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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.49928#0125
PLATE XXXVIII.
Fig. i.—Hoplite.
Relief on a Grave-stone (stele) of the Fifth Century
b.c. Found at Megara. Said by Stackelberg to have
BEEN SENT TO ENGLAND.
Stackelberg, Graber der Hellenen, Pl. 3.
The warrior is represented, in the manner of fifth century
art, as only half armed. His weapons are a spear which he
carries in his left hand and a sword which hangs by a cross-
belt, under a round heavy shield. In his right hand is a
conical felt cap (τπλιδιον) such as was worn by Arcadian
soldiers. He wears an exomis and a mantle much in the
Spartan style. Greaves and breastplate are omitted.
Fig. 2.—The Battle of Issus.
Mosaic Floor from the “Casa del Fauno,” discovered
IN 1831 AND NOW IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, NAPLES.
(Sala di Flora, No. 10020.) 17 feet by io feet.
The Parts Missing were destroyed by an Earthquake,
AND REPAIRED WITH CEMENT IN ANTIQUITY. GREEK WORK
OF ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 612, 613.
Rolfe, Handbook Naples Museum, p. 74.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, pp. 873, 928; figs. 947, 1000.
Smith, Diet. Ant. 1, p. 315.
Gerspach, La Mosaique, p. 25.
Poynter and Head, Classic Painting, pp. 44-45.
Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. of Painting, i., p. 96,
fig· 24·
Mazois, Les Ruines de Pompei, iv. 48.
Seyffert, Diet., p. 400. .
Dyer, Pompeii, p. 277.
Girard, La Peinture Antique, p. 137.
The most famous mosaic in the world. It depicts the
decisive moment at Issus, when Alexander broke through the
Persians and reached Darius himself. Alexander, with bare
head, leads the Greek cavalry. He has transfixed a Persian,
whose horse lies beneath him wounded with a spearhead. The
Persian is a noble of the highest rank clad in the richest
garments and wearing a torques or ring of twisted gold on his
neck. He is probably Oxathres, the brother of Darius. Darius
himself stands in his chariot, in panic at the onset of the
Greeks and the death of his friends. The charioteer flogs his
horses into a wild gallop. Round the King’s chariot is a con-
fused mass of routed Persians retreating. Beneath the horses’
hoofs and in the foreground are the wounded, one of whom falls
holding a shield, in which his face is mirrored, to protect him.
The armour of both nations is clearly shown and distin-
guished. Alexander has a highly ornamented cuirass (0ώρα£),
of. Pl. 36, 37) with shoulder guards, over which he wears a
χλαμΰς fastened at the throat. A lance is his chief weapon,
but he has a sword hanging from a cross-belt under his left
arm (cf. fig. 1). He wears sleeves, a noticeable thing for a
Greek. Not much can be seen of the other Greeks except
their long lances, crested helmets and the round shields which
lie. in the foreground.
The Persians wear richly embroidered trousers (ανα^υρ/δες),
sleeved tunics and soft turbans (μ,ίτραι, mitrae) which are
wrapped round chin and neck. The turban of Darius is
higher than the rest, the όρθη τιάρα being the distinctive
headdress of the great king. Darius and his body-guard all
wear twisted rings of gold (στρεπτοί) round their necks. They
are armed with lances, scimitars and short bows of horn. The
Persian standard mounted on a spear is noteworthy. Among
other details, the rough spear with a thong attached (αγκύλη,
amentum Pi. 22, figs. 6, 8, 9, 11), the bits, bridles and trappings,
of the horse, the armlets (ι/<ε'λια, armillae), moustaches worn
by the Persians, and the King’s heavy chariot deserve notice.
Fig. 3.—Asiatic Warrior.
Painted Bas-relief on Soft Coarse Limestone built
into the South Wall of Konieh (Ancient Iconium) in
Lycaonia.
Texier, Asie Mineure, Pl. 103, p. 148.
The warrior wears a helmet, loin-cloth, cuirass, greaves and
shoes, and is armed with a two-pronged spear, a curved sword
and a shield.
The lower part of the shield has a red fringe, which somewhat
resembles the apron which hangs from the shield in the Xanthus
frieze (Pl. 36, 1; cf. Pl. 40, fig. 8). A red tassel is attached to
the handle of the sword.
Fig. 4.—Peltast.
Red-figured Painting on a Bowl (scyphus). Attic,
about 500 B.C.
Guhl and Koner, Life of Greeks and Romans, fig. 273.
Stackelberg, Graber der Hellenen, Pl. xxxviii.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, fig. 2195.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 1664.
Seyffert, Diet., pp. 467 and 481.
The Peltast was a light-armed soldier, who wore a light
jerkin and gaiters (ίφικρατιδε?) instead of metal breast-
plate and greaves, and was armed with a light spear (άκόντιον),
a long sword, and a flat, light, crescent-shaped shield of wood
or wicker-work covered with hide (ττε'λττ?). This equipment
was originally Thracian (cf. Xenophon, Mem. iii. 9, 2), and was
only adopted in Greece proper after the Peloponnesian War.
Iphicrates was the first to form a corps of such yWAwA at Athens.
In art the shield is one of the characteristics of Amazons
and barbarians, so that in the vase-painting the peltast must
not be mistaken for a Greek. He is clothed in a single cloth
[ wrapped round his waist, an ideal costume, and armed with
spear and pelta.
Fig. 5.—Horseman with Lance.
Silver Coin of Magnesia in Ionia. In Berlin Anti-
quarium.
Berliner Munzkabinet, Pl. 3, fig. 223.
British Museum Cat. of Gk. Coins, Pl. 18, fig. 1.
_
The characteristic marks of the Greek cavalry were their
heavy breastplates and lances (ξυστόν). The horseman here
is armed with these, and also wears a helmet, cloak (χλα/ζΰς)
and high boots. His horse is covered with the skin of a wild
beast, probably a lion, which serves as a saddle.
75
1. 2
Fig. i.—Hoplite.
Relief on a Grave-stone (stele) of the Fifth Century
b.c. Found at Megara. Said by Stackelberg to have
BEEN SENT TO ENGLAND.
Stackelberg, Graber der Hellenen, Pl. 3.
The warrior is represented, in the manner of fifth century
art, as only half armed. His weapons are a spear which he
carries in his left hand and a sword which hangs by a cross-
belt, under a round heavy shield. In his right hand is a
conical felt cap (τπλιδιον) such as was worn by Arcadian
soldiers. He wears an exomis and a mantle much in the
Spartan style. Greaves and breastplate are omitted.
Fig. 2.—The Battle of Issus.
Mosaic Floor from the “Casa del Fauno,” discovered
IN 1831 AND NOW IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, NAPLES.
(Sala di Flora, No. 10020.) 17 feet by io feet.
The Parts Missing were destroyed by an Earthquake,
AND REPAIRED WITH CEMENT IN ANTIQUITY. GREEK WORK
OF ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 612, 613.
Rolfe, Handbook Naples Museum, p. 74.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, pp. 873, 928; figs. 947, 1000.
Smith, Diet. Ant. 1, p. 315.
Gerspach, La Mosaique, p. 25.
Poynter and Head, Classic Painting, pp. 44-45.
Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. of Painting, i., p. 96,
fig· 24·
Mazois, Les Ruines de Pompei, iv. 48.
Seyffert, Diet., p. 400. .
Dyer, Pompeii, p. 277.
Girard, La Peinture Antique, p. 137.
The most famous mosaic in the world. It depicts the
decisive moment at Issus, when Alexander broke through the
Persians and reached Darius himself. Alexander, with bare
head, leads the Greek cavalry. He has transfixed a Persian,
whose horse lies beneath him wounded with a spearhead. The
Persian is a noble of the highest rank clad in the richest
garments and wearing a torques or ring of twisted gold on his
neck. He is probably Oxathres, the brother of Darius. Darius
himself stands in his chariot, in panic at the onset of the
Greeks and the death of his friends. The charioteer flogs his
horses into a wild gallop. Round the King’s chariot is a con-
fused mass of routed Persians retreating. Beneath the horses’
hoofs and in the foreground are the wounded, one of whom falls
holding a shield, in which his face is mirrored, to protect him.
The armour of both nations is clearly shown and distin-
guished. Alexander has a highly ornamented cuirass (0ώρα£),
of. Pl. 36, 37) with shoulder guards, over which he wears a
χλαμΰς fastened at the throat. A lance is his chief weapon,
but he has a sword hanging from a cross-belt under his left
arm (cf. fig. 1). He wears sleeves, a noticeable thing for a
Greek. Not much can be seen of the other Greeks except
their long lances, crested helmets and the round shields which
lie. in the foreground.
The Persians wear richly embroidered trousers (ανα^υρ/δες),
sleeved tunics and soft turbans (μ,ίτραι, mitrae) which are
wrapped round chin and neck. The turban of Darius is
higher than the rest, the όρθη τιάρα being the distinctive
headdress of the great king. Darius and his body-guard all
wear twisted rings of gold (στρεπτοί) round their necks. They
are armed with lances, scimitars and short bows of horn. The
Persian standard mounted on a spear is noteworthy. Among
other details, the rough spear with a thong attached (αγκύλη,
amentum Pi. 22, figs. 6, 8, 9, 11), the bits, bridles and trappings,
of the horse, the armlets (ι/<ε'λια, armillae), moustaches worn
by the Persians, and the King’s heavy chariot deserve notice.
Fig. 3.—Asiatic Warrior.
Painted Bas-relief on Soft Coarse Limestone built
into the South Wall of Konieh (Ancient Iconium) in
Lycaonia.
Texier, Asie Mineure, Pl. 103, p. 148.
The warrior wears a helmet, loin-cloth, cuirass, greaves and
shoes, and is armed with a two-pronged spear, a curved sword
and a shield.
The lower part of the shield has a red fringe, which somewhat
resembles the apron which hangs from the shield in the Xanthus
frieze (Pl. 36, 1; cf. Pl. 40, fig. 8). A red tassel is attached to
the handle of the sword.
Fig. 4.—Peltast.
Red-figured Painting on a Bowl (scyphus). Attic,
about 500 B.C.
Guhl and Koner, Life of Greeks and Romans, fig. 273.
Stackelberg, Graber der Hellenen, Pl. xxxviii.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, fig. 2195.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 1664.
Seyffert, Diet., pp. 467 and 481.
The Peltast was a light-armed soldier, who wore a light
jerkin and gaiters (ίφικρατιδε?) instead of metal breast-
plate and greaves, and was armed with a light spear (άκόντιον),
a long sword, and a flat, light, crescent-shaped shield of wood
or wicker-work covered with hide (ττε'λττ?). This equipment
was originally Thracian (cf. Xenophon, Mem. iii. 9, 2), and was
only adopted in Greece proper after the Peloponnesian War.
Iphicrates was the first to form a corps of such yWAwA at Athens.
In art the shield is one of the characteristics of Amazons
and barbarians, so that in the vase-painting the peltast must
not be mistaken for a Greek. He is clothed in a single cloth
[ wrapped round his waist, an ideal costume, and armed with
spear and pelta.
Fig. 5.—Horseman with Lance.
Silver Coin of Magnesia in Ionia. In Berlin Anti-
quarium.
Berliner Munzkabinet, Pl. 3, fig. 223.
British Museum Cat. of Gk. Coins, Pl. 18, fig. 1.
_
The characteristic marks of the Greek cavalry were their
heavy breastplates and lances (ξυστόν). The horseman here
is armed with these, and also wears a helmet, cloak (χλα/ζΰς)
and high boots. His horse is covered with the skin of a wild
beast, probably a lion, which serves as a saddle.
75
1. 2