Perry, Walter Copland: Greek and Roman sculpture: a popular introduction to the history of Greek and Roman sculpture (London, 1882)

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Perry, Walter Copland
Greek and Roman sculpture: a popular introduction to the history of Greek and Roman sculpture — London, 1882

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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14144#0237

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Preface

vii

the remains of ancient plastic art in the museums of his own

viii

art, which his scope and limits render at once unnecessary … orthography of the Greek names which occur in his work.

ix

his subject, few will deny the importance of the subject itself. … In the hope that his efforts may do something to promote

Contents

xii

Dibutadcs of Sicyon—His daughter and her lover—Inventions of Dibutades … Smilis of jEgina—Endoeus of Athens—Gitiadas of Sparta—His works—

xiii

meter —Artists of Sicyon—Canachus—His works : The Philesian Apollo-

xiv

Pythagoras of Rhegium—His ' Philoctetes'—The Schaffhauscn gem—Im- … Calamis—Variety of his subjects and materials—Literary notices from

xv

Cicero, Quintilian, Lucian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus—His Attic grace— … Golden age of Plastic art—Pheidias—His teachers, Hegesias and Ageladas— … His Panhellenic Zeus—The Zeus of Homer—Plutarch, Paullus /Emilius,

xvi

Cavallo in Rome—Genius of Pheidias—His ideality and sublimity . . 191 … Western pediment of Temple of Zeus—Pseonius of Mende—His ' Nike on a

xviii

Lycius of Eleutheras —His works—Combat of Achilles and Memnon—Boy … Polycleitus of Sicyon—Temple of Here at Argos—His great fame - Statue of

xix

group—His 'Aphrodite Pandemos,' Hecate, Heracles, the Eumenides,

xx

of his genius—His ideality..........414 … His teachers—Wide-spread fame—His works—The'Apollo Sauroctonos ' in

xxi

Leda and Swan in British Museum—Bryaxis of Athens—His Apollo in … Symplegma in Pergamon—' The Wrestlers' in Florence—His Leto, Aphro- … his great reputation, his ' Minerva Catuliana'—Leto and her children—The … Lysippus—His canon—His works : Colossal Zeus—Eros, &c.—Cupid with … at Athens, &c— Style of Lysippus—Lysistratus—His realism—Plaster

xxiii

at Pergamon—Victory of Eumenes II. over the Gauls—His prosperity— … barian types—' The Gaul killing his wife' in Villa Ludovisi—' Thusnelda 1

xxiv

Avianus Evander—Diogenes of Athens—His Caryatids—Glycon of Athens

xxv

PASITELES AND HIS SCHOOL.

xxvi

Antinous—His strange fate—Worshipped in Greece and Egypt—Antinous-

List of illustrations

xxvii

23 Actaeon and his dogs

xxviii

104 Helios on his chariot

xxx

236 The Gaul killing his wife

Chapter I

1

word, although the artist must make use of it to express his thoughts. … channels by which the artist can convey his meaning to us is, of course,

2

were a creator; and his work is a new creature, not exactly corre- … which his genius dictates ; he uses exactly the right tone or form to

3

gainer, when he changed his marble mistress

4

form which is far above his actual experience, and which he uses as

5

his highest ambition and his greatest joy, was to be a man in the … his innate and unbounded love of beauty. To him the beautiful and … Philippus, the Crotonian, on account of his beauty, and sacrificed to

7

lost his apron in the stadion by accident, to which he was thought to

9

of his work. It was the Gods who turned the scale of victory against

10

the Persians, and Apollo himself defended his temple against the … spiritual world, which, though it does not come within his experience … 'whose going forth is from the end of the heaven, and His circuit … that the Christian artist has to do violence to his religion, and to a

11

and recrossed from shore to shore. His very theogony taught him

12

The Greek found neither pleasure nor profit in abstraction ; his gods … was preferable.1 When Ulysses, during his visit to the lower world, … The Greek therefore gave to his gods all that he wished for him- … aiev s6vt£s). Could he but eliminate decay and death from his own

13

over the approaching death of his best beloved Sarpedon :—

Chapter II

17

alter the form which he had worshipped from his infancy, and from

18

metropolis, he did not ask the artist to exercise his originality, to … be less sacred even in his eyes. Pausanias,2 in speaking of some

19

Daedalus, appears to waver in his opinion.1 … called a Cretan.3 We are told that he became jealous of' his nephew … and a kind of ' fish-glue' (isinglass) are ascribed to him.8 But his chief … with a nail in his head.

20

Greek literature, in which his works are spoken of as little less than … that if Daedalus were to make such statues, as those which bore his … Ariadue, executed in marble (sirl Xsvicov XlOov), as existing in his time,

21

Here which his son carried to Tiryns,5 and Epcius of Phocis, the

26

born to him by one of his concubines, round

27

fact that his opponents do not claim a Greek origin for the contents

28

<<pavriaay yvaiadii/T ($ tt) t( okivyi run his in Lydia (hott. Mimas). We are ashamed

Chapter III

31

as his influence on the direction of Greek art undoubtedly was, it was … his creative genius which prepared for the artist an appropriate field … religious notions and aspirations of his countrymen, but Epic poetry … vances in his learned and interesting Re-

33

when he received the visit of Thetis in his Olympian palace. … as to betray the real character of all his descriptions of the palaces … fairy land. Athene with her golden wand,4 Hermes with his ' milk-

35

his own marriage bed, the construction of which is minutely described

36

Of curious art his practised skill had wrought.—(Lord Derby.)

37

Brunn in his very learned and elegant treatise on Homeric art.3

38

of his art.

39

' Shield of Achilles' in his Jliitory of Greek

40

from the chest (/cv^jrsX-r]) in which his mother Labda is said to have con- … noticed that, in the reliefs, Heracles has his usual weapons (the club and

41

The work of Bathycles was still purely decorative, for his art was dis-

42

were groups of figures in relief: Helios (the sun god) mounting his

Chapter V

47

moulding in clay—the true plastic art ; although his words 1 need not … Dibutades hit upon this invention (opera filiae) ' by the help of his

48

This monarch consecrated a silver cr&ter at Delphi after his illness,

49

Mclas of Chios (660-630 b.c.). Melas himself and his son Micciades

50

ricatured the deformed poet Hipponax,2 who revenged himself by his … the goat-nurse of Zeus. His other works were a statue of Artemis … ever strong his antiquarian zeal, the great Emperor is not considered

51

Hkgylos and his Son Theocles,

52

them, holding a bow in his right hand, and with the three Charitcs … him as a disciple of Daedalus himself. His chief work was a statue of

53

imitated the ancient process to give his work an air of greater anti- … Smilis was his statue of Here in the Heraion at Samos, which suc- … if we are to believe Pausanias, followed Daedalus in his flight to Crete

54

of ivory, which Augustus afterwards transferred to his forum at Rome,2 … ' Hephcestns loosing his mother Here from her Bonds'; ' Nymphs

Chapter VI

55

technical skill increased, the artist rose to a higher conception of his

57

We see that the artist is working on his own obser- … his faults and failures from those of the Egyptian or Etruscan

58

the artist wisely keeps within his proper bounds, never

59

1 Liibke, Hist, of Sc. p. 87. bjf his arguments against the name Apollo,

63

fact that he is without his lion's skin, which became his constant … has a quiver on his back, and the Triton holds something in his left

64

colour. His boots, with the long-curled … at that period. On his head he has the hat (kvvt)) of Hermes. Medusa

65

striding with long steps, and yet the soles of both his feet rest flat upon … smiles on the spectator as he thrusts his medusa rondanini in munich.

66

along with a pole across his shoulders, to the ends of which the

67

youth with the short hair of an athlete His scanty tunic, confined … He stretches out his right hand as if to ward off her attack, while his

68

act/eon and his dogs. … (a) Heracles, with his lion's skin, in combat with an Amazon,

69

(c) Actceon torn to pieces by his own dogs (fig. 23). According … and devoured by his own pack of hounds. The relief, which is very

Chapter VII

72

his left arm round the woman's neck, and thrusting his sword into … instructions of his father and the Delphic Oracle. On each of the two

73

tharus in his right hand, which is the chief, but hardly decisive, reason

74

his right hand, and a cake or egg in the left; and the latter a lotus

75

was founded by Brancus, Apollo's son, and presided over by his

79

away, so that we cannot see his arm. Talthybius carries the herald's … longest, as a mark of his royal dignity. The inscriptions in the old

Chapter VIII

83

speaks of his works, and says that they were rather stiff (duriora), and

84

statue of his countryman, Theognetus, the boy-wrestler.2 … according to Brunn, from 01. 70-80 (500-460 B.C.).4 Onatas, like his … exclusively from Pausanias, who says of him, that although his works

85

was descended from the Sun-god through his grandmother Pasiphae, … under his arm, was the joint work of Onatas and his ' pupil or son' … But the most remarkable of his works was the bronze figure of

86

but he was chiefly guided in his work ' by a vision,' which is generally

87

seum bearing a stag on his hand.8 There is a avoli.o after … should infer that his Apollo was not rigid and angular, like the figures

88

mention of only one work by his hand, one of Three Muses, in the … Dcmarchus (who conquered in 01. 65) and his son Thcopompus. It is

89

concerning his date, for, if we were to receive all the notices of him as … Of his works, which are very numerous, we know little more than

90

on his style in ancient writers, we are left to infer his great technical … of his three great pupils prevents us from attributing to Ageladas

92

Zeus, crowned with flowers, and holding the thunderbolt in his right

93

with very high praise to a statue of Artemis by his hand, and calls

96

though they may have been still alive during part of his life. … been a teacher of Pheidias, probably the first.2 Among his works

Chapter IX

99

holding a large quoit on his shoulder with the left hand (fig. 32).

100

sented with a long beard (a-cpyvoircoyav), and his hair bound into a

105

while he admires his soldier-like quali- … 2 Aristophanes (Nub. 952) speaks of the says that his tomb was decorated in a similar

106

his best under the limitations of the relief style, the rules of which … bottle (\i']kv0os) hanging from his wrist, which

107

to his dog. The relief is still flatter than that of the stele men- … altar or candelabra. Heracles is pressing his knee on the back of the

109

while Aristogeiton, acting as protector to his young friend, spreads his … that of Callon, and says that his statues are harder and more like the … his/, viii. 46 (M), and Conze's Veritgtilfiiiet,

Chapter X

114

decorated of all the thrones in the relief. The arms of his seat are … 44,/) accompanied (curiously enough on so solemn an occasion) by his … robe with sleeves down to the elbows. His long sceptre rests on the … his helmet to the god, who receives it with his right hand, while his left

115

his father ukXeIcos (ingloriously).1 But the strange beings in our

116

sphinx, ram, and triton, on which Curtius partly rests his theory, … apple or quince, and his worshipper the clove of Aphrodite, we may

119

stiff in form, and yet very lively in his movements. He forms a

121

stands opposite to his sister by his horse, accompanied by his friend

Chapter XI

123

' that he had forgotten his own portion of the work, and could no … of the expedition, but, as he is said to have used his bow, he could

124

Achilles (fig. 51, no. 2) from his foes, following, as Welckcr thinks, the

125

of the goddess, with his legs extended before her feet. On her left

126

year i860 Cockerell 1 solemnly places on record his 'reasons for

127

Achilles (fig. 51, no. 2), who props himself with his right hand, which … Ajax, who is holding out his shield for the protection of the wounded … supports himself on his bent left leg, while the right knee lightly

128

Thewounded Greek (fig. 51, no. 8) in the corner is lying on his side, … himself on his right foot, and stretches his left leg farther behind him, … The Wounded Trojan (fig. 51, no. 10) lies more on his back than

130

that the artist is perfect master of his work, that his hand can exe- … group as the work of an older artist grown grey in his school—perhaps

131

cause he appears to be restraining his ex- … groom by her parents. Heracles is bearded, and carries his customary

133

attributes, the lion's skin and the bow. Athene, as his patroness,

Chapter XII

136

divines of our own day. When /Eschylus was asked by his brothers

137

form, while his semi-bestial follower was fashioned by art in its fullest

141

indulge his own fancy or that of others, or to multiply a type which … formed the basis of a statue of Hcpluzstus, who with his attribute,

142

her beneficence ; Dionysus wearing his leopard's skin ; Hermes; and … Pythia refused to answer his questions. The strife between such

143

nude; Heracles with his usual attributes, lion's skin, helmet and bow, … who is crowned with laurels, and holds a broom in his hand as

145

in 01. 64.1 The restorer (?) has done his best to destroy the value of

146

who holds his well-known attribute, the tongs, in his hand—the form … to his work, but the illusion is quickly dispelled on a closer examina- … from Athens for his villa,2 and which are mentioned in Horace,3 Ovid,4 … as his bride.0 By the side of Heracles is the inscription KAAOS, and

147

from his overtures,3 and in Etruscan works she is coarsely represented

148

bring his hand to work in so rude a style. The arguments against

Chapter XIII

150

his forerunner, and every king his herald. When we consider the

151

without which no Pheidias could have arisen—was his gradual emanci- … cultivate and freely display his highest powers—I mean the Panhellenic … than in the most religious of poets, Pindar, to sing his praises. It … it was by bodily prowess that the victor gained his honours, it was in-

152

' the Pindar of plastic art.' It is characteristic of his tendencies that … his countrymen at Croton turned his house into a prison, and pulled … Another work of his, representing Europa and the Bull, is mcn-

153

than the Greeks ; that, like ' another Ulysses,'6 he had rendered his … could mean was that he turned his attention more especially to the

154

because he exercised his art in Athens. He was the oldest of the

155

latter applies to his still more celebrated contemporary, Myron, whose … able to form a more accurate judgment of his style because we have

156

But though he seems to have successfully taken a wider range than his … celebrated works of Myron—his Ladas, Discobolus, and the Cow, of

157

is said to have breathed his last at the very moment of victory, as he

158

numerous works one (the Cow) remained famous down to his own times … But the fame of Myron, as we have said, chiefly rests on his power

159

who is stooping to throw, turning his face towards his hand which … all his force for the highest effort—when all his powers are bent to the

160

' How shall the lock of his hair agree with mine ? The one is that of a well-

Chapter XIV

161

more harmony into his art than Polycleitus, and was more careful … possess the power of expressing the emotions in the faces of his

162

choose for his subjects situations of the most complex, lively, and

163

advantages and powers of his predecessors, and added godlike genius … Calamis is nowhere called an Athenian, but he practised his art in … cerning him, that the character of his art was more religious than that … Capitol at Rome.4 Among his gods was a Hermes Criophoros (ram-

164

Deinomenes, son of Hiero of Syracuse, in honour of his father's … eer of his own in a quadriga by Calamis, 'that this artist, so skilful

165

wc can regard with any certainty as his work. Conze,1 indeed, refers … and that his style, at all events as com- … excelled his predecessors and his contem- hermks criophoros at … pressing sensibility in the countenance, and of throwing round his figures

166

feelings of the heart in the faces of his statues is greatly raised by the … have been brought into connexion with his name, and which seem to

167

when the artist fashioned his Gods to please … unable altogether to conceal his riper skill. We

Chapter XVI

174

artist is hidden by the dazzling splendour of his works. But we do … collected from far and near to do his bidding ; when a boundless … victories of Plataeae and Mycale. We know little or nothing of his

175

he was just entering into life, in the full flush of his country's triumph. … begun his career as a painter, and as such to have come into contact … administration of Cimon, about the year B.C. 471 ; but his greatest … as well as his glory. Like the philosopher Anaxagoras and the

176

his face being cautiously somewhat hidden by his raised arm ; … giving in his accounts, began the war ; that Pheidias went into exile

177

preserving it was committed. He was even permitted to carve his … art during his administration. But when the once glorious star of

178

ployed not only the booty taken from the Persians, but his own great … and running streams, and the Portico and groves of the Agora, were his … were directed by an oracle to bring home his bones from Scyros, and to

179

pletely emancipated from the influence of his master Ageladas.

Chapter XVII

181

employ Pheidias in his earlier years, his administration was but the

183

hold his peace (Parid. Kfiit. I'alcr. Max.

185

robe ; but his theory that her apparel could not be made too elaborate

188

of Michaelis in his great work on the Parthenon, that the Goddess

190

the ' martial maid ' as a charming, blushing woman, when even his … after his victory over Perseus in 168 B.C. Another is mentioned8 … shown forth, and his name was in every mouth, while Alcamenes

Chapter XVIII

191

in years when he carved his own image on the shield of the Athene … 1 Strabo (viii. ]>. 354) calls him his nephew.

192

Being asked from what model he had formed his Zeus, he replied by … ' He said, and nodded with his shadowy brows,

193

latter), was seated, as best consisted with his dignity, on a throne of … soles of his sandals, and the locks of his hair, were also of gold. The

194

Zeus had risen from his throne he would have carried away the roof.' … to Rome, and to substitute his own head for that of Zeus, but was pre-

195

conceived the Gods in his mind and displayed them to men by his … ' Either the god has come down from Heaven to earth to show his form,

196

in the presence of this image, the man who is overburdened in his mind, … of this deity, and some of his reputed sons—Asklepios, Alexander the

197

Phcidias during his sojourn in Olympia we may reckon the Aphrodite … of Gods and men, whom Lucretius invokes in his stately lines:

198

but leaves it to his readers to compare the two.'2 … Olympia of a youth, not Pahtarces, in the act of binding his brows

199

in Rome,2 in honour of his victory over

200

says that ' the wise Pheidias ' was not only known for his images of … gained lasting fame for his attention to metre and symmetry ; a

201

accumulated by his predecessors through the long ages of the past, … alone enable him to do what he did ; or on his wondrous technical … them possibly surpassed by his successors. We can only understand the

202

replied Apollonius, * * * ' for by his imagination ((pavraaia) the artist … the world by his power and wisdom, he conceived not a composite … As we might expect from the characteristic bent of his genius, … 'laKw&os 'larpds, 'practised his art tvBvaiwv,'

Chapter XIX

203

was an Attic citizen by his descent from the Attic Kleruchi in that

204

Alcamenes or the difference between his Aphrodite and that of his … with a beard, sitting on a throne, and holding a cup in his hand from

205

his Hceate Epipyrgidia ('upon the tower')—which stood by the Temple … his garment, not, as it were, blaming the defect, but gracefully … opinions of recent writers that he learned his art in a very different

206

tween QZnomaus, King of Pisa, and Pelops, who by his victory in the … with his wife Sterope, daughter of Atlas ; then Myrtihts, the charioteer,

207

It is even said that the great master gave Agoracritus some of his own … Zeus of Pheidias, but the God in his sterner, gloomier character, as

208

gusted with the preference given by the partial Athenians to his … Pheidias and his school, and the soft, alluring Paphian goddess of a … Pausanias 3 mentions an otherwise unknown Pasiteles"1 as his teacher.

210

his period, and were employed in the plastic decoration of the Temple … by Praxias, but as he died in the middle of his work, the group was … exercising his art between the 85th and 90th Ol. (440-420 B.C.). An

211

blasting Mimas with his thunderbolt;4 and (5) Dionysos destroying

Chapter XX

212

of his hand.

218

of his achievements,1 while he surpassed him in the voluntary

219

and independent nature of his services to his country and his

221

is prancing in triumph (fig. 84); and the Centaur on his back

Chapter XXI

223

of the great Father of Gods and men, represented in all his majesty … together at Pisa his whole host and all the booty,

224

countryman, Richard Chandler. His visit, however, excited so little

226

is represented standing with his neck—on which is a cushion—bowed … as unwilling to resume his eternal … his tremendous task.3

227

possible development. His limbs are moulded in gigantic propor-

228

1 Stymphalian lake, in bronze—to his

229

Olympia. The poor beast is lying on his side under the heavy foot … hero, whose eyes and hair are coloured red,3 leans his head upon his … right of the slab. He wears two of his shields on his arms;5 the … towards the end of his career.

230

Heracles comes from the left side carrying the boar on his shoulders. … of determining. In the sarcophagus at Paris, Heracles sets his foot on … torso of the beast (Germ.), the head of Heracles (Fr.), and his leg

231

thenon, designed by Pheidias, and the group by Paeonius, his supposed

232

a helmet, and raising his right arm, which may have held a spear or … CEnomaus (fig. 90, i), whose right shoulder is covered by his mantle.

233

traitor Myrtilits (fig. 90,/), sitting on the ground in front of his … Pelops, ought not to stand by the side of Zeus with his arm a-

236

Theseus, gained immortal glory for his country and himself. In- … tall majestic figure is extending his arm over Hippodameia, as if to … who is behind Eurytion, and raises his club … with flowers, and holds a branch in his

237

h), who is hastening to protect his bride ; and by the side of the … passed his arm round a Centaurs neck (fig. 91, f), and tries to throttle … seized by her luxuriant hair. Then a Lapith (fig. 91, c), who with his

238

Had the former finished his work and died before the arrival of the

239

Happily for the fame of Paeonius another work by his hand has been

Chapter XXII

242

mariner or the exile when he approached his divine and beautiful

244

his ends by counsel rather than by force; because he is ' tvoikCKo^t^s' … She springs from the brain of Zeus, not from his heart or blood ;

248

Constantinople, obtained leave for his artist, Fauvel, to draw and take

249

determined to proceed with the matter at his own expense. After a … assistance from his own Government, he took upon himself the

250

country. Whether he hoped, as his detractors say, to make a profit … vigour by Lord Byron in his ' Childe Harold' and ' The Curse of … thereby conferred the greatest boon not only on his own country,

252

vengeance of Menclans, who drops his sword. On the left side, he

254

Brit. Mus.), in which the Lapith is forcing down the Centaur with his

255

left knee, and with his left hand endeavouring to throttle the monster,

256

greatly embarrassed in his task by her weight. The most beautiful … his outspread mantle; and No. XXVIII. (13,

Chapter XXIII

259

people. Poseidon struck the rock with his trident2 and caused a peren- … has transgressed his bounds and intruded on to Athene's side, shrinks

260

the river god, and his favourite fountain nymph Callirrhoc (fig. ioo, t).

261

saw, but two or three more which have been discovered since his

262

head of Zeus, which Hephaestus had split open with his axe.1 - We … dess on his knee.3 The rough surgical operation itself is singularly … sent, probably as central figure with his new-born daughter on one

264

II. The heads of his immortal steeds, straining wildly at the bit

265

repose after the toils and dangers of his beneficent career. The raised

266

and Ross conjectures that Hephaestus is here represented raising his

267

separable ; elle en trcssaille de joie. His judgment is accepted by

269

(Urpferd), which he had either seen with his own eyes or conceived in

270

detail, that he seems to us to know no law but that of his own fertile

271

his hands and studio, no mortal eye could ever sec the charming work … godlike creative impulse to call his work into being in full perfection,

272

in which Pheidias represented the female form. In his treatment of … we look on his wonderful works, we are fully persuaded that we have

Chapter XXIV

274

decorate the frieze of the Parthenon should choose as his subject the

275

in them the Panathenaic festival, and his opinion has been the prevail- … * Botticher (in his learned and interesting

276

marshal {ttoilttsvs) ? (fig. 107, a), who is about to wrap himself in his

281

a young slave busied in settling the dress of his master (fig. 109), … 1 &iro)3aTi)r, desultor, ilismounter; one who Warrior (Apobates) with his driver from

Chapter XXV

289

figure, nude to the waist, wearing a small chlamys round his loins, and … an opposite direction to Hermes, but has just turned his head round … from the supposed care with which his drCSS

291

(fig. 117, b) sitting opposite to his twin sister Artemis. One strong … male deities, is remarkable for his very nonchalant and extremely un- … the first to give him the name of Triptolemos, on the ground of his … put a curb on his own fiery impatience. It is hardly conceivable

292

Zeus (fig. 117,^"). Even without the presence of his consort there … his loins and legs wrapped in the himation. His left arm rests on his

293

lap, and he supports himself by a staff (jttcvjirTpov ira^i)1 under his … flowing hair ; his lower limbs are wrapped in the himation. The

294

limited space at his disposal, to one Goddess and her train.1 This last … that for artistic reasons Eros was not placed close to his beautiful … dispute his theory. ' It is ill arguing with

295

but a small chlamys is discernible on the arms ; his curly hair is … and wears only the short-sleeved chiton, without a girdle, holds in his

297

(8t(f>po(p6poi) are bearing seats. The priest has just taken off his

298

Pheidias has unflinchingly observed, he has made his men, on foot, on

Chapter XXVI

303

regions, and by the irresistible power of his lyre moved the stern … back at his rescued wife until they had emerged from the Avernian … hand upon his shoulder. Orpheus raises his hand to hers, while he

304

looks for the last time on his twice-lost love. It is but for a moment; … Yet even he seems for once to perform his task unwillingly!

305

deceased youth (fig. 122), who is stretching out his hand to a bird cage,

308

his character of 'Ettikov- … his countrymen to victory

310

against whom Apollo is discharging his fatal arrows. In the treatment

311

monsters biting the neck of a Lapith with his human face, while he … Greek is leading his wounded comrade from the field ; in another our

313

being dragged from her horse. In another a Greek has planted his

Chapter XXVII

320

of Athena Polias on a pillar for his victory,

321

of his country (Apollodor. iii. 6. 7. Eur.

322

the Acropolis at Athens, as Athena Nike, in commemoration of his … Prof. Kekule in his learned treatise on the Balustrade (fig. 136).

324

The same may be said of his conjecture respecting the artist

327

Several of these were discovered by Ross2 and his friends in 1835, and

328

or concordant, conclusions. In his most … his reasons seem hardly adequate.2

Chapter XXVIII

333

in fact we recognise his style even in some of the sculptures of the … Although we have no remains or copies of his works, we gather

334

victory.1 On this occasion, probably Lycius had his subject chosen for … ' worthy of his teacher,'3 and which he mentions again under the

335

and relates a subsequent adventure of his in the time of the Thirty … was represented in the act of blowing a fire with his mouth.' Pliny says … because we have copies of two of his works—tile Amazon (fig. 148),

336

his dignity as arpar^jos (commander-in-chief of the forces), and not, … A Dying Warrior at his last gasp, in whom, says Pliny, ' one may

337

the face of his wounded Amazon justifies the belief that Cresilas at- … who also belongs to this group of artists, appears, like his great

338

peror Nero is said to have taken it about with him on his travels.1

339

in technical 'skill' (aocpla). In fact, he carried his attention to the … Next to his Candelabra, his principal work seems to have been a

340

Demetrius differed in his tendencies as widely as possible from Poly- … was his portrait statue of

341

stood alone in his extreme naturalism, and that his tendency was … Sophroniscus was a statuary, and his illustrious son is said to have … rre the Fisherman in his working dress, in

342

followed in his youth the profession of his father,1 and to have exe-

343

judging from the subjects of his work, must have enjoyed a consider-

344

him, and asks him how he gave 1 the look of life ' to his figures ; and,

Chapter XXIX

345

Though born in Sicyon he was, like his great contemporaries … We know very little more of his personal history than that he was … which Pliny3 assigns to him probably marks the period of his … gathered from the fact that his name is mentioned with that of

346

exerted his highest powers in fashioning the chryselephantine statue

349

and his successors. VI. A bust of Here (also in the Villa Ludovisi),

350

Polycleitus obtained the first prize, because each of his rivals assigned

352

Here worthy of the Pheidian Zeus, he was only in his real clement

353

cleitus, and the one in which his scope and style were most fully … less, with a lance in his hand. It is referred to by Ouintilian, who says … has left a manual of his art in a work of art!1 Polycleitus is also said … to the scheme laid down in his written treatise. Cicero alludes to

354

celebrated for his formation of the breast as Myron for his heads, … Wrestler, ' showing his art in the use of his heels ' (' talo inces-

355

cles in his wars, and so named because, being lame, he inspected the

356

pared with those of his Attic predecessors and contemporaries, and … art and to the length and slimness which Lysippus gave to his statues. … 'industry' (finish) and graceful dignity.4 His 'industry' is further … form, in an ideal and supernatural development, to embody his

357

proved his work. But Polycleitus regarded the perfect human form— … in the prime of life, if, born without blot or blemish, his frame were de- … if not excelled, Pheidias in the toreutic art,'2 his chryselephantine … the bloom of his youth, or in the combined activity and strength of … Much of what we have here said would apply to his older con-

358

brated as a caster of bronze, and for his skill in the toreutic art, which

Chapter XXX

359

than a Pheidias. His aims were not the very highest, but he tho- … his school, in a very great measure, that his country was indebted for

360

and the Dioscuri were witnesses of his triumph. These, with Adas2 … each of his captains, and the golden stars of

361

apyedovs) in his hands.2

362

a Hermes. The best known of his other works were Plirixus sacrificing … with his quoit in his left hand, col- … with his eye, and at the same time

363

and pliancy, on which his fate depends. Whether it is a copy of the

364

in 01. 95 (B.C. 400).4 His other works, of the nature … who appears to have been 8 a pupil of his own brother Naucydes. … massacre of Bryas and his guard of a thousand men. This general

365

sented the God in his character of patron of friendship. According … which is not usually found in the representations of Dionysos.1 His … his son to be proclaimed as a Syracusan instead of a Milesian ;

366

recorded in elegiac verses on the base of one of his statues at … Pindar, written in his honour, was inscribed in letters of gold on the

367

praying; but his principal work was an iconic statue of Cynisca,

Chapter XXXI

369

mote his country's honour and independence.

370

pulveris atquc so/is, trained for the service of his country in every

372

ties, the individual learned to look to his own safety alone, and to

373

are now the favourite subjects of his chisel. A new path has been

374

know little or nothing of the circumstances of his life, and as no … with a statue of Megalopolis on his right hand, and of Artemis

375

were also the work of Cephisodotus.-' But of all his works the … stretches out his little hand as if to caress her chin. The ears

376

in his left hand, as the suitable attribute for a son of Demeter, instead

Chapter XXXII

378

it should be taken as the time of his birth. … ■ 'J his is not the case. Pausanias was

379

One of his earlier works, perhaps the earliest, was an Aphrodite

380

life, to reside at Athens, to which place, no doubt, his fame had long … Athens. His well-established fame procured him many pupils, among … the works of the two artists.2 During his residence at Athens he

381

Skopas, p. 56. His work bore the inscrip-

382

original and characteristic of his productions, answering in plastic art … Down he throws his heavy body in the sacred fawn-skin dressed,

383

Callistratus in his florid and bombastic way, and forms the subject of

385

sented nude, and in his calmer and more dignified mood. In the work

386

Citharoedus. He is crowned with his own bays, and, with the heavy

387

opposite to his mother, Aphrodite, while his sons, or satellites, faced

388

artemis looking at endvmion. astonishment at his beauty. … dite, and how she stole on his sleep AiJ/cji/jjjtI

389

Apollo Stnintheas in Troas. Apollo in his character of 'mouse- … Apollo with his foot resting on a mouse} The epithet and office of … jnouw in his hand (Choiseul, Gouff. Voy.

Chapter XXXIII

391

Pctasos, and the chlamys wrapped round his arm. Another figure

392

length figure of Dionysus in a long robe, with a goblet in his right hand … Flaminian Circus at Rome. There is nothing in his words which enables … III. of Pergamon, and used it to adorn his magnificent triumph in 136

393

which it embodies is certainly in harmony with his peculiar genius. … cannot be his work ?

394

powerful and magnificent proportions of the God of War ; but his … of a power still mightier than his own. … herself is by his side, from whom he averts his … variety of his imagination were fully displayed. It represented in

395

Poseidon and his consort Amphitrite he

400

Tritons arc also mentioned by Pausanias in his description of the … 2 See lirunn's analysis of this group in his

Chapter XXXIV

402

at Halicarnassus.1 This able and successful tyrant removed his resi- … and conquest until his death in 01. 117. 2 (B.C. 353). Mis widow, … have begun to build his own tomb, as was

404

his brother ghosts, replies that he ' had a larger monument lying on … ment of a Horse and his rider is the most remarkable ; four female

406

the upper part of the body nude, as is usual in his statues. It may

407

richness of inventive fancy, in which the artist yields to none of his

410

his left hand on the head … with his sword. She on … in his face, and the calm

411

meanwhile is striking with his foreleg at a Greek before him.

412

in the hands of Scopas and his associates the lovely, charming

Chapter XXXV

415

it from Seleucia on the Calycadnus in Cilicia, and displayed it at his … tyxedagOgUS) (177, g) busying himself less about his own safety than

417

his prayers ; but all too late: —

421

stopped in his flight to assist her, and is supporting her fainting and … same time raises his garment with his left hand, as if apprehensive of … (fig. 184). Me is wounded and has fallen on his knees, and is trying

422

now in the Louvre (fig. 185), in which the attendant slave is- laying his

423

The last figure on this side, a son, lies stretched on his back in the

424

life is ebbing, while his right arm lies across his face as if he would

425

Martial take but little notice of him, though their words imply his … truly wonderful, and his skilful hand was able to carry out the most

426

the soul inspired, possessed, and enslaved, by music, in his Apollo … stands far above all other artists of his school. His was not, indeed, … might be expected too from the nature of his genius, he worked ex-

Chapter XXXVI

427

third generation after Alcamenes, and Pliny places his prime in the … drew him away from bronze to marble, in which material his greatest … his works. The very opposite ma)' be said of Praxiteles. His name

428

and Latin authors vie with one another in singing his praises in the … says Propertius.1 Phaedrus 2 declares that artists of his own time en- … was a native Athenian citizen, or to the refined sensuality of his … Put though Athens was the chief centre of his activity and fame, … the extreme north at Parion on the Propontis. His productiveness,

429

GREAT NUMBER OF HIS WORKS. 429 … the discovery of his ' Hermes and the infant Dionysos' at Olympia, … considerable part of his life in Asia Minor, and, amongst other places,

431

Lucullus borrowed them to adorn his triumph, and by consecrating

432

escaped by sacrificing his brother. He was subsequently swallowed … representing a youthful Apollo with an arrow in his hand, watching a

433

represented, not in his graver and more dignified aspect, as the divine … behind a tree, and trying his skill in transfixing the nimble animal by a

434

against a tree, and seeking, boylike, for some easy pastime in his … • Slat. 8. as we do; his impatient fancy led him

436

God carries in his hand the thyrsus (narthcx2), a light staff entwined

437

When Phryne asked him which was the most beautiful of his works … number of his statues had been destroyed by fire, but not all. On

438

of genius. Of external marks of his lower nature nothing is left but … which is a reminiscence of the budding horns of a goat. His identity … slung loosely across his chest. In type he … affords the necessary support, but the leaning attitude throws his form

439

both figure and face are ennobled, yet not so as to destroy his

440

Thonvaldsen, who places cymbals in his hand, whereas he was no … and contrasts mostabsurdly with his ridiculous figure and faqe; the Faun

Chapter XXXVII

442

Solon had to forbid his countrymen to sell their daughters or sisters … asking Nicomachus about his domestic affairs, and wc learn that his

444

found his natural field of observation and study in a class of women … whom Apelles drew his Venus Anadyomenc, that Praxiteles moulded

445

tion of his pattern beauty Panthea,'1

446

to the spirit of the period in which he lived, to class his works with … and unconscious of, the passion she excites. His aim was not a very … had never framed ; and from what we know of his other works we may … of Phryne aided him in his work, but his Goddess was no Phrync.

447

his judgment gives a good idea of the style of

448

tendance on his mother. It is remarkable that no mention is made of … of his own love for Phrync, ' drawing the archetype from his own

449

his usual attributes, the bow and quiver, for, according to the epigram, … pervade his heart, but whose timid inexperience and self-distrust

450

a small altar, in performance of his functions as the Genius of Death. … one in the Louvre, where Psyche is kneeling by his side. There is a … in the other a flower, as signs of his universal sway over sea and

451

thus much of fact from his high-flown panegyric that the god was re- … on his lips, and the glance of his eye is ¥"'- '99- … had almost inspired the image of his Eros … teles was that of an Ephebos, binding his

Chapter XXXVIII

452

race as the Athenians to the unbounded admiration which his work … any fear that his countrymen would fail to recognise the immeasur-

453

parading and immortalising his own intemperate folly. The figures … says Pliny,- ' for he placed a charioteer of his own on the quadriga of … 35. Warrior standing by his Horse1' on a tomb in the Ceramicus … sented riding with a lance resting on his

454

the deceased youth in the light riding mantle, leading his horse and

455

ception of the peculiarities of his style, and of the general characteristics … the seventeenth chapter of his fifth book, adding that they were all

457

tending his impending departure from Olympia, he seems to have … in the very springtide of his beaut}-,2 engaged in a task which makes … an, uith the first down on his lip, when youth C

458

little child. His attitude is not unlike that of other works which have … ing. Hermes probably held a bronze sceptre in his left hand, the

459

over the tree on which he rests, as if to leave his limbs in perfect ease

460

ment of his character then must be founded on the effect which,

461

It is true, indeed, that the whole spirit and tendency of his works … his ideas ; and even the majority of his male figures have something … charm, with which he endows the creations of his genius, he has no

Chapter XXXIX

462

Mausoleum.2 lie is mentioned by Plato (Pseudo-Plato) in his epistles … mention of no less than three statues of Zeus by his hand, in which

463

injuring him with his claws even canymf.de a iter uwcharss.

464

is bearing his prey past the tree from which he had descended; while … his dogs, and standing by a lion which he has just slain; a portrait … writers suppose that Martial refers to the last group, and compares his

465

was a younger coadjutor of Scopas in Halicarnassus, who chose his sub- … of his works was the colossal statue of

466

with the tnodius, or fruit measure, on his

467

Among the foremost of these were his sons, … Lycurgus the Orator and his sons, Hebron, Lyenrgns and Lycophron? … eminent, since Pliny calls him the inheritor of his father's art, and

468

was also his portrait statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinopc, which … The most celebrated of his works are

469

able for his diligence and painful self-criticism, which led him to dash … display of his art, for he made a portrait in bronze of

470

and practice of his art. As a painter he belonged to the school of … ample, he mentions a picture of his in which a child during the sack-

471

account of his extraordinary diligence and manysidcdness, he is com- … but his Lcto with her cliildrcn, Apollo and Artemis in her arms, may … The most celebrated work of Euphranor, and that in which his pecu-

472

made the trunk of his figures slighter, and the head and limbs larger, … entirely free from the sensuality into which many of his contem-

Chapter XL

475

by the familiar train of Satyrs and Sileni, who work his will upon the

476

A chiton of a fine material reaches to his feet, above which he wears a

Chapter XLI

478

improbable that he should have been actively engaged in his art for … account the height of his figures appeared greater. He diligently … of his art even in the most trifling wi/u/titc'

479

their literal sense. He did not mould his statues according to any … We proceed to speak of such of his numerous works, all in bronze, … of the strongest of demigods yielding up his weapons to the wan-

480

invincible hero stripped of his arms by the God of love. But wc … Dionysus' type, beautiful and modest, with a lively blush in his … by his hand ; viz. a

481

lion's skin was spread. His attitude denotes mingled dejection and … downcast hero, and ask him what has become of his club, his quiver, … a Herakles of his arms.'7 In the gems in which the same subject is … him on his expeditions. It is said to have passed successively through

482

the Tarentine Heracles, the hero is here reclining on his lion's skin at … of his own, that it would be unfair to Lysippus to regard it as a re-

483

sippus, and draw away his attention from mythology to the mar- … his wont, with his head a little on one side. Alexander, we are told,

484

thrown back like the mane of a lion, as if he had shaken it in his … the mighty conqueror would choose to pourtray his great master in a

485

by his ungrateful, but repentant, countrymen immediately after his … fabulist as a tribute 'not to his nationality, but his glory.' This … difficult problem to solve. He knew nothing of his personality, ex- … cripple, who, unable to meet his adversary face to face, has recourse to

486

cunning and finesse; who propounds his doctrines, not by direct … sure, both in his life and in his death. He conquered twice at Olym-

487

from Greece, placed it in front of his public baths, and Tiberius … nature of his occupation implies a con-

488

cise of his art. We saw that Phcidias sought to give visible form to

489

admiration. The chief characteristics of his style and scope are found … Beauty. His art is less spiritual than that of the former, less aesthetic … sionate admiration for female beauty degenerated in his followers … to its extreme by his brother Lysistratus. This artist, in his eager-

490

of Melanippe,2 perhaps a noted Hctaira of his time, to whom the term … Among the pupils of Lysippus were his three sons, Daippus,3 … who followed the severer side of his father's art, and

491

The powerful influence of Lysippus is seen in the fact that his … school of Lysippus, that several of his statues could scarcely be dis-

492

corde.1 Another noted work by Eutychides was his statue of the … boy of his time. … 'seven wonders of the world.'5 He followed the direction of his great … his birth stood round the poet (.-Elian, V.

493

to his work. After standing only … Chares owes his chief importance in the history of art to the fact

Chapter XLII

494

stored in a masterly way when the ivory had started. He chose his

495

phon, says nothing of the characteristics of his style, we can spare the … have stood in no connexion with Peloponnesian art. His works were … Spartans, have purposely sought his chief inspiration and instruc- … of his works see Pausnn. iv. 31. 6 ; vii. 23. 5 ;

496

Villa Albani may be a copy of his work.7

497

fice) in Messene, where he was held in as great honour as in his own … sitting with a cicada on his lyre. Tima^us relates that Eunomus con-

498

and carrie off victor by the help of a cicada, who, when one of his chords … The poet, somewhat corpulent in figure, as becomes his character of

Chapter XLIII

504

horse, and a rider stretched on the back of his charger, arc handled with

506

the frieze shows a man with a sack on his shoulders. In front of the … hcroon was erected, seated on a throne. Above his head a parasol

508

we see the Attic artist following the guidance of his own fertile

Chapter XLIV

509

is, to invent and originate. With Lysippus and his school it had

510

was prosecuted for allowing his portrait to be secretly introduced into … of Aristotle, and in the hands of Lysippus, who drew his inspira- … golden images of his conqueror, Demetrius Poliorcetcs. It is by … hailed him and his father Antigonus, not only as kings, but as Gods

511

allowed him to hold his beastly revels in the very innermost chamber … Ithyphallic hymn which they addressed to Demetrius, on his en-

512

of which he sought to express his grief at the death of the chosen

513

which claimed his birth. In this heroon was the notorious picture of … Gods, but especially to Dionysus, the deity to whom he paid his most

514

display. Alexander, and still more his successors, used Hellas as a

515

supposed ruins of Troy by Dr. Schliemann, and is now in his garden … p. 466. Marcus Antoninus (His!. August. 185.

516

for his victor}'. Beside him stands a female figure (Nike ?) with … offers no indignity in subjecting his powerful frame to the influence of

Chapter XLV

518

Lysippus, and closely followed in the footsteps of his master. Little

519

Aristouidas and his son Mnasitimus, of whom we have an interest- … story in which he displays a self-sacrificing loyalty to his sovereign

520

several works by this artist—viz. Apollo, in his temple, with Leto … be nude, it is probable that the first, which stood in a group with his … work, which stood in his time in the palace of Titus, as ' preferable to … of one stone Laocoon himself, his children, and the wonderful folds

521

tried his hand in restoring the same limb, but his work was removed

522

zealously urged his infatuated countrymen to destroy the wooden

523

attack the miserable father, who hurries up too late to defend his … myth in one of his lost tragedies, differs from Arctinus in making

524

his head. The chest is thrown forward by the violence of his action, … feel that his fate is scaled. He has ceased to struggle, and can only … of his transgression ; for he is punished in his own person and that of

525

tries to free himself and his children, squeezes the serpent, and it … elder son for his afflicted father brings a soothing element of pathos … covered since his day. Unless we bear this fact in mind we shall … * See Hrunn's account of his conversation

526

perfect unison with the irrepressible cry of pain which issues from his

527

work beside it, his eye involuntarily turned away from it' … the second, century B.C. was incorporated into his kingdom by At-

528

by Attalus II. in memory of his mother Apollonis.3 Which of these

529

his tragedy ' Antiope,' of which some fragments have been preserved. … while Lycus had succeeded his brother Nycteus at Thebes, and taken

530

At her right hand is a boy with a syrinx and a garland on his head, … Amphion with a sentiment of pity for his victim. Dircc, they say,

531

appeals to him alone, as the less cruel of the two, and his attribute, … away by the implacable fury of his sterner brother. This idea of the … impetuous efforts of a furious bull to free itself from his grasp. … expression to his ideas, the artist has employed all the means within

532

sequently restored by Pietro Tacca, carved in marble after his model

533

ertion of all his powers, with the drooping

Chapter XLVI

534

sovereigns like Alexander and his successors plastic art was chiefly … tions of Arsinoe, the wife of his patron, than from deliberate

535

alone refused submission, and in a battle near his capital gained a … glories of his triumph in Athens, the once hallowed centre of Greek

536

Stratonicus and Antigonus, who wrote treatises on his art.' ' These

537

His statue of Priapus is referred to in an epigram of Apollonius.'2 … memoration of his signal victory over the Gauls. Prof. Brunn of Munich,

538

No. I (fig. 218) represents a beautiful youth, in the flow er of his … hexagonal shield, and the girdle or rope of w ire round his naked body, … by his adversary. Though

539

We may confidently assume that he held his shield in the left hand … self in his new position.

540

count of the form of his … for a Gaul. His life is … alone can wrest from his grasp. By his side lies his girdle, which,

541

wound in his thigh, from which the blood is flowing. … but his complete nudity hardly suits the oriental character. He, too,

542

He is without weapons, and his right arm is raised rather in depreca- … Jp-y^Jp prostrate on his shield, like No. 1, … I V^^C^T \ t'lc barbarian in his ideal face and

543

been succeeded by his son Eumenes II. The latter, who had in- … warded for his important services, and obtained from the grateful … to pay him 359 talents for his war expenses, and 127 talents in lieu of … Eumenes II. was now at the summit of his power and prosperity, … acquired in attracting artists and men of letters to his court, and ren- … the city, and planted the grove of Xikephorion, and out of his love of

544

some knowledge of Greek art in the cast-museums of his country. … communicated his discovery to the proper authorities at Berlin, and

547

soldiers of Caesar, and made so many of his officers keep in their

548

the most eccentric vagaries of his bold imagination. The form and

549

gone to the extreme of ugliness, has a hump on his

550

shaking the dread aegis in his raised right hand. On his right is … has fixed his iron claws. The remains of a magnificent Quadriga

551

Erichthonian serpent, has coiled round his right leg and left arm, and

552

vigorously seconded by her dog, who is fixing his great fangs into … hastening to the assistance of his older comrade, on whom Artemis

553

of his wings are also interspersed. … in his left hand, and swings a torch in his right. The progress … in accordance with the insane presumption of Alexander and his suc- … in his claws a thunderbolt bound with sacred fillets. Her weapon is

554

carries- his attribute, the hammer, which he is aiming at the most … a Giant who has fallen on one knee. She seizes his shield with … his left. If so, Heracles must have been represented in another part

555

his bow the two most formidable giants, Alcyoneus and Porphyrion, … artist, and into that infinite and ideal world from which he drew his

556

round his wounded leg holding the infant Orestes. The terrified

557

been actually represented. He is raising his right hand above his … ordinary skill. From his left arm hangs a panther's skin, which … the artist has, I think, taken for his model some proud and beautiful

Chapter XLVII

558

leave Pergamon, his own capital, unadorned by memorials of his

559

ground, as the life-blood flows from the deep wound in his manly … despair are in his swimming eyes. He has had time not only to kill

560

had been enacted before his own eyes, and to endow his work with … the noble Gaul allowed to grow on his face. … very torrent, tempest, and whirlwind of his passion, acquires and … pest of his passions his whole being suffers shipwreck.

561

THE GAUL KILLING HIS WIFE. 561 … slain his wife, and with upraised hand is driving the deadly steel … vigorous warrior standing at bay before the foe, with his dark defiant … THB GAUL KILLING HIS WIFE.

562

of Apollo, Marsyas, and the Barbarian slave, whetting his knife to … arm-pits, which indicate his semi-brutish nature, arc given in the most

563

As probably belonging to this period, although his date2 is very un- … chiefly known for his skill in the toreutic art, in which he ranked … But the most interesting of his works is his

Chapter XLVIII

568

their tendency to represent the individual with all his ugly peculi-

569

to have his name mentioned at the end of the song sung by the

570

was vowed by Aulus Postumius in his battle with the Latins, A.U.C. … latter is victorious, and appears in the act of binding his adversary to

571

pictures and statues from Syracuse, his graver fellow citizens accused

572

of Pydna (186 B.C.), transported his rich booty of paintings and … dered. The Emperors followed suit, and Augustus turned his atten-

573

out success, to remove the chryselephantine statue of Zeus from his … which he adorned his Golden House at Rome. Delphi alone is … us the acts of violence and meanness into which his mad passion for

574

for his task of universal conqueror, was somewhat softened by the … the most trivial suggestion of a playful fancy—from Zeus with his … which he carried in his bosom and took out … Davtis ridicules Horace for his love of

579

Marcus yEmilius Avianianus, from whom he received his name on the … of him for his Tusculan villa ; but as Evander appears to have been

582

himself for his arduous task by the study of Pheidias and Polycleitus.

Chapter XLIX

584

his restoration on the famous Florentine gem called Teucer,2 in which … hero as seated alone, enjoying the repose to which his long career of … become immortal, he obtains the right to take his seat among the … ' The hero,' he says, 'after allowing his head to rest for a time on this

585

an epithet or simile sublime or beautiful enough to express his un- … Hebe, the goddess of eternal youth. . . . His body is fed by no mortal … cxtremest boundaries of his toils, to the monuments and pillars which

586

indeed suppose with Winckclmann that he has exchanged his terres-

587

his inspiration from that lovely darling of the Grecian world. The … fied the type created by Praxiteles as to give his … Venus whom his fathers worshipped retains in his eyes nothing of her … and the temper of the age rendered them quite unnecessary. His

588

distinctly understand the object he has in view. His aims are not

590

dignified speaker. The garment which hangs from his left arm is

591

complishment of the most arduous of his la- … He stands leaning heavily on his club, and … swollen by his superhuman efforts, and the whole attitude of the … which earlier art is accustomed to invest its Demigods. Even his

592

improve upon his model, and to surpass his master. Even Lysippus … weight of the world on his massive shoulders, he also outran the

593

limits of his own powers, and kept to the original,

595

is tlie handing over by Hermes of the infant Dionysus to his future nurse, … his toes, and holding up his right hand in a significant manner. Be-

596

says Ouintilian, ' Timanthes, the Cynthian, in his Immolation of … fatJier, he covered his head and left it to every man's own heart to

Chapter L

598

less Hernia with a metrical inscription, in which he speaks of his

599

himself w ith his shield against an adversary in a higher position than

605

each of whom bore an Eros on his … Centaur (fig. 246) bears his burden … sence of the little tyrant on his … torious air, arc restored ; the Bacchic wreath on his head seems to

606

on man. He is sitting somewhat apart, as becomes his dignity, with

608

of Apollo. The latter, in the guise of a Citharcedus, with his lyre in … him, while Chronos, with his long, swift wings, is bearing the poet's … scroll, and the Odyssey, with an aplustre (stern of a ship). On his foot-

609

holds a roll of paper in his hand. Gothe rightly regarded it as the

Chapter LI

611

sented marching along with his left

612

escaped destruction. The artist has based his work entirely on the … groves, graced by the presence of Apollo; for his image seems

613

time sensitive, sympathetic, and instructed. And if his eulogy—for … that if he had seen the full and perfect exemplification of his own

614

before Troy who had dishonoured his holy prophet.1 These inter- … his physician Dr. Frank. After passing through several hands, it

615

251, a). Basing his arguments on this

616

his temple in supernatural youthful beauty, and the White Maidens … came by the regis, which is not his proper attribute ? There is a pre-

617

from his temple. On the tree which supports the Vatican figure arc … his model from among the older types, was not satisfied with merely … c'cgancc which suited the taste of his own times.

619

Gauls from the heights of Delphi with his Father's a_*gis, then we

620

was represented as mounting his

Chapter LII

622

PASITELES AND HIS SCHOOL. … the high estimation in which he was held. His contemporary, the … Varro something of the manner in which he exercised his art. … It is evident from the favourable testimony of his contemporaries … the wisdom to recognise the incapacity of his generation for original

623

one of his chief characteristics is attested by "<0^i … sion that they are productions of his pupils

624

624 PASITELES AND HIS SCHOOL. … The connexion of the foregoing with Pasiteles or his school is … ness and novelty to his w ork. All the more prominent character- … and now at Naples.2 In all of them ' Orestes ' is represented with his

625

And his rejoinder—

626

626 PASITELES AND HIS SCHOOL. … in the expression of his feelings than

627

would naturally adopt in the interests of his art. The tunic is gathered

628

628 PAS/TELES AND HIS SCHOOL. … the excellence of his clay models, for which, we are told, he received a … Of his Venus Genetrix we have copies both in statuary3 and on

629

soothing it by the strains of his lyre. Such plastic representations are … Great. These were set up round his theatre at Rome, and gave rise

630

PASITELES AND HIS SCHOOL. … statue was taken away by Commodus, who substituted his own.' … which he speaks, but long after his time. He refers, perhaps, to some

631

gave them to his tutor Cassius Salanus.1 The name of

Chapter LIII

634

his aid, erected his statue, of which we have copies on his coins, in the

636

as his fellow combatant.2

637

art to prolong the memory of his w arlike exploits. We cannot, in- … of the Curia Hostilia a picture of his victorious engagement in Sicily

638

The Emperor appears as triumphator on his quadriga, the horses of

639

to his statue is the glorification of the Emperor Trajan. Not … encouraging his troops and leading them to the fight—sitting in judg-

640

Danube with his nude body … his bank, and prepare to cross

641

Of the deceased Fmperor and his zvifc, Faustina the elder, who are

642

and Pillar to this Emperor after his death. The former, of which re- … Emperor and his sons Caracalla and Gcta, in honour of his victories

643

the Emperor. III. Trajan affording his protection to the orphans of … to murder Trajan. VII. 'The Iimperor addressing his soldiers and

644

Trajan is similar to that on his Pillar, of which \vc have already

Chapter LIV

645

* higaleia, who was crowned after his death, and whose statue was … sreat conqueror, and of his generals, but it became common to

647

placed it in his new museum in the

648

pride and modesty of his bearing, bespeak the man of the world,

649

sented in a helmet, in his character of a-paTyyos, and not, as some … It docs not represent the Dionysiac side of his character, but the … vigour, with his advanced foot on a helmet, pressing forward sword

650

The features of many of his successors arc known from coins.

651

Romulus set up his own statue crowned by Victor}' on a Quadriga … the Pal. Casali at Rome. Of his destroyer, 'Junius Brutus, there is a … Miebuhr and his wife, at Honn, by order of the late King of Prussia.

652

divinity during his lifetime, as the alter ego of Phut-bus Apollo on

653

an Imperator haranguing his troops, was discovered in 1863, in a … which owes but little to the insignia of his … Round his loins a mantle is loosely wrapped, both ends of which meet

654

dolphin by his right foot reminds us that Venus was the great proge- … an arch above his head. Immediately below him is Helios (the Sun- … former, robed in a scarlet mantle, and holding his lyre, is mounted on

655

Augustus himself—holding out his hand to receive the Roman eagles,

656

represented as Zeus on earth, with the thunderbolt in his hand. The

658

of Augustus, appears as Ceres ; Julia, his

Chapter LV

659

and was brought very early in life—probably on account of his re-

660

ported in his letter to the Senate, but in all probability by an act of … seemed to his fears the greater in his eyes was the merit of Antinous, … Temples were erected for his worship both in Egypt and Greece ; … Scn.-ite, c. 2, or in his life, Spnrtian. c. 16)

661

were soon to flow over his life- … tion of his youth and strength

662

the thyrsus in the left hand, are also restorations. In his character of

663

Winckelmann1 is loud in his piaises of this beautiful bust, and … respect, that it represents Antinous in his own character and not, as

664

of it as uncertain whether his body would be buried or burned. In

665

and his devoted wife Laodamcia ; and, above all, in the touching

669

Silence, and was said to have been born with his .a … his relation to his parents, Osiris and Isis, as the … with the modius on his head in the Villa AIbani (No. 246). Sarapis

670

his father as a dog for his master. • … been partly Persian and partly Assyrian. His worship was intro- … head of which he is drawing back with his left hand so as to expose

Index

675

Acttron and his dogs, relief of, 68 f … classic notices of, ib. ; his works : —Athene … Alcamenes, pupil of 1'heidias, his art contest … ing the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, ib ; his

676

Apelles for his sculptor and painter, 478 « ; … tronage of his successors, 512; his funcralcar, … AlmaTadema, M., his Painter's Model, 623 « … Anaxagoras {cire. B.C. 430), his statue of Zeus, … Antenor of Athens (cire. B.C. 500), his statues … Minerva by, 580 ; his Pallas, in the Villa … ing his fall, 536 n ; makes a present of the … Apelles, draws his Venus Anadyomcne from

677

ventor of statues, 19 n • on his statue of … his name inscrilied on the Torso Bekcdere of … Aicesilaus of Paros, Simonides' praise of his … his Apotheosis of Homer, dodff. See … Argus of Argos (mythic period), 21 ; his statue … Aristocles of Athens (circ. B.C. 460), 95 ; his

678

tant of Hypatodorns in his Seven against … Arrian, his account of the tomb of Cyrus, 112« … Dxdalus and his works, i%ff\ pre-IIomeric, … ander and his successors, 509 ff, 673;

679

Gauls by, 535 ; his dedication of statues at … Athene. 101 n ; his imitations of Greek

680

Bathycles of Magnesia {fire. 540 B.C.), his … Bcnndorf, Prof., his theory as to Myron's … Boethos of Chalcedon, 563 /; his statues of … monument, 116; his arrangement of the

681

^ Calamis, dat e and character of his art, 162, … notices of, it. ; his candelabra for the … 576 ; his Evatine, it. … Truven, mentioned as his, S3 ; style hard … Cedrenus, his notice of an aichaic statue of … ZUff; his Eircne and infant Plntus, 375/

682

buildings of, ib. ; monument to his horse in … Conze, Prof., his interpretation of the Harpy, … Coponius (temp. Pompey), his statues of four- … 335 it; his competition with Pheidias and … of Diitrephes, 337 ; his 'Mounded Amazon, … his exploration of Olympia, 224

683

scribed to, 19 ; his improvements in sculp- … among his works—a trophy for the Eleans, … pian Zeus, 194, 494; character of his works, … of, 340/; classic notices of, ib. ; his Lysi- … Derby, Lord, citations from his translation of

684

copies of his works, ib. ; his Caryatid, 593 ; … and opinions on his proceeding, 249/, 253 ; … primitive character of his works, 94/ … Ennenei 11. of Pergaxnoxi, his victory over

685

471 ; his chief works -.—Athlnl (Minerva … to represent his style, 472 ; his striving after … Eutychides, pupil of Lysippus, 491 ; his Tyche … Ealkcner, Mr., his reconstruction of the … Flaminius, despoils Philip of Macedon of his … Gaul killing his wife (Villa Ludovisi), 616

686

Guglielmo della Porta, his restoration of the … 135 ; his affection for Anlinous, 659 ; grief … Helios on his chariot (Parthenon), 263 … Hepluestus, his fabled shield of Achilles and

687

with him by Alexander on his expeditions, … Herodotus, the religious sentiment in his His- … and Athennis, 50 ; his revenge, ib. … II;;; his conception of Hades, 12;;; on … his gods, 32 ; his description of the palace

688

JAHN, O., his interpretation of the Orestes … Lange, Dr. Conrad, his arrangement of the … Lenormant, M., his discovery of a copy of the … Plato's and Pliny's notices of, 462 ; his … lines of Sadoletus from his Laocoon, 524;; ; … Libanius, his panegyric of {he Apollo in Daphne, … Mausoleum of Ilalicarnassus, 404; his de- … Lucretius, his invocation of Venus, 197

689

Myron, 333 ; among his works were :— … Lysander, artistic celebration of his victory at … his relation to Alexander the Great, 47S, … works of, 488 ; his style, 488/; school of, … workmanship of, 4S9 f; his statue of Alc- … .Marcus Cossutius Cerdo, his statues of Satyrs … ]>eriod), his Orestes and Plectra, 625/. Sec

690

Messala, Valerius Max., picture of his battle … the Gian', 67/; Aetieon and his dogs, 68 f; … Michelangelo, his attempt to repair the Lao- … Athene and Satyr, 155 ; his interpretation … to, 160; his style, 161 /, 200; opinions of … Mys, his bittle of the Centaurs on the shield of

691

Nero, adorns his Golden House with the … °t 343 ; his chief works -.—Asklepios and

692

his Chariot-race between Oinomaus and … 42, 175, 191 ; his pictures of //ellas and … l'asiteles and his school (circ. 89 B.C.), 622 ff; … Sipylus, 29 ; his account of the chest of … of Rhcgium, 52/; his account of Smilis of

693

Onatas and his works, 84/"; on the works … Olympia, 225 n ; his account of its sculp- … Satyr and other works, 436 f 454 /; his … his wealth in adorning his capital, ib. ; … his -wife, 560 /; The Knife-sharpener (Flo- … 203 f; probable date of his birth, 174; his … his studio at Olympia, 177; patronage … 183 h; imitations, 185^'; presents his own

694

minor works of, 199 f; character of his … his Amazon in the Vatican, 350, 351 «; … Philip of Macedon, despoiled of his art … his beauty, 5 … Phyromachus of Pergamon, 537 ; his statue … Pliny, notices of art and artists by :—his … and of Polycles of Athens, 376; his account … by Praxiteles, 452 /; his Charioteer, 453 ;

695

Plutarch, his description of the Dclian Apollo … 1'olycleitus I. of Sicyon (circ. li.c. 482), his … 346, 356/"; his statue of Here in the Ileraion … his specialty—the Diatlumenos, 352; the … Myron, 357 ; his skill as an architect, 35S ; … Polycles 1. of Athens {eire. B.C. 372), his por- … Aphrodite Urania of l'heidias, 197; his de-

696

standing by his horse, 453; works in the … examples, 456 ; chararteristics of his style, … Pullan, Mr., his restored view of the Mauso- … his chief works :—Apollo in contest With the … racter and style of his work, 153, 20O

697

Ross, Mr., his arl discoveries in Rhodes, 51S/ … Schliemann, Dr., his discoveries at Mycenae … ' Scipio, Lucius, picture of his victory over An- … Hecate and Heracles, 380 ; his residence at … supposed copies of, 396 ff; his work at the … Praxiteles, 429 ; his Aphrodite removed to

698

artist, 341 ; his Hermes Propulaics, 342 ; … of acro'y, cKTai/xa, 45 ;;; his discovery at … Torso of Heracles, 584 ; his theory as to the … notice of the Olympian Zeus, 194; his

699

172 /; his administration, 177; portraits … Thorwaldsen, his restoration of the pedimenlal … Thrasymcdes of 1 aros, his imitation of the … the robe of Athene j'arlkcnos, 1S4 ; his de- … Trrezen, 467 ; his Artemis removed to … Treu, Dr., his account of the German excava-

700

Virgil, on the hard lot of the dead, 12 n ; his … Augustus Ca;sar as a god, 656 « Xerxes, effect of his invasion upon the de- … Visconti, his estimate of the value of the Elgin | veiopment of art in Greece, 170^" … 630f; Pliny's notice of, ib. ; his toreutic

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GENIUS OF PHEIDIAS.

201

accumulated by his predecessors through the long ages of the past,
and was able to use all the resources of art in the embodiment of
ideas which were visible to him alone. We might indeed dwell with
admiration on the extraordinary amount of varied knowledge 1—of
architecture, of form and colour, symmetry and rhythm—which could
alone enable him to do what he did ; or on his wondrous technical
skill in dealing with the most varied materials—gold, ivory, bronze,
marble and ebony; a knowledge and a skill sufficient to make a
thousand reputations. But in all these qualifications, important and
meritorious as they are, he was approached by many, and in some of
them possibly surpassed by his successors. We can only understand the
place which both the ancient and the modern world have assigned to
Pheidias in the Pantheon of Art, by fixing our attention on that one
quality which raises him to the same rank as his country's greatest
poets—his Ideality.

Cicero when speaking of the Olympian Zeus says : ' The great
artist when he was moulding his Jupiter or Minerva was not looking
at any form of these deities of which he might make a copy, but
there dwelt in his mind a certain form (species) of surpassing beauty,
the sight and intense contemplation of which directed his art and
his hand to produce a similitude.'2 Like the ideas of Plato, these
forms or species were not produced, but existed in the reason and
intelligence of man.3 ' Did the Pheidiases and the Praxiteles,' asks
Thcspcsion4 sarcastically, 'ascend into Heaven, and taking an impres-
sion from the forms of the Gods mould them by their art; or was it
something else which guided them in their work ?' ' Something else,'

1 'Sic ego nunc tibi refero artem sine
scientiaesse non posse' (Cicero, AcaJ. Prior.
ii. 47. 146).

• Cic. Oral. ii. 9.

:l Ibid. iii. 10: ' Harum rerum formas
appellat ille non inlelligendi solum sed eliam
dicendi gravissimus auctor et magister
l'lato; easque gigni negat et ait semper esse ac
ratione et intelligentia contineri.'

* Philostratus, Dc Vila Apollonii Tyau.

VL 19 : %\ frilltfw 8f €?1t€ (Qiavitjiuv) KCU oi
Wpa^trtKtis p.wv aytkQuvTts is oitpai'bv Kai
a-Kop.alap.ivoi tc rwv Otuiv (tbrj ri\vvv avra
iirowvvro, Q tnpov ri & i<p'io~rri ai/rovs

rip xAaTTeii': 'irtpov ttpt) ['AwoWwvios) Kal
p.to~rov yt aotp'ias npiiyfia. rroiov tlntv; ou
yap av n napa rr\v fila-qcriy ffnois, (pavrao~lat
t<prj. ravra tipyd<raro aoipwripa fJUfx-fiffews or]-
puovpyos. filfjLrjais p.iv yap /xovov bi]p.iovpyr}o'ti
b (loev, (pavraata Si Ka\ u /xrj doty. vtrodr}o~trat
yap avrb trpbs rrfV ava4>opav rov ovros.
Thespesion argues against the Greek re-
presentations of Gods, &.C. and in favour of
the Egyptian symbolic method : o-otybv yap it
Tip ri Aiywrriwv, Kai rb fijj 6paffvvfa6ai is ra
rvv Stuiv *f5»7, (vp.0o\iKa Si avra iroieiaflai Kai
vTovov^Ltva Kal yap av Kai tripLvoripa ovrw
ipaifotro.

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