Gardner, Percy: The principles of Greek art (London, 1924)

xi PORTRAIT SCULPTURE 177

So completely was Alexander idealized that we now find it
difficult to judge what he was really like. The bust in the
Louvre bearing his name, which is often regarded as a realistic
portrait, is a miserable work of art, and the appearance of natu-
ralism in it mainly results from its wretched execution. Other
portraits slide off into heads of the Sun-god. Two of the most
lifelike are those in relief on the magnificent sarcophagus from
Sidon, on which a battle and a hunt of the great King are
represented. (Fig. 107.)

A little earlier than the time of Alexander is the noble por-
trait of Mausolus, King of Caria, brought by Sir Charles Newton
from the Mausoleum in which he was buried. In my opin-
ion this statue stood, not where it is now placed by the au-
thorities of the British Museum, in a chariot which surmounted
the edifice, but rather within a niche somewhere within the
structure. It is one of the most stately of ancient works of
art, and must have been made by one of the four great sculp-
tors who worked on the Mausoleum, Scopas, Leochares, Bryaxis
and Timotheus. The head of Mausolus shows the deep set eye
and vaulted brow which mark the known works of Scopas;
the drapery of the statue resembles that of the beautiful Deme-
ter of Cnidus in the British Museum. The physical type of the
king is not purely Hellenic; the breadth of the face, the length
of the hair, the close cut of the beard, are all non-Greek. The
type is rather that of a Phrygian or Persian noble. This por-
trait introduces us to the great series of barbarian types which
enriched the Greek repertory in the age of Hellenism.

It is noteworthy that during the period of which I have spoken
there are no portraits of women. The heads sometimes pub-
lished as portraits of Sappho and of Aspasia are merely types.
Sappho lived before the age of portraiture, and the Athenians
would scarcely have erected a statue of a concubine like Aspasia.
Women lived a somewhat secluded life at Athens and other great
cities. They appeared in public only on the occasion of festivals