DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.22140#0291
MOVEMENTS OF LABOUR.
275
stood, or thought he stood, compelled him to return to England,
and to make a final struggle against Margaret of Anjou. It was
one of the greatest faults in the reign of Edward IV. that he did
not make use of his father's popularity for the settlement of
Ireland. How attached the Irish were to his family is seen in
the assistance which they gave to pretenders in the reign of Henry
VII. The situation determined Henry on adopting a special
policy in Ireland, the type of which was Poynings Act. Thence-
forward the emigration of Englishmen to Ireland was the settle-
ment of adventurers on confiscated estates. The rebellion of the
'Geraldines and the revolt of O'Neill in the sixteenth century,
with the consequent attainders, in which the rights of the pro-
scribed nobles were treated as identical with those of an English
traitor, led to enormous changes of property and the extinction
of the tribesmen's interests. James distributed Ulster, the for-
feiture of O'Neills, mainly among Scotchmen, though he sold
much to the wealthier City Companies. Then came the uprising
of 1641, its suppression by Cromwell, all the more harsh, because
the Parliament had discovered the negotiations of Charles through
Glamorgan ; the uneasy period of the Restoration ; the uprising of
1689, its Parliament, and its retaliatory confiscations; the Battle of
the Boyne; the capture of Limerick by Ginkell; the fresh confisca-
tions and the Penal Code, drawn up from beginning to end, by
Chancellor Brodrick, who was made a peer for his pains. There
is, I believe, no country in Europe, the confiscation of the land in
which has been so often repeated as in Ireland. There is none in
which the memory of these transactions is so lasting, none in
which the assimilation of races has been rendered so hopeless.
The earliest experiences of emigration by the English have been
by no means encouraging. The emigration from Ireland is by no
means to be dissociated from this policy and those events, and is
part of economical history, and that of no little significance.
An attempt was made by Raleigh to found a colony in North
America. But Raleigh never conceived anything higher than a
buccaneering expedition, in which an empire like those of Cortes
and Pizarro were to be discovered and conquered. He did not dis-
cover in Virginia, as he named his settlement, in honour of the
great Queen, the El Dorado of his expectations ; but tribes of cunning
275
stood, or thought he stood, compelled him to return to England,
and to make a final struggle against Margaret of Anjou. It was
one of the greatest faults in the reign of Edward IV. that he did
not make use of his father's popularity for the settlement of
Ireland. How attached the Irish were to his family is seen in
the assistance which they gave to pretenders in the reign of Henry
VII. The situation determined Henry on adopting a special
policy in Ireland, the type of which was Poynings Act. Thence-
forward the emigration of Englishmen to Ireland was the settle-
ment of adventurers on confiscated estates. The rebellion of the
'Geraldines and the revolt of O'Neill in the sixteenth century,
with the consequent attainders, in which the rights of the pro-
scribed nobles were treated as identical with those of an English
traitor, led to enormous changes of property and the extinction
of the tribesmen's interests. James distributed Ulster, the for-
feiture of O'Neills, mainly among Scotchmen, though he sold
much to the wealthier City Companies. Then came the uprising
of 1641, its suppression by Cromwell, all the more harsh, because
the Parliament had discovered the negotiations of Charles through
Glamorgan ; the uneasy period of the Restoration ; the uprising of
1689, its Parliament, and its retaliatory confiscations; the Battle of
the Boyne; the capture of Limerick by Ginkell; the fresh confisca-
tions and the Penal Code, drawn up from beginning to end, by
Chancellor Brodrick, who was made a peer for his pains. There
is, I believe, no country in Europe, the confiscation of the land in
which has been so often repeated as in Ireland. There is none in
which the memory of these transactions is so lasting, none in
which the assimilation of races has been rendered so hopeless.
The earliest experiences of emigration by the English have been
by no means encouraging. The emigration from Ireland is by no
means to be dissociated from this policy and those events, and is
part of economical history, and that of no little significance.
An attempt was made by Raleigh to found a colony in North
America. But Raleigh never conceived anything higher than a
buccaneering expedition, in which an empire like those of Cortes
and Pizarro were to be discovered and conquered. He did not dis-
cover in Virginia, as he named his settlement, in honour of the
great Queen, the El Dorado of his expectations ; but tribes of cunning