Hawks, Francis L.: The monuments of Egypt: or Egypt a witness for the Bible (New York, 1850)

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Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

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Hawks, Francis L.
The monuments of Egypt: or Egypt a witness for the Bible — New York, 1850

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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.6359#0108

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Titelblatt

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Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by

Widmung

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TO THE

Preface

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TO

Contents

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Interest excited by Egypt.—Object of the present work.—Art of writing very … Gardner Wilkinson's tribute to Champollion.—Exposure of the ignorance of … Examples of Egyptian writing.—Hieroglyphic.—Hieratic.—Demotic, . 50

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Remarks on testimony.—Application of them to the evidence afforded by the

Illustrations

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14. Hieroglyphics from the Rosetta Stone, ... … 38. Casts from Egyptian Sculpture!, … 43. Sentence affixed to a House, … 46. Figure sculptured at Karnac—supposed to represent a King of Judah, … To face p. 68

Introduction

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The compiler of the following pages was prompted to the … writer, therefore, begs leave distinctly to disavow all claim to … to whose labors he has been so largely indebted. He has

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to declare to the world, as he has done, that he claims to be … accessible to English readers, the writer would, with becoming … the Books of Moses;" very well translated into English from … to the compiler,) is almost too learned for general readers : its

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ment of prophecies concerning Egypt: tut to have done this, … tion of the general reader, who could not be expected to find … own country may thus be enabled to yield her contribution to

Chapter I

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Interest excited by Egypt.—Object of the present work.—Art of writing very … ever he may be, if he have eyes to see, a memory to remem- … plished such mighty deeds, and now are reduced to misery

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almost every thing great in this world's history seems to con- … to occupy eternally the world, Egypt appears at the very … to neglect; that patient labor still employs itself in research, … a corrective to the other. Nor must it be supposed that the

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ANTIQUITY OF WRITING. … yet much too imperfect on some points, to justify over-confident … The object of the present volume, therefore, is neither to … and it is hoped not less useful aim, is to bring forward, in an … Of the very great antiquity of writing among the Egyp-

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us back to a period anterior, as is supposed, to the time of … entirely, to Clemens of Alexandria. He is entitled to belief, … was on the hieroglyphical art, and consequently taught the … transmitted from the old Pharaonic times." It possesses one

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in other aspects, to which we advert not here, as the object … would be indebted to the oppressed victims of its persecution.

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born in that night, when Moses, with the law of God, moral … writers have come down to our days. Of these, the only one … Ptolemy, and is now lost. All that we have of it is to be … in the Greek language, but professed to draw his materials … came the name Pharaoh, as a generic term applied to all the … no part of the purpose of the present work to enter into the

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meaning to undervalue chronology, as a very important feature … conquests, may, when verified as to age, and placed in their … princijjles which constitute genuine history, and go far to … article in his appendix to this subject; and, with great inge-

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ple, which has been excavated in the mountain to the north … rians was born about 484 b. c, and having from political … devoted to Egypt, and contains an account not merely of … than Herodotus. He professes to treat of the affairs of Egypt.

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he had to deal." This, however, will probably be deemed by- … is fashionable to depreciate Diodorus; though some among … antiquities, however, is at no loss to find a cause for the … hieroglyphic writing, and certainly none upon its proper inter- … scriptions to be found on the temples and tombs of Egypt, were … rived from any other source. Many obelisks and other works of

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among the moderns ventured to hope that persevering indus- … quently all that he could do was to gather the traditionary and … is supposed to have lived a century or two later than Horapollo, … " the only ancient volume entirely devoted to the task of unra-

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in which he professed to explain and read most of the hiero- … passages from the Greek and Latin authors respecting Egypt. … tions were undoubtedly of great use to those who came after … that day with incredulity, has subsequently been found to

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sounds, and were possibly letters; and from the Greek word, … that to verify this conjecture, three things were indispensable. … indispensable to possess an authentic translation of some one … guage has been preserved in writing, and has come down to

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with the addition of seven other characters, taken from what … are not wanting in the study of the language, for to this day, … thus brought within reach. As to the second, the memorable … still, a vast amount of valuable material was furnished to the

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in overcoming obstacles, it deserves to be studied as a curious

Chapter II

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Gardner Wilkinson's tribute to Champollion.—Exposure of the ignorance of … lar. The stone finally found its way to the British Museum, … ance as a probable key to interpretation, was at once seen; … of two impressions of the stone to be made at Cairo, and

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honor of being the only result of vital importance to universal … proposed to Louis XIV., and Bossuet, as a passage in his … land of monuments, was again unconditionally surrendered to … scriptions, directed their attention, as was natural, first to … [common writing of the country,} and Greek characters,, and

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enchorial writing are translations from it. Porson in England, … more intelligible to the general reader, we subjoin a specimen … of those labors of the learned which we are about to detail.

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Thus translated literally from the hieroglyphics into English by Bunsen: … to the two Egyptian texts. De Sacy and Akerblad employed … all the inscriptions, and was moreover the common writing, it

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verified conjectures seem, at that time, not to have been … who was the first successful decipherer. He resorted to the … tion was to take the proper names occurring in the Greek, and

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alphabet of the enchorial text, suspecting, however, from the … he did not trouble himself, by an analysis of the groups, to … finally found to be the conjunction equivalent to our English

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inscription. His next step was to write the Greek text over … by Akerblad: to these followed sixteen words which Akerblad … inscription. Some of these afterward proved to be entirely

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of the other." He also is entitled to the merit of having found … was to suspect the existence of what he indicates by the … which they represent, are made to express the same sound.* … from his earliest youth seemed destined to excel in that de- … a fascination in the very effort to understand them; and, while

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hensive work which he contemplated, on the language, writ- … to leave behind him an honored name, and to rear a monu- … was a man, to the principal scientific men of Paris, and, fos- … fessed. Champollion le Jeune proved himself to be a great … hieroglyphical was the most ancient form of Egyptian writ-

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now, leaving these, his whole attention was directed to the … which, to all human seeming, the discovery would, probably, … Egyptian writing originated in the hieroglyphics, and there- … lars, Champollion derived no aid from him. Having, however, … tleman, Mr. William Bankes, transported the monument itself to

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Champollion were acquainted with this monument. To the … preted, on the Rosetta stone, to be the name … at least, phonetic or alphabetic, thus felt his way to … ter to the left, represents a kind of flower or root with its stalk

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to the left, is a hawk, which should be the letter A. That … seen in front, ought to be the letter ft, and as that letter does … a bent stalk, which we conclude to be the letter S." … Cleopatra, certain signs, which, if alphabetic, served to ex- … press letters ? That remained to be discovered: he knew

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to these pictured representations, was the very simple one of … venience, or a neat arrangement of the writing, or some other … show him whether this system of homophones was limited to … reached a grand result; he proceeded to verify it by an ex- … true key, Avhich Young had picked up but never used, to the … methods, acting on Young's hint, he had sought the key to

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that course led to the discovery of the phonetic signs in the … would not be forgotten until Egypt herself should cease to be … to the world until after the publication of Champollion's letter

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grammar, are also to be enumerated in the list of his labors. … It would be unjust to one who has himself acquired no … that the merit of originality in this point is due to our dis- … opinions on the subject, as to be enabled to suggest the sup- … of a Champollion to kindle the spark thus obtained into a

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extent to which it was carried by Dr. Young, we should have … tion to a single sentence on any Egyptian monument. … the ungenerous conduct of those who, from private pique, … been found, in more than one country, prompted to this mali-

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" When the subject of hieroglyphics becomes better under- … opened, it is not from non-appreciation of their merits, but … intelligible ; and it is perhaps not too much to hope, that the … of the French savans who had accompanied Napoleon to

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Jomard made them at least 3000 years old when the Christian … laughter still more revolting, when they thought that their … % Dupuis had declared to be 4000 years older than the Chris- … sought, by bold perversion and confident dogmatism, to distort

Chapter III

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Examples of Egyptian writing.—Hieroglyphic.—Hieratic.—Demotic. … only remains to complete this division of our task by an effort … But the most particular account is to be found in Clement of … History." According to Clement, the Egyptians taught, first

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HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING … to the judgment of the learned, is the same that is sometimes … delineated on bark or skins, have been used, and are still, to … ^interesting to present the reader with a specimen. It is the

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(W) on her back to the house of the bridegroom, accompanied … distinguishable from each other by the fact of the man's

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HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING. 53 … that the first writing of the Egyptians was of this pictorial char- … ls> hy a picture of the object intended to be expressed. Thus, … germinating, mW.. We do not now stop to ask why these

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apply pictorial signs to objects of different import, and bring … Under this species of hieroglyphic writing, there were, as is … moon,) with its horns pointing downward, to indicate that it

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HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING. 55 … his hieroglyphics are borrowed from the " secret characters," … ters, in addition to the two modes of conveying ideas already … covered, he would doubtless conclude, from his acquaintance

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would be much perplexed, for instance, to know why the … mode of knowing what sound is meant, is to take the name … than that which is furnished to our hand by Mr. Gliddon in

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HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING. … taken to express, phonetically, its initial, there is danger of … tion, the number of objects used in the Egyptian writing, was … writing, from its supposed connection with idolatry, was laid

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borrowed from the ancient enchorial writing. They were the … called the Coptic alphabet; and it has been the custom to … being more intelligible to the general reader, use t e Roman

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fying "to wrap up" or "to fold," is written leal, kel, kol, /col, … rule for the selection of homophones? There seems to be … while it expressed the desired letter, conveyed also to the … D.—Here we might select from the figure of a dromedary, … with reference to these facts.

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HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING. … sacred to Amun.

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an anchor. I take the sacred Tau, the symbol … the voicels are generally omitted in hieroglyphic writing, the … Another marked characteristic of this species of writing … The use of a determinative consists simply in appending to

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HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING. 63 … quite indispensable. Hence they came to be adopted in … m°ans of the action expressed : thus, shar, to strike down or … Pictures of visible objects, supposed to have some peculiar

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quality similar to that which the verb was meant to denote. … led to the erroneous opinion of some that all the faces of great … It remains to speak of one other species of symbol used in … tle >=aj xrx is the symbol of the goddess Neith, because … was ceini. As to the mode of writing the hieroglyphics, it was

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left to right, or from right to left; the latter was, perhaps, the … Youngj yet remains to be explained. The hieroglyphical

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To this we have only to add that the names of kings … In many instances, however, the transition from the picture to … peculiar to the priests, hence it was called hieratic. It is found … Dead, to which we have already alluded. Of this book, Lep-

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HIERATIC AND ENCHORIAL WRITING. … this mode of writing formed part of the instruction of the … III. THE ENCHORIAL OR DEMOTIC WRITING. … character has been yet found of a date anterior to that of the

Chapter IV

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It may serve to make more intelligible what follows, to … that extend from south to north; and is bounded also, on … the heart of Africa, and on the west, to the shores of the … tory) is generally said to be altogether unknown. It has,

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however, been known to fall near the shores of the Mediter- … wardly, and empties its waters into the Mediterranean. To … witness to the pleasantness and salubrity of the water. Place … down by the torrents from the table lands of Abyssinia.

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begin to subside, and before the end of November, the river is … lakes of almost incredible size, they have sought to lose not … should yet present to the eye of the traveller,

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but little obliteration of the paintings, is found. When injury … transported an obelisk from Luxor, and raised it in Paris; … undimmed that it received from the hands of the workmen, … acknowledged age, is also to be seen in some of the cavern

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more vivid, than they are now. Indeed, it is said, that when … few or no memorials of Egypt, to which we could turn, for … tants ; no Egyptian hand has been extended to prevent the … or pictorial vestige of the past been lost to the world for ever.

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of the Scriptures, which doubtless will be obtained from it? … the residence of the monarch and for the place consecrated to … hieroglyphics, as a sort of title-page to what was within.

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the frontispiece to this volume. … rated. Of this we shall have occasion to speak more particu-

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attaining to a correct understanding of the representation. … of study to the antiquarian. In Upper Egypt, rocky moun- … lng remains, more striking than the respect shown to the dead,

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reference to the operations of ordinary life. The deceased is … but the corpse." The predominant wish seems to have been, … figures and inscriptions, which it is charitable to suppose are

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rian an opportunity not to be neglected, of adding characters … 110 charge of desecration. With the dead it was usual to … when he rested from his toil. Hence various objects of inter- … (made from the inner coat of a species of reed once abundant … wntten history of ancient Egypt, yet, from a combination of

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have already served to elucidate such fragments of their his- … with the manifold defects to be found generally, alike in the … may, to a certain extent, be found in a consideration of the … truly that an Egyptian temple was yQuuna, "a writing;" … to convey the idea correctly and avoid mistakes, than it was

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EGYPTIAN ART. … neglected. In fact, the rough drawing served but to spell … attention to nature. Accuracy of delineation was resorted to … hieroglyphics separately, to accomplish his object; but so it … ln the Egyptians, when they found an occasion for its exci- … C1ently minute and accurate in their work to produce portraits

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spective, and some of their devices to remedy defects arising … liefs, to understand them. They present, at first, an indis- … were deficient. They seem to have known little or nothing of

Chapter V

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Bible with existing Egyptian remains, we beg leave to detain … ^aters to the ocean, its surface elevated above the adjacent … ^ Usual interest, and suggest to the thoughtful mind subjects

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the stream for use, &c, may recall to the traveller from the … cal disquisitions and learned investigations, is content to tell … to a rosy twilight, and the moon peeped up above the rich … steadily from the north, thus alone enabling vessels to stem

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majestic current, diffusing the same blessings to its rich valley as … haze, but the breeze brought off from the shore its odorous … al°ng through those historic waters. I sat up to a late hour, … n°Us, yet, from its very strangeness, fixes the traveller's atten- … ^rge flights of wild fowls and of pigeons from the villages,—

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novelty, serve to amuse for a while the tedium of our noon- … extending to the desert boundary of the valley; the isolated … Gise, or dyke, affords the sole circuitous communication from … ley, from which some have anticipated the ultimate destruction

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But it is time to leave the river; and Cairo first invites our … conquered Egypt, and wrested it from the Byzantine emperors; … Sent capital. The position commands the approaches to … lts Waters flow into the Mediterranean, one diverging to the

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of the long range which separates Egypt from the Desert of … enough to permit two loaded camels to pass abreast. The … sides of the walls are frequently to be seen what are called … the two or three steps from the street, takes a metal cup … of striking interest to strangers.

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opening from the Bazaars, surrounded with buildings, and … to it is partly cut through the sandstone of which the moun- … Monies and fantastic minarets, is taken in at a glance. To the … P abruptly to the edge of the yellow sands. There stood … 0sity as he entered that wonderful land. But it is to the

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range of the dusky pyramids, from the nearer ones of Ghizeh … Lower Egypt; pointing backward from an antiquity already … nally by wooden lattice work, sufficiently open to admit the … giving place to glass and lattice of a simpler character, so that … with doors conducting to the harem—the upper apartments,

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ish water, which niters through the soil from the Nile; and … Plato is supposed to have learned the doctrine of the immor- … from afar, lifting its head high above the grove of acacia and … monument establishes its claim to a high antiquity. It proba-

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been made to determine the site of that ancient city; and the … According to Manetho, the three great pyramids at Mem- … off into characters familiar to us, it is Men-ka-re. According

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to Manetho, the name of the builder of the third pyramid was … afforded by a modern traveller of his visit to these most an- … a few candles were all with which we chose to encumber our- … §radually passed over; and when we reached the ferry over … and dates. An incessant and most noisy crowd pours down to

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down with their blue striped latine sails, swelling to the breeze … of the Romans, when Memphis was yet a great city, there was … to the opposite side, and mustered our donkeys upon the raised … ward, not to offer, but to force upon us their importunate, an-

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with us a well-armed janissary, who knew how to deal with … it to resemble some mysterious preadamite monarch, or one of … ore) that it should, as Wilkinson informs us, be known to the … c°uld have vied with it. When by the labors of M. Caviglia,

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ing down from the plain above. A crude brick wall protected … Pliny as one hundred and two feet. It is supposed to have

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Peculiarly grateful, from its refreshing coolness and shadow, … ^hich tower upward to the dizzy apex, imagination readily … pulling us from above, another unceremoniously propelling us … toe same time peeping upwards to the sky-piercing summit.

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and inscribed with the names of travellers from every land. … lific soil. The same phenomenon to which that fertility was … poured from the brimming river were making their way through … Sphinx from hence appears magnificent; the neighboring

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The smoke curled up from the Arab villages, awaking with all … and ridges, awakening a wild and mournful music. From the … Seem in their magnitude and eternal durability to contend, as

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To begin at the beginning, some have supposed them to be … according to others, they were built with the spoils of Solo- … mathematical purposes, or intended to protect the valley of the … ments to tell their own tale ; their mystery has been, in gre£lt

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cently of Lepsius, have brought to light the remains of no … decease, when the monument was finished and closed up. … Ringing with them from their Asiatic birth-place the elements

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to argue a regular design for the construction of the entire … And if this objection be fatal to the theory, what becomes of … itself to argue an immense antiquity; but, as Mr. Gliddon … higher than St. Paul's Cathedral, which is sufficiently near to

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till you come to the lower side of Park Place ; thence across … turning northwardly in a straight line to the corner of Cham- … cl°uds, and imagine, if you can, that from this vast stony … As to Memphis, now known as Mitraheny, but little is left. … where still stand to invite attention, is not to be found in dif- … 1' is not possible by mere description to convey a correct idea of the interior … Sypt as it is possible to obtain without personal observation of the country.

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According to the accounts of travellers, much care is neces- … dence of a bey. It is from this point that the road commences … Lake Mceris, according to Pliny, was the Labyrinth. There

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Was made to retain the waters of the Nile, after the fall of an … RQe of our modern books of travel; but affording nothing to … to resist the belief that here is the origin of that … have been copied from a stone arch. It is from the represen-

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remote period—they are indeed a mine to the antiquary. This … there is no great display of art, but the variety of the paint- … of the Nile at the present day, peasants proceeding to market, … taining to every-day life was forgotten; a lively and sometimes

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of Osirtasen L, with whom Joseph is supposed to have been … is unable to admit the above supposition, as. though obviously … them are very spacious, being from thirty to fifty feet in length, … to those sudden gusts of wind, which rushing down through

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Escaping from this dangerous locality, the traveller soon ap- … ens to remove the whole. Still the approach to it furnishes a … to Manfalout, in the mountains, are the celebrated crocodile … stronger claim to notice than that it is the capital of Upper … to this on a previous page (48) in connection with the pre-

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ing, however, one cannot fail to experience the peculiar emo- … Utter darkness, add to the effect of this first impression. … borrowed from the lotus and palm, and other plants and flow- … dition which gives a heavy and shapeless character to the

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which very much impairs the effect doubtless intended to be … of Egyptian art, was added in the reign of Tiberius. ' On its … gave that name to the group of stars which before formed the … " Briefly to describe the interior arrangements of the tem-

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Prepared to explore these smaller chambers and passages. … dust, we lighted our candles and began cautiously to descend; … from these attacks, we traced out with our candles the elabo- … At Keneh, the next place reached, there is nothing to at- … " The following particulars are derived from Messrs. Bono-

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are not met with lower than about Siout. They are seen in … called from its cry the ' Sic-sac,' hovers about this ungainly … witnessed it. It is very rarely that they are known to attack … when he tells us that man's was the only flesh that they ate … and put to flight, but one of them stumbling as he ran a way,

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was caught and torn to pieces, and, as Juvenal adds, eaten by … Amid the variety of animals brought from the subjugated … When the water of the Nile is considerably darkened by the

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sistence by rifling their contents, or dragging from their reposi- … they still seem likely to stand, to tell their tale to those who … appearing an indistinct mass of columns and propylasa. To

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lake of Habou, formerly dedicated to funeral ceremonies, and … Luxor ; and to the left of this, at the distance of more than a … To attempt a minute description of these widespread ruins … tain dark apertures, like entrances to caverns. These are the

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passage to the spot; but he, suspecting that something was … tion of which is most elaborate. Room succeeds to room, … brick-makers occurs, irresistibly carrying the mind back to the

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designed to glorify Egypt. Within the walls of these vast … quished to Syria. … these statues is extraordinary. According to Mr. Spencer, " the … hus, who, holding the stalks of two plants peculiar to the

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back, from the shoulder to the pedestal, containing the name … thought the sounds were accidental, and proceeding from natu- … Now, crossing the river, we come to Luxor. Splendid as … climate of Egypt, is yielding to the corrosive atmosphere of

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from which he gets the first view of Karnac, the most striking … which Bartlett gives of his visit to the Great Hall: … °f superincumbent earth; from his hiding-place amidst which … Propylasa, seemed to have required either to construct or to

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in gazing on them, to the period of its original splendor, when … priests, and worshippers, and devoted to splendid and gor- … this hall from our frontispiece. … satisfied with seeing, will return to the prominent objects, those

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of Thebes, which, emblematic as they might be to the learned, … kinson supposes to have been in Asia, as the names of

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ter ; for my part, I have never been able to understand why … rather than at home; nor further, am I able to comprehend, … the west. If I could so far have forgotten what was due to … warrants, I beg to use the Avords of Mr. Lane, than whom it … but are not unfrequently hired to entertain a party of men in … front. To extinguish the least spark of modesty, which they

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portico there is but little to attract the voyager. Not so, how- … " It stands on rising ground not far from the Nile, and as … °f dogs, who, roused by our arrival from dozing in the sun … Seemed to look down impassive and contemptuous upon the … boatmen, some of the more active contrived to glide in with

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and bright with azure and green as when first from the paint- … view will convey to the reader a better idea of it than would … was permitted to visit it without express permission; and it … to conceal. So cautious indeed were the initiated, that they

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himself from uttering his name. His principal office as an … pears to have consisted. He appeared on earth to benefit … cribed to Osiris may well explain the peculiar and distin-

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the Thebaid, is to swear by Osiris who lies buried in Philse. … said to be the protector of her brother, and his royal consort or

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reach comes down from the south, bordered by high mountains, … tl;re latest visitors to it from our own country, the Rev. Mr. … and its crowds of worshippers, from the kings and nobles down … Ws, who had swum across the channel on a log of wood, to

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the stone staircase, which led to the top of the temple, or … authorities. To the west we saw the island of Biggeh, a wild

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inscription which the army of Napoleon caused to be placed … Temple, in all its imposing grandeur ; while to the south, for … 0l% one remains, the other having been removed to England

Chapter VI

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Reuarks on testimony.—Application of them to the evidence afforded by the … should be verified beyond all reasonable question; when thus … point to be proved. They are brought forward with reference

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larly when found in documents having no connection with, … These are important considerations to be borne in mind … Very obvious, that if these modern discoveries bring to light … f°Und. to harmonize with what our document casually illus- … CUrnulative testimony to its authenticity. Every subject

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pancy of Egypt by man, many thousands of years anterior to … insuperable difficulties; and is so far from having reached the … Septuagint, to be erroneous, (which, as to the latter, we are … respect due to the book as an inspired volume of fact or doc-

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to be a system of chronology, nor a treatise on geology. Its … ernbody all truth on that subject, nor profess so to do. These … a chronology derived (as it is pretended) from monumen- … to V, URleuts> lts refutation 1 By common consent they seem

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from it, to rely upon the classical authorities, the oldest of … of the monuments, the Bible was actually the best help to be … tion they received from that veritable historian, Moses ? Very … use, as indicating, in some degree, what we may expect to W

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to which the Bible refers, will find disappointment. The memo- … to repay the toil of research, it must be gathered, here and … temain to mark its site, now occupied in part by the modern

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nomis, from the fact that it was divided into seven nomes or … Lower Egypt comprised all the northern portion from the … work, is most interesting to us, is in the fact of the contiguity … incidental confirmation from facts concerning Egypt, gather

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pastoral chief, leading his flocks and herds to fresh pasture … ance of his wife might render her an object of attraction to the

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posed, and therefore desired Abraham to take her and go his … These are substantially the incidents of the story, as it … 7. Pharaoh wished to place her in his harem. … incidentally confirmed by any evidence we possess relating to

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sustain their view of a chronology, that carries them back to … it seems to us, on an error. For, by what authority, we ask, … the fact that the earliest races of men were savages ? From … the human family, from an original condition of civilization

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ward for at least several ages, and certainly, to a time long … the time when the children of Israel, under the successors of … Abraham's day. And with this, the story now before us, as … than geology has yet accumulated, to enable scientific men to speak with abs°'ute

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now existing in Egypt, would seem to show that there had … pendent testimony to show, that in the circumjacent soil, the … Were SUch as to indicate that the locality was in the line of communication by

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spots where, from local causes, the rise of the soil may be … seven, and so on gradually diminishing to the mouth." He … nel. In Upper Egypt it is from thirty to thirty-five feet; at … land, and the object of these is to convey the waters to spots

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marsh. Now let us inquire if there he any data on which to … Were sufficient to produce the effect of stopping all the mouths … ^c readily admit lived in a very distant period from the … But there is still another, and to our minds most conclusive … World—but a reality, so far as it goes, a picture copied from

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If the reader will turn to the map of ancient Egypt, he … added to it. Sometimes, also, the real proper name, as it may … [nsiB,] and different opinions have been expressed as to its ori- … globe, or by the symbol of the sun. Sir Gardner Wilkinson

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thus writes: " I have frequently had occasion to notice the … bodies. But the word is not derived from, or related to ouro, … should make it equivalent to the word " king." But, at pres- … aPplied to all the native sovereigns of Egypt. As far as the … gave to Abraham men-servants and maid-ser-

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tunate slave was confided to his master. Abraham's servants … though to this there were doubtless, in some instances, cruel … between the mistress and her slaves appears to be of a gentler

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appears to indicate any other feeling than that of mutual kind- … ern Asia. It owes its fertility to the periodical inundations of … aheady stated, it may be said to have comparatively none. … Occasion to speak of it, more particularly, hereafter. The … Sarah was a native of Mesopotamia; and from the com-

146

accordance Avith what we learn from the monuments; and, … lic ; and out of Egypt, such was the custom from the earliest … exposed their faces, and were permitted to enjoy as much … being shut up in the harem, according to present oriental … made from an inspection of the monuments. We see °n

147

sometimes to be seen engaged in an animated discussion on … Penalty of excess in wine, and evidently unable "to carry

148

and the faded flower, which is ready to drop from their heated … 7. Pharaoh wished to place Sarah in his harem. … is permitted to the Moslem, yet it is not deemed reputable to

149

foreigners, either taken in war, or brought to Egypt to be sold

150

that Pharaoh took Sarah from Abraham ; and here one cannot … note; yet, notwithstanding this, when he comes into Egypt; … most powerful nation then known, and resistance to its iron … We know that, even to this day, eastern despots act thus with

151

shown on this visit to Egypt. … The question as to who was the king at the period of … to which large promises have been made,) nothing has been made public, to affect

152

worship of the bull Apis, but this was confined to a particular … Heeren intimates that the aversion to shepherds resulted, … difficult of control by law, and felt themselves to be independ-

153

Were apt, for the time, to prove very disagreeable neighbors. … much more satisfactory explanation of the aversion to shep- … ler, to be concealed, that any such pastoral dominion is … *his has subjected his statement to suspicion; and yet, with

154

six kings being, according to the version of Manetho by Jose- … kings, reigned 151 years; and, in reference to these dynasties, … them to the district of Avaris, which they strongly fortified to

155

Thus far, we have, at least, an intelligible story: whether … vouch for the entire accuracy of the details as to numbers, … ^norance of the pretended Manetho as to the Egyptian lan-

156

As to the word Hyk, we presume there can he no douht that it … take not, they find some confirmation from the monuments, if … coverer, M. l'Hote, to be executed in cavo-relievo, with surpass- … from the walls of Karnac, which helps us much toward a dis-

157

invaders. Turning to the first picture of the war of Sethos … We now return to the residue of Manetho's story. The … Priests to cleanse the whole country of lepers and unclean

158

out, who gladly sent 200,000 men to their assistance, in hope … to the strong suspicions of some. For ourselves, we venture … down to us in the fragments under his name ; but those

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attention of the learned in Egypt; and it was a story that … Hebrews in, and their exode from Egypt, for the purpose of … follow that, according to the ancient records of Egypt itself, … bear testimony to the truth of the Bible. Again, if we … itself, (for we cannot suppose that writer to have merely

160

basis of fact, as to its grand features. Whether, therefore, the … afraid of an invasion from the Assyrians. Now it so happens, … refer to comparatively modern chronology, not contradicted by

161

Add to these the whole time of the shepherds . . 511 " … aPplies it to the reigning monarch of Egypt at the time of … Considerations derived from the monuments also justify the … Kn°Wledgment to this author for the very valuable aid we have derived from his

162

ascribes to him no horses, which were native to Egypt, as the … Joshua. Horses were not likely, then, to be used in the earlier … this be the reason why the horse was not among the gifts to

163

no direct historical account of the time when it commenced. … fended from Abraham, we find that God specially forbade … k^t, as Hengstenberg says, it never occurred to any one before … As to the camel, it is reasonable to infer, from present

164

Hagar; for she is expressly said in Scripture to be an Egyp'

Chapter VII

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Indeed, from the time of his sale to Potiphar, through the … brothers, « who hated him, and could not speak peaceably to … ttle merchants disposed of their young slave, by sale, to

166

art, to make it appear to her husband that Joseph had aimed … Pharaoh's officers who were in prison with him, leads to his … We now enter, in detail, upon the facts brought to our

167

to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of silver: and they brought … with Arabia to have commenced at a very early period; and … Beeren expresses also a similar opinion as to the very early … 0ri the story. History offers no intimation that, any where,

168

show to have been the case in Egypt. The Greeks, we … yet deserves to be noted because it is in harmony with the … In addition to the remarks already submitted on the sub- … carried to a distant market, and sold at a profit: and Egypt

169

the Turkish empire; and from finding them represented in … and that the right of possessing slaves was not confined to … t° the Ishmaelites in the purchase of Joseph from his … 4. He was sold to " Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, and … ^gypt. This is not true, as he might have learned from

170

Bible, to the word " officer," add this marginal note: " Heb. … hi situations of trust, the word came to signify any courtier or … and the incidental allusion to it in the story, shows on the

171

of a painting from a tomb at Beni Hassan, and remarks of … ments for writing—the pen over his … " In a tomb at Kum el Ahmar," (according to Rosellini,)

172

two scribes appear with all their preparations for writing, and … 6. Potif liar's wife seeks to seduce Joseph. … custom in the house of a distinguished Egyptian, to describe … We have already seen that from the monuments. Those who

173

been writing a story made up of probahle inferences, he … Egypt and the rest of the East in this particular, goes far to … Upon the tomb of Remeses IV. at Biban el Moluk ;—" from all … are found in the tombs kneaded from barley or wheat, in the … According to the baker's dream, he was carrying three

174

them,—on his head. This is to this day characteristic of the … on their shoulders." We present an example taken from the … saw a vine. This has been made a ground of objection to

175

in various drawings from the monuments, showing not merely … monuments and paintings generally represent to us the male

176

" so particular were they on this point, that to have neglected … sible. When the monuments show us heads with abundant … several years in prison, where he permitted his beard to grow) … learn from Clement of Alexandria, that in the symbolic^1

177

tian appropriateness m the mode adopted to prefigure an … IB the number of separate stalks germinating from a single … cultivated in Egypt, and indeed, as we are inclined to think, … there usually produces seven ears to the stalk. We have not … from a common original; yet will not all grow in every … to a single stalk. The writer of the Pentateuch, therefore,

178

was, as far as we can learn, peculiar at that day, to Egypt. … longed to the so called prophets, the second to the holy scribes … applied to for explanation and aid in all things which lay

179

9. Joseph's elevation to office and honor by Pharaoh. … n. Pharaoh "took off his ring from his hand, and put it … v. He changed Joseph's name to an Egyptian one. … speaking of the confidence reposed in Joseph by Potiphar, to … but here, when it is used by the king himself, it at once places … °riental governments; and to this day, the grant of almost

180

orientalism in this large grant of power to Joseph. … our signatures with the pen. To give a man your seal, there- … day, obliged to keep a register of every seal he makes, and to

182

dynasty, a period long anterior to the days of Abraham. In- … in stone, and some in gold. The evidence from the monu- … a cube, made to turn on pivots; on the different sides of … microscope, appears to be a transparent, flattened tube without

183

the priesthood, also, he tells us, was confined to one particular … royal service. In a tomb at Thebes, as we learn from Wilkin- … " the office of fan-bearer to the king was a highly honorable … ln his hand something which belongs to the dress or orna-

184

Wilkinson has a representation from Thebes, which he

186

Pharaoh changed Joseph's name to an Egyptian one. … doubtless the change was designed to honor Joseph, i° … the titular goddess of Sais. Gesenius supposes the name to

187

to Isis." All these explanations are rendered probable from … ing to the sun." On (signifying in ancient Coptic the sun) … ■^Syptian family of distinction, meant to give stability to the … As to the first point, Heeren remarks: " The priesthood

188

belonging to each temple were again organized among them- … statues were placed in the temples. When they are intro- … Egypt, and the usual resort of foreigners who wished to learn … But to the Scriptural account, according, as it does … to the character of the Egyptians." Two facts are here as-

189

Joseph was not married to Asenath while he was a foreign … did not dare to disobey; for he who ordered, possessed a … °ne of the strongest manifestations of its exhibition, when even … Would probably never have submitted to his rule. The story, … a nian is depicted whose business it evidently was to take an

190

transportation of the grain. From the measurer, others take … a bushel, in order to pour it out into the sacks of those who … (Hengstenberg, Kit to.) … From the cuts, it will be seen that the granaries consist

191

which the grain was removed when needed. … arid receiving an account from a man standing below, who is … We have already seen, that ordinarily, when there was

192

alike destructive to the productions of the country: and there … chance left that refreshing rains will enable men to make a … have come down to us, are full of horrors. De Sacy giveS

193

^yria, and reached even to Bagdad. Now (thus say the … ^hyssinia. To the quantity of water falling in these rains,

194

steady wind, coming from the north, blows over the whole … pendent of any clouds from the Mediterranean, to afford the … equally plain that if the Mediterranean rains should from any … simultaneously suffer from drought, and might therefore … the incidents of his story, we scarcely think his scientifi0 … possible; and he would, therefore, have framed his story t0

195

to the men of that time, of a famine, as well in Egypt as out … 12. Joseph entertains his brethren on their second visit to … and he took and sent messes unto them from before him; … The refusal of the ancient Egyptians to have familiar … 0r any domestic utensil belonging to a Greek ; nor will they

196

arranged. A small table was appropriated, either to each

197

every two, or at most three guests, from which they help … "sat before him." The usual custom of the ancients was to … times they sat upon a stool or chair. We subjoin a cut from … to Persia, now, when the guest is a person of consideration, … Here « wagons" are introduced to our notice as vehicles

199

Egyptian origin, but taken from J?

200

hastily we think, considered as a sculptured story of the

201

though it may not afford any testimony to the particular … are Egyptians, appear to be conducting those who follow … to whom it is presented; and sets forth that certain indi- … taking a low obeisance to the king. His name and title are

202

each with a club: their dress shows them to be of some rank, … reaching above the ankles to protect them from the burning … has led to some difficulty in the interpretation of the scene. … remarked that " the contemptuous expressions common to the

203

according to all the representations in Egypt, are incompatible … purposes; first, as confirming the Scripture history as to the … and with this, the story of Jacob's coming agrees.

204

every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians." After … moreover, unto Pharaoh: For to sojourn in the land are we … stated. First, that "every shepherd was an abomination to … of representations, to be gathered from the monuments. As

205

ham and in those of Joseph, we should, if required to account … sion. It is not our purpose to weary the reader with the … that the result of it has been the satisfactory establishment, to … fable to the contrary notwithstanding) never were invited … to which they had been subjected by a foreign yoke, not only … interest, and less of inquiry, as to his origin; that rising by

206

that he did not suffer from this aversion to shepherds; be- … palace, "Joseph's brethren have come." The aversion to … Of this national aversion to shepherds, Joseph took a wise … But it is very gratifying to remark that it incidentally fur' … topography of the country about which he was writing- #e

207

can we explain the fact that all his allusions to the position … him unto Joseph, to direct his face unto Goshen." Gen. xlvi. … Jacob did not receive any instructions or orders from … han custom, to abide until the}'' had permission to enter … Egypt's inhabitants, to whom they were an '•' abomination."

208

ward. They departed from the chief town of this very land. … land of Goshen, and thou shalt be near to me." Gen. xlv. lj* … to compare other cities: " And Hebron was built seven years

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answered by a reply to the inquiry whether Moses and his … gathered from Scripture, it is plain that Goshen might have … have been near to him; for this land lay along the Pelusiac or … ^■cob and his sons asked to be placed there.

210

Is there here a real discrepancy'.2 Goshen, according to … Arabia, the quarters from which they most dreaded invasion." … through the whole breadth of it; and, according to Le Pere> … Egypt would give to these shepherds " the best of the land.' … the Hebrews to occupy it, therefore, not only was no °ne

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to the kingdom, through which the invading hordes of the … ^ith what we know of Egyptian customs. From Herodotus

212

As to their reputation abroad, we learn from the third book … to the later classical writers. Both statements are true. The … time exposed to a burning sun. It is therefore important that … nect the fact, that, since the conversion of Egypt to Christianity! … traced to a period somewhere about the time of the success^1

213

especially when the deceased

214

from the monuments. … Egyptian usages. He has written, " And when the days of … 4. It will hardly be suspected that in writing these words, the … most nearly affected to cut off their hair in testimony of sor-

215

as he did when summoned from the prison. … The particular mention of a coffin seems here to imply a … most part, obliged to dispense with them, and were merely … proves himself to have been ignorant of Egyptian usages, … ln a coffin of wood confirms the story; for such were in

Chapter VIII

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the birth of Moses, according to the chronology of Dr. Hales. … confusion has arisen, from the fabrication of the pretended … the shepherds, therefore, were not likely to become their

217

preting it to mean exactly the contrary of what it says; and … with a sense of the services Joseph had rendered to the state; … them with the contempt and suspicion that attached to … obtained a grant from the Egyptian authorities, on condition

218

was made. But when the Theban family came to the throne, … gerous to Egypt; particularly as they lived on the side next … gratuitously to erect " treasure cities " for him, which they did-

219

of the oppressors. The bitter cup is returned to their own … jected to the bastinado; a punishment by no means uncommon

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Egyptian taskmasters.—From the monuments. … learn from him, was on the Pelusiac arm of the Nile, not far

221

Roman miles from Heroopolis. Guided by these indications, … ill. They were subjected to hard bondage in mortar and … brick field gave abundant occupation to numerous laborers … to the revenue from a monopoly of them, undertook to supply … must have been profitable to the kings, inasmuch as they

222

captives. It would seem, however, from the monuments, that … in Egypt belonging to the same period, always have straw … (of the first pyramid at Dashoor) are of fine clay from the … in the tomb of Roschere. He did not hesitate to call his com- … burned or dried. Their dissimilarity to the Egyptians appears

223

The reader will be pleased to suppose the right end of the lower cut to be

224

permit us not to be mistaken in supposing them to be He- … their hands, ready to fall upon two other Egyptians, who are … such, that we must request the reader to turn to our cut, while … other two are Egyptian taskmasters, who, by their failure to … picture, and according to invariable Eastern usage, but wears

225

" Captives brought by his majesty, to build the temple of the … original, is painted of a different color from that of the Egyp- … curately to this painting, even in unimportant particulars. For … Indeed, the striking character of this painting seems to

226

eenth dynasty. His judgment, it will be seen, is entitled to … to the story of the Hebrews, has been questioned. … works, which he, by virtue of his office, had caused to he … Secondly. How came the Israelites to be represented

227

ing at Thebes." It is with great diffidence we venture to … to enjoy a home) in Goshen, which was far distant from … out all the land of Egypt to gather stubble instead of straw." … from other testimony to believe that the usage in working the … cessively relieve each other, we cannot see any objection to

228

been sent out of Goshen to make bricks also? The other … beards. Certainly, however, beard is to be found on some, and … reason to believe that mortified pride, after the triumphant

229

nally redeemed from that oppression by their God. Con- … ments. No sculptured story or painting of the acts of any … for instance, is obliterated, when the remembrance of him … to testify to his own importance as overseer of public works. … tion or probability that they were likely to be thus degraded … Period long posterior to this, when Shishak conquered Reho-

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all, no period but that of the bondage to which the picture … such a boat as is here described is to this day built and used … found in three other places in Scripture. From Job viii- \h

231

and are applied to no useful purpose. The stem, however, … to the many useful purposes we have enumerated; and as far … mineral pitch; for from various sources, we know the ancient

232

to load the vessel until the water rises above the wood-work

Chapter IX

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of Hebrews. Moses appears as the agent of Heaven to … Unto the Lord our God." To this Pharaoh refuses his assent,

234

argument against the truth of the story. To give force to … possibly be miraculous. But this proposition is very far from … to be miraculous. Grant them to be common manifestations … intensity, out of their usual order of occurrence; when they … is idle under such circumstances to view them as mere … and cessation, all to be supernatural. There is, therefore, no

235

Further, in reference particularly to the plagues sent on … more likely to find a lasting reproof and condemnation, when … miracles, uniting the supernatural with the natural. And to … cle, or impugn its testimony to truth. … The change of Moses1 rod to a serpent.

236

tioned, it may be remarked, that we find the rod to be the … Egyptian nobles are almost always seen with the rod when … Egypt. Indeed, the accounts are such as to startle credulity; … come from a class of men, likely to betray any undue anxiety

237

the art of the serpent tamers as entirely chimerical. We … tions, put themselves in a condition not to fear the bite of … The Psylli are formed into an association, and the art is … dangerous. A part of the business of the Psylli is to dislodge … around by serpents, which they permit to bite and tear their

238

compel it to feign the rigidity of death. To perform this, they … of torpor. When they wish, they rouse it by seizing it by the … Of this same species, which is often to be seen sculptured … ducing restoration to active life, by liberating or throwing

239

we elsewhere learn from Jewish traditions, are supposed to be … theirs. The object was to show the power of the true God, … the land, but they could not, like Moses, free the land from … issue, therefore, that is here made, is as to the fact itself. … We have shown that in Egypt, something, very similar to it at

240

without sufficient reason, (gathered from other and analogous … owing probably to the earth washed down from Abyssinia; … But further: a part of the phenomenon, according to the … the year, even when the inundation so fills it with slime tha*

241

fact would appear, from the accounts of travellers, to be, that, … wholesome, that the natives confine themselves to the water … W these statements enable us to fix the season of the year, … February. Barley is gathered in Egypt, according to all the … Season, therefore, must have been about February, when the … ^Wst to a day. The only ground, therefore, on which this

242

that the change was according to the prediction of Moses, and … this plague, which are yet testimony much too strong to he … often betray a prepared story, of which all the little nri»°r … parade, accompanied with no labored explanation to sb

243

he tells us that God commanded Moses to stretch out his rod … necessary to impress us with either the extent or reality of … placed in vessels, and crushed almonds are dropped in, to … enough, without pausing to reflect whether all his readers are … School are careful to overlook this part of the story.

244

Egypt ? Because of its conformity to the truth, which feared … lakes and puddles, from which the peasants at a distance … stand before Pharaoh ; lo, he cometh forth to the water," &c- … and Pharaoh's early resort to it was but an habitual act of

245

must have been a terrible annoyance to a people so scrupu- … There has been much learned discussion as to the insect … seem generally to concur in the opinion that this is the insect … what was meant than we have. It is, however, not to be … duced thus abundantly, at a time of the year when they do … Here again, there seems to be some doubt as to the precise

246

suppose it to have been a mixture of divers species of annoy- … of this plague is this: when it appeared, " Pharaoh called for … three days' journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the

247

Lands were assigned for its special support. To kill it was … serve to explain the apprehension of Moses. He states it as … an ungovernable mob, hastened to the lodging of the unfor-

248

should be closely examined by a priest, to see that he was … would cause it to be set aside. Cows were all consecrated to … Israelites, had they attempted to offer their sacrifices in … animal offered. Herodotus says: " They are not albwed to … not stone us ?" From this he infers, that the animals alluded

249

to see if a black hair could be found on a red ox, before they … item to be added to the general and incidental evidences of … compelling the inhabitants to supply their losses from Syria, … right to assume, that the sculptures and paintings embrace or

250

two by two, upon the obelisks at Luxor, when they were dis- … not be permitted to appear in Egypt's sacred places. The … or priests, and they seem to have retired from further rivalry-

251

country; more particularly, when the adjacent province of … references to facts such as are found in Egypt. Thus, Moses … in the stall. With this other accounts agree. According to … adverted to another fact recorded in the history of this visita- … is in the ear and the latter is boiled, and it seems to be about

252

miracles of Omnipotence." We learn, too, from Sonnini, that … visited seem at length to have roused the people to expostu- … Goshen, (for there only could they be exempt from God's fear- … and Aaron to his presence, to yield a reluctant assent to the

253

nation, and he commands the leaders of Israel to be thrust … species of barrier against them, they not being able to sustain … Egypt are six months from the north, and six months from … moval of verdure from the trees; but in Egypt their path was … may be very destructive, though not to the extent here de-

254

plain was covered with birds, which flew in dense flocks from … its course, so as to blow directly against them, it swept them … term, a sea-wind. Von Bohlen objects to the author of the

255

coming in swarms from any other quarter. Should it be sup- … endeavored to explain in our opening remarks on the plagues, … been to the Egyptians an appalling event. "No one rose … natural causes, it is impossible to say. There is no intimation … Others have attributed the darkness to the chamsin, of

256

it, which we are about to present to the reader, scarcely seem, … It seems to us to be purposely (we know not why, and pre- … to repeat, that even natural causes, acting for a time non- … Mosaic darkness to the chamsin. He says, " When the cham- … nature languished. This wind also continued to the 27th; it … if I should perish from the suffocating heat. All motion of the

257

was darker, a yellow horizon caused the trees to appear of a … driven toward us from the southwest; but we were scarcely in … heaved under our feet. Our garments flew away when seized … Some have supposed that this was a pestilence similar to

258

made Its appearance in Egypt, so far as Ave have been able to … we look on this occurrence as resulting from causes, far with- … makers. They were Egyptians reduced to wretchedness by

259

A few days were sufficient to revive all the animosity of … infantry, as distinguished from his " chariots and horsemen." … endeavored to show that, for our purpose, it matters little … bius gives us the following passage from the lost history of … (from which it is claimed Manetho drew his information) are

260

the truth of the Bible story. The very rapidity with which … very region from which the Israelites took their departure, be- … It comports not with the leading purpose of our work to … to find the place of transit any where, provided the locality!

261

before the reader a very sensible and spirited letter from one, … summer from the northwest, could not blow so violently … manifested in the rest of his reply a strong disposition to get rid … attention to solve them. This passage is told us by Scripture … believe the transaction at all, seeing that it is from his

262

building the wall on the left hand, or to the north. Besides, … kind. We cannot think this heathen is writing in favor of … of the sea in words nearly as strong as those of Moses, from … gether contrary to the ordinary nature of things, and if not a

263

This is perfectly conformable to what they had learned of … played by women, who danced at the same time to its sound,

Chapter X

264

of food. Before, however, we proceed to a consideration of … manifested his power in their behalf; we are not to be sur- … reference to laws, devotional habits, dorfiestic usages, &c,

265

We must expect, therefore, in this part of our subject, to see … of the dough which they brought forth out of Egypt." When … The Egyptians perfectly understood the art of baking, and … the utensils known to us by that name. They were small … those reluctant to find a miracle in any thing have labored to

266

causes from his difficulty. For there would still be a great … forty years: a double supply came every Friday regularly, to … kept to the next clay, invariably became offensive, and unfit … from which it falls, the manna was showered down through … Israelites actually knew nothing about it, when they first saV … of interrogation, and the Septuagint so understands it. When

267

Quails ; Heb. Selav.—The same bird is still to be seen in … show that the Egyptians were skilful fowlers, and from them … tion in Egyptian usages only. The points here to be ex- … As to the skill of the Israelites as workmen in metals,

269

would afford abundant proof of this. We give a cut from … the art was probably as familiar to them as it is to us. … Egypt; and serve ye the Lord." The idol to which they … which they had been accustomed to see, it explains why the

270

particularly exhibited at the feast of Apis, as we learn from … Modern chemistry employs tartaric acid, and reduces gold to … dence in the story; it then was the result of natural means,

271

importance when we come to ask who wrote the Pentateuch; … done. He meant to aggravate the punishment, and impress … is, that the skill of the Israelites was not competent to the … when they left Egypt. Among the articles used were gold, … little proof gathered from the monuments, and showing, as far

272

valuable object to be here attained. If it be shown that … the cutting of stones to set them." Precious stones with … existence in various museums to permit a doubt on this sub- … on the monuments, Egyptians working ih metals. " From all

273

The gold of the sanctuary was ordered to be pure gold. … The boards of the tabernacle were to be overlaid with

274

how to spin it 1 The tombs of Beni Hassan show the whole … their cloths were renowned. The ancients attribute to … yet they rather form exceptions to the common practice. U

275

we learn from our history. As to embroidering, the evidence … priest affords us incidental proof. They were copied from … attentively to study those of the Hebrews, and not find the

276

idolaters of the Christians who in their use apply them to the … Church of Jewish usages ? Does that prove Christians to be … meant to symbolize ; and it is really of no importance whence … the ceremonies of the Egyptians, are much too numerous to … degree affects the question of the reverence due to the ritual … They were required to be scrupulously clean, bathing

277

men of good condition: when they ministered, they wore a … lowed, it actually was made subservient to an exclusion and … was idolatrously symbolical; and in compelling him to wear … responding garment, in the absence of every idolatrous symbol. … Had they been confined to an austere, simple system of

278

significant: but to carry it to the excess of gorgeous display … symbol; most commonly the winged scarabaeus, the emblem … used to indicate the breastplate which' Aaron wore at certain

279

around his neck, to which was suspended a small figure of … &s'/ug of the Greeks) appears to have been the origin of the … We proceed still further briefly to trace resemblances in … and the Egyptians, to afford any satisfactory explanation of the

280

tending to establish it as a fact, tends to establish the truth of … But, further, the very customs which were forbidden to … host was to be stoned to death.

281

the Jews were forbidden to set apart any fruit for the dead. … We have now finished what we have here to say of Egypt's … enough has been presented to show that the boast is premature … to our narrative, is too marked to be accidental. Hundreds of

282

that age with received opinions as to the date of events ; grant- … shape of undoubted facts, does rise up to support the Bible … has established a claim that is undoubtedly to be, in part at … edly imperfect, shall have produced from Egypt what the

283

teuch, or that part of it relating to the Israelites in Egypt, … much too minute and accurate to justify such an opinion. … can give no answer to that question from any modern evi- … teuch to be the work of Moses.

284

beginning of the eleventh century of the Christian era: when … genuineness: but it was merely to get rid of the divine … same undeviating testimony both as to the existence and iden- … obvious, when we come to consider that the whole fabric of … Was Moses capable of writing them ? Now it is a re-

285

tempered more or less by a prudent regard for reputation, to … Egypt which they evince, is another to be added to the list of

Chapter XI

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Our task would be left incomplete, should we fail to bring … We must now come up to a period long posterior to the … the Prophet, averted from him the calamity of an entire loss

289

took all;" and, in short, reduced the kingdom to the condition … thence to be deduced." On his passage up the Nile, Cham- … presented by Sheshonk to Amun-ra, the figure on the opposite

290

of them are known. They are Europeans, and profess to be … It is the more to be lamented that this picture has been

291

fore, the more to be regretted that this picture has been defaced. … petition of these would, of course, afford to the general reader, … our being able to produce evidence for its support from the … to see, that in many particulars they do illustrate and confirm

292

to be scientific, dexterously to insinuate, rather than positively … to their insinuations, when there was neither the ability nor the … tions of mere science, it occurred to him that it might be use- … cessful, as to quiet the apprehensions or confirm the faith

Index

293

Arts, the, applied only to the useful, 78, … tions, to have been in Egypt, 163. … Barley in Egypt, when gathered, 232, … paintings to be found there, 103. … testimony to its truth so much sought

294

19, 20 : deposited in the tombs to … made, 222 ; made of stubble, still to … Camel shown to have existed in Egypt, … Chronology of Egypt, little to interest, … phabet, the, used in translations from … Dead, great respect shown to the, 75. … Demotic writing explained, 35, 67. … De Sacy, his attempt to decipher the … Discoveries, Egpytian, tend to confirm, … in the art of, 104.

295

paid to, 75, 212, 215. … Enchorial writing explained, 17, 67. … Eudoxus, allusion to, 188. … Flax, the period when it ripens, 241. … jloshen, the land of, given to Jacob and … Egyptian writing, 57. … Hengstenberg.his objections to Manetho, … 35; the writing illustrated and ex- … mon to the Jews in their early history, … Israelites, opprobrium attempted to be … house and elevated to office and honor,

296

in similar to the Chinese, 64 ; and to … Manna given to the Israelites, 265. … interest to be gleaned therein from … of ultimate ruin to the early fame of … in the art of, 78; a celebrated one … Joseph's time, and not when Abraham … facts, 206 ; its author shown to be

297

Pictorial character of ancient writing, … lar to the Egyptian priests, 276. … Quails given to the Israelites for food, … Rehoboam, his submission to Shishak, … Sculpture, the art of very defective, 78. ' … title of Pharaoh, 161 ; when expelled, … Slavery, existing from the very earliest … Stubble given to the Israelites to increase … Symbolical writing, 53.

298

Writing, its antiquity in Egypt, 19 ; ex- … quiry as to its locality, 208.

Verlagsinformation

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and Leghorn, and can thus aflbrd every facility to private persons, as well as to Booksellers … Particular attention is given also to the procuring of old and scarce books, by means of … ders. Any party preferring to correspond directly with the London house, will find his orders … to secure this advantage, will have their orders executed in a most satisfactory manner by for- … put up monthly in small packages, and forwarded gratis to all who may desire them. … STANDARD WORKS IN EVERY DEPARTMENT OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE & ART,

u

of Commercial Phrases, taken from a number of Letters, Accounts, Cata- … Adapted to the present state of Analysis. To which is added, their applica-

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With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and … •hall be surprised if it does not prove to be one of the most popular, as it certainly is one of tn» … lars the incidental histories of Sacred Writ, disentombing temple-palaces from the sepulchre of

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AGE, whether with reference to the wonderful … conclusion, that in these days, when the f jlfil- … interest, it is second to none."—Democratic Review. … "The work of Layard is the most prominent contribution to the study of Antiquity, that has … selves before a massiveTigure carved with minute accuracy, now lifting its gigantic head from tha … Illustrated with Engravings from the Works of CiiAMroi.Liow, Roselliki, … that has been brought to light by modern travellers, illustrative of the manners and customs, arts,

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Illustrated with Engravings from the works of Champollion, Rosellini, Wil- … u A valuable contribution to our Sacred Literature."—Xewark Daily Advertiser. … "The volume will constitute a valuable addition to Christian Literature."—N. Y. Recorder. … " The entire work is filled with most instructive facts, gathered from recent discoveries in monu- … positions, that cannot fail to inspire his readers—such of them especially as have been somewhat

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Visits to Monasteries in the Levant. … Negress trailing to be sota, … "A very curious and unique work. We recommend it to those who are fond of cheerful inci- … ful. The book is profusely illustrated by wood engravings in the highest style of art, executed in … Being a new Edition of " Eothen, or, Traces of Travel brought Home from … Journey from Cornliill to Cairo.

OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

96

EGYPT AND ITS MONUMENTS.

ber, after a short and desperate scramble, arrived panting and
palpitating at the top. Here the fall of a few layers has left
a small platform of level stonework, cracked, weather-beaten,
and corroded by some thousand years of time and tempests,
and inscribed with the names of travellers from every land.

" The view from the great pyramid is wonderful as the
structure itself. From its skyey crest we look down upon two
regions different as life from death. Far as the eye could see
stretched away the glorious valley, the eternal fertility of which
has outlived the empires founded on, and nourished by, its pro-
lific soil. The same phenomenon to which that fertility was
owing was visibly renewed before my eyes : wide portions of
the valley were already becoming so many lagoons ; the vil-
lages and palm groves were isolated; the life-giving waters
poured from the brimming river were making their way through
various channels, to saturate and enrich the plain. And every
where coming up to its green edge, and. hemming it in with an
impassable barrier, are the yellow sands of that boundless
Libyan desert, stretching away to the westward, on the ele-
vated edge of which the pyramids are placed. From the sum-
mit of the first of these the second appears in all its grandeur;
the tempest has lashed up the sand in great masses against its
giant sides ; at its foot is a region of the most ancient tombs
and pits in the world, the resting-places of priests and nobles
clustered round their monarch; their yawning orifices, like the
dens of wild animals, honeycomb the broken sand. The
Sphinx from hence appears magnificent; the neighboring
group of palm-trees dwindles to a tiny speck.

«It was a luxury to look up into the immense arch of the
sky, to which Ave seemed nearer than to the earth, and here of
such pure unclouded transparency—we might penetrate in*3

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