Evans, Arthur J.: The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 1): The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages (London, 1921)

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Evans, Arthur J.
The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 1): The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages — London, 1921

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Preface

Sept. 1911, and compare his contribution to G. Rodenwaldt, Tiryns, vol. ii, p. 211 seqq.

VII

a revised Plan, will be found in Vol. II of the present work, and, in addition … Zafer Papoura ; II. The Royal Tomb of Isopata : Ixy (1914), I. The Tomb of the Double Axes

Contents

XIII

3. Early Minoan II (E. M. II)........71

THE SECOND MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD (M. M. II) … § 10. M.M. II: (B) Drainage and Sanitary System . . . .225 … § 11. M.M. II: (C) Royal Pottery Stores; Acme of Polychrome … of polychrome decoration about middle of this Period ; the M. M. II a Ceramic … in upper layers; Contents of lower Basements mature M.M. II; ' LoomAVeight … Architectonic origin of bands of disks; Mature polychrome style—M. M. II/;; … and later M. M. II styles; Origin of foliate bands from flower chains ; the Abydos

XVI

§ 13. M.M. II: (E) The Hieroglyphic Deposit : Sealings and Seal- … of M. M. II seals; Signets and prism seals with hieroglyphic formulas ; Royal bead- … § 14. M.M. II: (F) Egyptian Monument and Relations . . . 286 … M. M. II; Cretan craftsmen employed for Pyramids of Illahun and Hawara; Egyptian … M. M. II synchronous with break-up of Egyptian unity ; Perhaps symptomatic of wider … paned windows; Architectural affinities with Terra-cotta Shrine and M. M. II con- … Epoch of Transition ; Heralded by great catastrophe at end of M. M. II ; Continuity

XVII

block; N.E. Room—Submergence of M.M. II Magazines with Great Knobbed Pithoi; … Walls superposed here on M. M. II ; Important Deposit with Spiral Fresco, Column

consequent on Catastrophe of M. M. II ; Quick wheel, too, fatal to egg-shell and … Dated deposits of close of M. M. Ill ; Contrasts with M. M. II—result of Catastrophe;

XXII

symbol; Eats' and Butterflies' wings—winged symbol on M, M. II prism seal; … of Late Minoan forms ; Galloping Griffin type traced to M. M. II ; The ' Flying … Hyksos Dagger-hilt; Engraved M. M. II dagger-blade—illustrations of 'Flying … Fig. 39. Plan of E. M. II Buildings, Vasiliki ........ … at end of M. M. II . . ....... Facing 203 … 77. M. M. II floor with base of Knobbed Pithos and M. M. Ill Floor superposed

XXIII

Fig. 326. Section under Stepped Portico (L. M. II) showing L. M. I Magazine superposed

XXIV

„ II. Egg-shell Bowls of Polychrome Style (M. M. II a) . … „ II. Part of original West Court of Phaestos ; Steps of Reception Area to left with … ,, III. a, Thorn-bossed Polychrome Tazza, M. M. II; b, Fluted Top of M. M. II 'Fruit

The Minoan Age (Introduction)

1 See Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, ii,

Vol. II. J. II. S., 1912, p. in seqq., and U.S.A., xviii

Fig. 2. a, b. Portrait Heads associated on M.M. II Sealing (f). … 1 See Vol. II. Cretan and Albanian types. The waving hair

is father by ' Ida ' of Minos II, who in turn is made the establisher of the first … Hoeck points out (Kreta, ii, pp. 27, 53), largely … 4 //. ii. 645 seqq.

Minos, he regards ' Minos II ' as Achaean on … desired by the logographer. 'Minos II' … lister, vol. ii, p. 155, Fig. 318—part of an

2 See Vol. II.

2 See below, p. 80. Mycenaean elements in Hellenic \Afe\J.II. S.,

certain decorative motives of the finest M.M. II polychrome ware.4

with L. M. I. (For the material see Vol. II.)

in its middle Period (E. M. II), evidence of inter-relations with the Egypt of … end of M. M. II—an epoch marked on both sites by a great catastrophe.

the close of the succeeding L. M, II Period, the result, according to the inter- fowedby

L.M. II.

was of a more unstratified nature, containing remains of the L. M. II and … Style' of L. M. II is the special product of Knossos, and its place else-

characterized by an abundance of M. M. II pottery in the same advanced

The characteristic polychrome wares of the Second Middle Minoan Period have M.M. II … This rough estimate would bring the close of M. M. II and. with it, of the early part D>'nasty-

The Neolithic Stage in Crete

Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. ii,

II. From Kuban. evidence as to the tomb-group is by no means

The Early Minoan Age

Mochlos.1' Seager1 in an early stratum beneath Tomb V—of E. M. II or E. M. Ill

2 Op. at., p. 93. 3 See Vol. II.

58a

1 Petrie, Abydos II, p. 24; cf. Knossos, 113, 137; 65. 7, 8, 23 ; 67 and 68.

of the E. M. II ceramic style. This … 1 Cf. Mackenzie, loc. cit. (Franchet. loc. cit., formerly grouped this class with E. M. II.

(Munich, 1912), p. 36, lays stress on the fact 4 Of grey steatite. Ibid., p. 25, ii. j (Fig. 7

Fig. 35. Prehistoric Egyptian, Fig. 36. E. m. ii

form of some of the triangular daggers of the E. M. II Period (see below,

§3- EARLY MINOAN II (E. M. II) … Fig. 39. Plan of E. M. II Buildings at A'asiliki (Seagkr) : … of an E. M. II house to the south of the Palace at Knossos, under-

E.M. II … VI belonging to the earliest phase of E. M. II (Fig. 73, p. 102). It consisted … of Pennsylvania, ii, 1907, p. 112, Fig. 1).

Fig. 40. Pottery from E. M. II House-floors, Knossos.

the first ceramic phase of the E. M. II culture is chiefly characterized by … E. M. II … of this E. M. II class were found on some house-floors of that date that

EARLY MINOAN II … early tholos ossuary of Kumasa 5 (E. M. II—III). The triple group of pots … Fig. 41 is from Tomb II, Fig. 42 from Tomb I. c Prof. Bosanquet has already instanced a

Fig. 43. a. Table and Pan, Mochlos fjg_ 43> c_ kernos, Kumasa (i): E. M. II—I IT.

Mottled The second phase of E. M. II pottery is distinguished by the predomi- … to the latter part of E. M. II, entirely supersedes it. Only a small survival

EARLY MINOAN II … Fig. 47. Metallic Types of E. M. II Vessels from Sphungaras c). … E. M. II ' mottled ' vases of Vasiliki into direct

1 Fig. 49, b is an 'alabaster' (aragonite) 2 Petrie, Royal Tombs, ii,p. 26; PI. IX, 13,14. … 5 Royal Tombs, ii, p. 27.

EARLY MINOAN II … Sea. Ivory seals such as one from a M. M. II tomb at Mochlos present the … 2 Seager, op. cit., p. 24, ii. 42 (Fig. 11),

EARLY MINOAN II … Mochlos. E. M. II medium, in addition to beads of this material there … 1 L. M. I. See Vol. II. 5 The cone-shells themselves, or a variety

EARLY MINOAN II … themselves to belong mainly to M. M. II and III. On the other hand, … M. M. II stratum beneath the chamber con- Le Origini del/a Civilta Mediterranea, p. 285,

genous vases here found, as seen already in the tombs of E. M. II date, the shapes

Fig. 57. Contents of Tomb II, Mochlos ; E.M. II (Seager) (-j c).

E. M. II … Fig. 58. Cretan Stone Vases, Mochlos, E. M. II (± c). … is best shown by Fig. 57, illustrating the contents of Tomb II, belonging to … of the deposit, which was E. M. II. II a. grey material. //. cup of translucent green steatite,

EARLY MINOAN II … The shape of the E. M. II stone vases, for the … Tomb II at Mochlos,2 still presents the characteristic flat collar of the Early … Mochlos, E. M. II (-*- c). … diam. 14-8 cm.), r. clay jug; E. M. II ware. … only partly hollowed out: Early E. M. II fabric. … 2 Seager, op. at., Fig. 7, II d., and PI. II, II d.

from Tomb II at Mochlos,1 shows an analogous form, but its ledee … 1 Seager, op. cit., p. 25, Fig. 7, and PL II,

EARLY MINOAN II … 1 Op. at., p. 80, M. 3, and PI. II. … ii. 115, G.). The vase is from the Petrie

translucent steatite, and probably belongs to the E. M. II elements of that … ivory seal, Fig. 64, from Tomb II,3 is interesting as showing—for the first time … 1 Seager, Mochlos, p. 70, Fig. 39. 3 Of. cit., p. 34, Fig. 12, II, 41. ' The seal

EARLY MINOAN II … found in an E. M. II deposit at Sphungaras in Eastern Crete 1 (Fig. 65), and … E.M. II … bead-seal of this class in a pure E. M. II deposit.

Fig. 67. Jewellery from Mochlos Tombs (E. M. II).

EARLY MINOAN II … subjects. Among the finds from the Mochlos tombs—notably Nos, II and … appearance of two incised outlines of human eyes (Fig. 67, II. 5), clearly … op. at., p. 27, and Fig. 9, II, 4) 2 Kuruniotes, \E</>. 'Apx-, 1906, pp. 232, 233,

Fig. 69. Gold Jewels of Floral and Foliate Types from E. M. II Tombs, … 1 See Vol. II.

EARLY MINOAN II … Fig. 70. Copper Weapons and Instruments from Mochlos (E. M. II) (^c). … (Fig. 70, II. 45)- As pointed out above, this can hardly be the most

101

EARLY MINOAN II … In Tomb II at Mochlos, in a purely E. M. II medium, was found Votive … was found in a cist-grave in Amorgos with 4 Petrie, Ta/u's, Pt. II, PI. iii, and pp. 20,

102

E. M. II. … Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Dynasties. The E. M. II Period must, on the whole,

103

tombs at Mochlos are E.M. II. At Vasiliki 'the architecture markedly

109

well be called Early Minoan II '.

114

2 In Cretan Pictographs, &c, p. 59, I had and II seals is, however, clear. See below,

117

into the E.M. II Period,2

119

what near the circumference. An E. M. II steatite specimen has already

121

2 lb., p. 121, Fig. 54. ceding E. M. II Period, and, with them, some

123

placed within the limits of the E. M. II Period. Among the types that now Reversed … ventionalized type of prism-seal dates back to E. M. II 5 but the bulk of these

125

Names, PI. II, 49, and cf. PI. IV, 98). … Tombs, II, 93 (cf. Mena); c. from cartouche of

Middle Minoan I

129

M. M. II, none; M. M. Ill, 81 ; unclassed, wall of rough stones beneath the base slabs at

133

'r-i ■ -ii 1 r -i t* of Early … Cylinders with Names (PI. II. 43), the position p. 431 seqq.

136

pp. 22 seqq. 76 ; E. M. II and III, 37; M. M. I, 32. No

141

3 See Vol. II. Fig. 104 were made. To these is due the deter-

142

mature phase of M. M. II is well … mature phase of M. M. II (see Section,

144

M.M. II.

146

See vol. ii and cf. A. J. E., Pillar Rooms,

153

M. M. II prism, p. 277, Fig. 207, k, below. In yap alec.

157

crevices, the ceramic contents of which were M. M. I and II. Above this

159

of L. M. II signet impressions exhibiting the Minoan Mother Goddess, … Fig. 462. 4 See Vol. II.

160

found in the Palace belonging to the M. M. II Period we see this spiritual

168

phase of M. M. II were to be after-

169

are forthcoming during the early part of the succeeding M. M. II Period,

170

libation vases, which by the early part of M. M. II were imitated in clay and … 1 See Vol. II. a curious way as if there had been some kind

175

the succeeding M. M. II Period was to attain such prominence. Some chromy. … has suggested that they were votive robes, but of Knossos, J. II. S., xxvi (1906), PI. X.

178

CONGLOMERATE M. M. II.

179

i-iii -ii Decora- … 1 This specimen is probably of M. At. II 2 For a coloured illustration of this jug see

180

development about the close of this Period and beginning of M.M. II, and … made for votive purposes. The usage itself continued into M. M. II.8 … 2 See p. 187, Figs. 135, 136. Coloured 8 A fragment of a small M. M. II bowl from

182

Trans., vol. ii, Pt. 2). 4 See Mackenzie, J. H. S., xxvi, p. 247.

185

Univ. Pa., vol. ii, 1907, PI. XXXII, and p. 125).

186

case of the E. M. II ' mottled ' cups, Fig. 46, d, e, above, its base is hollowed … and the pavements remained at the same level till well on in M. M. II, and … Trans., vol. ii, Pt. 2), PI. XXXI, Figs. 1, 2, M. M. I a deposit shown in Fig. 122, p. 173 … 3 See Knossos, Report, 1904 (/y'.S.A., x) called ' M. M. II

189

better reconciliable with the appearance of Hogarth and Welch, J. II. S., xxi (1901),

190

2 See Section in Vol. II dealing with Minoan ' rhytons '.

191

seen in a whole series of ceramic forms belonging to M. M. I and II.

192

Troy II. V (£),

193

have been re-opened, notably the mine of 1906 (lb. II), pp. 125, 126.

194

itself goes back to the E. M. II Period. There is

195

polychrome vases, ranging from late M. M. I to about the middle of M. M. II.

199

till the succeeding M. M. II Period. But, as we know from the Vat Room

201

original fresco decoration of the M. M. II Palace.

202a

1900 b.c, shortly after which date, as wre shall see, imported M. M. II a

202b

Middle Minoan II

203

§ 9. M. M. II : (A) Consolidation of Knossian Palace. … absorbed by supplementary M. II constructions and its original lines over- Unifying

204

Staircase, and its drainage system persisted, the M. M. II arrangement of its … m.m.ii the 'branch' sign, supplies a typical specimen of contemporary light-area … a narrower zone including a rectangular M. M. II structure with deep base-

205

M.M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 205

206

Court overlie M. M. II pithoi.

207

M. M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 207 … (Suppl. PI. II), answers—on a larger scale—to the later ' Theatral Area' at Plans at … the last elements of which were M. M. II.

209

M.M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 209 … the close of M. M. I or the very beginning of M. M. II. … M. M. II. 'n Sanctuary Quarter see below, p. 449,

210

throughout the East Quarter, and M. M. II store jars were found resting

211

M.M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 211 … 'kalderim' (14 cm.) was occupied by a pure M. M. II deposit. … back in its original form to M. M. II is of the same high shape, though its … Two bases of this class were found in the area of the 'Spiral Fresco', the M.M. II.

212

the Spiral Fresco area was occupied by an important M. M. II Sanctuary.

213

M. M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 21

215

M.M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 215

216

class characteristic of M. M. II, consisting of the finely grained 'almond

217

M. M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 217 … arrangement of M. M. II … M. M. II.

219

M. M.II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 219

221

M.M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 221 … 3 See Vol. II. lions and griffins—and is seen within the door-

223

M. M. II: CONSOLIDATION OF KNOSSIAN PALACE 221

224

and ideas of the M. M. II Period are supple- … 3 See Vol. II and Knossian Atlas, I.

225

§ id. M. M. II : (B) Drainage and Sanitary System

226a

1 We shall see (Vol. II) that in Late Minoan times a radical change took place in a part of

227

M. M. II: DRAINAGE AND SANITARY SYSTEM 227

229

M. M. II: DRAINAGE AND SANITARY SYSTEM

230a

M. M. II b pottery, as also the cistern. The

230b

BARBOTINE POLYCHROME WARE (M.M. I b—M.M. II)

231

§n. M. M. II : (C) Royal Pottery Stores; Acme of … about middle of this Period; The M. M. II a Ceramic style.

232

Fig. 174. Bossed Pithos (M. M. II), Phaestos.

234

M. M. II. ment, of the Early Palace … mature M. M. II style. So, … was found a typical M. M. II

235

M. M. II : ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 235 … M.M II Stratum with … Fig. 177. M. M. II Floor with Base of Knobbed Pithos and M.M. Ill Floor … the discovery of the containing foundation wall typical M.M. II cup, mentioned above, was

236

red with white borders on a buff ground, representing the mature M. M. II

237

M. M. II : ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 237 … been effaced or obscured by later stages of construction, it is clear that by the mUM°II … It was natural, indeed, that the acme of this ceramic art should have m. m. II … Among M. M. II types now occur ' rhytons ' or libation vases in the Bull's … polychromy of the M. M. II Period. The ostrich egg type, which survived

238

a generalized way on to many M. M. II polychrome designs, especially those … latest fabrics of this Period (M. M. II b).

239

M. M. II: ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 239 … in M.M. II ceramic design from flutings, in this case horizontally arranged.

240a

Strati- M. M. II series is thoroughly established by the stratigraphic evidence.2 In … the concluding M. M. II phase, (6). Beneath was a pale clayey stratum 20 cm. … PI. II. 2). It was found, about 3.20 metres terminology there employed is necessarily

240b

PLATE II

241

M. M. II : ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 241 … products of the M. M. II potter's art applied to the new glaze technique, and

242a

A group of three cups from this Deposit is given in Coloured Plate II.

242b

•Vapheio' Handle, Knossos, m. m. II-III. 2. Silver Goblet with gold

243

M. M. II : ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 243 … o -'ii easui y.

245

M. M. II : ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 245

247

M.M. II : ROYAL POTTERY STORES (CERAMIC PHASE a) 247 … vessel belongs to the acme of the M. M. II style and to an epoch con- … which points to the earlier phase of M.M. II, came to light the highly … M. M. II polychrome class, which may be distinguished from the later series Style, … and p. 119, Fig. 74, and cf. Vol. II. Among With these has also been grouped the bowl,/,

248

(i 12. M. M. II : (D) The Loom-Weight Deposit: Later Ceramic … M. M. II; 'Loom- Weight Deposit'—Evidences of religious connexion ; Minia- … disks ; Mature polychrome style—M.M. II h; Stellate flowers with pointed … M. M. II styles ; Origin of foliate bands from flower chains ; The A by do s … The The best materials for the concluding phase of M.M. II ceramic art … was separated from the uppermost deposit containing M.M. II relics by

249

M. M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASER) 249 … area was a wrell-defined stratum belonging to the close of M. M. II,3 and … M. M. II b contents of these basements. … Palace (B 114,115 \ In both sections M. M. II 5 Reckoning from a triangular datum block

250a

M.'M.II b- POTTERY -X •'LOOMWEIGHTS' | … M M II b

250b

u M.I1M.II I 3 • "r •,»•»"• … II

251

M.M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE b) 251 … Fig. 188, a, b. Fragments of Painted Plaster Dadoes, M.M. II b; from Loom-J

252

a late M. M. II style, corresponding with that of this Knossian stratum.

253

M. M. II : LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE b) 253

255

Fig. 191. Pottery from Loom-Weight Basement, M. M. II l>.

256

M. M. II. They were buried in the position in which they were found by … earlier M. M. II b phase is afforded by a polychrome vase of the 'hole- … products of M. M. II ceramic design the growing influence of decorative … 1 See Volume II, and cf. K. Miiller, Ath.

257

192. Typical mature M. M. II Polychrome Vases illustrating Earlier 'Palace

258

priately mark the effect of Palatial models on the mature M. M. II 6, ceramic … advanced stage of M. M. II, shows a further variation of the lunate pattern

259

M.M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE b) 259 … imitations of metal work, well represented in the earlier M. M. II phase, are … as in the finer class of the smaller M. M. II fabrics, are manifestly applied to … of late M. M. II cups with a white band beneath their rims, already referred … 2 See below, p. 590, Fig. 434, b. appear before the close of M. M. II (see below,

260

M. M. II

261

M.M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE b) 261 … the earlier (a) and, in its lower half, the later ceramic phase (6) of M.M. II.1 … 1 b is on a M. M. II polychrome figurine … Bull, of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pt. ii,

262

Fig. 194. M. M. II Polychrome Ceramic Patterns (a Egyptian Cloisonne Disk, XIIth

263

M. M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE b) 263 … flower again occurs, on a fine M. M. II … M.M.II … and the veined motive on a M. M. II a cup,

264a

Fig. 19". M. M, II Polychrome Vessel with Saffron- … II Vase … reached before the close of M. M. II.

264b

THE SAFFRON GATHERER FRESCO (M. M. II)

265

M. M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE /;) 265 … polychrome class, while the rocks with their alternate veins of black and ^0 II … fresco was found on a floor level about the marked M. M. II stratum throughout this area,

266

MM II to tnose seen 011 the polychrome bowl illustrated in Fig. 197 above make it … M. M. II. A fragmentary bowl with light brown ground, crinkled rim, and … J. II. S., xi, PL XIV, 10. The impressed

267

M. M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE b) 267 … Fig. 198. Pottery showing Pointed Petals of Latest M. M. II Phase from Kahun (c)

268

M. M. II … spouted ' vases of the M. M. II class. The same correspondence, moreover, … of polychrome vessels from the M. M. II Palace floors of Knossos and … Fig. 199, e, a M. M. II polychrome vase from Knossos of the same ' hole- … Report for 1907, where its M. M. II character

269

M.M. II: LOOM-WEIGHT DEPOSIT (CERAMIC PHASE*) 269 … Period. The relation of the M. M. II types b and

270

it would appear to the earlier part of M. M. II b, may be regarded as of … {a, M. M. I; 6, c, Mature M. M. II; d, Close of M. M. II; e, M. M. Ill a.) … conclusion that the latest M. M. II phase may be brought down to a date

271

§13. M. M. II : (E) The Hieroglyphic Deposit: Sealings … other seal-impressions; Types of M. M. II seals ; Signets and prism seals with

272

catastrophe at the close of the M. M. II Period. On some of the sealings of … favour of assigning it to the latest M. M. II

273

M.M. II: HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT : SEALINGS & SEALS 27, … Knossos : M. M. II b. (f) … themselves give a clue to the forms of many of these M. M. II seals. Some of Seals and

275

M.M. II : HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT : SEALINGS & SEALS 275

276

'Signet'-seal, M. M. II. (j) … 1 Scripta Minoa, i, p. 161, P. 64 a (and 3 Cf. Scripta Minoa, i, PI. II, P. 41, and … (twice), 18, 64; face 3, Nos. 5, 18, 64 of Signary, style this intaglio may well be of M. M. II date.

277

M. M. II: HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT : SEALINGS & SEALS 277

278

on face c show a close correspondence with those on some M. M. II

279

M. M. II: HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT : SEALINGS & SEALS 279 … UNITS _ ) or 1=/; ))))JorI«II or M l =5>c

281

M. M. II: HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT : SEALINGS & SEALS 281

283

M. M. II: HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT: SEALINGS & SEALS 283

284

M. M. II Cornelian Seal-

285

M. M. II: HIEROGLYPHIC DEPOSIT : SEALINGS & SEALS 285 … 2 See above, p. 170, and Vol. II.

286

§ 14- M. M. II : (F) Egyptian Monument and Relations. … to c. 1760—approximate date of close of M. M. II; Cretan crafts- … Catastrophe at end of M. M. II synchronous with break-up of Egyptian … Chrono- As noted above, the fine polychrome ware of the developed M. M. II … ofM.M.II _ .: 1 • 1 t» 1 c t7 1r t 1 … association with painted fragments of the M. M. II b polychrome style.2

287

M. M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 287 … singularly uniform. M.M.ii. … as complete specimens of small plain vessels, all of M. M. II b fabric. In two … this widespread M. M. II stratum there can be no reasonable doubt.

289

M.M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 289

290

M. M. II b, was found in association with a cylinder of Amenemhat III … and others from neighbouring sites begin with Senusert (Sesostris) II, … fall within the upper limits of the M. M. II a phase. But the evidence … of the later polychrome sherds found here belonging to M. M. II b may come

291

M.M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 291

293

M. M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 293

295

M.M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 295 … a road would have had to be built from the 3 Herodotus, ii. 18. Cf. pp. 17, 64, S3.

297

M. M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 297 … Egyptian soil in connexion with the work of Senusert II and Amenemhat III

298

ii, p. 232 seqq.

299

M.M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 299 … mate limits of M. M. II between 1900 and 1700 b. c. … the last phase of M. M. II and resulting from a general overthrow of strophe

300

MJVI. II tide which the breaking of the Pharaonic clam let loose may well have had

301

§ iS- M.M. II : (G) The Town Mosaic. … found in this area came to light, whether M.M. II or M.M. III. The ment.

302

some objects included in it had been taken from an earlier M. M. II stratum. … M.M. II Period. An alternative conclusion, taking into account the asso- … 2 See Vol. II.

303

M. M. II. THE TOWN MOSAIC *o

305

M.M. II. THE TOWN MOSAIC … Miniature Terra-cotta Shrine, belonging: to the M.M. II b stratum of this Terra-

306a

Fig. 225. Specimens of Structures short be placed in the same M. M. II b

307

M. M. II. THE TOWN MOSAIC … 2 They are seen together on polychrome and p. 27, Fig. 37, a, b). See Vol. II.

311

M.M. II. THE TOWN MOSAIC

313

M. M. II. THE TOWN MOSAIC

Middle Minoan III

315

Epoch of Transition; Heralded by great catastrophe at end of M. M. II;

316

That the overthrow at the close of M. M. II was accompanied by … traditions of the M. M. II b phase still survived. … courses of the M. M. II walls were largely used as foundations for their … mark ed the latest. M. M. II phase.

317

in the thick stratum above the late M. M. II pavement. … this slope seems to have been part of a methodical architectural plan carried ii/m^L

319

products of the latest M. M. II stage, such as its advanced polychrome wares. … M. M. II was already well advanced, there is evidence of a series of partial … between the ' mosaiko' pavement of the closing M.M. II phase and the

321

this gypsum floor, immediately resting on the Neolithic clay, was a pave- m. m. ii. … small plain vessels and fragments, a few M. M. II, but mostly typical of the ™ m^iii

322

level was lower. The large pithos base is in keeping with the M. M. II

327

been referred in Section 9 above to the M. M. II Period.1 Of the earlier ting : … in its original form also belongs to this epoch, and some M. M. II door- Jre*atureg

328a

existence in M. M. II. Most elements in the fabric, however, date from the

330

Vol. II. For a photographic view of the remains

333

later wall {c. 1-40 m. as compared with 70 cm ) paving with M. M. II pottery above it.

335

1 See Vol. II.

337

Hall of the Double Axes, close to the entrance and belonging to the L. M. II remodelling

342

3 See Vol. II.

343

345

1 See Vol. II, and Mochlos, p. 62, Fig. 31,

346

M.M. II … indeed, to be the work of the latest Palace epoch (L. M. II). The Queen's … Quarter to the M. M. II Period. The M. M. II floors—whether ' kalderim ' … M. M. Ill light-areas with similar remains of the M.M. II Period, such as … 1 See Vol. II.

347

M M. II b. It had therefore been built at a time when the remains of that

350

struction, M. M. II below and M. M. Ill above, here forms the Eastern wall-line of the Loom-

351

stumps of the M. M. II walls.1 In one case the)- immediately rest on the ^^S1U … in the area of the Spiral Fresco, which perpetuate the M.M. II tradition,

356

I-1-1_i_i it_ j ncmt

360

II; Important Deposit zvith Spiral Fresco, Column bases, and painted stucco

362

M. M. II … of an area occupied in the M. M. II Period by an extensive group of … MM II PLASTER FLOOR … Opening and Underlying M. M. II Floor. … will be here seen, was laid on a rubble filling overlying a M. M. II

365

2 See Vol. ii. door. (See the Elevation, Fig. 262).

366

lay a M. M. II flooring of rough blocks

367

Northern part of this area ' kalderim ' paving of the M. M. I—II class underlay … wheel, parts of dark-faced pots with white spots slabbing, a M.M. II ' kalderim ' floor of large

368

Lower Courses here are M.M. II and above these are seen the Sockets for the

369

M. M. II below and M. M. Ill above, of these Corridor walls corresponds, as … adjoining strip of the 'School Room', a M. M. II floor-level was struck at … mature M. M. II phase, we shall see that its upper elements were equally andSpirai … 2 The depth at which this INI. M. II floor was which underlay the fine S. wall of the Court

374

thrown out apparently at the time of the L. M. II remodelling of that region.

375

culture. The lower stratum in the section referred to, above the M. M. II b

377

Antike Gemmen, PI. VI, 9, and Vol. II, p. 26), said to have been found at Priene. The gem

382

1 See Vol. II.

395

M. M. II construction. It shows, moreover, a similar projecting- coping above … v r 1-1 i ii 1 Bastion

401

1 See Vol. II.

412

calling the typical M. M. II

422

in the last Palace period (L. M. II) and compared above with the ' Hall of … characteristic of M. M. II. That in its original form this Portico belonged

424

heap lay above the east line of the porch. 3 See Vol. II.

427

house in Knossos. Report, 1903, p. 4 seqq. 4 See Vol. II. Another stepped base found

434

II, PP- 36, 37-

440

M.M. II. In both cases the sign of the visible presence of the Godhead, thus

441

Palace Period (L.M. II). seems to have adjoined this upper Columnar

443

1 Nos. 2, 3, and 4 from the West End of 'Temple Fresco'. See Vol. II. … purely architectonic type seen in the miniature B. S. A., x, PL ii.

447

1 See Vol. II place of the Labrys\ see above, p. 6.

452a

broidery in the later Palace Epoch, as is seen 3 See Vol. II.

453

II See p. 466, Fig. 334.

454

COURT (L-M- II ) … Fig. 326. Section under Stepped Porch (L. M. II) showing L. M. I Magazine

455

This Corridor was in turn cut short in the last Palace Period (L. M. II) by stratifica- … that date and the concluding phase of L. M. II to which the Room of the

461

catastrophe of the close of M. M. II and the extensive reconstruction that

463

i • i*ii Quarter

464

1 See Vol. II, and Knossos, Report, 1901, pp. 28, 29, and Fig. 9.

465

i ii h

477

globules on their faces served as such.3 A M.M. II specimen of agate is

479

PI. II, 4-

480

1 See Vol. II.

488

4 The ' North-West Building' (see Vol. II).

490

in E. M. II (see p. 85, Fig. 53 above) is no into a larger and much more elongated variety.

491

StTY II C I2I4- I209 … ii.i2tell defenneh

494

is of unique character, apparently of L. M. II

498

pottery in the earlier shrines, such as the M. M. II examples from the Loom-

499

1 See Vol. II. bluish green with purplish streaks, are con-

508

Fine Arts Bulletin, loc. cit, regards it as given in Vol. II under L. M. I. The drawings

512

1 See Vol. II. The faience console will be also illustrated there for comparison with the

514

s Tiryns, ii, PI. XV. They also appear on

522

on vase fragments, some of them showing the dark black glaze of M. M. II

524

See Vol. II.

528

structed, and we see it already well illustrated on those of the E. M. II … 1 See Vol. II (1911), p. 697 seqq. ; and On the Nature

530

very pure stucco occurs occasionally in M. M. II

531

1 These high reliefs in painted stucco are fully illustrated in a Section of Vol. II.

533

man's signet of M. M. II date, to reconstruct the pattern of a contemporary

534

1 In Tiryns, ii, p. 215, Mr. Heaton speaks … Petrie (Abydos, ii, p. 38) for the statement that … 3 Heaton, Tiryns, ii, p. 215. … 11 Heaton, in Tiryns, ii, p. 216.

536a

" See Vol. II, and Knossian Atlas. … ing to the latest Palace epoch (L. M. II),

541

1 See Vol. II.

543

arrangement. Some sherds of L. M. II pottery

548

2 Furtwangler, Ant ike Gemmen, PI. ii, 24 ; Berlin, Katalog, No. 2.

549

3 Probably of Early L. M. I date. in Vol. II.

550

1 See Vol. II/, 4 Vol. IF

552

fabric consequent on Catastrophe of M. M. II; Quick wheef too, fatal to egg-shell … M. M. II. . . ' .

553

imitative of metallic forms, such as excite our admiration in the M. M. II Egg-shell

556

already seen as a characteristic feature of some of the finest M. M. II

558a

XIV, 2. Fig. 405 c is my own enlargement II pottery. The influence of the griffin type

562

on a fine ' Mosaiko ' pavement characteristic of the latest stage of M. M. II. … rested and the latest pavement of M. M. II, we should be compelled to infer … 'knobs' on some of the M. M. II jars, into slightly convex 'medallions'

564

vogue in M.M. II,3 from the Knossos district, and in the red jasper lentoid, d, … Magazine (from a drawing by Mr. H. Bagge). at Vasiliki, Penn. Trans., vol. ii, Pt. 2,

567

M. M. I—II pithoi, though knobs in a modified

569

exquisitely tinted 'egg-shell' ware of the M. M. II Period, a higher

572

zines. p. 79 (Fig. 46 and PI. III). The tomb (XXIII) to the E. M. II and E. M. Ill Periods '.

579

elements. An E. M. II example from a Tholos Ossuary at Siva,1 near

580

1890, Tav. II and p. 11). The swimming shape were found in Tomb 3 of the Ismenion

582

recovery that succeeded on the great catastrophe at the close of M. M. II,

583

handles. A kindred axe motive has already been noted on M. M. II poly- Motive

584

Pt. II, pp. 35-7, points out that the symbol of

588

in this respect, the contour of a, indeed, recalling cups of the latest M. M. II

589

of Zakro vases (M. M. Ill); J. H. S. xxiii, the Early M. M. II pottery from Palaikastro

590

on the later class of M. M. II ware. Several … p. 43 seqq., and cf. Pis. I and II) and sup-

591

Dated deposits of close of M, M. Ill; Contrasts with M. M. II—result … contrast with the style of pottery in vogue at the close of M. M. II. It is Effects of

592

II and III … from a M. M. II deposit at Knossos, shows the decoration carried over … M. M. II stratum in the Basement of the … the middle of M. M. II.

593

of M. M. II. But, while the old red colour medium was still employed in the … Cup and M. M. II Fragment below.

594a

executed in the developed M. M. II polychrome style (see Fig. 436 a). … ference of the vase recall the triple groups on the fine M. M. II jar from the … a parallel device on a fine M. M. II b jar from Phaestos illustrated above 5 … types of this class is reserved for Vol. II.

594b

M M. II a Polychrome ' Rhy-

596a

vessels shown on Plate VII fall far below the fine M. M. II standard.

602

Vei^njy[ some very beautiful M. M. II cups, of which a specimen is given in Fig. 178 … Aarbok, 1918-19, pp. 1-14, Figs. 6, 7, has during the culminating phase of M. M. II. The … of graffiti on pottery or of the raised ornaments its date to an epoch compatible with M. M. II

604

already illustrated among the latest works of M. M. II by the close analogy

607

see J. L. Myres, Proc. Soc. Ants., 1895, PL II,

609

certain vessels in the M. M. II Period.

610

(L. M. II). But what makes

613

in the epoch that preceded its fall at the close of L. M. II. The evidence Palace

626

di Ant. Classica, ii, p. 217 seqq. and PI. XIII).

638

mero- official use in the Palace to the last days of M. M. II. Only about a quarter

645

a date not long anterior at least to the beginning of L. M. II. As unques-

646

653

(No. 27) recurs on a M. M. II hieroglyphic seal.1 Of special interest, more-

655

1 Pernier and others (e. g. Hall, J, II. S., where the parallel between the pagoda-like … not even present this amount of resemblance 5 On an ivory mirror-handle ; op. n't., PI. II,

665

Nineveh, II, 44) wore a combination of the

668

in favour of this wider signification, and also Vol. II.) … 2 See Vol. II. xxxi, 1911, p. no,seqq.

671

here an adaptation of a common M. M. II design, itself taken over from … seemingly to an abrupt end at the close of M. M. II. Their place is taken … M. M. II and to have survived into the succeeding Periods.3

676

II or early L. M. Ill date.

678

1 See Vol. II. 3 Hogarth, The Zakro Seaiings (J. H. S.,

679

II (Scrip/a Minoa, i, p. 157, P. 45). Another

684

1 See above, p. 515, Fig. 374. Num. Chron., 1896, PI. II, 10 (now A. E.

685

lentoid goes back, as we have seen, to M. M. II. PI. VIII ; Perrot Nis/oirc, vi, La Greceprimi-

686

>//. y„i|1tii,ml|Ji„ii.iuujiiiuj>»

693

1 I may refer to my remarks [J. II. S., xxxii, perpetuated in a Greek form, just as those 01

697

a painted pithos from Phaestos belonging to the closing phase of M. M. II.1

698

1 On this rhyton see my remarks in Vol. II

700

M. M. II signet, Scripia Minoa, i, p. 141, Fig.

701

M. M. II prism seal; Fantastic forms with birds ivings—Creatures of Fancy … forms ; Galloping Griffin type traced to M. M. II; The Flying Gallop ' in … Hyksos Dagger-hilt; Engraved M. M. II dagger-blade—illustrations of

703

Imp on M. M. II

704

imported M. M. II polychrome ware1 of the finest egg-shell fabric, and … (M. M. II); b, Melian adaptation ; c, d, Goblin Types on Melian Vases (M. M. II).

706

II Prism recentlv discovered in Crete 3 and which stands in … i r>i -d i , .i r ,i on M. M. II Hieroglyphic … M.M. II engraver's art. In the expanding object … to the great days of the M. M. II Palace. … 1 See Vol. II.

709

Twelfth Dynasty Egypt. The motive from a M. M. II hieroglyphic signet Twelfth … associated with M. M. II. sherds point to the

711

up to within at least the lower limits of M. M. II. This elongated Griffin

713

within the limits of M. M. II. The artistic convention for rapid motion ^ja<^dj°

716

on M. M. II Hieroglyphic Bead-seal; d, Variation of same on Sealing, Hagia Triada ;

718

stretch was already in vogue by the close of M. M. II is shown by its … Bulls, showing 'Flying Leap' and Gallop (M. M. II).2 … 1 Scripia Minoa, i, p. 157, P. 41 b (cf. PL II). 3 Daressy, Annales de Service, vii, p. 115.

719

of M. M. II. But this archaeological result—confirmed by the hieroglyphic Dagger-1 … which belongs to about the middle of M. M. II. The elate of the Lasethi

720

recurs as a type on the M. M, II lentoid, p. 275, the 1 gate ' or ' fence' (Scriftta Minoa, i, p. 208).

Supplementary plates I-X

721d

M. M. II. Polychrome Vase and Egyptian Relics from" Abydos Tomb, (if.) (See p. 268.)

721j

f\ i.i

OCR fulltext

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9o

THE PALACE OF MINOS, ETC.

E. M. II

Stone

Vases
from

Mochlos.

models, and, where more direct reproduction is traceable, we see the reflection
of Sixth Dynasty originals.1

It is during the Second Early Minoan Period that the fabric of stone
vases reaches its acme in Minoan Crete. Although these vases are all
hand-made they are very finely contoured, and the materials are chosen with
true artistic instinct—the research of gaily hued and variegated stones

VI 3

VI2

VII

XIX 2

XXI-3

Fig. 58. Cretan Stone Vases, Mochlos, E. M. II (± c).

showing once more a curious correspondence with the practice of Pre-
dynastic Egypt. Among these are brilliantly coloured breccias, veined
marbles, opaque and translucent green steatite, and various forms of alabaster.
With the exception of a few marble forms of Cycladic importation the
materials seem to have been purely indigenous.

How rich in these fabrics was the Early Minoan Cemetery of Mochlos,
is best shown by Fig. 57, illustrating the contents of Tomb II, belonging to
the E. M. II Period.2

1 See below, p. 92. lid : imitation ot black burnished ware (ht.

2 From a photograph kindly given me by 6 cm., diam. 10-5). b. clay jug, traces of white
Mr. Seager. This was the richest tomb paint on black ground (E. M. Ill), c. small
opened. The only E. M. Ill object in this breccia bowl. d. smali bowl, opaque green
tomb seems to have been the clay jug, lib, steatite, e. vase and cover: same material as
found at a slightly higher level than the bulk d. f. grey and white marble cup. g. bowl, same
of the deposit, which was E. M. II. II a. grey material. //. cup of translucent green steatite,
marble bowl with holes in rim for tying on /. spouted bowl, coarse white limestone, three

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