Pendlebury, John D.: The archaeology of Crete: an introduction (London, 1939)

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ROMAN BRITAIN. (Second edition in … THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROMAN ITALY. By Joshua What-

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF EXCAVATIONS AT TELL EL-AMARNA

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First published in 1939

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NOTE ON A RECENT ATTEMPT TO UPSET THE ACCEPTED … 11 A. THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD 35 … EARLY MINOAN III 78 … MIDDLE MINOAN III 148 … LATE MINOAN III 237

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viii THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

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AT THE END OF THE VOLUME … ii. i. the white mountains. volakia from the … iii. i. mount dikte and the plain of lasithi … iv. i. the east coast. eremopolis (the ancient … 4. the island of pseira from the road

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … protogeometric citadel on the peak … the double archaic acropolis of lato … e kephala near velouli 16 … m, 71, mokhlos ; early minoan iii. d-f,

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masa ; g, platanos ; early minoan iii. … middle row, stone ; early minoan iii, … 2. early minoan iii ivory seal and imported … 2. middle minoan la. pottery from the … 3. mallia, west facade of the palace 97

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 1. knossos, house below the central … a floor in the west court 109 … 3. middle minoan i vases from the … from middle minoan iii deposit at

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knossos, the causeways leading to the … the ' saffron gatherer ' (from Hand- … knossos, middle minoan iii stone vases

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … knossos, MIDDLE MINOAN III VASES OF CLAY … KNOSSOS, MIDDLE MINOAN III FIGURINE OF … STAMPED WITH SIGNS, MIDDLE MINOAN III 17O … PALAIKASTRO, LATE MINOAN lb RHYTONS IN

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THE WEST COURT 208 … KNOSSOS, LATE MINOAN II PITHOS FROM THE … FROM THE NORTH-WEST TREASURE HOUSE 212 … NEAR THE TEMPLE TOMB 221 … CALLED THE ' HARVESTER'S VASE ' … KNOSSOS, STONE VASES FROM THE CENTRAL … THE DOMESTIC QUARTER (from P. of M., … EGYPT, LATE MINOAN lb OENOCHOE IN MAR-

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 4. vrokastro, geometric head in clay 322 … west of the west court 358 … Unless otherwise stated these plates are from the Author's photographs

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Illustrations in the Text … 11. *PATTERNS ON EARLY MINOAN III POTTERY 83 … KNOSSOS AND THE KAMARAIS CAVE 108

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xviii THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 20. DIAGRAMMATIC PLAN OF THE MIDDLE MINOAN II … 26. f MIDDLE MINOAN III HOUSES AT KNOSSOS (after P. of M., … 29. *MIDDLE MINOAN III SEALS 171 … ON THE WEST WING (ibid., PI. C.) 185 … 40. fLATE MINOAN III HOUSE AT ZAKROS (after B.S.A., VII,

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ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT xix

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1. THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 3 … 6. „ „ in „ 78 … 12. „ „ III „ 239

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The Ancient History of the Near East. H. R. … Annual of the British School at Athens. … The Civilization of Greece in the Bronze Age. … Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology in the … The Cemetery of Pachyammos. R. B. Seager. … The Palace of Minos. Sir Arthur Evans. Four

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xxii THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Travels in Crete. R. Pashley. 1837. … The Tomb of the Double Axes and Associated … Transactions of the Department of Archaeology, … The Vaulted Tombs of Mesard. S. Xanthudides.

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I HAVE tried in this book to give some account of the culture … a clear view of the culture of any particular period, for we

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … fusion, and after all the names are mere labels and of no value … date, that is not to say that provincial towns, such as the … 1 Certainly there would be nothing to be gained by adopting the … visit to Crete, based an inferior system of chronology for the island

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Orthography and the transcription of modern Greek names … V are very nearly interchangeable and I have used the form … like Tuthmosis, Amenophis and Cheops are as bad as the

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xxvi THE ARCHAEOLOGY OE CRETE … Crete, since they were equally prized in Egypt. If we find … 2 In the following pages the accepted chronology is used, i.e. … 140 ff.) that ' Minyan ' ware in Greece is an imitation of the Trojan

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It is only on the roundabout assumption that they are actually … first. Senmut and User-Amen show such pictures in their … tombs in the same way and by this time the artists had begun … So, also, it must be recognized that the styles and periods

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xxviii THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … As to theory, archaeology, as the late Professor T. E. Peet … the greatest number of facts known at the time and contradicts … much I owe to him. Hardly less do I owe to the late Dr.

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seal stones, and Mr. J. T. Pinion the simplified plans. Pro- … foreman of Knossos and the most enthusiastic archaeologist … The work that he has done for Knossos is known to few and … travels and the hospitable Cretans themselves. A journey is … The Exiled Cretan. A Matinadha of Ida}

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Note on a Recent Attempt to upset the Accepted … It is simpler, however, to give a short summary of the evidence … E.M.I, deposit on a floor level in the West Court at Knossos

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xxxii THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … an E.M.m level, but cf. transitional types in a pure … M.M.10, deposit with a small admixture of M.M.na in the … M.M.110, deposit stratified by layers of wood ash above the … M.M.ina, deposit above the Loomweight Area (ibid., fig. 1876).

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THE ISLAND … AENEID iii, IO4-IOO.

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THE ISLAND 3 … It is not only jealousy, however, which has in comparatively … • Pne, has affected the whole physical conformation of the … the ^ fr°m Cape Stavros' West of Candia to CaPe Kephala, … Was historian Masaud records that in the year a.d. 535 there … yet th'13S n°W n° sPr'nK- The earliest cisterns are Greco-Roman,

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

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THE ISLAND 5 … Next comes the great mass of Dikte—the modern Lasithio-

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6 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … In the mountains of the Sitia Peninsula are many such small … Turkish rule, but also enthusiastically by the goats, which

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THE ISLAND … Springs have disappeared and sites such as Omalais to the … It is most important when considering the distribution of … THE ISLAND … Springs have disappeared and sites such as Omalais to the … It is most important when considering the distribution of

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THE ISLAND … do not allow for halts. They vary according to the weather … path leads down to Mokhlos (PI. V, 3), at that time part of the … 1 A cross-country runner who would undertake to explore the

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io THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … From Gournia an easy path leads to Kalokhorio, the ancient … Kamara by a road running through the plain of Lakonia, guarded

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THE ISLAND

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12 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Knossos itself was connected with its harbour town East of

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THE ISLAND … be taken except for a Tiavriyvgig (religious festival) at the Idaean … South of Ida are three main routes, the first two skirting … According to Kalemenopoulos' Kgi]Tiy.d, the direct route from … This is an accurate measurement of the narrowest part of the

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … A rough coast road connects Phalasarna with the south-

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THE ISLAND … ports at present inaccessible. On the other hand, their inability … the East coast, Rhethymnos, Panormos, Amnisos and Miletos on

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16 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … places (PI. VII and VIII, 1). In Hellenic times and later … A word must be said about those who followed the ancient … archaeology in his Voyage au Levant (Paris, 1717, of journeys … 16 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … places (PI. VII and VIII, 1). In Hellenic times and later … A word must be said about those who followed the ancient … archaeology in his Voyage au Levant (Paris, 1717, of journeys

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THE ISLAND 17 … of Trinity College, Cambridge, made a prolonged tour of the … the years 1851-3 in surveying the coast of Crete for the

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18 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … successor. His book, Camping in Crete, 1913, contains useful … to last an ordinary man a lifetime he first visited Crete in … Dr. Federigo Halbherr was also one of the pioneers of

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THE ISLAND … Incidental topographical references, subordinated to the

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asterisk denotes that I have not traversed the whole route or have … Actually 600 by the Perama- … for the northern sea and … This is usually put at the

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THE ISLAND … scholars agree marks the site … Actually Strabo is giving the … Accurate as to the width of the … This must be the Kisamos … ther East. If the table is

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … This is an overstatement. The … Arkadia is one of the most … In any case no site which is … placed on the table, Laseia

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THE ISLAND … This is the other Kisamos, … East of Lissos. Tarrha is

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

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THE ISLAND 25

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … h O M <j in 3 I- … in

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THE ISLAND

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28 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the s

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THE ISLAND

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … HH In

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THE ISLAND

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

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The names of various ronodealaig are often of great value in the … (East Crete) … (East Crete) … between peaks in Central Crete, lit. a … A fort. The first two may imply Venetian

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34 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Mdvdqa.....Sheepfold (ozdvi is unknown in Crete). … (East Crete) … To 'va) i • • • ■ A mound of stones cleared from the fields—

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A. THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD

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THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD 37 … been explored. It extends in fact even beyond the borders … of ' Prisons ' (E. Ill, 6, 7th metre in Palace Museum). It is at any

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38 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of the vases were sharply carinated.

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THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD … long and heavy, the other shorter and broader.3 The stone … Some of the sherds have the mottled appearance mentioned above. … idea of the architecture

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … a fixed hearth of clay and small stones either standing in the … 1 Demargne, B.C.H., 1932, 76. He makes a strong plea for the

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THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD … series of Minoan shapes. The pottery of the two levels in … A remarkable local variation of the Late Neolithic Pottery … into the well-known rope pattern.

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … with a tubular drill. A shape characteristic of the protodynastic … 6 Studies, II, 55. The faces on the pottery from Trapeza described

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THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD … back the first arrival of the Neolithic settlers more than a

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Site is 35 m. W. of village near … 95. Site is on the hill above the … Two sherds from the original find. … over the palace area. Houses … below Quarter V of the Palace. … The cave is below a houss in the

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THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD … out of the cave which lies between … 142. Cave is in gorge above … Kalamafka . Stone axe in the Candia Museum. … MOKHOS . . Vase in peasants' hands. From Edhikte or … vasilike . . Vase in the Candia Museum and sherd picked up

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD

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48 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of the whole surface of the vase dies out, its place sometimes

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … pottery. It is therefore on stylistic grounds that the attri-

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Pots with the burnish decoration of Central Crete are very … siders it E.M.II-iii ; it is, however, indistinguishable in fabric from

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … the E.M.i Period springs into full flower. Round-bottomed … (P. IX, 2, c and d). These suspension pots, like those in

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52 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … have seen, a complete axe-head of copper was found in a pure … in an E.M.i stratum. Meanwhile, we may take it that the … They are placed so as to overlap each other and give the impression

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD 53 … roughly drawn pictographs in which distorted human figures

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … allow comes from the South and centre of the island. In … unstratified was the half of a diorite mace-head of Late Pre- … have come to light, and in many of the cases above mentioned … of branches from a parent stock common to Crete and the Cyclades … III, PI. XIX, 7. It is certainly not Predynastic.

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … We are therefore unable to date with certainty the Sub- … 255. The excavation has been … of the village.

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Vases, &c., from burials in … Traces on the summit. Exca- … exist all over the Neolithic … AeXx., 12, 102. The tomb is … Vases from fissure in rock. … Sherds from excavations of 1898. … One suspension vase in the … milatos . . . Suspension pot in the Candia Museum. No. 15.

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … agia Elrene . . Deposit . Vase near circular tomb. Xan- … tomb. Ibid., 74. The site … phaistos . . . Deposit . Mainly below W. end of the … salame .... Deposit . Sherds near circular tomb. Xan- … agios onouphrios Vases, &c, in the Candia Museum, perhaps … M., II, i, 88. The site is just north of

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … Duckworth, ibid., 344. The … deposit in town. Seager, … vase from Patema at the S. … B.S.A., VII, 142. The site is … The second Early Minoan Period is the climax of the … 1 Analyses of daggers show that true bronze is not yet in use. … THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … Duckworth, ibid., 344. The … deposit in town. Seager, … vase from Patema at the S. … B.S.A., VII, 142. The site is … The second Early Minoan Period is the climax of the … 1 Analyses of daggers show that true bronze is not yet in use.

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … are ever found in the ex hypothesi contemporary settlements.1 … ments as lay in the immediate neighbourhood. It is extremely

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … In East Crete the finds centre round the old ports of Palaik- … From the anthropological point of view we have at last … throughout the Minoan Period that we may take it that from

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62 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of the rooms, being surrounded by other compartments, have … no outside walls, and the probability is that we must look for

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … squared stones and consist of an outer and inner chamber, the … to the ossuaries. The houses of the dead, in fact, were the

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64 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … flat roof resting on beams or else that the dome was continued … hut in West Macedonia. The stone walls run up about 2 metres

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … acting as a vestibule. This feature is elaborated in Tomb A … While these circular tombs have their home in the Messara,1 … near Adhromyloi (see Map 13).

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66 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … that they were intended for covers, though the vessels corre- … 2 Xanthoudides, V.T.M., io, believes they covered the coarsely

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … two hatched triangles are frequently joined at the apex to form … that they do not appear elsewhere in Crete until the Proto-

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68 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 3 A few examples, however, where the dots run down the side of

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … with reason, that the impetus was given by direct contact with … purely Minoan in character and which show how soon the

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … to datable vases from Mokhlos, must certainly be put to the … E.M.n The use of copper is now widespread (PI. XI, 3). Two … III, 129. Though it does not go so far as to say so, this article has … 6 Mochlos, 107, but a long dagger was found in an E.M.lil ossuary

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … two holes at the end of the tang. Examples were found at … votive models but objects for use probably connected with the … It is unfortunate that only one of the figurines which have em.u … 4 Whence came the shape ? Hall, Essays presented to Sir Arthur

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of the same style although E.M.iii pottery as well as E.M.11 … Two of the designs shown in the figure are of a distinctly … One of the most surprising results of the work at Mokhlos

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … shown in Plate XIII has two dogs on each side facing the centre. … 1 But cf. V.T.M., no, where it is explained by the theory that the

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74 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The most frequently quoted examples of Egyptian or rather … that it is the Libyan element in that Predynastic civilization … Egyptian originals. The most common type is the ointment … 5 P. of M., II, 31 ff. The round building at Tiryns, Tiryns, III, … hard to see. But it is clear that the site was comparatively unimportant

75

THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … seen, but E.M.n seems to be a natural development along the … We have seen that the stone vases from which the Minoan Chronol°sy … found in Crete as Predynastic in spite of the almost conclusive argu-

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76 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … stone axes found near the church. Site above … Settlement Traces on the summit. Excavated, … building of the circular tomb. … of the village ; also a stone vase in a peasant's … Tombs . Vases from in and round the circular

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … EAST CRETE … Vases, &c, from the circular tomb. … Tombs . Vases and daggers from the circular … Sherd picked up and walls seen in gorge between … 183, by church near Kavousi. … Deposit . Sherds and vases from the town.

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78 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Deposit in lowest strata of <5 32 … 2. early minoan iii (e.m. iii). … 78 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Deposit in lowest strata of <5 32 … 2. early minoan iii (e.m. iii).

80

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … it back to that time, for they may well have fallen in like the … 4 This evidently happened at Gournia also, accounting for the mass

81

THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … Note that the rivet is still shown at the base of the spout, though … already noted in the previous section that imitations both in the true … 3 A similar explanation probably accounts for the identical change

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82 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … elaborate shape is shown in PI. XIII, 4, /, which is to have a

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD 83

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84 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … But in this new passion for linking the designs the earlier … been seen in the faces on the Neolithic pottery at Trapeza, p. 41,

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … jar with red lines bordered with white radiating up from the … 1 Mochlos, 101. Cf. the disuse of variegated stones in Egypt after

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … but their origin is obvious.5 Whether the two small gypsum … 3 Mochlos, 107, and Porti, where the absence of a single E.M.ll … 6 Very few of the Cycladic figurines are male, but in such cases they

87

THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … to go to Mesopotamia, to the statues of the Sumerian Ur-nina … is the commonest material. … The richness and variety of the patterns is extraordinary, … 8 Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, PI. XII, and see

88

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Fig. 12.—Early Minoan in Seals … 1 P. of M., I, 121. Cf. the figure on the sword-hilt from Mallia.

89

THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … to the E.M.iii deposit in the tombs 3 But more important … dated to the First Intermediate Period (i.e. Vllth-Xth Dynas- … from Syria and that many of the animal-shaped seals from … between the Messara and a strongly Syrianized state in the … 7 J.E.A., XII, 90 and 94 ; Studies, I, 132 ; II, 122. As for the

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9o THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … closer to Mesopotamia than to anything else, and if the unstrati- … example was found in use at Tell el-Amarna.2 The Egyptian … the spiral had made its appearance.5 The great increase in … Frankfort, however, would prefer to attribute our head to the Syrian … 6 Cf. B.M. Cat., I, 1, XXVIII f., and group given in Child's

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD 91 … Cave . . Many sherds from outside the en- … Cemetery Rock shelters on the coast. B.C.H., … Cave . . Sherds from excavations of 1898. … One sherd found in the cutting of the road by

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92 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … EAST CRETE … Tombs . Some sherds from the circular … Tombs . Latest deposit in the circular tombs. … trench to the N. Trans. Penn. … Child burials in pots. Larnax … In the town site. Ibid., IX, 300.

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THE EARLY MINOAN PERIOD … Poor deposits in the ' House on the

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Chapter III … IN M.M.i the swing of power has gone to the North and … 4 Ibid., II, 146. In its final form it no doubt dates from M.M.in.

96

96 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

97

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 97

98

98 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Perhaps the Knossian examples were rounded for the same reason.

99

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 99 … They have been explained as survivals of the bays between

100

ioo THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … by some fire, were discovered, as in the South-East quarter of

101

the middle minoan period 101 … few houses at Kalathiana which are square in plan. One of … of the earliest traces of the elaborate system of drainage and

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … It has been noted above, when the tombs were first … stones, outside which was a paved area. Within the boundary … Zakros, Khristos and Piskokephali seem also to be of the same … Juktas, though we do not know its ancient name, was the … 2 Koumasa alone is the exception and there the M.M. sherds ware … 4 It does, however, look out over the Gulf of Mallia, and could be

103

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 103 … chamber, some 5 by 8 metres, floored, in later times at least, … could be assigned to M.M.i, which was in any case a scanty … 1 P. of M., I, 153. Professor A. B. Cook would derive the word

104

io4 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … represent a period transitional between E.M.iii and M.M.ia. … (where the patterns are in the new M.M.i chalky white paint).

105

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … shown on PI. XIV, 2, 8, where the red spikes are picked out

106

io6 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … paint at the foot and a segment of a circle on each side below … The jugs are usually more graceful than those of E.M.iii, … with a white cross in the centre (Fig. 16, 18).4 The imitation … between the simple white lines on PI. XIV, 2, 18, to the … Round these are five lozenges in white with white dots and … 4 B.S.A., XXX, PI. XIII, in colour.

107

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … chrome, but occasionally the upper part is decorated with a dark … the deep red employed must belong to the very beginning of … been kept alive in other materials such as wood, while the

108

108 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Fig. 17.—Patterns on Middle Minoan lb Pottery from Knossos and the

109

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … were they actually so fired, for we must remember the traces … 3 Cf. the houses at Mycenae and in Greek times regulations as to the

110

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The decoration tends to become closer and more of the vase … usually three handles. Two or three specimens, like the jug

111

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … flat-bottomed bowl with a cut in the side for the wick and a … a greater proportion of them in House B at Vasilike, which

112

ii2 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Fig. 18.—Patterns on Middle Minoan i Pottery from East Crete

113

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … 1 Cf. Pachyammos, PI. XX, and p. 29, where some are of M.M.III

114

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … A curious series of bowls come from the ossuaries on the … rivets where the handles join, which is painted half black … described in the next chapter.

115

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 115 … handle and criss-cross incisions round the neck, which was … the only material. The shapes are mainly small lugged bowls, … dangerous to claim any of these for the period although it … Seager mentions five stone lamps which were found in … " From Tomb III, which was practically pure M.M.i. It may, of

116

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 4 For a detailed description of the dress, B.S.A., IX, 361 ff.

117

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 117 … of rupture. It is the simplest possible form of dress, which … in white. While the features of the women are indicated in … loaves of bread may have been attached to some of the figures … mainly Theban. They begin in the Xlth Dynasty and are undeco-

118

n8 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The metalwork is considerably advanced. Tin is at last … ings.5 Unlike those intended for use, the cutting edges are … rib. Neither sword nor dagger have the tang which we have

119

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 119 … denoting the gang of workmen.1 Together with these must be … merely denote personal badges, the seal stones confirm that

120

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … In the Vat Room at Knossos a number of green and blue

121

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … responsible for the lack of examples of Minoan dress before … 3 Ibid., II, 34. It is rather significant that even now the Libyan … 6 This stratum contained many M.M. ill sherds from the superimposed … 7 O.I.C., 19, Fig. 84. It is interesting to note that the latest

122

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … We have already seen the pyxides imported from the Cyclades … M.M.i Taking the evidence of foreign connexions, then we may say … by the latter that it is East Cretan. In the example he gives the nearest … 3 Prehistoric Thessaly, 204. The so-called ' Kamares ware ' from

123

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Few sherds outside the entrance. … the writer, 1937. … Cemetery . Rock shelter on the Acropolis to

124

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … in excavations of 19 3 6. A. J. A., … on the Minoan road. Evans. P. of M., II, 77. … the writer, 1935. … marmaketo . . Sherds and a seal from Phakidhia above the … E. of village. Seen by the writer, 1935. … ornias . . . Traces of settlement, seen by the writer, 1937. … skhineas . . . Sherds on Koprana, seen by the writer, 1937. … agia triadha . . Tomb . . Latest deposit in Tholos A. … dhrakonais . . Tombs . . Main deposits in circular tombs. … Sanctuary . On peak above the tomb. P. of

125

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Sherds near rectangular tomb. … Latest deposit in circular tombs. … Main deposit in circular tombs. … goulopharango Sherds from what seems to be a fort at the top … vasilike . . . Sherds from the side of the road by the school. … Tombs and Latest deposits in built tombs. … 306 ; and by the town site,

126

126 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Sherd from Kephalovrysis at the top of the … and Phaistian one.1 When the Minoan chronology was first … 126 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Sherd from Kephalovrysis at the top of the … and Phaistian one.1 When the Minoan chronology was first

129

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 129

130

i^o THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … which are liberally incised with the double axe sign. Beside … An interesting parallel was found in the loomweight area at … There are a number of features which are typical of the … the framework of the door is often cut in the blocks of the … 2 The building of the shrine may well have been in the first half or

131

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 131 … an escape of sewer gas. Similar drains and conduits occur in … into vases. The rocky setting is conventionally indicated by

132

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … A more conventional form of wall decoration was found in … ii. Private ' since M.M.u pottery is the earliest found in it, is that at Stou

133

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 133 … probable that some of the tombs in the Mavrospelio cemetery Tombs … shallow pit was sunk in

134

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … a IVth-Dynasty Egyptian original.2 Barbotine, dated by the … as M.M.kz, but in the present period it reaches its acme. … 4 For the pattern cf. Ibid., II, PI. IX, a, in colour.

135

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Another typical vase is shown on the same plate i (Fig. 22, 1).

136

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … were found in the excavations of 1930 in the West Court. … Embossing, in imitation of metal, is frequently found. A … to its occurrence on sherds found in Egypt, is the racquet and

137

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 137 … Although Knossos has provided us so far with most of the … the end of M.M.na, which sealed in the deposits, at Phaistos, … has the appearance of being built up of blocks of stone with … Even though not wealthy enough to train her potters in … ground was painted with a group of three palm trees in dull white … 7 P. of M., I, 248 ff. So-called owing to the discovery of over 400

138

138 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … foliate band is typical of M.M.11&, and with it goes the sharper

139

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 139 … The decoration consists of four linked scrolls, rather like the … Another large jar with a pinched-in mouth, from Phaistos, … outward curve near the rim, flat saucers with a very low foot … trickle pattern or bands in black and red were found at the top

140

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … seal impressions, was found in a deposit just East of the North … the unit, a dot for ten, a longer slanting stroke for a hundred,

141

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … the beginning. The individual groups of signs are sometimes,

142

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … lyres, and sistra. We see olive sprays, and those often in com- … to be there. The domestic animals are shown, dogs, horned … represent the first attempt at portraiture. One shows a man

143

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … possible, however, that his name is simply User and that the … rest of the signs are epithets, a title, or his father's name. If … 2 Evers, Staat aus dem Stein, II, 96, in his very careful analysis

144

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … very like them occur in the script.2 In the field are concentric … 1 P. of M., II, 220. This accounts for its discovery in so late a … 3 I am informed that the harbour works at Alexandria tentatively … 5 P. of M., I, 267. The chronology of this tomb also has been

145

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 145 … rowed, but they were always given a Minoan turn. The … 3 J.H.S., 1936,133 ; Syria, 1937,151. The tomb was in use from the … 6 P. of M., II, 211 ; Gnomon, I, H.i. 47. The so-called Middle-

146

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Sanctuary . A few sherds in the sanctuary … Mallia, I, 51, and many of the

147

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Cave . . A few sherds from excavations of … herakleion . . Sherds from the harbour town E. … EAST CRETE … Tombs . . Latest finds in the cemetery. … Object . . Seal from Tomb III. Mochlos, … Jug, possibly of this date, in the Candia

148

148 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The Third Middle Minoan Period was in the nature of the

150

150 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Minoan architecture has already been noticed, but until the … 2 P. of M., Ill, 247. For later and more elaborate example at the

151

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … The Lustral Basin by the North-West Portico belongs to … 2 Ibid., 378 ff. The arrangement of the walls below shows the plan,

152

i52 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … seems hardly to have suffered at all either from the slight earth- … only three sides in the South-East house.

153

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 153 … to show one pillar behind another, in the Egyptian convention, not

154

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the wooden ties. These blocks are now carefully fitted together

155

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Isopata only an isolated deposit indicated that the cemetery … In the East a few of the earlier built tombs showed later … it is impossible to say. In the South the circular tombs were … 1 For the possibility that the ' Saffron Gatherer ' belongs to this

156

156 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … M.M.mS painting of lattice-work at Phaistos. The background … one of the doors of the ' Queen's Megaron ' in the Domestic … 3 I think they must be placed before and not after the earthquake

157

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … On either side and below are grouped the spectators. On a … The practice of painted reliefs in plaster reaches its height

158

158 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … According to analyses the stucco was of lime-plaster, the white

159

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … in red paint (PI. XXVI, 1, b). Two kinds of tripods are … imitated in pottery (PI. XXVIII, 1). At Knossos this form of

160

i6o THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Fig. 27.—Patterns on Middle Minoan in Pottery

161

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 161 … of dolphins and sea foam, very reminiscent of the Dolphin … The few larnakes which have been found are undecorated. … Pachyaminos, PI. XII, X, a, but the evidence of Trapeza may

162

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of holes in the top as if to hold eggs, and yet another was a … The Temple Repositories contained a great quantity of jars,

163

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … light technique, a big frieze of connected disks in brown being … traces its origin to Egypt of the IVth Dynasty. The under … graceful bath-tub with horizontal handles. This is low at the

164

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … M.M.m The stone vases have a greater variety of shapes than in M.M.i

165

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD 165 … Libation tables of steatite were found in the Temple Reposi-

166

166 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … XXVIII, 3). Votive robes and girdles are found, the former

167

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Other fragments of faience mainly from the western cist in- … were found in a somewhat earlier (M.M.nia) deposit near by, … In the House of the Sacrificed Oxen was found part of a M.M.m

168

168 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … At the very beginning of M.M.ina the old hieroglyphic … Fig. 28 shows a few of the characters with their hieroglyphic

170

170 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … As has been said, the new linear script was unsuitable for … sentations of the facades of buildings (Fig. 29^), but human … 4 Evans, P. of M., I, 661, suggests that it is a hymn owing to the

171

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … dog which barks below (Fig. 296). A similar shape in blue

172

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

173

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … it is impossible to say. It is worth noting, however, that in … 2 P. of M., I, 548 ff., 709. In IV, 178, the term ' notched plume ' … 5 Cf., however, the stone head, p. 121, above, which may have been

174

i74 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … them Minoan, but the patterns, shapes and tone of the red paint … 6 Ibid., I, 599. They are said to be from the Fourth Shaft Grave,

175

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … recurved rims and suspension handles, were found in the … vase found by the writer,

176

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the new cave. P. of M., … Excavated, 1937, by the writer. … Burial in house. B.C.H., … Several sherds in the earliest … excavations of 1936.

177

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … elounta .... Vase from Kato Elounta seen by the writer, … kanli kastelli . Many sherds at Visala E. of the village. … skhineas .... Sherds on Koprana, seen by the writer, 1937. … TZErmiadha . . . Cup from the village, seen by the writer, 1937.

178

178 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … keratos .... Sherds in cave near summit, found by R. W. … EAST CRETE. … Deposits . Earliest elements in main … Khrysokamino to the E.,

179

THE MIDDLE MINOAN PERIOD … Kalamafka . . . Sherds on the NE. slope of the Kastellos, … Vrakhasi .... Sherds from cutting of the road, seen by

180

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … THE REAL break between the Middle and the Late Bronze

184

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … khori, Psykhro and Skoteino, but repairs were done to the hill

186

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

187

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … always been of a sacred nature, for it embraces not only the … From this wing of the Palace the only exit was by the East

188

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

190

190 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the North and West of the Throne Room proper and which

191

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 191 … clay, were found. Furthermore, on the South side of the East … Gournia must have been a town of farmers. Pseira, on the

192

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … good deal of the town was cleared. The size of the houses was … period, leads to the Great Hall, the two sections of which … is the Royal Villa, the foundation of which probably dates

193

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … 50UTH HOUSL ; KN05505 MM III L.M.I

194

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

195

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 195

196

196 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … L.M.i. A chamber tomb was found West of the Palace 3 and … 1 Reference is made, P. of M., IV, 776, to similar tombs in West … beginning about 1-50 metres up. It is probably L.M.iii like those at … 2 If, however, it was finished off with a flat lintel like the niches or

197

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 197 … a remarkable fragment depicting an artificial fountain. The … interest', and the same is true of the well-known frescoes of … Phaistos is devoid of frescoes, the walls of the later palace … To L.M.ia may be attributed the Palanquin Fresco which

198

198 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 2 For the origin of this type of shield, see Murray, Rise of the Greek … 5 Ibid., II, 774 ff. In the index he is attributed both to L.M.ia

199

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Some of it is on a very large scale and it is typical of the period … The background consists of conventional rock work which … On a smaller scale and far more crudely executed is the

200

200 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 5 Ibid., II, 755. The evidence for the Sudanis is the knee of one

201

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 201 … contemporary with the earliest phase of L.M.ia at Knossos … means of a slip or by polishing the body-clay of the vase. … Of the unpainted pottery the most useful for dating purposes

202

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Fig. 36.—Patterns on Late Minoan in Pottery

203

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … the horizontal spout and a variety of patterns, one of which is … Many of the larger vessels are highly decorated. A magnifi-

204

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … which were found two earlier floors of plaster before the … 3 Ibid., II, 415 ff. and 421, most of the pottery was L.M.ia, some … survived the earthquake have the pattern of a broken M.M.m gem

205

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … rosette in fugitive white painted on the bossed centre. With

206

2o6 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … ing a decorative unit which was regularly used to fill in blank

207

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … stylized than in L.M. 1 a. The ivy leaf tends to have a double or … Of pure patterns the ' adder mark ' or ' notched plume ' … The ' ogival canopy ' (Fig. 37, 7) is found on a spouted jug … where an origin for the pattern is suggested.

208

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of the South. This is owing to the fact that its L.M.1Z1 pottery … even at Knossos. In essentials it is a formal, stylized type of … the general agreement to refer the bulk of the marine style to … 2 Pseira, Fig. 11 ; B.S.A., VIII, 313, &c, sherds in the Candia

209

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 209 … replace in one instance the drop pendant motive on the

210

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The jugs are lower and more rounded than those of L.M.i ; … The two-handled goblets have a distinct pedestal like the

211

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 211 … jecting rim. The best example of the former came from the … double legs. But the most interesting objects were a low tripod

212

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … basins with a small vertical ring handle are known. The finest

213

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 213 … features of their costume are the leggings like puttees, traces … 4 May it have been the Minoan equivalent of the Modern … You set me to reap all the stony parts,

214

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … (PI. XXXVII, 2). The contrast between the proud bearing

215

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … of the dangers of dating by stone vases, for many of them are … decoration for the rim is the drop pendant so common on … There are a few inlays from the Throne Room at Knossos and

216

216 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … athletic figures. Clay, bronze, stone, and ivory are the … skirt.1 In one case from Gournia a snake is twined round the

217

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 217

218

218 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … in two registers with a sign which may mean flocks, followed

219

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 219 … shape lengthens and continues in its elongated form into … esting find was a clay matrix apparently for the reproduction,

220

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … over it are a favourite subject, and in these designs the sym- … (Fig. 39c). These do not display the naturalism of M.M.iii, … 1 The minor differences noted by Evans, loc. cit., are probably due … 7 One from Tomb 1 at Isopata, one from the Archives. Ibid., 500,

221

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Heraldic supporters, lions as on the Lion Gate at Mycenae

222

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … cup decorated with bulls' heads. On the walls of the tomb of … 2 P.T.K., 146. As was said above (p. 202), the shape and the veins … 4 Of these, the scarab with Queen Ty's name found in a house

223

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … to be of Mainland origin. A squat alabastron was found in an

224

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … or rather a squat jug with one vertical handle, was found in the … L.M.ia as ending about the date of the accession of Thothmes

225

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … A few remarks may be made on the differences between the … It has been almost impossible to determine the exact date

226

226 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

227

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … These distinctions are given only to distinguish in detail … Stone vases and lamps seem to be entirely Minoan in char- … sider L.M.II an offshoot of the Mainland style, and having regard to

228

228 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … At Phylakope in the Third City L.M.i vases are copied in … and Plate there is a distinct break in the habitation, though no … and the same time and it has been attributed to a severe earth- … squat alabastron, and the vases on page 15, Fig. 2. Some of the

229

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Everything, indeed, points to a deliberate sacking on the … purpose. That this purpose was not to invade and colonize the … diametrically opposed. According to the first theory the … in later days. On this theory the Mainland and Crete were … notice. It has not, I think, previously appeared in print.

230

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … We have seen that though superficially Minoanized, the … the sack of Knossos, at least with the liberation of its subjects

231

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … with this possibility in mind, I defy anyone to enter the Throne … satellite of the world centring round Greece, gradually drawing … 1 P. of M., IV, 943. March mentioned as the month must be a

232

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Sherds found close to the monastery by the … Graves by the coast. B.C.H.,

233

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … A few of the earlier houses. … article in 'Eg?. 'Aq%. … of the 2nd Period. Hazzi- … Pelagia bay. Sherds in walled field on … II, 231, speaks of settlement at the mouth … kastelli pedhiadhos Sherds in cave of Khristos, walls and sherds … period in areas already excavated.

234

234 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … sarkho .... Stone vase in the Candia Museum. Cata- … skoteino .... Many sherds in the cave. Evans, P. of M., … Tombs. . In earlier buildings. Paribeni,

235

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 235 … 84. ? the same as Too-/d/.oi. Xanthou- … Large building on the shore. Evans, P. of … EAST CRETE

236

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the writer, 1937. Cf. Evans, Diary, 1898. … Stratum. . In cistern. Marinatos, lloa- … Tombs . . Last burial in Temple

237

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Sherds found on the summit of Kandiliero … Town . . A few imported vases found in … 2. LATE MINOAN III (L.M.IIl) … THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Sherds found on the summit of Kandiliero … Town . . A few imported vases found in … 2. LATE MINOAN III (L.M.IIl)

239

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … offered no attractions to the Mainlander. … at the Harbour Town of Knossos. … South Propylaeum (G., II, 8) West of Corridor of the Chess Board

240

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … figure of an ibex. Near by were three stones, shaped by

241

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 241 … blance to the contemporary houses of Tell el-Amarna.4 A … doorway on to the street leads to a large reception-hall—or … 1 Ibid., XI, 220 ; XII, 250, where it is suggested that it is the result

242

242 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … vaulted or with a flat top, to the true … up to something over 2 metres. Of exactly the same type … 1 Since I could find no sherds here I have included it in the catalogue

243

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 243 … are known. The best perhaps is the squat alabastron from … the drop pendants below the rim and a frieze of double axes,

244

244 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Good deposits of early L.M.ma pottery were found in the … example from Grave 1 at Zapher Papoura narrows down to the

245

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 245 … 3 Examples ibid., Fig. 306, from the Temple Tomb.

247

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … in Fig. 43, 8, but a further stylization soon occurs, when the … 0 B.S.A., Sup., Fig. 66b. It has the same vandyking round the neck

248

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … appear with them and on an example from Ligourtino the … attempted in their rendering but less success is obtained … 3 Gournia, PI. X, 44. Cf. the griffin from Palaikastro. B.S.A.,

249

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 249

250

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

251

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … only two horizontal handles, just below the rim. … and a curious triglyph decoration at intervals below the rim, … At Palaikastro a good deposit, parallel in date, was found in

252

252 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

253

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … The long rapiers remain the same as those of L.M.n, the L.M.m … appears on the Sword Tablets from Knossos. P. of M., IV, 854 ff.

254

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the first type is favoured in the East,3 while the latter is … L.M.in There is little falling off from L.M.i to II in the manufacture … Papoura. The other is a beautiful goblet in steatite from a … 6 B.S.A., XXVIII, 253. The weight standard was not given.

255

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 255

256

256 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … at the back and a sketchy version of the codpiece. Besides, … Only one seal stone has been found in a clear association … over his shoulder (Fig. 44, b). The latter figure is extremely … Fig. 44.—Late Minoan in Seals

257

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … common. Most of the male figures show the Minoan belt … 4 Ibid., 210 ; note the vase with a long spout in front of the altar … 0 Thelatteris, I think, a family heirloomfrom M.M.m, and the same … Also found on the Mainland.

258

258 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … should say, state intercourse with official trading between the … for the great palaces, the fine artists and craftsmen would

259

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD 259 … Relations with Syria must have been on very much the same

260

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 3 The Western L.M.iii pottery is nearer the Mainland type and we

261

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … potisteria . . . Cave . . Sherds in first large ' room '. … arsani..... Alabastron in the Rhethymnos … gerakari .... The writer heard in 1935 of … 2 Dare we adduce as further proof the gold mask from the tomb ?

262

262 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … puses being found above the … Agios Antonios in the gorge, … the writer, 1935. … the writer, 1935. … Tombs . . A few vases from the tholoi.

263

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Deposit in Temple Tomb. … South of the Palace. Ibid., … of the site. Hazzidakis, … in Ashmolean Museum. … Vase in the Candia Museum. … Sherds in road-cutting, seen by

264

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … vatheia .... Vases from Kamina, in the

265

THE LATE MINOAN PERIOD … Sherds found near the circular tomb. … Traces of larnax burials seen by the writer, … EAST CRETE … near by. Dawkins, B.S.A., … Univ., II, in. Xanthou- … in the village. Vases in the … Tombs . . Earliest deposit in built tombs.

266

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … VIII, 287 ; XIV, 429. In … Larnax burial. In built tomb. … the town. Xanthoudides, … In houses on summit. Hall, … in the Candia Museum. Catalogue, 541. … stravodhoxari or . Two stirrup vases in the Candia Museum. … vasilike .... A few sherds on the N. slopes of the Kephala,

267

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION … of invaders, who, while responsible for shortening the skull,

268

268 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … is the accomplishment of few.2 … frequently appear in place-names of a pre-Hellenic character, … type of breeches is shown in the 14th.—16th. cent. Note also that … 3 Lexikon. See useful list of words, Glotz, The Aegean Civilization,

269

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 269 … Some of the names, however, are Egyptian, such as Sennefer

270

270 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … give the impression of determinatives, a very necessary addition … available scrap of evidence as to the life of the Minoans.

271

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 271 … in later itineraries, for Skylax and the Stadiasmus are both … 2 Marinatos, B.C.H., 1933, 170 ff. A careful study of all the … 4 Ibid., IV, 803. Corselets appear on tablets from the Armoury

272

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

273

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 273 … of the Wild Animals. As representing the fertility of nature … and forests. But there was always the tendency in Crete to … lie in the setting of actual horns on an altar.

274

274 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the Palace at Knossos which was a kind of sanctuary itself. … It was certainly sacrificed, and if the bull-leaping sports were … scenes is the animal-headed daemon, which is particularly

275

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 275 … the artist's work consisted of depicting scenes of a religious or … 2 Ibid., Ill, 146 ff., and The Ring of Nestor, &c. … 1 Nilsson, op. cit., 378, believes that the dead man was actually

276

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 3 This leads one to believe that when the script is deciphered it will

277

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 277

279

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 279 … But the island is still divided into three main groups, Central, … munity which he bases on the multiple burials in the tombs both … 1 In this and the following maps are included, in italics, sites which

280

28o THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … It was this concentration of the population into towns and

281

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 281 … it certainly looks as if Knossos had established herself as the

283

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 283 … ing whole from its comparatively crude beginnings to the

285

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 285 … 2 See also Map 16 and the accompanying list of sites which are

286

286 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

287

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 287 … in L.M.ia, marine life in h.M.ib. As a result the light-on-

289

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 289 … (See Map 13 where they are in italics) … seen by the writer, 1935.

290

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … pyrgos......Settlement, unexcavated, on the hill. … M. Chubb in 1933. … said by writer in Aegyptiaca, 29, to … in gorge between Kamilari and Komo … VASilike messaras. . . At Plakoura and Merthiais near by seem

291

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 291 … Karydhi.....Remains found in rock pocket. Daw- … skalais......Some sherds from the cave. Bosanquet, … vagi......Stone vases, in Candia Museum. Cata- … (See Map 14 where they are in italics) … geraki......Seal stone in Candia Museum. Cata-

292

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … saba......Seal stone in the Candia Museum. … agios onouphrios Some of the pottery from the find. … the writer, 1934. B.S.A., XXXIII, 90. … kephali seen by the writer, 1933. … salame......Sherds from settlement, W. of the tomb. … the writer, 1934. B.S.A., XXXIII, 87. … kalamafka .... Vase from Lagou, above the village to … kritza......Seal stone in Candia Museum. Cata-

293

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 293 … skalais.....A few sherds from the cave. Bosanquet, … (See Map 15 where they are in italics) … by the writer, 1935. … Stephane, W. of the village, seen by the … Keramai.....Some sherds at Visala, seen by the writer, … monasteraki .... Site at Agia Kyriake, seen by the writer,

294

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 1907, 181. Vase in the Candia Mu- … gournais.....Larnax burial E. of the village. Hazzi- … melli, Mon. Ant., IX, 332. The spot … nirou khani .... Larnax burials W. of the main building.

295

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 295 … sab a.......Sherds from a guard-house E. of the … spiliaridhia .... Earliest deposit in the cave. Xanthou- … stravomyti .... Latest sherds from the cave. Evans, … 1907, 183. Probably from the Kas- … zmaliano.....Pithos burial found during the making … gortyna.....Surface finds at Agios Ioannes, W. of the … kamarais.....Settlement in valley W. of village. Tara- … praitoria.....Fimmen, 21, mentions finds on the report … salame......Sherds from the settlement. Xanthou-

296

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … EAST CRETE … the writer, 1936, at fine defensive works. … aspra kharakia . . Houses. Evans, ibid., but is this the … kalamafka . . . . Sherds on the Kastellos, seen by the … by the writer, 1936. Heard report of … the E., seen by the writer, 1934.

297

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 297 … II, 233, mentions borings in the rocks … agios stavromenos . . In the Katalione Plain. Evans, Academy, … agios stavros ... At the E. end of the pass from the Lako- … on the N. side of the river. Marked … sten aspan .... Near Katsidhoni. Bosanquet mentions … tions of houses and vases in a cave at … bronze dagger in the Candia Museum, … oerotrokhalo . . . • On the left bank of the Messara river.

298

298 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … wells close to the village. … by the writer, 1934. B.S.A. ? … graves at Melokepos called the Tacpoi … bronze axe in the Candia Museum, … korphe sto koprani . . Near Gras. Evans, Diary, 1896, saw a … in the Candia Museum, Catalogue, … above the village on the road to … the Sitia road.

299

A SURVEY OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION 299 … marathia.....Near Stravodhoxari. Evans, Diary, … neapolis.....A lamp in the Candia Museum, Cata- … paranisi.....S. of Pyrgos in the Messara. Small … cave with walling, E. of the village. … pyrgalais.....In the SE. corner of the Omalais Plain … Roussais ? rousse. . . SE. of Sitia. A bronze axe in the … Rousso amaloulakkos . Near Cape Plaka. Evans, Diary, 1898,

300

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … N. of Vasilike Messaras. Seal stones in … by the writer, 1934. B.S.A., XXXIII, … No satisfactory substitute has yet been formulated for the … ing to the old terminology and describing L.M.16 as L.M.n … One point, however, cannot fail to strike the reader, and that … It is therefore the more gratifying to find that Scharff is

301

<5 in

302

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE

303

i. the sub-minoan and protogeometric periods … (PI. VI). We seem to be back in the Neolithic Period with its … 3 Pashley, II, 326, suggests 500,000 as the population when the

305

has gone below the later remains. But the possibility must be … all shocks from the first arrival of human beings in Crete, … circular and square column bases appear in one or two rooms

306

3o6 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … now almost universal and naturally, in the early days of … begin until about a metre from the ground. The present

307

fairly late in the period, bordering on Geometric times. Fur- … blocks are comparatively small slabs, with the result that

308

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … slightly later than the tholoi is the ossuary resembling those of … probably of L.M.in date re-used, for there was evidently little

309

decoration of such kraters is in panels, a style which now … unmended, from Karphi. The clay of these has turned with

311

The decorative patterns are shown in Fig. 47. Many of … Probably the fragments from the later interment at Mouliana … sites. The gold finger-rings from Vrokastro and Mouliana

312

312 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … be a survival.2 At Knossos a hut-shaped vase was found in … some of the figures from Psykhro to this period. The bulk are

313

pierced at the top and incised with rough patterns were used … course with the world outside the Aegean. A few seals of Foreig … It is likewise impossible to say from what part of the Aegean … eleutherna . . . Deposit . . At Orthe Petra, W. of the … in Griechenland.

314

314 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Excavation begun in 1937 by … Vase in the Candia Museum. … round, on the west slope. … kalokhorio . . Head of Statuette in Candia Museum, similar … klisidhi .... Sherds from the hill, seen by the writer, 1937. … while making the car road, seen by the

315

skhineas. . . . Sherds seen on Koprana by the writer, 1937. … Tombs . . Later deposit in chamber tombs. … \ hr. NW. of the village. Evans, Diary, … The latter only excavated. … Tholos near Acropolis 3.

316

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Proto-Geometric (misprinted in text Geometric) … to act as a refuge in case of trouble. The West is again being … THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Proto-Geometric (misprinted in text Geometric) … to act as a refuge in case of trouble. The West is again being

318

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … two columns. The bases of these merely rested on the ground. … that shown in the contemporary model from Perakhora. j.H.S., LIV,

319

considers a type of building imported from the Mainland … is practically universal in all types of burial. … appearance. The saucers and plates are natter and have a

320

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … are few and the decoration is scanty. Birds appear fairly fre-

321

the whole of the decoration. This has been regarded as a … L.M.i«, which was the last period in the island when white

322

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … that they will be more conveniently dealt with in the succeeding … of the human figures with disproportionately long bodies may be

323

The old Minoan spirit had not quite died out. It only needed … Deposit . At Orthe Petra, W. of the … Cemetery . Graves in the main road … Sherds seen by the writer, 1935.

324

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Tombs Tholos excavated in 1937 by … Settlement . Between the sea and the … Burials in dromos of L.M.in … X-XII, 79. Deposit in … Cave . . . Deposit in temenos and lower … near cave. Xanthoudides,

325

Settlement to the NE. Evans, P. of M., II, … Sherds from the hill, seen by the writer, 1937. … Vases from tombs, seen by the writer, 1930. … XIV, 40. Below the … Deposit . Immediately above the Min- … Sherds on the S. headland. Evans, P. of M.,

326

326 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … On both sides of the river. … Latest deposit in the houses on … At Ellenika up the gorge. … Pithos fragments on the Kastellos, seen by … Settlement at the top of the Khaos gorge at

327

III. THE ORIENTALIZING AND ARCHAIC PERIOD

329

and on the whole the Cretans were considered to have kept the … *)> which rises steeply on all sides. The fortification walls are … 2 In spirit they have hardly changed. Compare the last verse of … Nor joy to draw the sword, … with the words of the modern Cretan equivalent—the Pentozales … ' He who is not a man of taste and skilled in arms

330

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … of the city. There is no regular system of roads. The build-

331

master and servants. At Kolonna in Lasithi a baetylic stone … also in the middle of the doorway lead- … Like the Dreros temple, this part was

334

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … became is shown by vases from Knossos originally painted in

335

with fledgelings picking their way through. Round the top … Many fine examples are known of pithoi decorated in relief

336

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … its Cretan origin and finds a connexion between it and the Odysseus … 4 He is the young hunter god of the Gilgamesh type, one of whose

337

To the end of the eighth or very beginning of the seventh … 3 Annuario, XIII-XIV. There is good reason to believe that the … 6 The a<pvQij?MTog method of Pausanias, III, 17, 16, and elsewhere.

338

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The seventh century is covered by the ' Daedalic ' series of … a head in New York. It shows a triangular face with a heavy

339

of which the best example is the well-known stone figure from … in the sixth century display no peculiarly Cretan characteristics. … Tash, and Syria, though mostly of a date as early as the eighth

340

340 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Unpublished, contents in the … Walls and sherds at S. end, seen by the writer, … tered over large area, seen by the writer, … Many of the bases of the walls are archaic. … Site on low ground NW. of the village, vase … agia paraskeve . Tomb . . Latest deposit in rock-cut tomb.

341

Deposit Vases in M.M.m house exca- … Tomb. Excavated in 1937 … Houses . Outskirts of the City on the … vated in 1937 by the writer. … Ibid., 79. Latest deposit in … City . Perhaps the ancient Rhezenia. … Cave . . A few sherds from the temenos. … SE. slope, seen by the writer, 1936.

342

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Vase in the Candia Museum. Catalogue, 587. … Possibly the ancient Diatonion. Mariani, … Site at Phakistriais S. of the village, found by … Jug in hands of villager, from burial on NW. … Stamped pithoi in the Candia Museum. … ments seen by the writer, 1935-6. Cf. … Mon. Ant., 1, 8 ; III, 1 ;

343

biennos .... Sherds on Korakia above the village, seen by … Walls and sherds seen by the writer, 1934. … TIoq. ii, 23. Later deposit in … City . . Mainly on the SW. Acropolis … kalamafka . . . Sherds on the East slope of the Kastellos, seen

344

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the writer. … TOURTOULLOi . . Hydria in the Candia Museum, Catalogue, … Kastri East of Milatos are small, well-built structures which … coins of this date, though no remains are visible on the surface. … THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … the writer. … TOURTOULLOi . . Hydria in the Candia Museum, Catalogue, … Kastri East of Milatos are small, well-built structures which … coins of this date, though no remains are visible on the surface.

346

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … which must have been the successor to Stravomyti and the

347

the head, is missing, and the upper half is worn but enough … being the more important place its name figures in the Museum

348

348 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … (Flying eagle : Head of boar in incuse square), and Praisos … Apollo on the omphalos, or Herakles), Elyros (Goat: Bee), … Bee), Tylissos (Head of Hera : Apollo) strike coins for the first … unidentified sites.2 In the fourth century appear the only … 1 Kydonia may have used and stored Aeginetan turtles from the

349

Hyrtakina and Lisos, bearing on the obverse a dove, a dolphin … kydonia . . . Tombs At E. end of the town. Mari- … aptera .... Some of the walls on the N. and E. sides. … lamps from here in Padhanasos village, seen

350

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … walling on the E. side, seen by the writer, … the village. Fine bronze tripod handle from … Good wall on the E. side of the site. Also … Many votive cups in the cave now buried, also … The lower courses of the bridge over the … all over the site. Coins. Svoronos, 275.

351

(perhaps the site of the ancient town of that … RHOkka .... Rock-cut tombs at Elienika, seen by the writer, … amnisos .... Deposit . Both on town site and in cave of … KNossos .... Deposit . In palace. Temple. P. of M., … Tombs . Near Fortezza, J.H.S., LV, 166. … Trapeza .... Cave . . One or two sherds from the exca- … agia pelagia . Very fine tomb stele in the Candia Museum. … avdhou .... A few sherds on Strovili hill to the W., seen … saw a cave on the left of the path up from

352

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Sherds at Ta Mvrjfxaxa and on the summit, seen … 1935. Silver ring from Atrivolos in the … Sherds on the Kephala, seen by the writer, … Pinax from Kharakia in the Candia Museum. … A few sherds seen by the writer, 1935. … A few sherds seen on the summit by the writer, … City . . Excavated areas by the Odeum. … the Palace. Halbherr, Mon. … close to the car road, seen by writer, 1934.

353

Sherds on the summit, seen by R. W. Hutchin- … Ragavas W. of Plora, seen by the writer, … Building . Perhaps the ancient Eleia. Small … Sherds on the E. and NE. slope of the

354

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … sitia.....Walls at Kharakia, seen by the writer, 1934. … V. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD … Hellenistic Of public buildings most traces have been swamped by the … THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … sitia.....Walls at Kharakia, seen by the writer, 1934. … V. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD … Hellenistic Of public buildings most traces have been swamped by the

357

native rock or hard clay. The living quarters seem to have … The burial customs seem to vary slightly in different parts. Hellenistic

358

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … shows on one face a huntsman stabbing a lion and on the other … stood, but there can be no conceivable doubt that in some … badge on the reverse. Coins symbolizing the alliance of

359

of Zeus : Eagle). The following change their types : Axos … (Europa in the tree and eagle : Bull standing or Europa on the … or dolphins). Apart from the subjects which still remain … They remind us of such modern jingles as the verses which … endless litigation has taken the place of war. … 2 The Black Peak, Celandine Hill, the Caves of Kafkalos and

360

360 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … seen by the writer, 1932. Coins. Svoronos, … seen by the writer, 1935. … Tombs on the path from Zouridhi, seen by the … Figurine in the Candia Museum. Catalogue, … Sherds and a stone trough at Riza, E. of the

361

near Anydhros. Thenon, Rev. Arch., XVI, … Both in houses and … Built tomb, excavated in … by the writer. … . Near Fortezza. J.H.S., … House near Fortezza. … A few sherds from the excava- … Sherd from hill W. of summit of the island, … Sherds and walls at Kalimniokhori, seen by the … I, 8 ; III, 1 ; XVIII, 181.

362

362 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … and Phalangari near by. … in earlier buildings. Repairs … Tombs . . Rock-cut tombs at Patella to the … Silver coins of Gortyna, in the Candia Museum. … Jug in the Candia Museum. Catalogue, 9214. … 2555-6- Vases in local museum. … A few sherds seen by the writer, 1935, at Agia … Sherds and walling at Kouri, seen by the writer,

363

in the Candia Museum. … ampelakia . . . Sherds in a field at Livadhos 20 min. S. of … Bay, seen by the writer, 1933. Cf. Taramelli, … recently destroyed in making the road, seen … Amnisos .... Deposits . Both in houses and cave. … Gold necklace from a tomb, in the Candia … Grave stelae and sherds at Mouri, seen by the

364

364 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Mon. Ant., VI, 89, for possible site of the … by the writer, 1936. … by the writer, 1934. B.S.A., XXXIII, 88. … arvi.....Harbour town mentioned in Arch. Anz., 1916, … Houses and rock tombs on the … Lamps found in field near Kavousi.

365

by the writer, 1935. … Grave stela in the Candia Museum. Cata- … VI. THE ROMAN PERIOD … are regular and usually about I mile each way. The inhabit- … by the writer, 1935. … Grave stela in the Candia Museum. Cata- … VI. THE ROMAN PERIOD … are regular and usually about I mile each way. The inhabit-

367

In spite of the fact that the level of the plain, thanks to the soil … Amnisos, and the Diktaian cave at Psykhro all have deposits

368

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … The best preserved of the private houses is the newly … The poorer burials were in rectangular cist graves often lined … a lion attacking a stag. The rock work and vegetation shown

369

tranquil days of the Bronze Age and those of the Roman … seen by the writer, 1935. … the village, 1935. … Ioannes, and Palaioklisia, by the writer, 1935. … Coin from the village, tombs at Kamini and … Sherds between the monastery and Agios … Fine Roman statue, glass vases, &c, in the local

370

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Kavallos Metokhi, seen by the writer, 1935- … in the Khania Museum. … Moskhais, seen by the writer, 1933. … Sherds both by the harbour and further up, … Wall in the village, seen by the writer, 1933. … by the writer, 1935. … Sherds and headless statue seen by the writer … Small site near large rock-cutting S. of Phala- … walls seen by the writer, 1935.

371

seen by the writer, 1935. … platanias . . Sherds at Amoutsa W. of the village, seen by … polyrrhenia . . Many vases, &c, in the Khania Museum, … to the N. of the village and at Khristos to the … Both in shrine and cave. Mari-

372

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Sherds on the Kastellos, seen by the writer, … Glass bottle in the Candia Museum. Cata- … below the Museum. A.J.A., XL, 371 ff. … Sherds scattered over a large area by the spring

373

Sherds seen by the writer, 1936. There are … Remains from Khalikias in the Candia … The earliest sherds found in conjunction with … Sherds on Koprana, seen by the writer, 1937. … A. J. A., 1902, 1 or. Excava- … Above the palace. Mon. Ant., … agio sidhero . Sherds and tradition of walls, seen by the

374

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … Bronze coin in the Candia Museum. … sherds, and coins E. of the river, seen by … Sherds in a well. Rend. Line, 1902, 318. … Burial to the W. of the village and coins, seen … Pithos burials by the school NW. of the village, … Many walls both at the mouth and in the gorge.

375

EAST CRETE … Sherds at Trokhalais, seen by the writer, 1934. … Extensive surface deposit of sherds on the … Cistern and aqueduct W. of the village. Arch. … stela from Rogalotopos, seen by the writer, … Town . . On the mainland. Seager, … Graves at Khordhakia W. of the village. Hall, … Spratt, I, 241, saw remains of town at the NW

376

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … malla .... Sherds and walls at Khlia, seen by the writer, … naxos .... Coins and sherds seen by the writer, 1935, on … capital close to the isthmus, seen by the … petras .... Vases from the Kephala. Xanthoudides, … koukkaka . . . Good deposit of sherds in a field S. of the

377

AGIA kirene . W. of the White Mountains. Spratt, II, 181, … by the writer, 1934. B.S.A., XXXIII, 90. … city walls on the summit of a ridge near … niche in front ; no sherds seen by the writer, … KdQVfim, a place in the territory of Itanos.

379

kastelli agias . SW. of Khania. The writer heard of ruins … kroustogerako . N. of Souia. The writer heard of remains on … 263, and Pashley on his map, place the … locally known as the Cave of Daidalos. It … sassalos . . . Near Agios Kirkos. The writer heard of re-

380

380 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … sisi .... Traces of a small sanctuary at Kremasma to the … trokhari . . . An hour below Keratos, near the sea. Stone

381

r. A. B. Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete, 1865 … R Pashley, Travels in Crete, 1837 … III. ANTHROPOLOGY … H. B. and C. H. Hawes, Crete the Forerunner of Greece, 1916 … H. R. Hall, Aegean Archaeology, 1915 ; The Civilization of

382

382 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … and others, The Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos, … 1901, 1909 ; Trans. Penn. Univ., I—II ; Anthropological … 'E<p. 'Aqx., 1900/3/4/6/12/22 ; 'Aqx- Ache., I, III, XII ; … E. J. Forsdyke, Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum, I, i, … The Earlier Religion of Greece in the Light of Cretan Dis- … H. Frankfort, in The Mural Painting of el-Amarneh, 1929

383

l- Excavations, (a) English. Bosanquet and others in B.S.A., VI, … politan Museum Studies, III, 2 ; E. Kunze, Ath. Mitt., … Coins, Crete and the Aegean Islands, 1886 ; B. Head,

384

Bronzes found in the sea ; Roman. KQrjrixis … Hypaefhral shrine ; L.M.iii. House ; Hel- … Vases from near Teke ; Geometric. … Apostoloi, good site ; M.M.iii, little Arch-

385

Papoura, larnax burials ; L.M.iii. Trakhili, … Cave near Avdhou ; L.M.ni-Roman. Ibid. … L.M.iii. Ibid. … Inscribed dolphin in Fitzwilliam Museum ; … 1938 ; M.M.iii, L.M.i, L.M.iii, Roman. … writer 1938 ; Protogeometric. ' The Dra- … At Skinarais Metokhi, fort seen by the writer

387

Note.—Sites only occurring in the lists after each period or in the … Achaeans in Crete, 260 … J2i ; M.M.n vases in tomb, … Agios Theodhoros, L.M.in tholos, … Amenemhat III, M.M.n pottery … Neolithic, 35, 42, 277 ; E.M. in

388

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … E.M.iii, 82 ; Egyptian con- … E.M.iii, 80 ; M.M. 283 ; … tion, 165 ; L.M.iii seal, 257 … Aspre Petra, E.M.iii scarab, 89 … Atsipadhais, .R.13 ; L.M.iii site, … Attic vases, Geometric in Crete, 323 ; … Axos, .R.13 ; L.M.iii site, 239 ; … 211 ; L.M.iii, 245 … Minoan names in, 269

389

figurines, 216; L.M.iii, 253, … relief, M.M.iii, 157 … Candlestick, Egyptian type in … Columns, M.M.iii, 153 … M.M.i, in ; Protogeometric, … Cult of the dead, 248, 275 … Dhamania, L.M.in tomb, 242

390

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 144; M.M.iii, 148, libation … Dolphins, M.M.iii fresco, 156 ; on … Dorians in Crete, 260, 327 … M.M.iii, 164; L.M.iandn,2i2; … E.M. in general, 279 ; sites, 289 ; … 146 ; M.M.iii, 148, 175 ; … Egypt, relations in general, xxvi ; … 143 ; M.M.iii, 172 ; L.M.i … M.M.i, 103 ; M.M.iii, 148 ; … Eteocretans, in Homeric times, 260 ; … M.M.n, 132; M.M.iii, 165;

391

E.M.n, 71 ; E.M.in, 86 ; … seals, M.M.iii, 170 … M.M.iii, 172; L.M., 286; … Frescoes, M.M.11, 131 ; M.M.iii, … Gaming table, M.M.iii, 167 … Gaze, M.M.iii pithos, 161 ; L.M.in … ivory, 216 ; L.M.in clay, 25s, … of, 228 ; L.M.in shrine, 240, … 145 ; M.M.iii, 174; L.M.i … L.M.in, 242, 259 … lack of L.M.iii remains, 239

392

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … L.M.iii, 249 ; significance, 273 … House of the Frescoes, L.M.i, 197 … M.M.iii, 153 ; L.M.i, 191 ; … Hybrias the Cretan, song of, com- … M.M.iii, 158, 159; L.M.i, … M.M.iii, 165 … disappear in M.M.11, 129 … Isopata, i?.i2 ; M.M.iii sword, 164 ; … Jewel Fresco, M.M.iii, 157 … pottery, 137 ; M.M.iii, 148 … Kasellas, floorcists, M.M.iii, 154,367

393

Keratos, R.11 ; M.M.iii cave, 148 … M.M.iii palace, 150, frescoes, … destruction, 228 ; L.M.iii … Komo, i?.n ; Neolithic site, 35, … no finds, 78 ; L.M.iii, no finds, … Kydonians, in Homer, inhabitants

394

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … L.M.iii, distribution of sites, 237, … Ladies in Blue Fresco, M.M.m, 156 … L.M.iii, 254 … 161 ; L.M.n, 211 ; L.M.iii, … L.M.iii, weights, 254 … dark-on-light, E.M.iii, 80, … L.M.iii, 240

395

Masks for the dead, E.M.n 73 ; … pottery, 139; 'M.M.iii gold … Megaron, L.M.in first appearance, … tians in tomb, xxvii, 223 … 69, figurines, 71 ; E.M.iii, 78, … L.M.in drift to N.W., 239 … Milatos, L.M.in pottery, 251, 252 ; … Minos, tomb of, in Sicily, 19s … seals, 72, jewellery, 72 ; E.M.iii … E.M.n, 68, 69, 280; E.M.iii, … M.M.iii, 174; L.M.i, 225 ;

396

396 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … 52 ; E.M.m, 90; E.M. in … L.M.iii, 247, 251 … Paint, composition of in frescoes, 158 … 152 ; L.M.iii, 240 … 71 ; E.M.in site, 80 ; M.M.i … break in site, 228 ; L.M.m … Pankalokhori, L.M.iii site, 239> … Perama, i?.i2 ; L.M.iii site, 239 … Phournakia, L.M.iii site, 239

397

Potters' kiln introduced in Upper … in general, 280 ; M.M.I, 103 ; … Ras Shamra, connexions in M.M.n,

398

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CRETE … in East, 12 ; East Coast to … E.M.in, 80 ; M.M.111-L.M.1 … Scarabs, Egyptian, found in E.M.in, … M.M.iii, 157; L.M.i, 197; … E.M.in, 87; M.M.i, 119; … Senmut, pictures of Cretans in … M.M.n, 130; M.M.III, 148; … Sites, type of, chosen in various

399

Thothmes III, 223 … 80; E.M. in general, 279 ;

400

the archaeology of crete … Trapeza cave (near Tylissos), M.M.I … figurines, 216, break in occupa- … User-Amen, picture of Cretans in … stone lamps, 115, end of the … in Homer, 260 ; Protogeo- … Wood Work in masonry, M.M.I, 98 ; … Printed in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London

Plate_02_1

THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, XYLOSKALA

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PLATE III

Plate_03_2

PLATE III

Plate_07_1

i. THE CITADEL OF LATO

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3. EARLY MINOAN II AND III AND MIDDLE MINOAN I STONE VASES

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EARLY MI NO AN 11 AND III FIGURINES

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2. EARLY MINOAN III … 4. EARLY MINOAN III POTTERY

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EARLY MINOAN III SEALS. MIDDLE MINOAN I STATUETTE

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MIDDLE All NO AN III POTTERY FROM KNOSSOS

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IDDLE MINOAN III FAIENCE 4. INSCRIBED CLAY DISC, PHA1STOS

Plate_33

LATE MINOAN In JAR, PSEIRA 4. LATE MINOAN la JAR, KNOSSOS

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