DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.49928#0166
Figs. 8, 9.—“Opus incertum, reticulatum, lateritium.”
Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, i., pp. 52, 53.
Smith, Diet. Ant. ii., p. 189.
Vitruvius (ii. 8) describing the different systems of masonry
{structurarum genera} speaks of the reticulatum as that in use
in his time, while the incertum is that of the earlier period. In
the incertum the stones of the rubble which form the face
{frons} of the wall are fitted according to their shapes, the
interstices being filled with mortar. In the reticulatum the face
is formed of small squares set in a network pattern. The
reticulatum is much more likely to crack than the incertum.
Neither the incertum or reticulatum are suited for corners.
These are generally faced with ordinary brickwork {opus
lateritium).
Fig. io.—Ridge Tiles from the Treasury of the Ge-
loans, Olympia.
Sixth Century b.c. at latest.
Ausgrabungen zu Olympia, v. 34, 1.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 1104 d, fig. 1274.
The roof is covered with flanged terra-cotta tiles, arranged in
the same way as in fig. 11, curved tiles (καλυπτί/ρες) being
used to cover the joints. The ridge is also formed of curved
tiles {tegulae colliciares) which are decorated with painted
terra-cotta palmettes. The gutters and antefixes of the same
roof are shown, Pl. 10, fig. 7.
Fig. ii.—Roof of the Temple of Hera at Olympia.
Botticher, Olympia, yy 196.
The tiles (κέραμοι, κεραμίδες) are curved, and rest with
their sides on the rafters, and their end overlapping one
another. The joints above the rafters are covered with rows
of curved tiles (καλυτττί/ρες = imbrices), which end in round
bosses (ακρωτήρια = antefixae). The row of tiles at the
gable end is more curved than the rest, as is shown by the
two figures given at the sides of the roof. The ridge is covered
in much the same way as in fig. 10. It ends in a large
circular boss (άκρωττ/ριον) of painted terra-cotta.
Curved tiles of this shape are still in use all over Europe.
Fig. 12.—Tiled Roof found in the Baths at Ostia, and
still preserved there.
Campana, Antiche Opere in plastica, PL 6.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 334.
Marquardt, Privatleben der Romer, p. 638, fig. 10.
The tiles {tegulae) are made with flanges two-and-a-quarter
inches high, which fit into one another when )the tiles are
laid with ends overlapping. The sides of the tiles rest on
the rafters, and the joints are covered with semicircular
tiles three feet long and three inches in diameter {imbrices},
the ends of which also overlap. The exposed ends ot the
imbrices are covered with antefixae, which are decorated with
heads and other designs.
Below the roof is a terra-cotta gutter, with gurgoyles for
the escape of rainwater {cf. fig. 13).
Roofs of this kind were almost universally used in anti-
quity. In many cases, however, the tiles were of marble or
bronze instead of terra-cotta. Cf. Smith’s Diet. Ant., s.v.
Tegulae
Fig. 13.—Gurgoyle from Pompeii.
Seroux d’ Agincourt, Recueuil de Frag., Pl. 29, 6.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 336.
Fig. 14.—The Roof of the Portico of the Pantheon
{cf. Pl. 18, Figs. 2, 3,) after Serlio.
Semper, Der Stil (2nd ed.), i., p. 345.
The roof is supported on rafters, struts and principals, all
of bronze.
Figs. 15, 16.—Plan and Section of the Atrium Tus-
canicum.
Mazois, Ruines de Pompei, ii., PL 3, figs. 1, 2.
Overbeck, Pompeii (4th ed.), figs. 139-140.
Marquardt, Privatleben der Romer, p. 237, figs, a, b.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, figs. 1513-4.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., figs. 1270-1.
The Romans learnt their architecture from the Etruscans.
The earliest forms of the Etruscan house are shown in the
cinerary urns, PL 53, figs. 4, 5, in both of which the roof slopes
outward {displuviatuni). Neither of these forms is suited for
town houses, as the water runs off the roof into the gutters at the
side, and necessitates a considerable space between the houses.
The later, or city house, had accordingly a roof, which sloped
inwards {tectum compluviatum), with an opening in the centre
{compluvium) through which the rainwater fell into a cistern
{impluvium) below. Vitruvius gives three systems of roofs
{cava aedium) of this kind, the tuscanicum, tetrastylum, and
corinthium. The tuscanicum is the oldest and simplest, and
was characteristic of the ancient Roman house or atrium.
In it the roof was supported by two main beams {trabes, b
in figs. 15, 16) running across the room some feet below the
top of the wall, with crossbeams {interpensiva, c) in the middle,
forming the square opening of the compluvium {g). Four
other beams {colliciae, e) ran from the top corners of the wall
to the corners of the compluvium, forming the framework of
the roof, on which the rafters {asseres, capreoli,f) were fixed.
The sloping roof thus constructed was tiled in the usual
way. The water from the compluvium was collected in the
cistern, impluvium {h), in the floor below. The other sys-
tems {cava aedium, tetrastylum, corinthium) were intended for
rooms which could not safely be spanned by a single pair
of beams. In both of them the outer ends of the beams
rested on pillars round the impluvium, as in the Greek
house {cf. PL 53, fig. 10) and the peristylium of the later
Roman house (<f. PL 53, figs. 6, 16).
102
Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, i., pp. 52, 53.
Smith, Diet. Ant. ii., p. 189.
Vitruvius (ii. 8) describing the different systems of masonry
{structurarum genera} speaks of the reticulatum as that in use
in his time, while the incertum is that of the earlier period. In
the incertum the stones of the rubble which form the face
{frons} of the wall are fitted according to their shapes, the
interstices being filled with mortar. In the reticulatum the face
is formed of small squares set in a network pattern. The
reticulatum is much more likely to crack than the incertum.
Neither the incertum or reticulatum are suited for corners.
These are generally faced with ordinary brickwork {opus
lateritium).
Fig. io.—Ridge Tiles from the Treasury of the Ge-
loans, Olympia.
Sixth Century b.c. at latest.
Ausgrabungen zu Olympia, v. 34, 1.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 1104 d, fig. 1274.
The roof is covered with flanged terra-cotta tiles, arranged in
the same way as in fig. 11, curved tiles (καλυπτί/ρες) being
used to cover the joints. The ridge is also formed of curved
tiles {tegulae colliciares) which are decorated with painted
terra-cotta palmettes. The gutters and antefixes of the same
roof are shown, Pl. 10, fig. 7.
Fig. ii.—Roof of the Temple of Hera at Olympia.
Botticher, Olympia, yy 196.
The tiles (κέραμοι, κεραμίδες) are curved, and rest with
their sides on the rafters, and their end overlapping one
another. The joints above the rafters are covered with rows
of curved tiles (καλυτττί/ρες = imbrices), which end in round
bosses (ακρωτήρια = antefixae). The row of tiles at the
gable end is more curved than the rest, as is shown by the
two figures given at the sides of the roof. The ridge is covered
in much the same way as in fig. 10. It ends in a large
circular boss (άκρωττ/ριον) of painted terra-cotta.
Curved tiles of this shape are still in use all over Europe.
Fig. 12.—Tiled Roof found in the Baths at Ostia, and
still preserved there.
Campana, Antiche Opere in plastica, PL 6.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 334.
Marquardt, Privatleben der Romer, p. 638, fig. 10.
The tiles {tegulae) are made with flanges two-and-a-quarter
inches high, which fit into one another when )the tiles are
laid with ends overlapping. The sides of the tiles rest on
the rafters, and the joints are covered with semicircular
tiles three feet long and three inches in diameter {imbrices},
the ends of which also overlap. The exposed ends ot the
imbrices are covered with antefixae, which are decorated with
heads and other designs.
Below the roof is a terra-cotta gutter, with gurgoyles for
the escape of rainwater {cf. fig. 13).
Roofs of this kind were almost universally used in anti-
quity. In many cases, however, the tiles were of marble or
bronze instead of terra-cotta. Cf. Smith’s Diet. Ant., s.v.
Tegulae
Fig. 13.—Gurgoyle from Pompeii.
Seroux d’ Agincourt, Recueuil de Frag., Pl. 29, 6.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 336.
Fig. 14.—The Roof of the Portico of the Pantheon
{cf. Pl. 18, Figs. 2, 3,) after Serlio.
Semper, Der Stil (2nd ed.), i., p. 345.
The roof is supported on rafters, struts and principals, all
of bronze.
Figs. 15, 16.—Plan and Section of the Atrium Tus-
canicum.
Mazois, Ruines de Pompei, ii., PL 3, figs. 1, 2.
Overbeck, Pompeii (4th ed.), figs. 139-140.
Marquardt, Privatleben der Romer, p. 237, figs, a, b.
Baumeister, Denkmaler, figs. 1513-4.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., figs. 1270-1.
The Romans learnt their architecture from the Etruscans.
The earliest forms of the Etruscan house are shown in the
cinerary urns, PL 53, figs. 4, 5, in both of which the roof slopes
outward {displuviatuni). Neither of these forms is suited for
town houses, as the water runs off the roof into the gutters at the
side, and necessitates a considerable space between the houses.
The later, or city house, had accordingly a roof, which sloped
inwards {tectum compluviatum), with an opening in the centre
{compluvium) through which the rainwater fell into a cistern
{impluvium) below. Vitruvius gives three systems of roofs
{cava aedium) of this kind, the tuscanicum, tetrastylum, and
corinthium. The tuscanicum is the oldest and simplest, and
was characteristic of the ancient Roman house or atrium.
In it the roof was supported by two main beams {trabes, b
in figs. 15, 16) running across the room some feet below the
top of the wall, with crossbeams {interpensiva, c) in the middle,
forming the square opening of the compluvium {g). Four
other beams {colliciae, e) ran from the top corners of the wall
to the corners of the compluvium, forming the framework of
the roof, on which the rafters {asseres, capreoli,f) were fixed.
The sloping roof thus constructed was tiled in the usual
way. The water from the compluvium was collected in the
cistern, impluvium {h), in the floor below. The other sys-
tems {cava aedium, tetrastylum, corinthium) were intended for
rooms which could not safely be spanned by a single pair
of beams. In both of them the outer ends of the beams
rested on pillars round the impluvium, as in the Greek
house {cf. PL 53, fig. 10) and the peristylium of the later
Roman house (<f. PL 53, figs. 6, 16).
102