DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.49516#0145
CHARACTERISTICS AND DATE OF THE EASTERN CEMETERY
93
The above facts may be tabulated as follows:
K III
K IV
K X
K XIV+XV K CEM. B
i («).
. 144
0
0
0
1
ii (a).
. 81
2
0
0
1
iii (a).
. 60
25
0
0
0
ii (&).
. 8
22
0
0
1
iii (6).
. 0
62
0
0
1
i (6).
. 0
55
6
5
4
ii (c).
. 0
4
11
0
1
iii (c).
. 0
54
101
8
0
iv (&) .
. 0
11
20
0
0
iv (c).
. 0
0
6
0
0
This table shows clearly that while both K III and KIV have a large number of vessels of
characteristic and independent forms, K X has only a few; that K III has forms in common
with K IV but not with K X; that K IV has forms in common with K III and K X, but its
forms are more closely related to K X than to K III. Thus again the conclusion is deducible
that the chronological order is K III, K IV, and K X, with a greater technical separation
between K III and K IV than between K IV and K X. These two intervals, indicated by
the technical separation, might be plausibly translated into terms of time; that is, as pro-
duced by the effect of the passage of time on the personnel of the craft producing these
beakers. But craft development is uncertain, being almost never in simple numerical pro-
gression in the beginning, and I take the preiod of K III-IV to have been the beginning of
the craft in question, its creative period. The relative order, K III, KIV, K X, however,
is firmly fixed by the above considerations.
I have used in this examination the type Bkt. II because of its abundance in K III,
KIV, and K X, but if the drawings and detailed lists of Bkt. I and Bkt. Ill be taken, the
result will be approximately the same. The distribution list of the Bkt. types shows that
Bkt. IV and V carry the conclusion a little farther. Those two types do not occur in K III
but they do occur not only in K IV and K X, but also in K XIV+XV and in K XXXHIA
+XVI, with which they cease. Now the tabulation of Bkt. II, above, shows under i, b and
iii, c, that K XIV+XV but not K XVI is to be grouped with KIV and K X. Thus the
evidence of Bkt. IV and V places K XVI after, but immediately in succession to, K IV,
KX, K XIV+XV. This conclusion is confirmed by the presence in KX of four examples
of Bkt. VIII, a characteristic form of beaker which occurs in numbers in K XVI.
The Bkt. bowls present a material much less abundant than the beakers, but the se-
quence of their types leads to the same conclusion in regard to the order of K III, K IV,
and K X. And other forms do not rebut this evidence.1
A consideration of the quality of the Bkt. pottery proves that from what may be called
the middle of the period of K IV, onwards, a growing degeneration of the ware is to be
noted. In K III, the beakers and bowls are of fine, thin-walled, hard ware, so finely levi-
gated as to be practically a paste; the red is a bright cherry-colored slip highly polished
and burned with the vessel; the black is a brilliant polished layer on the black paste, ap-
parently produced by graphite, but also burnt with the vessel. On the outside, in the upper
part of the red, separated by a varying narrow space from the black, is a purplish discolored
1 See especially the remarks on the R. P. and B. P. bottle-jars, Vol. VI, pp. 379 and 398.
93
The above facts may be tabulated as follows:
K III
K IV
K X
K XIV+XV K CEM. B
i («).
. 144
0
0
0
1
ii (a).
. 81
2
0
0
1
iii (a).
. 60
25
0
0
0
ii (&).
. 8
22
0
0
1
iii (6).
. 0
62
0
0
1
i (6).
. 0
55
6
5
4
ii (c).
. 0
4
11
0
1
iii (c).
. 0
54
101
8
0
iv (&) .
. 0
11
20
0
0
iv (c).
. 0
0
6
0
0
This table shows clearly that while both K III and KIV have a large number of vessels of
characteristic and independent forms, K X has only a few; that K III has forms in common
with K IV but not with K X; that K IV has forms in common with K III and K X, but its
forms are more closely related to K X than to K III. Thus again the conclusion is deducible
that the chronological order is K III, K IV, and K X, with a greater technical separation
between K III and K IV than between K IV and K X. These two intervals, indicated by
the technical separation, might be plausibly translated into terms of time; that is, as pro-
duced by the effect of the passage of time on the personnel of the craft producing these
beakers. But craft development is uncertain, being almost never in simple numerical pro-
gression in the beginning, and I take the preiod of K III-IV to have been the beginning of
the craft in question, its creative period. The relative order, K III, KIV, K X, however,
is firmly fixed by the above considerations.
I have used in this examination the type Bkt. II because of its abundance in K III,
KIV, and K X, but if the drawings and detailed lists of Bkt. I and Bkt. Ill be taken, the
result will be approximately the same. The distribution list of the Bkt. types shows that
Bkt. IV and V carry the conclusion a little farther. Those two types do not occur in K III
but they do occur not only in K IV and K X, but also in K XIV+XV and in K XXXHIA
+XVI, with which they cease. Now the tabulation of Bkt. II, above, shows under i, b and
iii, c, that K XIV+XV but not K XVI is to be grouped with KIV and K X. Thus the
evidence of Bkt. IV and V places K XVI after, but immediately in succession to, K IV,
KX, K XIV+XV. This conclusion is confirmed by the presence in KX of four examples
of Bkt. VIII, a characteristic form of beaker which occurs in numbers in K XVI.
The Bkt. bowls present a material much less abundant than the beakers, but the se-
quence of their types leads to the same conclusion in regard to the order of K III, K IV,
and K X. And other forms do not rebut this evidence.1
A consideration of the quality of the Bkt. pottery proves that from what may be called
the middle of the period of K IV, onwards, a growing degeneration of the ware is to be
noted. In K III, the beakers and bowls are of fine, thin-walled, hard ware, so finely levi-
gated as to be practically a paste; the red is a bright cherry-colored slip highly polished
and burned with the vessel; the black is a brilliant polished layer on the black paste, ap-
parently produced by graphite, but also burnt with the vessel. On the outside, in the upper
part of the red, separated by a varying narrow space from the black, is a purplish discolored
1 See especially the remarks on the R. P. and B. P. bottle-jars, Vol. VI, pp. 379 and 398.