whorls of steatite of a very primitive character. Conspicuous among these are certain bead-seal's

116

as the prototypes of the three-sided prism-seals, which, at a later period, are so often … Fig. 48. Rude Three-sided Seal of Steatite from Kalokhorio. [J.] (a, b, c, sides; d, section.) … obtained by the Italian archaeologist, Dr. Antonio Tara-

117

An irregularly shaped pendant of green steatite, from Arvi' (Fig. 49; PL I, … below with what appear to be a series of signs connected together in a rude … The deposit of Hagios Onuphrios near Phaestos3, from which this cylinder was Der. … seqq.) and the Appendix to the same (Quaritch, 1895, pp. … But at most the limits of the Middle Empire (and

118

from the same deposit1 (Fig. 51; PI. I, P.L. 4) exhibits two linear signs, the first of … Whorl On one side of this whorl (a) the principal design appears to be a rude … signs from by a single sign like a V, with a square handle. On the other side we see what … linear scripts of Minoan Crete; I is a common mark of division on them, and the … Pictorial The tendency of the art of seal engraving as it advanced in technique was to

119

as of the ' primitive pictographic' class. In this class must also be included many … ponderate, and the most advanced types show only incipient traces of polychromy.

120

way by the people with whose remains the great ossuary chamber of Hagia Triada … It is also noteworthy, as additional evidence of relations with the African side … of prism- … both on their flat and convex sides; rings of steatite and ivory with a large round … ' It is also interesting to notice that a series of primitive … Figs. 25,26. This example is from the Tholos Ossuary

121

seal' is the immediate predecessor of a more elongated form which occasionally … the immediate predecessors of the more … 1 See Percy Newberry, Scarabs, an Introduction to the cylinder type into Egypt.

122

Class of … The characters on this class of cylinders, though they contain many signs common … a grotesque pygmy form—recalling the embryonic Ptah-Sokar-Osiris—which also … nor Chaldaean.' Some of these features,

123

But this class of cylinders leads us to another evidently contemporary form of … adduced between certain characteristic figures of this ' Egypto-Libyan' class and

124

those on Cretan seals of various periods. Among these we have seen that the … their immediate inspiration from some less ancient source, but the indications supplied

125

marked by this Nilotic influence on Cretan culture—of which there are other evidences … Liguria (in the lilorelli Collection at Genoa}, b. … called attention to the parallels presented by these

126

The … of spiral. … Trans- It seems, however, that we may trace the influence of the incoming fashion in … maeanders. system is harmonized here with dominant habit of rectilinear design, and, as has so often … Thanks to the courtesy of the explorers, I had been able … land (Moscow, 1906), where a good deal of the material

127

keys and maeanders, the prototypes of the labyrinth in art. Such maeander patterns … figured designs belonging to this Egypto-Libyan-group. A striking instance of the … r. Istilufo Lombardo, xsi (1904), PL X, Figs. 25, 26. PI. XXV, Y, no, and p. 40. A part of the back of one of … 4 J. Garstang, El Mahasna, PI. XXXIX, 43 and p. 33. Candia and found in the neighbourhood.

129

of the Egyptian design. These secondary stages had, moreover, been reached on the … a dog. A very important feature about this hemi-cylinder is that the figure of the … Fig. 66. Four-sided Seal of

130

of early … of prism- … seals of … to the Sothic system ol Egyptian chronology, would carry back the seals in question

131

THE EARLY PRISM-SEALS OF CRETE … summarize the indications supplied by the materials. Together with the more com- … ners of

132

in reversed positions, followed on the sides by a wild goat, and two fishes; but it does … selections from the Zodiac, namely, Gemini, Capricorn, and Pisces.:t … The other faces of this seal seem to refer to the potter's

133

THE EARLY PRISM-SEALS OF CRETE … seal obviously relate to his property or pursuits. Thus a pair of arrows, in one case

134

with an ostrich/ we have a reference to trade relations with the southern shores of … of hiero- … value of … II. § 4. SEALS AND SEALINGS OF THE CONVENTIONALIZED … The stones themselves are almost invariably2 of the

135

faces b and c are occupied by figures of a dog and a spider, both taken from the … These most primitive types of the seal-stones presenting the Conventionalized … This early class seems, however, to have at least partially overlapped the Twelfth

136

seals of the present class, together with some advanced types of Cretan button-seals or … scarab of … be gainsaid. Of the two examples c and/given in Fig. 78, c, from a scarab found at … family of coil patterns affected by Cretan craftsmen in more than one branch of art.

137

Egypt about the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty, and continued in vogue during the type with … This conclusion receives a striking corroboration from the discovery—already Seal-im- … But a new fixed point in this connexion has now been supplied by the Abydos Tomb,3 The new

138

Minoan association with an imported polychrome vessel belonging to the close of the Second … Of the two sealings from the early Deposit in question, one appears to be from … II. § 5. SEALS EXHIBITING THE CONVENTIONALIZED PICTO- … * In his Nachtragc zur aegypiischsn Chronologic (1908), the limits of this Dynasty.

139

SEALS EXHIBITING SCRIPT OF CLASS B 139 … One broad distinction affecting this later group may at once be made. While the

140

fore-parts of the lions more clearly indicated, is in the Pauvert de la Chapelle Collection, … in reversed directions. A very beautiful specimen of this type from Eastern Crete is … beolde en agate rubanee. A la place de la carapace de from a similarly shaped seal of red cornelian.

141

SEALS EXHIBITING SCRIPT OF CLASS B … band—a feature of which the first dated examples on Egyptian seals seem to belong to … Figs. 178,183. The triple threads of the twisted band on

142

of an early … of metallic … ynasty; and it is therefore of particular interest to note that the coiled cruciform … Two other circular stamps, probably from signets of the above class, on clay … It is there compared with an early sealing from the hoard

143

SEALS EXHIBITING SCRIPT OF CLASS B 143 … These naturalistic associations are strikingly confirmed by the contents, already

144

absence of … of great … Type A has been recently found in the ' Little Palace' at … curred in the adjoining area. There can be no doubt,

145

stage in the Palace history the records of the hieroglyphic script have entirely given … sides, (d) a perforated bar or ' prism' with three sides, and {e) oblong tablets. The

146

a work of art. The two hieroglyphic characters—one of them a lyre—contained … side (P. 50 b, c) and with the print of a hieroglyphic seal repeated on its rounded

147

a hunting scene. There also appears the corner of a fifth impression, from a rect- … a perforation through the valve (see Fig. 95). They were obviously intended to be Iabels- … like the ' labels' described above. The lower extremity, and sometimes the other also, … 1 For this sealing see above, p. 22. Its lower face, where the graffito inscription would have been, is broken away.

148

the case of P. 102, they appear on only two sides. The flat bases of some of the bars

149

II. j 7. CATALOGUE OF CONVENTIONALIZED PICTOGRAPHIC (OR … P. 3. Steatite prism. Crete: Copenhagen Museum, a. Two hippocamps. The trumpet-like scrolls on b a … P. 4. Yellow Steatite prism. Elunda (Olous). b is a decorative design derived from the 'double sickle' of the … locality, c may be the sea-horse

150

P. 4**. Black steatite. Mallia, Crete. There is no trace of any rigging on the aft part of the ship on a … The two S-shaped scrolls on each side of the ox's head on e are probably ornamental. (PL I; C. P. Fig. at.) … § 15 below, b. Head of homed sheep or moufflon, c. Two heads of ditto.

151

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 10, Sealing from hoard found in House A, Kato Zakro. The coil to the right is probably decorative. (PI. I.) … I he sign to the left on face b seems to represent an ingot. (Cf. linear tablets, Vol. II.) (PI. I; C. P. Fig. 37.)

152

P. 14. Natural ' finger' of yellow steatite, the base of which has been cut fiat and engraved as a seal. Kalamafka, … i signs of P. 17 a and b. … Green jasper prism. Mirabello Province (A.J. E.). The sign in the left upper corner of face b seems to

153

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … indicate some such title as ' Keeper of the Swine'. The a:_.... ._ … P. 33. Red cornelian prism. Central Crete, 1898. This remarkable seal may contain the name and titles of … P. 34. White cornelian prism. Eastern Crete. The second sign … ,) On c it is seen without the

154

P. 25. Four-sided bead-seal of green steatite. Palaikaslro, E. Crete, 1894 (A. J. E.). … P. 26. Four-sided bead-seal of abnormal length, white steatite. From Crete. Central Museum, Athens. Sides

155

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS

156

P. 30. Four-sided bead-seal of green jasper. From Xidha, near site of Lyttos. Faced shows the familiar +, leg … 'trowel' and eye formula is of frequent recurrence. (P. 7 a, 19 c, 254 27 d, witr … P. 36. Green jasper 'signet' (for upper side see p. 140, Fig. 84). Goulas. The animal is of the cat-like kind … P. 37. Green jasper'signet'. Knossos, 1898. We have here a more perfect example of the figure seen on P. 35, … already been noted that the mallet and goat's head appear with the plough and mountains sign on P. 26 b, perhaps … P. 39. White cornelian 'signet'. Kalochorio, near Kritsa (A. J. E.). The 'strainer' (No. 54) and arrow-head

157

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 40. Red cornelian signet. Kentri, near Hierapetra. (See Fig. 86, p. 141.) The wolfs or dog's head with the … P. 40*. Red cornelian signet. Central Crete. It shows the star sign of eight rays within circle with floral offshoots. … P. 42. Green jasper with convoluted back (as P. 33-35). Hagios Nikolaos, Gult of Mirabello. From a sketch. … P. 44. Four-sided bead-seal, red cornelian. Central Crete (Ashmolean Museum). There is a cruciform sign of

158

P. 46. Green jasper prism-seal from Kordakia near Kavousi. (From sketch by A. J. E.) Sides b and c are the … P. 47. Cornelian. Mirabello Province. (Now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge.1) Sides a and b show … P. 48. Green jasper. Mirabello Province. (Fitzwilliam Museum.) a shows the leg and gate, followed by … o almost flat faces. Found at Hellenika, Knossos. On face a … spray (No. 100), sepia, the ' hand' sign in profile (No. 10), and spouted ewer (No. 47).

159

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS

160

. Impression of prism- or four-sided bead-seat. The ' ciub' sign here separates the ' trowel' and eye. … P. 56 a. Part of the impression of a prism-seal. This shows the ' mouth' sign (No. 6) coupled with the same … P. 59 a. 1 and 2. Repetitions of the same impression, probably from a prism-seal. For the formula compare … P. 600. Impression, probably of a … • . ui ». . ..... u. .... impression Irom a prism-seal, showing the eye and the lower

161

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 63 a. a. Impression, probably of four-sided bead-seal- (PI. III.) … jf metal. (See pp. 142,146 above.) It shows the … P. 66 a and 67 a. Impressions from the same face ot a four-sided bead-seal. The uppermost sign possibly

162

P. 71 d. 1. Impression of a prism- or four-sided bead-seal with the recurring f, leg and gate formula. … P. 73 a. (See above, Fig. 93, p. 146.) 1. Signet type of decorative character. 2. Hunting scene; wild goat chased … ornamental adjuncts. For the ' trowel' and arn

163

II. $8. CATALOGUE OF CONVENTIONALIZED PICTOGRAPHIC (OR … (The numbers of this series are preceded by P. The numbers in brackets refer to the Catalogue of

164

P. 55 b. The inscription has the initial sign X, and reads from left to right. (PI. IVa.) … P. 64. This is the largest of all the clay sealings found in the Knossian Palace (see above, p. 145) and is distinguished

165

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS

166

P. 77. There is no seal-impression and no other sign-group on this clay sealing. The first sign on the left seems … P. So a. The initial sign X shows that this reads from left to right. A second X after the first group of three signs … P. 83 a. This reads from left to right. After the initial X is a shed on piles, probably a storehouse, followed by

167

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 84 b. For the double J and ' double-axe' conjunction see P. 108 a. (PI. VI.) … n. In the upper part the ' strainer' sign (No. 54) is … I he double-axe and dog's head signs that begin the inscription may possibly convey the name or title of an official.

168

P. 870. This, as is shown by the initial X, reads from right to left. The first sign (No. 116), somewhat resembling

169

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 93 a. In spite of the direction of the goat's head this inscription must be taken to read from left to right. It is … P. 93 b. This also reads from left to right. The first sign seems to be a variant of the ' sepia', the second is the … P. 94 a. This inscription again, notwithstanding the direction of the goat's head, must be taken to read from left

170

P. iao'a. This face, as indicated by the initial X mark, reads from right to left, and is divided by a cross-line into … P. iooi. The beginning here is to the left, and this face is divided into three sections. In the firs: of these the … This bar is practically complete. As pointed out in § 13 below the total numbers = 11000.

171

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 102A. Reads from left to right. The third sign is the ' zigzag't

172

P. 103 a. This reads from right to left, the second group beginning with … ____, the line … P. 104 a. Reads from right to left. In this case the ' bust' (No. 3) is doubly associated with the ' olive spray' … P. 104 b. Both lines here seem to read from left to right. The three numerical signs of line 1 with the double

173

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 105 a. The inscription, reads from left to right, only the numerical part of the first group being preserved (=60). … P. 107. This bar is perfect. The inscription on face a, beginning with the X mark, reads from left to right. The … P. 1076. This reads from right to left, beginning with the initial X mark. The 'store-house'sign (No. 43) recurs

174

P. 108. The lower half only of this bar is preserved, with an inscription on the butt (e). … P. 109*. This reads from left to right: the same sign-group Of, flower, }) occurs in the same order on P. 104 d.

175

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. no, A part of the larger end of this bar is broken away. The top … P. in. Perhaps a third of this is wanting at the larger end. This and the three succeeding examples, P. iia, … examples of the 'hundred' sign

176

The next is the jar and olive spray … P. iiarf. We have here, perhaps, the end of a branch like that of c. (PI. X.) … P. 113. Somewhat less than half of this bar appears to be wanting. … P. 113 A. Forthe'fig-branch'and two following signs compare P. 111 b and 112 c The first sign is unique. (PI. VIII.I

177

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … P. 1160. The inscription appears to begin, as indicated by the X mark, < … P. 117b. This shows what appears to be a very rude version of the 'crossed hands', accompanied by the

178

P. 118. One end of a large bar with square section. … P. 119. End of a triangular bar with equal faces.

179

CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS … •P. 120, line 1. This line reads from left to right. The first character is imperfect, and neither it nor the second- … 1 This downward line appears as two separate strokes in the copy of the inscription in Mom. Antic/ti, and its

180

P. 122. Tablet with large perforation and signet impression on the side. (See Plate XI,) … may have been of a decorative nature.

181

II. £9- CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … 1. The ideograph of a man standing with both arms held downwards is seen by … A closely allied type appears as an ideograph—the ' man' sign—in the Linear … 2. The crouched human figure 2 a with one hand raised occurs at the beginning … posture with one knee drawn up and the buttock resting on the heel ^ch

182

reproduced above,1 which seems to stand as the ideograph for 'speech'.2 A closely … Cycladic and Minoan graves. It is only found in the graffito inscriptions, and in two … The human eye seems to have the natural signification of oversight' or in-

183

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 183 … ir-t, and the single or double pupil o, 00 (= ' Eye'—' to see *, ' to watch'; with the … The crossed arms. This seems to be an ideograph taken from gesture language. … A sign resembling type e appears in the Linear Class B. … The forepart of the arm with extended palm is seen on one of the Jerabis inscriptions … Derivatives of this sign are found in both varieties of the linear script. … Human hand, palm outwards, or glove. The fact that in other presentations

184

of the hand, both pictographic and linear, the fingers, or some at least of them, are … This appears to be the human hand seen partly in profile and as if in the act … The human leg. The bent leg as an Egyptian hieroglyphic is used as a determina-

185

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 185 … The perforated single axe is rare among Minoan remajns. The pictograph is best … Types b and c, found on clay labels, seem to be graffito versions of the same sign. … The arrow is one of the most constantly recurring signs. Usually only the head … The 'arrow' is often coupled with the 'trowel' (No. 18). (See § 21, below.) On

186

P. 112 it appears twice with the A (No. 130). On P. 94 a and 76 b it is connected with … Lance or dart. The primitive type a, which certainly resembles ; … Fig. 33 d- The dagger symbol appears in two forms among Egyptian hieroglyphs, … It is a noteworthy fact that the sword, which is typologically an outgrowth of the … Arm holding curved instrument. It may be compared with the Egyptian ^_4,

187

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 187 … Perhaps a trowel. This figure, which is the most abundant of all the hieroglyphic … in building. As shown below (§ 15) it is frequently coupled with an ' adze' of Egyptian … The 'template' sign. In my first work on Cretan Pictographs (p. 36 [305] and … In confirmation of this I was able to cite a gem from Goulas of the convoluted

188

The use of the incurved notches at the top of the figure also became at once

189

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 189 … This sign is grouped with an ox-head on the clay label P. 92 a. … Adze with handle of an Egyptianizing form, recalling the hieroglyphic character … Saw of Egyptian form resembling the pictorial original of the hieroglyph

190

The mallet. Type a, on a prism-seal of Class A, shows the earliest form. The … This sign, which may very well have relation to building, or even to a group of … Ring-handled instrument, perhaps of metal. It is distinct in form from the … Peg, mace, or sceptre. Compare the Egyptian \ … Plough of primitive form with the pole and share beam in one piece. The type

191

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 191 … This sign is twice repeated after the ' mountains' or territorial sign on P. 26 b, and … of musical instrument with a plectrum attached. Though at first sight it recalls a lyre … On P. 31 c this sign accompanies the ' saffron flower' (No. 88 a), on P. 31 b the y

192

Lyre. This occurs in conjunction with y on the fine signet impression P. 64 a. … Pronged instrument of uncertain use. It is of frequent appearance both on the

193

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 193 … The crook or hook. This sign, resembling a capital J, is placed in any position. … On P. 68b this sign is grouped with the 'gate' and the 'sepia' (No. 60); on … Types/and k, with a kind 01 spur at the bottom of the upright stroke, might also

194

A much closer comparison is supplied by the early type of the Egyptian … The single-barred crook. This is evidently a differentiated version of the pre- … from the one-barred crook No. 33.

195

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 195 … The sacred double axe sign is of constant recurrence. The weapon served as the

196

The hieroglyphic formula, in which this sign is coupled with the 'trowel' (see … Museum Cat., PI. I. 22) shows an altar table on which an ox is being sacrificed, the

197

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … the Egyptian libation vases, >Q qebeh, except that it has a handle, the handle being a … This sign is identical with secondary forms of the Egyptian hieroglyphic for … This is represented by ' a nearly square enclosure, the wall of which is carried half-way

198

along the front and then turns in at a right angle enclosing an inner court'. The tower … It seems as if in this instance we had a clear example of Cretan character taken … An angle, perhaps of a building. It occurs on the two faces of the clay bar P. 104, … Hut on piles, probably a storehouse. This sign occurs in both cases in the same

199

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 199 … The ' gate' sign, which may also signify an ' enclosure' generally, is one of the most … 45. This sign seems to be rather a hurdle or section of a fence, and may in its origin

200

Fence or trellis-work. On the clay impression P. 50 a it is coupled with the … Jug with beaked spout (prochous). Groups of three of these vases are frequent … Two-handled vase with olive spray. The outline of the vessel closely resembles

201

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 201 … This sign seems to be a handled vessel, the contents of which are indicated by … The 'grain'or'honey jar'. This jar is here seen in section, asNos. 48 and 49, with … indicated within it, as in the preceding.

202

Measure of grain. The circle with three, four, or, more rarely, two dots is found in … Possibly a barrel or store jar ('pitkos'). The cross lines may indicate the hoops … This sign apparently represents a kind of sieve or strainer—possibly a cheese

203

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … In my earlier work on the Cretan Pictographs 41 had suggested that the sign might … The ship. Types a, a, a belong to the more primitive class, A. There is absolutely

204

show a great resemblance to those which appear on a Late Minoan class of lentoid … 58. Hippocamp. This sign is twice repeated on face a of P. 3, the 'trowel' sign … Tunny fish. The general outline of a and the tail of b are characteristic. On

205

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … In this frequently repeated sign I venture to recognize the small eatable sepia or … In two cases (P. 27 a and 80a) the present sign is grouped with the 'zigzag* or

206

'serpent* (No. 84) and the cross pommde (No. 112). In two other instances (P. 108e, … 61. Rude figure of an ox on the primitive ' tabloid' P. 13 a … seal belonging to Class A. The somewhat longer and more curving horns of type b … Ox-head. It is noteworthy that the facing ox-head type of the Middle Minoan

207

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 207 … The goat's head is of constant recurrence. In three places it is placed between … It is impossible to say whether the sign refers to the wild goat or Cretan Agrimi … A kid or doe. This is coupled with the single axe on P. 22 b. The sign shows … Head of horned sheep. This is perhaps the moufflon, representations of which

208

occur on Late Minoan gems. Type a occurs on two sides of a prism-seal of Class A, … Apparently an ass's head. Compare the characteristic Hittite sign 4 … 69. The pig or boar as a whole figure occurs in association with the gate on … 70. Fore-part of an animal grouped with the fence (No. 46) and rayed disk or … Dog's head. This head does not show the fangs and protruding tongue of No. 73,

209

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 209 … Wolfs head with protruding tongue. This sign appears on P. 44 with the arm … (see below, p. 264). In its graffito form it is associated with the cross pommee … Cat. This pictorial sign appears in connexion with the official formula f, leg and … 76. Apparently the head and neck of a long-necked animal. Coupled with the

210

the saffron (No. 88). It bears a distinct resemblance to the Egyptian sign khepsh- … 81. Waterfowl, perhaps swan, in the act of taking flight. On the clay impression

211

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … The serpent. The original form of this sign is best seen on the fine prism-seal

212

The spider. Type a appears by itself on a prism-seal ol Class A; bis attached to … The bee. The large abdomen and the indications of the proboscis enable us to

213

CATALOGUE OF- HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 213 … 87. An uncertain flower, probably a lily with recurved petals. The sign appears … To judge by the more detailed reproduction on the Minoan frescoes this flower,

214

The lily, which evidently had a religious value in Minoan cult, is distinguished … there certainly an ideographic value, as referring to the plant itself. … 89. This sign, which appears on the clay label P. 86 b in association with the … The fleur-de-lis. Type b, which probably represents the most correct form of the

215

OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … The f, or pst sign as it may be conveniently termed, represents a plant. We have … doubtful. But in types d~g—found associated with the same ' leg and gate' formula on … 1 L. Mtliler, Numismatique de Fancknne Afrique, I. p. 9, upper part of the plant. The gem is a chalcedony … globular flower bunches of equal size proceed from the

216

and twice with the 'mountains' or territorial sign (P. 77, 103 c). In the case of … Heart-shaped figure with specks or grains; possibly the heart-shaped fruit of the … The suggestion is offered that we have here the heart-shaped fruit of the silphium, … 3 Ramsay and Hogarih, Prehelknic Monuments of Cap- p. 12, Fig. 30.

217

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 217 … 94. a, A glyptic form of this sign occurs as the sole type of a seal-impression found … numbers. Thus on P. 82 it is followed by the number 3, on P. 85 b by 32, on the Phaestos … Perhaps an ear of barley. … the ' ship' and ' arrow', and recurs twice on face c of the same seal. On P. 83 b it is

218

gem from the Idaean Cave, now in the Museum at Candia, a votary is seen blowing … The parallel branches. Type a stands by itself on a prism-seal of the more … horns'. It is placed in three instances before the arrow sign (P. 24 c, 101 a, 102 a), in

219

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 219 … The olive spray. The resemblance of the better executed of these sprays to the

220

the plough and the ' mountains' on P. 64 d. … Branch of fig-tree. The characteristic form of the leaf is traceable in a, and it is … 104. Possibly another vegetable sign. It is coupled with the 'arrow' on the

221

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … ; is associated with the ' tence' and ' half-boar' on the seal-impression P. 50 a. … Day-star or sun with revolving rays. The graffito type d, which is grouped with … Solar disk without rays. This sign obviously stands in close relation to the

222

Type b is identical with the Egyptian hieroglyphic for 'sun' and 'day'. It is … The crescent moon. Two crescents which apparently have the value of separate … The cross pommee. The knobbed ends of its limbs distinguish this character

223

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 223 … on the sealing P. 70b, together with No. 117 below, and the 'branch' or 'tree' … Vertical lines descending from a more or less horizontal figure representing the … The ' Mountains' or Territorial sign. We have here a widely distributed picto-

224

The Egyptian p^") men = mountains is applied in the same way as a determi- … As is noted below (see p. 262), this sign is grouped in a special way with the … Type a with the closed ends seems to be the most perfect form of this sign. Its

225

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 225 … More especially in its glyptic form, a, this sign resembles the forepart of a ship … 117. This enigmatic sign occurs on the clay sealing P. 70b, between the 'tree' … 118. This sign is grouped with the ' gate ' and ' human leg' on the clay label … the clay label P. 95 a.

226

The meaning of this character remains uncertain. Type a is associated with the … This figure somewhat resembles an CO. Type a is grouped on P. 102 a with the … it is grouped with the ' trowel' before numbers.

227

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS … Perhaps a rude linear presentment of a tree with horizontal branches. Analogies … graphic meanings appears from the recurrence of both forms almost side by side on the … Type a is found on the Phaestos whorl; b occurs with g and E on the early prism- … A sign closely resembling this is abundantly represented in the two Linear … 1 Ramsay and Hogarth, Prekellenic Monuments of Cappadocia, Pi. III.

228

The delta sign is well represented on the graffito documents. In four cases (P. 90 b, … This character consists of a combination of a Z with the preceding delta sign, and … It occurs in kindred formulas on P. in and 112, in connexion with the 'fig-branch' … 132. The E-like sign is seen on the early prism-seal P. 8 b. The incision was … 233. This sign occurs with an unit on the tablet P. 120, where it is followed by … The N sign is found, both on the Phaestos whorl and the sealing P. 53 b, associated

229

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 229 … It must further be remarked that, in addition to the above list of signs, other devices … 'Apx. 1907, PL VI, 38 y and p. 153). This bead-seal 13 of with the Tmtokathapsia, and on face b a bull.

230

the clay bars, labels, and sealings we may justly infer that in the case of the seals they … The S sign should perhaps be simply regarded as a decorative flourish. In P. 22 c … The 'trumpet* or coil is in much the same case as the S sign. It is also seen

231

CATALOGUE OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS 231

232

A. ENGRAVED ON SIGNETS, B. INSCRIBED ON CLAVJABLETS & SEALINGS. X, WANTIN6 IN ONE OR THE OTHER CLASS.

233

CLAY TABLETS & SEALINGS, X. WANTING IN ONE OR THE OTHER CLASS.

234

II. $ 10. ANALYSIS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC OR CONVENTIONALIZED … To these may be added at least four other hieroglyphs, three on P. 120 and the … 7 must probably be deducted as coming under the head of scrolls or 'fill-up' ornaments,3 … 1 Since these Tables were drawn up a glyptic form of (to be grouped with 12), 15 (fuller form of 14), 18 (variant … 1 Nos. 20, 49, 69, 70, 78, 80,82. (cf. 52), 55 (ornate type of 71), 62 (variant of 60), 81

235

ANALYSIS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY 235 … It is possible that a small minority in either class may be confined to the seals … It is this general dependence on sphragistic usage that helps to explain the some- … It has been shown above that in Crete and other parts of the Aegean area, as in Contrast

236

The condi- Why then, it may be asked, should a more pictorial form ot writing thus interpose … duced the hieroglyphic script of Crete was largely due to Egyptian example. … the early

237

ANALYSIS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY 237 … It cannot then surprise us that, as shown above, certain Cretan types of signet, … To a certain extent it is possible to watch the actual transformation of the earlier Trans-

238

of view. … from seals of much more advanced technique, executed on harder materials. Here, … them in its own fashion. The insular position of Crete was, in fact, of great value in

239

ANALYSIS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY 239 … 3 Daniel G. Brinton, Primer of Maya Hieroglyphics, " p. 198.

241

ANALYSIS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY 241 … * On the Mastaba of Ptahhetep (F. LI. Griffith, Ptahhetep,

242

forms of … It must also be borne in mind that the chronological discrepancy seems to be … 1 Wright, Empire oj the Hiilites, PI. XVIII. 1-8-

243

ANALYSIS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY 243 … It is well to remember, however, that, though from one cause or another the Con- Inherent … and yet to admit that the general character of the conventionalized pictography of

244

essentially early civilization of the island as it existed about the end of the third millennium before … A record of A certain number of signs (Nos. 2,3, 7,8,10) give us hints of gesture language; arms

245

II. 6 ii. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SCRIPT … words or ideas, though the same signs when found in groups may have had a purely

246

there is no mark of division between the 'gate ' and the succeeding signs. The 'gate' … The ' human eye' is an appropriate ideogram for the functions of an ' Overseer'. … compound forms of ideographic expression. We find :—

247

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SCRIPT … In a purely pictographic system the number of signs is necessarily very large. Limited

248

of signs in … cations as the following :— … Numbers No. of … Numbers No. of

249

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC SCRIPT 249 … This sign is linked in a special way, as is seen in the Phaestos Tablet, with some … It is interesting to observe that the same &

250

are modified almost beyond recognition. In these cases a series of examples illustrates … of the in-

251

ARRANGEMENT OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS 251

252

of arrangement. These comparisons show that though the direction in which the … Example of Boustrophedon Order on Prism-seal. … Fig. 108 a (from P. 109 a). Shows sign-group followed by numbers (= 250) starting from the initial X-mar'{at '^e … Fig. 108 b (from P. 103 d). Shows the same sign-group starting in the same way as « from the perforated end of

253

ARRANGEMENT OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS 253 … Fig. tog a (from the clay bar P. 101 a). The sign-group runs from the initial X-mark horizontally from right ti … AT END OF BAR.

254

The … The Phaestos Tablet, showing the order of the inscriptioi

255

ARRANGEMENT OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS 255

256

the dogs' heads on P. 86 a and 89 a, of the goats' heads on P. 101 b, 104 a, 107 d, … II. § 13. THE HIEROGLYPHIC NUMERATION … Less assistance than might have been expected is here obtained from the numeral … which the signification of 'thousands' may be safely attached (Fig. 113). There is no … 1 Two C's superposed sometimes are made a continuous eight, the 10 up to nine, the unit to eight,

257

THE HIEROGLYPHIC NUMERATION 257 … Specimens of Hieroglyphic Inscriptions followed by Numbers. … These various amounts, which give a total of 2882, stand in no obvious relation to

258

P. 103, which is also completely preserved, supplies the following sums :— … The total is here 1972, and in this case again the successive amounts do not show … Sums of On P. 107, where the inscription is again perfect, we reach a more definite result :— … The total amount is therefore here 100, a result which corresponds with a repeated

259

THE HIEROGLYPHIC NUMERATION 259 … The total is thus 1100, a being 100, and b and c together 1000. … The total here is 11000, or just ten times the sum (1100) arrived at from the … they are placed over the connected sign-group, as on P. 83 b, 103 </, 118 d, or beneath it, … P. 100 a and d. It may be laid down as a general rule, which also holds in the case

260

II. $14. CORRELATION OF THE GLYPTIC AND GRAFFITO … That certain ' canting' personal badges, to be described in the succeeding Section, … or the … son of the

261

Just as some of the formulas on the signets are absent from the graffito series, … Glyptic and Graffito Versions of Identical Sign-groups.

262

pronged sign, V, is consistently in the middle. In the same way b and/of Table XX … e, P. 81 a, 86a, 100b; /, P. 1040; 1096; g, P. 766,93a, ioSrf; k, P. 93a, 109a"; k, P. 108*, n6«. The arrows … Transposition of Signs in Similar Groups.

263

In other examples signs forming component parts of a group are seen to shift … In Table XXI (Fig. 118), a 1 and a 2, from P. 107 b and 83 a respectively, the oxvs Instances … been above recognized as the fig-branch sign, and composed of very similar elements, … be found to throw a welcome light on that of the Minoan world. The Cretan seals jjjJjfJJJii

264

may often relate to personal names and official titles, sometimes, perhaps, of a religious … sacred or otherwise, artistically engraved upon their signets. As a matter of fact, the … It is, therefore, a highly suggestive phenomenon that we find, especially on the … Dove preening her wings: standing by itself on face a of the three-sided bead- … These signs may well be personal or ' canting' badges, answering to the distinctive

265

OFFICIAL TITLES, ETC., ON THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNETS 265 … A specially valuable illustration of these presumably official formulas is supplied 'Family … the Y sign, Ej ^% yf the 'trowel' and human eye, gt ^Sfip anc^ tne arrow_ ^afj; … the various connexions in which the 'canting' badges in question stand with these

267

OFFICIAL TITLES, ETC., ON THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNETS 267 … It further appears that the signs made use of in the above groups are in almost

268

mask itself was rather the personal badge or appellative. That the animal figures … It is interesting to observe that the oldest examples of the gate and leg series, … Builder of … \ [of Palaces] … Beautifier of … Place of the … the crouching dog and the spider. The animal figures, occurring thus on a signet type

269

OFFICIAL TITLES, ETC., ON THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNETS 269

270

connected with the first attempt at human portraiture. The signification of Guardian

271

noteworthy that there was found in the Palace Shrine of the Goddess a small figure of … repeating this palmette decorative combination. On another prism-seal the palmette

272

of the round 'signet' type exhibiting the portrait of a male head. The features are … likeness—curiously Armenoid in its general traits—of a Minoan dynast. On another … whose effigy it is thus brought into connexion. From the contemporaneity of style

III. The Phaestos Disk

273

THE PHAESTOS DISK

274

tablet of … thTcharac- characters were stamped in relief with punches when the clay was wet, each … 1 Op. cit., pp. 266 seqq. and Fig. 10. The signs present … 1 Op. cit, p. 278. Dr. Pernier does not think that the … Compare, for instance, P. 100, 117. At the same

275

III. § 2. THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY OF THE PHAESTOS DISK … CATALOGUE OF SIGNS ON PHAESTOS DISK (see Table XXIV) … 2. Head of a man in close-fitting crested helmet. For comparisons with the head- … 5. Naked male child. The characteristic outlines of the forepart of the body,

277

THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY OF THE PHAESTOS DISK 277 … Jerabis.8 He remarks : ' If the Phaestos Disk be a matrix, then this sign in its positive … ire/wos seen from above. It is not without hesitation that I would put forward the … 14. The flat tops of the two prominences in this figure as well as the slots in the … 1 For a fuller reproduction of this see Signor Stefani's

278

18. A carpenter's angle. This occurs in the regular Minoan series (No. 42). … 21. A curious double comb or rake, perhaps connected with the weaver's craft. … paintings. From this view I venture to differ for the following reasons : (1) The … is also seen hanging from the forepart of the 'arrow'. The vessel has a well- … As noted above in Part I/' the absence of .a mast distinguishes the ship on the

279

THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNARY OF THE PHAESTOS DISK 279 … 29. Head of an animal of the feline genus, seen in profile. The comparatively … The linearized representation of a flying eagle, but without the serpent, occurs in … 36. The forked spray here shown closely resembles certain varieties of what … 37. A plant with a fan-shaped flower and buds on either side of the stalk. … 39. Dr. Pernier5 is probably right in identifying this sign with the saffron flower, … 43. Triangle with internal granulation. The simple triangle occurs among the

280

of water.1

281

ANALYSIS OF THE SIGN-GROUPS ON THE DISK 281

282

with the 'armed fist' on the Disk refers to the sex of the prize-fighters. The Minoan … of' great prevailed in Crete. … a belonging to the First Middle Minoan Period

283

ANALYSIS OF THE SIGN-GROUPS ON THE DISK 283 … It is probable, moreover, that the highly pictorial figure of a pagoda-like building … That there is a decided ideographic element among the characters on the Disk But

284

analysis of … Making a liberal deduction for the signs that seem to be here used with ideo- … Number of Examples. … For purposes of comparison the equivalent of these figures in percentages is given … It will be seen from the above comparisons that the number of cases in which we

285

HI. § 4. NON-MINOAN CHARACTER OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC … Dr. Pernier, indeed, in his account of the Disk, while admitting2 that the signs

286

system of … the Linear … Disk the … curiously identical physiognomy in the different regions. The phenomena with which

287

NON-MINOAN CHARACTER OF HIEROGLYPHIC SYSTEM 287

288

of sen- … on both faces. Adopting this as a working hypothesis, Face B really contains the first … Such marks are always appended to the initial sign of a group, and there are 15 in … characters might perform an analogous function to the short lines or dots which … not simply as a syllable or letter, forming part of a word. … 9 The lower part of the 'fist and cestus' sign in A 25

289

EVIDENCES OF METRICAL ARRANGEMENT 289 … Fig. 130 (Table XXV). Signs in Similar Collocations with or without the Distinguishing Marks. … It will be seen at once that there is a certain- parallelism in the above two tables.

290

divided again on both faces into two sets of six by the long descending line after No. 18. … series, and the same exceptionally long 3 … Fig. 132. Sets of Sign-groups repeated.

291

III. § 6. THE INSCRIPTION POSSIBLY A RELIGIOUS CHAUNT … This 'breast' sign coupled with the enigmatic figure, o. 45, begins the whole

292

hymn of … Use of … elements that seem to be discernible on the Phaestos Disk to some Anatolian sanctuary … It is, moreover, at least conceivable that in Minoan Crete, as in both the Orthodox … It has been already ramarked that several features among the characters of the … 1 There exist certain late Greek moulds in the form of … the sunken designs are of a bolder character, and there

293

close agreement with the general usage of incising the signs on the clay tablets and

Analytical index

294

THE PRE-PHOENICIAN SCRIPTS OF CRETE. THEIR MEDITERRANEAN … Negative conclusion of Perrot .... 2 … § 2. Discovery of the Successive Types of … Existence of hieroglyphic system ascertained … Inscribed whorl from deposit of H agios Onu- … Discovery of inscribed Libation Table in … characters r of Class A..... 15 … The hill of Kephala: signs on ancient blocks . 16 … Important deposit of clay archives in West … Earliest period of West Wing mainly ' Middle

295

Circumstances of discovery .... … Hieroglyphic tablet from Palace of Phaestos and … Comparison of male figures with later Pulasati, … Signs of peaceful industry .... … This class occurs in stratum marking close of … The ' Era of Tanis' (Zoan) and the Hyksos … Deposit of Zakro...... … Wide extension of this form of script … Indication that the same language was current … § 6. The Linear Script of Class B: … Characteristics of Second Late Minoan Period … Remains of their cases.....41 … Countermarks and endorsements of

296

Theft of tablets detected by its means … Bulk of tablets of latest Palace period (L. M. II) … The Kefts and their offerings . … Indigenous tradition still in the main … Decadence of the Minoan and My. … The 'Kadmeia' of Thebes and the Palace of … of Mainland type of script .... 58 … Was knowledge of Minoan script thus diffused ? 61 … Hittite derivations of Anatolian letters not sub- … Evidence of local names • … The letter of Proetos to Lycian King … with the later Cypriote syllabary . … Successive waves of Aegean immigration into

297

But partial settlement of Greeks in late Minoan … § 10. Cretan Philistines and the Phoenician … Date of Philistine conquests in Canaan . … Mission of Wen Anion to Dor c. iioob.c. … Unexplained supersession of cuneiform writing … Attempts to find source of Phoenician alphabet … Source of Phoenician letters more advanced … The complementary Greek letters and … Pictorial reconstruction of Phoenician letters … Lacunas in the evidence.....93 … Indications of Aegean factories in Lower … Minoan origin of Iberic vase decoration . … Elements of Iberic scripts neither Phoenician … § 12. Survival of Minoan Elements in Crete … Knossos and its abiding traditions . … The Dorian adoption of Minos

298

Survival of old stock at Praesos and Polichm … Surviving records of old Cretan script … Classical records of discoveries of prehistoric … Linearized pictographs of the Reindeer Period … Alphabetiform signs of great antiquity … Survival of earlier class of linear signs in Egypt … Deposit of Hagios Onuphrios . … The 'primitive pictographic' class . . .118 … Seal types of early ossuaries . . . .120 … Connexion with the Delta . . . .121

299

The maeander and spiral . … § 3. The Early Prism-seals of Crete with … § 4. Seals and Sealings of the Conventional … Seal-impressions of Class A from M. M. I de- … Evolution of'signet'-seal … Possible influence of metallic forms . … Persistence of certain seal types of Class B into … § 7. Catalogue of Conventionalized Picto- … § 8. Catalogue of Conventionalized Picto- … § 9. Catalogue of Hieroglyphic Signs:

300

Decorative elements on the signets . . . 229 … The conditions unfavourable for application of … Pictorial transformation of the old linear picto- … Extent of Egyptian influence on Minoan Crete … of view ........ 238 … The ankh........239 … Parallel usage of 'adze' and 'trowel' and … of Hittite characters.....242 … Absence of most characteristic Hittite signs … Minoan hieroglyphic system essentially of home … but the bulk also phonograms . . . 245 … Expression of composite ideas by ideographic … Disparate character of many sign-groups incom- … Artificial modification of certain signs . . 249 … § 12. Arrangement of the Hieroglyphic In- … Various directions of the inscriptions . 250

301

The Phaestos Tablet..... 254 … Relation of objects to direction of inscription . 253 … § 13. The Hieroglyphic Numeration: … Sums of roo and round numbers . . . 258 … Certain signs peculiar to one or the other class 260 … Comparison of the same sign-groups in glyptic … Instances of translocation of signs in groups . * 263 … ' Family Tree' of official formulas and personal … Titles of priest-kings..... 269 … Portrait of priest-king and his son . . 272 … Catalogue of signs on Disk .... 275 … The ccstus used in Minoan religious sports . 281 … Evidences of ideographic element in sign-groups 283 … Absence of Minoan hieroglyphs of constant

302

Hieroglyphic system of Phaestos the normal … § 5. Evidences of Metrical Arrangement in … Strokes indicate beginning of sentences . . 288 … The Mother-Goddess of Crete sister form to … hymn of victory......292

Tafel I-XIII

T_3

CLAY SEALINGS FROM THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

T_4a

CLAY LABELS FROM THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

T_4b

CLAY LABELS FROM THE PALACE OF KN0SS05

T_5

CLAY LABELS FROM THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

T_6

CLAY LABELS FROM THE PALACE OP KN05S0S

T_7

CLAY 'BARS' FROM THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

T_8

CLAY 'BARS' FROM THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

T_9

CLAY 'BARS' FROM THE PALACE OF KN0S50S

T_10

CLAY BARS AND TABLET FROM THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

T_12

THE PHAESTOS DISK. FACE A

T_13

THE PHAESTOS DISK. FACE B

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OFFICIAL TITLES, ETC., ON THE HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNETS 265

compound names into which these appellations entered. The lion's mask com-
bined with the lily spray, and the special characterization of the wolfs head, dove, and
owl, rather point to compound structure. In either case, such name-forms would
answer to a wide European usage.

It will be shown that almost all these types parlants are connected with groups or
with single word-signs which, both from their apparent ideographic value and their
recurrence on seals, we have good reason for identifying with official titles.

A specially valuable illustration of these presumably official formulas is supplied 'Family
by a closely interrelated group, consisting of the gate and human leg, with or without 0^ai°

« ^^ m%% A formulas

the Y sign, Ej ^% yf the 'trowel' and human eye, gt ^Sfip anc^ tne arrow_ ^afj;

head and' trowel

■<M

de-
vices.

In Table XXII (Fig. 119) I have put together in a rough diagrammatic form
the various connexions in which the 'canting' badges in question stand with these
recurring groups, as well as their combinations with certain other formulas of the same
official character.

Those belonging to the more primitive hieroglyphic Class A are placed here in the
upper section of the diagrammatic Table; those of Class B, which must be of some-
what more recent date, are placed below.

For the sake of clearness the signs are here given in their most normal forms, and
are set in the same direction—namely, from left to right. The initial X marks have
been also inserted where they could be supplied from any of the specimens.

In this way the whole series of sign-groups, representing what we may venture to
regard as Minoan titles, is seen to develop itself into a kind of ' Family Tree'. The
personal badges themselves are here shown in some cases to recur in successive
generations.

The gate and leg series (A) is taken here as the central stem, with the ancestral
types of two collateral branches—human eye and 'trowel' (B) and the 'arrow' and
'trowel' (C)—on either side. It will be seen that the descendants of these (Bn, Cn)
constantly intermarry, as it were, with the representatives of the main line (An), that is
to say, that they appear on faces of the same seal-stones as those showing the gate
and leg.

That several of the sign-groups on these signets are official formulas rather than
personal names may be fairly inferred from their continual reappearance over what
must have been a considerable period of time. The prototypes of the principal groups
A, B, and C are, as we have seen, already found in Class A representing seal types of
a distinctly earlier and more primitive age than those of Class B.

Those of Class A would in the main belong to the First Middle Minoan Period;
those of Class B, to the Second and the Third division of the Middle Minoan Age.

The occurrence in several cases of the dividing X-mark on vertical lines of

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