The institutes of Vishnu (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880)

LX, 18.

DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.

195

the hour sacred to Brahman, let him rise and void
his excrements.
2. By night (let him void them) facing the south,
by day and during either twilight (let him void
them) facing the north.
3. (He must) not (void them) on earth which has
not been previously covered (with grass and the
like);
4. Nor on a ploughed field;
5. Nor in the shade of a tree (fit to be used for
sacrifices);
6. Nor on barren soil; 7. Nor on a spot
abounding in fresh grass ; 8. Nor where there are
worms or insects; 9. Nor in a ditch (or hole, or
upon the roots of a tree); 10. Nor on an ant-hill;
11. Nor on a path; 12. Nor on a public road;
13. Nor in a place previously defiled by another
person; 14. Nor in a garden; 15. Nor in the
vicinity of a garden or of (a reservoir of) water;
16. Nor on ashes; 17. Nor on coal; 18. Nor on
I, 11, 31, 1; Gaut. IX, 41-43. —3. M. IV, 49; Apast. I, 11, 30,
15; Gaut. IX, 38.—4. M. IV, 46; Apast. I, 11, 30, 18. — 5.
Apast. loc. cit. 16 ; Gaut. IX, 40.— 8-10. M. IV, 46, 47. — 11,
12. M. IV, 45; Apast. loc. cit. 18; Gaut. IX, 40. — 11, 19. Y. I,
134. — 15, 21. M. IV, 46, 56; Y. I, 134, 137; Apast. loc. cit.
18. — 16, 18. M. IV, 45 ; Gaut. IX, 40. — 22. M. IV, 48 ; Y. I,
134; Apast. 20. — 23-26. M. IV, 49 ; V, 136, 137. — 23. Apast.
15; Gaut. IX, 37. — 24. Y. I, 17. Chapters LX-LXIV treat of
the daily duties of a householder. (Nand.)
6. Nand. infers from the use of the particle £a, that the following
places (mentioned by Manu IV, 46, according to Nand.’s reading,
which differs from the traditional one) are also included in this
prohibition: a river, a mountain, the ruins of a temple, and the
top of a mountain.
17. Nand. infers from the use of the particle /fa, and from a text
of Yama, that chaff and potsherds are also intended here.
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