Falkener, Edward: Ephesus and the temple of Diana (London, 1862)

Part II: The temple of Diana / I: Notice of the works of ancient writers - Preposterous accounts of modern travellers - Magnificence and celebrity of the temple

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NOTICE OF THE WOltKS OF ANCIENT WRITERS. ---- I'REPOSTEROUS

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their attention to the Temple. … and by Athenaeus ;3 and from the latter it would … represents the Temple of Ephesus, but is only doubtful which of

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WOBKS OP ANCIENT WEITERS, ETC. … - Cesai-ianus,Vitr. iv. nota; M. de la Chause, in the Horn. Jfus.

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Gymnasium, as the remains of the eighth or last … " I have beheld the Ephesian miracle ; … in the Saggi di Dissert. Acad. deW Acad. Elrus. di Oortona, vol.

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WORKS OP ANCIENT WRITERS, ETC. 193 … the Temple of Diana) which we know, accords with

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Prokescli,1 however, insists upon the Great Gym- … discernment, perceived that the spot usually selected for the

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WOBKS OP ANCIENT WRITERS, ETC. 195

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brated temple) by the Alpheus, and the Hanging … appears from an ancient epigram that it was called

Part II: The temple of Diana / II: Situation of the temple

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SITUATION OF THE TEMPLE. … respecting the position of this temple, no one has … 1. In the first place, we know it was outside

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2. It was originally on the sea shore. … of the Temple of Diana. Pliny, who gives us this … stand not the centre of an actual marsh, or stagnant … standing of the passage of Herodotus.—(Larcher, Herod, torn. vii.

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SITUATION OF THE TEMPLE. 199 … in the marshes? and another at Messeni.2 At Trcezen

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Diana in the place Avhich was called AipvctTai," and … 8 Guhl, Eph. 85, quoting Cluver, Corsic. Ant. pp. 505 and 508.

201

SITUATION OF THE TEMPLE. 201 … indeed, they may have referred to those rivers which … may regard the Selinus rivers as water-brooks, in

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hills, and in summer as dry channels, unfed by any

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SITUATION OP THE TEMPLE. -203 … and a half to three stadia, or from 900 to 1,800 … the Temple 4,200 feet distant from the old town … In the first place it may be observed that the ac-

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from the chart of the Gulf of Scala Nuova and … the sea, and at some distance from the city, (see

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SITUATION OF THE TEMPLE. 20-5 … feet from the quarries, which are on the north side … 2 See page 43. Even were we to suppose that the more ancient

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the city also in the time of Xenophon the Ephesian ; … and indeed, in any way that we regard it, we must

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SITUATION OF THE TEMPLE. 207

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pened to be in a line, and led to so famous a city

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SITUATION OF THE TEMPLE. 200

Part II: The temple of Diana / III: The earlier temples of Diana, and their conflagrations

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THE EARLIER TE5IPLES OF DIANA, AND THEIK CONFLAGRATIONS.

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THE EARLIER TEMPLES OP DIANA, ETC. 211 … Some even pretended that the Temple, like the … 5 Such I conceive to be the meaning of DionjTsius' expression,—

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supposed, with the Orithya mentioned by Justimis, … 3 Hercules is generally said to have been sent to take the belt

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THE EARLIER TEMPLES OF DIANA, ETC. 213 … temple in the Agora, we cannot suppose it was of … 2 Tins was another tribe of Amazons, and came from Cimmena.

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been burnt seven times:l the temple which he … that he was repulsed by the power of the goddess.3

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THE EARLIER TEMPLES OP DIANA, ETC. 215 … order to establish unity and concord between Eome

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difficulty was, how to raise the architraves of such … As these same architects, Ctesiphon and Meta- … events, that it was quite completed at the time of

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THE EARLIER TEMPLES OE DIANA, ETC. 217 … that the style was rather extravagant. Timotheus … On the destruction of the sixth temple, the seventh … 3 Meineke translates this—golden sigla to celebrate the thou- … 4 The sighs, according to Hesychius, was a Persian coin worth

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From the renown in Avhich the Temple of Diana

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THE EARLIER TEMPLES OF DIANA, ETC. 219 … " it was decreed by the public council of Asia, that the … remarkable, that buildings constructed of stone and

Part II: The temple of Diana / IV: The celebrated temple

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. … the Temple of Diana :— … erroneous belief, and we should have adopted with

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 221 … of the Temple, as it contains nearly all we know … the ground. Again, that the foundations of such

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Now, from the above account, we do not know … column, the whole of the thirty-six, or none at

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 223 … 2. The Temple of Diana always occupied the same

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ness. For the soil being dug up to a great depth, … 1 Philo, de Septem Orbis Miraculis, Mir. vi. He lived about … broken by the slightest blow, to be crushed by the gentlest

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 225 … 2 The consideration of this subject will naturally call to mind

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dwelt in these parts at the time the Ephesians had … attacks they happened to miss each other, and

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE; 227

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8,000 feet, and the interval is a plain without any … read one hundred and twenty : for thus it stands … (136 B.C.) far too late to be in character with the … the seventh temple, as we shall presently see, was … 4 Vitr. vii. Prsef. Ctesiphon the sculptor was contemporary

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 229 … the son of Bhcecus : and Rhoecus, we learn from … Ave suppose he began these works in the beginning … suppose the foundations of the Temple of Diana

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to Have been laid.1 THe Temple itself was designed … It was, as Ave have already seen, the sixth temple

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THE CELEBKATED TEMPLE. 231 … two hundred and twenty years, we find the Temple

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Temple did not always occupy the same locality; … vii. 38; xxxiv. 42 ; and Solinus, lii. In another passage in Pliny,

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THE OELEBEATED TEMPLE. 233 … from the difficulty of raising contributions, from … The following is the account given us by

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We are told that the Temple of Diana was built … 1 Plin. //. vV. xxxvi. 21. " Asia is bounded on the east by Lycia

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THE CELEBRATED TEMTLE. 235 … asserted, 'that the Ephesians rebuilt their temple

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.... And after the refusal of Alexander's offer, … 2 Id. p. 034. Perhaps because the Sun and Moon were … 3 See Pans. ii. 17, where is is stated that the Temple of Juno at

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 237 … sets-off in the substructure or foundations of the Temple.

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step.1 " It seems probable that seven of the steps … Chandler's description here is ambiguous and

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 239

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were provided by Ctesiplion, were monolithal, and … improving its architectual appearance. And thus,

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 241 … by the fact that there are no curved lines in this temple. The

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columns, and their distribution. We have already

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 243

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shafts, for the insertion of an inscription stating by … and I will Avrite upon him my new name." The

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 245 … built about 530 B.C. See page 229.) This is prior to the sixth

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The Temple lias been thought by some, from a … in the pronaos and posticum, with a double row of … Horn. vol. v. p. 1, which shows an Ionic column on the breast ; and

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 247 … 3 It is due to the numerous writers who have imagined the

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The height of the columns being 60 feet, we shall … to infer that the Temple of Diana was dodecastyle ; but on this

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 249 … these two points as fixed, viz., that the height of … tion with the front intercolumniation of 1G-3C3. If … Col. Leake gives twenty-one columns to the sides, which would

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and if we suppose eighteen, it -would be 17*299, … longer followed at the period of rebuilding the eighth

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 251 … the credit of having designed one of these columns … 8 The value of the works of this otherwise diligent writer is

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the 87th Olympiad; the other, who is the celebrated … the columns ornamented by Scopas were those of … Achilles, and the Nereids.

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and ccdatura from xoihog, Latin ccelum, a sinking.2 … rately, whether beaten, or worked by the chisel,

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ancients,1 the latter word being sometimes given to … the most ancient periods of architecture. Workers … Unnumbered gifts adorned the costly shrine,

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 255 … Chalcicecus. Among the Romans, too, there is a … treat, when terrified by the return of Hercules.8

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000 talents. And the weight of the nails was … 2 These words materially assist M. Qnatremere's opinion on the … 3 2 Kings, v. 15 to 35, especially verses 19, 29, and 35.

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 257

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prodigality, but springing from the nice perceptions … few specimens, but the feeling with which it is con-

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 259 … succeeded this in the more regularly formed

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they were and must have been, conceived the idea,

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 2G1 … minence to the leading lines; to create harmony

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epoch; while the terra-cotta cornices of the houses

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 263

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row consists of circles filled in with black and light … whether only the inner columns of the pronaos

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THE CELEBBATED TEMPLE. 265

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but' then temples were seldom approached in the … support of this principle. The Temple of Minerva

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 267 … Kugler, who makes the following remark, which is … 2 It has been objected, (Kugler, Polych., in the Trans, li. I. B. A.

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ccelatce of the Temple of Diana: columns enriched … the sculptures of the temple, the arrangement and … " The hypgethros has (generally) ten columns in the

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THE OELEBBATED TEMPLE. 269 … naturally refer to in the text; and thus having … the peripteral temple had six columns in front, and … peripteral: bis diagram of the pseudo-dipteral had

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eight columns in front, and this instance is the … amples with which he thinks they would be most … the necessities of the case, that the Parthenon had a semicircular

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 271 … central and horizontal opening in the ridge of the

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voured to show, from the nature of the thing, that … sonating the moon, descended to the sleeping Endy- … ture proves that the opening was occasionally closed

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. … pose once belonged to this temple. It is, in fact, the … " Instant at his behest, the pious youth

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Enclosing, as the skilful say, a square … On this rich produce of the loom are wrought … With slacken'd reins, her steeds and dusky car : … Appear ; and glowing in the east Aurora, … Here, independently of Hercules and the Amazons,

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THE CELEBBATED TEMPLE. 275

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columns in the hypsethral part: the lower were … the Temple of Neptune at Psestum, and some temples

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 277 … mark of the hypsethral temple; and we may there- … 3 Paus. i. 18. It is possible that in some of the foregoing

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the Parthenon also it has recently been discovered … sented with a statue on each return front,3 and the … from the temple at Delphi on one occasion.—(See page 306.)

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the Temple of Jupiter Tonans is represented as … the avenues of sphinxes with which the Egyptians … approach to the Temple of Apollo at Miletus, till the

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and be excited to emulate tliem. To the placing of

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 281 … or whether they were inlaid with other woods, or

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destroyed; for Petrus Gyllius, speaking of the loss … of a temple the door of -which had the outside panel of right … the choir or presbytery from the nave ; and they are also seen in

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 283 … to the pronaos."1 It is to be remarked here that

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wood, and decorated with painting. The shrines … 3 Paus. v. 20. Tertullian speaks of the decorated ceilings of

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 285 … vine of an immense size, which I took a drawing of, and lent to a

Part II: The temple of Diana / V: The contens of the temple

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. … Oral. xv. Such were the statues of the Attic Minerva and the

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IM" THE MUSEUM AT STAPLES.

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 287 … heaven, and therefore worthy of particular reverence; … 8 Suidas in AunrcrEf. The statue of Diana in the Tauric Cher-

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in the hollow of a large cedar-tree, and the goddess … We are equally uncertain of what wood the statue … 3 The statue of the Temple of Diana at Styinphalus was of wood,

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THE CONTENTS OP THE TEMPLE. 289 … spikenard, in order that the moist nature of that … down from Jupiter dated from the establishment … 2 From this passage Quatremere de Quincy supposes that the

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The great number of breasts of animals with

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 291

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drawn by bulls, because as these till the ground, so … the circumstance of the time of bearing: being; … feel the effects of her light and divinity ; and that

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 293

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To this the goddess answered :—

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 295

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of a wild boar; with a shield; kneeling on, and … Amphipyros, girt with fire ; Aphcea, deliverer; Ariste, the best;

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THE CONTENTS OP THE TEMPLE. 297

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This was in 1491 B.C. The description of the … 4 Some of these are particularly gorgeous, especially in the rich

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 299 … by Callimachus in the following manner, the effect … ' See how the laurel's hallowed branches wave ! … 4 Pint, in Marcel. 20. The mothers are supposed to be Cybele,

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See ! The glad sign the Delian palm hath given ! … We will prepare, behold thee, and be blessed. … That these appearances were not the mere dis- … moving representations of the deity, is clearly shown … objects, the figure of the spectator was invisible.

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEAirtE. 301 … prevent their running away ! The perpetual lamps

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temple, as in the instances already quoted, is evident … 3 Iu Baruch, vi. 11, 12, 58, 72 ; and Herod, ii. 132, the idols … embroidered vest. Cicero, (de Nat. J)eor. iii.,) and Valer. Max.

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 303 … 7 (As goddess of nature.) Some of the ancients supposed that

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hours and seasons return by thy appointment, and … Diana, at Patrae in Achaia: the goddess Avas mag- … (viii. 39.) The worship of the Ephesian Diana was also celebrated

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THE CONTEXTS OP THE TEMPLE. 305 … fountain in the Temple ;a probably the same which … also in the Temple of Diana at Marios,4 in the … Syria, Philadelphia in Lydia, Prnsa, Raphaneffi, Samos, and Thy-

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with sculpture and ornament of such a description

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 307 … are full of such works of ancient art: and the whole … the temples of Esculapius at Athens,5 of Minerva

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tells us that the statues alone of the Temple would … perceive above the altar of Diana, who is called

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 309 … and on one occasion five artists competed together. … of the Amazons. On one occasion, when some … the next to him was Phidias,3 the third Ctesiphon, … flourished in the reign of Philip,) placed two fine … brated for the beauty of the legs.—(Id. xxxiv. 19, § 21.)

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that the other is referred to by the same writer, … four colours (only). He received in payment for the

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 311 … speaks of this painting being the most valuable

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stood in the Temple, but was destroyed by the … 6. The Treasury of the Temple.

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEMPLE. 313 … Pausanias gives a long description of the trea-

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left it with Megabyzus, the priest of that goddess, … restore the money to him."1 Not only the Greeks,

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THE CONTENTS OF THE TEJIPLE. 315

Part II: The temple of Diana / VI: The accessoiries and appendages to the temple

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THE ACCESSORIES AND APPENDAGES TO THE TEMPLE. … also joined the Temple of Diana to the city, com- … the Temple, even when it rained. On the com-

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ACCESSORIES AND APPENDAGES TO THE TEMPLE. 317 … There was a similar building at Blis within the … sacred grove connected with the Temple and at … xi. 557, and in iii. 680, 1, where he especially distinguishes between

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Thus, of the Temple of Diana Ephesia built by

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ACCESSORIES AND APPENDAGES TO THE TEMPLE. 319

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find the following fable in Achilles Tatius :— … 1 The syrinx, or fistula, is well described by Tibullus :— … 2 This fable is similar to that of Tan and the nymph Syrinx in

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ACCESSORIES AND APPENDAGES TO THE TEMPLE. 321 … The Abbe de la Bleterie has collected the following

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ing to the reader, as the event took place in this … finally seduced till after his conference with the

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ACCESSOBIES AND APPENDAGES TO THE TEMTLE. 323 … a grain of incense, and muttered to himself some … purify the reason."

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him in his enchantments, sent for Chrysanthus, and … they were, but to bury themselves in the bowels of

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ACCESSORIES AND APPENDAGES TO THE TEMPLE. 325 … received him with the highest honours, and allowed … accused of predicting who was to be the successor

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represented on some of the coins of Ephesus, where … sented, but none of these appear to be the Temjile of Diana.

Part II: The temple of Diana / VII: The asylum to the temple - Priests, and ceremonies of the temple

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THE ASYLUM OF THE TEMPLE.----PRIESTS, AND CEREMONIES … who was delivered under an olive-tree of Apollo and

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roof, (of the peribolus ?) which was rather more than

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ASYLUM OF THE TEMPLE, ETC. 329 … from whom it was lawful to fly for refuge to the

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Of the priests, we learn from Strabo that they … They were treated with great honour, and had virgins … be eunuchs : and Heraclitus inveighs bitterly against … The title of Megabyzus, as it is generally written, … under my power." 5 The name might also derive

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ASYLUM OF THE TEMPLE, ETC. 331 … 2 Herod, iv. 143, 4 ; v. 1, 2, 12. 14-17. The manner in which

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recorded of Antiochus the Great that, perceiving the … of the sacred herald, the incense-burner, the flute-

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and we find Lycurgus particularly enjoining his coun- … service, and celebrated with peculiar rites:—" To

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being sacred to the goddess: for, from this im-

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ASYLUM OP THE TEMPLE, ETC. 335

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her to be Diana herself.... When the procession … says:—" We are told that the daughters of the … and their arms, and then formed a chorus assisting1

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ASYLUM OF THE TEMPLE, ETC. 337 … While round their quivered queen the quires advance,

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Lncian represents Harmonides praising the softness … lib. i., quoted by Atbenseus, (p. G36c.) when the public officer was

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ASYLUM OF THE TEMPLE, ETC. 339 … among theru a small statue of Apollo which held a lyre of the … 5 " On the division of the money arising from the sale of the

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captives, one-tenth part was consecrated to Apollo and the Ephe-

Part II: The temple of Diana / VIII: Final destruction, and conclusion

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FINAL DESTRUCTION, AND CONCLUSION.

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is the case, whenever the monument, in falling, … tively perfect. No wonder, then, that all the super- … remove the money long treasured up in the Temple

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FINAL DESTRUCTION, AND CONCLUSION. 343 … 4 Solinus, edit, of 1498, li. ; Tacit, ii. 47 ; Strabo and Pliny.

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From this year to the third century, we have no

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FINAL DESTRUCTION, AND CONCLUSION. 345

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Perish while still Diana's help they claim. … For peace and quietness, perpetual strife. … " We now seek the Temple in vain : the city is

Verlangsinformation

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COX AND 'WTirAN, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN" STREET,

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THE CAUSES AND PEINCIPLES OF THE EXCELLENCE … MEMBER OP THK ACADEMY OF BOI.OGNA, AND OF TIIK ARCI1/KOI.OOICA I.

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By the same Author, price 3s. Gd. … A PAPER READ BEFORE THE ARCII/EOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN.

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ESSAYS ON ANCIENT ART. … — On the Advantage of the Study of Antiquity, and on Excellence … On the Paintings by Polygnotus in the Lesche of Delphi . . W, Watkiss Lloyd … On the Lydian Double Pipe (Tibia; Pares) at Pompeii . . . James A. Davies. … On the Theatres of Vicenza and Verona.....Edward Falkenkr. … On the Theatre, Odeum, and other Monuments of Acrsein Sicily John Hogg.

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THEATRES AND OTHER REMAINS … TO THE

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ASYLUM OF THE TEMPLE, ETC. … attle."3 And lastly, when … rffi^S a* mulcted the inhabitants … polio winch held a lyre of the … y arising from the sale of the

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THE CELEBRATED TEMPLE. 247

hexastyle,1 and octastyle,3 although, as we shall
presently see, it must have been decastyle.3

1 Mionnet, Med. 310. Id. Suppl. 495.

a Id. Med. 269, 270, 1, 2, 281, 5, 6, 7; 311, 322, 3, 348 ; 413,
445. Id. Suppl. 387, 8, 9, 393 ; 401, 429 ; 643.

3 It is due to the numerous writers who have imagined the
Temple to be octastyle, (Perrault, Poleni, Windham, Falconer, Hirt,
Quatremere, and Guhl,) to show the reason why it could not be so.
In the following calculation we have supposed the columns to have
been 8^ diameters in height, and the intercolumniation to have
been eustylos, or 2\ diameters, and this supposition we have
found confirmed by the width of the Temple agreeing precisely
with this calculation ; by the total number of 120 columns work-
ing in completely ; and by the thirty-six columns cailatre occupy-
ing an important and probable position. But had it not been
for these latter particulars, the probability would have been that
the Temple was neither octastyle nor decastyle, but dodecastyle.
After describing the origin and proportions of the Doric order,
Vitruvius continues (iv. 1) :—" But afterwards seeking to build
a temple of a new proportion to Diana, they modelled its form by
resemblance to female gracefulness, and made at first the diameter
equal to one-eighth part of the height, in order that it should have a
more excellent form .... But afterwards improving in elegance
and delicacy, and preferring a more graceful proportion .... they
assigned one-ninth part :" (Jocundus substituted octo semis for
novem, and has been followed by subsequent editors, including
Gwilt. Schneider, Poleni, and Marini have restored the text.)
Pliny also to the same effect: (xxxvi. 56) " Columns which are nine
diameters in height are called Ionic .... In the Temple of the
Ephesian Diana, the columns were at first, including the base and
capital, eight diameters in height." Thus from both these authors
it is evident, that on the invention of the Ionic order for the Temple
of Diana, the columns were only eight diameters in height; but
. at a subsequent period the proportions of the Ionic column were
increased to nine diameters ; and it is doubtful whether Vitruvius
does not intend us to imagine that the last Temple of Diana was

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