Hooper, Robert [Hrsg.]: The Anatomist's Vade-Mecum: Containing The Anatomy, Physiology, Morbid Appearances, &c. Of The Human Body ; The Art of making Anatomical Preparations, &c. To which are added Anatomical, Physiological, Medical, And Surgical Examinations For Students (London, 1811)

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ihe bones of the tarsus, going acVoss to be inserted into the
tendon of the adductor pollicis. It contracts the foot.

InteroSski Extern! et interni.—Metatarso-phalangei
latcrales.—Four small double-headed muscles situated exter-
nally, and four internally, all arising from the metatarsal
bones they lie between, Their tendons meet those of the
long and short extensors, forming all together the sheath
which covers the upper part of the toes.

The muscles situated on the sole of the foot are covered by
a strong flat tendon, called the plantar aponeurosis, extended
from the os calcis to the first joint of nil the toes, protecting
the muscles, blood-vessels, and nerves running under it.

PHYSIOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF MUSCULAR
MOTION.

Muscular motions are of three kinds; namely, voluntary,
involuntary, and mixed.

The voluntary motions of muscles are such as proceed
from an immediate exertion of the active powers of the will:
thus the mind directs the arm to be raised or depressed, the
knee to be bent, the tongue to move, &c.

The in voluntary motions of muscles are those which
are performed by organs, seemingly of their own accord,
without any attention of the mind or consciousness of its
active power ; as the contraction and dilatation of the heart,
arteries, veins, absorbents, stomach, intestines, &.c.

The mixed motions are those which are in part under the
controul of the will, but which ordinarily act without our be-
ing conscious of their acting; as is perceived in the muscles
of respiration, the intercostals, the abdominal muscle, and
the diaphragm.