Evans, Arthur J.: The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 1): The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages (London, 1921)

M. M. II: EGYPTIAN MONUMENT AND RELATIONS 297

which the name ' kalderim' has been applied, go back, as we have seen,
to the close of the M. M. I Period. The fine ' mosaiko ' class, which is an
outgrowth of this, belongs to the close of M. M. II. From the date of the
last Middle Minoan Period onwards, including the Late Minoan Age, pave-
ments with squared slabs were generally in vogue, the ' mosaiko' type only
surviving for central panels, like those of the Throne Room system.

It will be seen that the period to which the above analogies lead us Cretan
corresponds in a remarkable manner with the age of intimate contact between parisons
Minoan Crete and Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasty Egypt, of which such yYf-xiII
remarkable evidence has come to light, not only at Knossos itself but on Dyn.
Egyptian soil in connexion with the work of Senusert II and Amenemhat III
at Kahun and neighbouring sites and even at Abydos in Upper Egypt.

The great harbour works of the Island of Pharos may indeed have Harbour
continued to serve Minoan mariners at a later epoch, and, as the addition of peHiaps°S
the jetty to the landing qua)' shows,1 they are not themselves all of the same Later
date. The discovery of the alabastron lid with the name of the Hyksos
Pharaoh Khyan, described below, points to a renewal of intercourse in
his reign, referred here to the penultimate M. M. Ill phase. At no time,
moreover, were relations between Crete and the Nile Valley more intimate
than under the Eighteenth Dynasty, which largely corresponds with the
hirst Late Minoan Period, and it is reasonable to believe that at this epoch
the Minoan shipping continued to avail itself of the great facilities afforded
by this insular port. Nay more, though Egyptian records are silent about the
island harbour of Pharos-—which was to Qrive its name to all lighthouses—
it wras not unknown to the Achaean Greeks, who took over so much of Minoan
tradition. This was the island in the rough sea 'over against Egypt', and Known to
a day's favourable sail from its river, having within it ' a haven with fair Greeks

mooring-s ' where Menelaos sheltered his vessel awhile and took in a water- )rlsIt of

o .\lene-

supply for his return voyage.2 It was already the legendary haunt of Proteus, laos.
the Epic monster, otherwise identified by the Greeks with an Egyptian king.

The traces of the Minoan wharves and harbours in Crete itself remain Question
to be investigated. On the North Coast the question is again complicated seaports
by the very considerable subsidence that has taken place since Minoan times. ^^gn.oan
While the South Coast of the Island has risen, and the Greco-Roman port Great

Submer-

1 See note 2, p. 293. iv Se X^i-qv et'oppos, o6ev t (x7ro j/^as etcras gence on

2 Homer, Od. iv. 354 : e? ttovtov fidXXovcrLv, dtfivaadfievoL pAXav N. Coast.
Nt}ctos eireird tis ecrri ttoXvkXvcttu) evt 7t6vtco vSwp.

AlyviTTov Trpo-n-dpoLOe—$apov Se e kikXyj- The sea off the Alexandrian coast is particularly
<tkov<tlv— stormy.