Head, Barclay V.: Historia numorum: a manual of Greek numismatics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887)

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HOME.

Head of Vulcan.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Hermes.
55 55
Head of Athena.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Hades.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Athena.
Head of Asklepios.
Male head.
Head of Herakles.
Head of youth.
Head of negro.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Janus.
Head of Zeus (?)
Head of youth.
Helmeted head.
Head of Hermes.

Hammer and tongs. (Pupluna, puff.)
Club, bow and arrow. (Pupluna.)
Caduceus and two stars.
Hammer and tongs. (Pupluna.)
Owl, crescent, stars. (Pupluna.)
Sea-horse in square.
Griffin.
Bird and lizard.
Eagle.
Cock.
Serpent.
Square.
Anchor or Trident with two dolphins.
(Vatl.)
Two crescents and two or three stars.
Elephant.
Fox dog.
Owl.
Prow. (Tla.)
Prow. (Tlate.)
Prow. (Tl.)
Half Lion (?) (Vercnas.)
Owl. (Peithesa.)

The inscriptions on the coins of Etruria have given rise to much dis-
cussion. Many of them undoubtedly contain the name of the city where
they were struck: among these has been identified as Populonia;
Velsu asVolci; Natl, Vetluna, asVetulonia; Velatliri as Volaterrae;
C'^a(»zar<$) as Cam ar s (Livy, x. 25, ‘ Clusium quod Camars olim appella-
bant’); Tla(muri) as Telamon; Eelz(na) as Volsinii. On this subject see
Corssen (Zeit.f. Num. iii. p. 1).
Most of the Etruscan coin-types are of Greek origin. The Wheel, the
Gorgon, and the Cow’s-head point clearly to solar and lunar worship,
the head of Vulcan with his hammer and tongs refers to the metal work-
ing and mining activity of some of the districts about Populonia, and
especially to the island of Elba. Other types, such as the Sea-horse,
the Polypus, Dolphin, and Prow, indicate the power of the Etruscans on
the sea; while some, such as the head of Hades, the . Kerberos, Griffin,
Sphinx, Leonine Chimaera, and the head of a Priest or Augur, are
symbolical of those gloomy and horrible or fantastic ideas connected with
death and the world of shades, which are especially characteristic of the
religion of the Etruscans.

The Aes Grave of Italy.
Although the history of the coinage of Rome is a subject which I do
not propose to include within the limits of the present volume, neverthe-
less the system of the Aes Grave holds so conspicuous a place in the
coinage of Italy that occasional reference to it will be necessary.
A slight sketch of the development of the heavy bronze money of Italy
will not therefore be out of place, and will indeed be requisite for the dis-
cussion of the chronology of the coinage of the Italo-Hellenic states. For