DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.49928#0210
There is a precisely similar machine in the relief on the
monument of Eurysaces (Fig. 12), which, however, is driven
by a mule. It is needless to add that such a machine could
only be used in large public bakeries, and that the kneading
trough (μάκτρα, alveus) was used in all households, as in
modern times (fig. 8).
Fig. 7.—Sifting Meal.
Relief from the Monument of Eurysaces, Fig. 5.
Blumner, Technologic, i., p. 51, fig. 7.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 2070.
The meal as it came from the mill was of course of all sizes,
so that sifting into different qualities was necessary. This was
done, as in the relief, by ordinary sieves.
Fig. 8.—Mill and Baking Utensils.
Relief on the Sarcophagus of P. Nonius Zethus, his
Wife and Friends.
In the Museo Chiaramonti at the Vatican.
Roman, of the Imperial Period.
Jahn, Berichte d. sdchs. Gesellsch., 1861, Pl. xii. 3.
BlPmner, Technologic, i., p. 44.
On the left is a mill worked by a mule. It has a framework
almost identical with that in fig. 14, and differs from it chiefly in
having the hopper attached to the centre of the upper crossbeam.
It also has a circular trough below to catch the meal as it falls.
On the right are several baker’s utensils, an oval kneading
trough, a sieve, a basket, and churn-like objects that are pro-
bably corn measures.
Figs. 9 and 10.—A Roman Mill.
The Section of a Pompeian Mill, the iron parts being
restored according to Mazois, who saw them before
they crumbled away (Fig. 5). Roman, First Century a.d.
Overbeck, Pompeii, figs. 190-τ.
Seyffert, Diet, of Ant., p. 392.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, figs. 1003, 1004.
BlPmner, Technologic, i., figs. 2-4, p. 27.
The earliest mills (apart from the mortars, fig. 3) consisted
of two stones, long and smooth, the other small and rounded.
The corn was ground simply by rubbing the one up and down
the other. Such corn-crushers were found by Schliemann in
the lowest strata at Hissarlik.
The earliest improvement on this form was to make the smaller
and upper stone revolve on the lower, and this was followed
by the further invention of boring the upper stone and pouring
the corn to be ground through the hole, thus forming the hand-
mill or quern (/ιΰλτ?, mold?) familiar to us as that mentioned
in the Bible. The Pompeian mills show a later development
of this form. They consist of an upper stone in the shape of
a double-funnel (</ e), the catillus, which rests on a conical
stone (f), the meta, embedded in masonry which forms a pro-
jecting ridge round it (f). The friction of the upper stone on
the lower was eased by an iron pivot (fig. io«) attached to the
upper stone, which worked in a socket (b), which was let into
the lower stone. The upper stone was driven by a wooden
bar to which a mule or horse could be harnessed (figs. 8, 14).
Sometimes a water-mill was the motive power, but wind-mills
were unknown.
The corn to be ground was poured into the funnel above,
and the meal was collected on the ledge below (f) (cf fig. 8).
Fig. ii.—Longitudinal Section of the Oven in fig. 2,
No. 17.
Overbeck, Pompeii, fig. 192.
BlPmner, Technologic, i., p. 65, fig. 10.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, f. 223.
a is the oven proper with a domed roof.
b a large covered space surrounding the oven outside to
prevent the escape of heat.
c the door communicating with the room outside.
d a vent for the escape of smoke and fumes.
e the hearth.
f an earthenware vessel for water.
The heating was done with charcoal so that there was no
need of a chimney.
Fig. 12.—Kneading Dough by Hand and in a Mill.
Relief from the Monument of Eurysaces (fig. 5).
Blumner, Technologic, p. 63, f. 8.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., figs. 8 and 243.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, fig. 224.
On the right is a machine for kneading similar to that in
fig. 8. The crossbar to which the mule is harnessed has been
omitted. A slave stoops to take out the prepared dough in
order to hand it to the four men who are busily shaping the
loaves at the table. They are working under the orders of a
foreman, who wears a long sleeved shirt, while they have only
a loincloth (cf. fig. 1).
Fig. 13.—A Butcher’s Sign.
Relief on Stone.
Italian.
Visconti, Atti dell? Acad. Rom. xiii., p. 158.
Jahn, Berichte, 1861, p. 353.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, fig. 216.
This sign, with five hams in relief, probably served its owner
a pernarius, as a gravestone after death.
Fig. 14.—A Roman Mill.
Relief on a late Roman Sarcophagus.
In the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican.
Pistolesi, Vatic. Descr. iv. 16.
Jahn, Berichte d. sacks. Ges. &=c., 1861, Pl. 12, 2.
BlOmner, Technologic, i., p. 43, fig. 6.
Smith, Diet, of Ant., ii., p. 176.
The relief shows two mills, of which that to the right is
reproduced here. The horses that drive them are going in
opposite directions. The horse here shown wears blinkers
which completely cover his eyes, and is harnessed by a collar
and chain to a huge wooden framework which is clamped to
the upper stone. On the top of this framework is what seems
to be a hopper for regulating the flow of the grain. The lower
stone is grooved like a modern flat millstone with slanting
grooves. The mill is evidently in a dark cellar, for a burning
lamp stands on a little bracket to the left. On the right a
slave wearing a girded blouse (tunica?) is carrying off a vessel
full of ground meal.
13°
monument of Eurysaces (Fig. 12), which, however, is driven
by a mule. It is needless to add that such a machine could
only be used in large public bakeries, and that the kneading
trough (μάκτρα, alveus) was used in all households, as in
modern times (fig. 8).
Fig. 7.—Sifting Meal.
Relief from the Monument of Eurysaces, Fig. 5.
Blumner, Technologic, i., p. 51, fig. 7.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., fig. 2070.
The meal as it came from the mill was of course of all sizes,
so that sifting into different qualities was necessary. This was
done, as in the relief, by ordinary sieves.
Fig. 8.—Mill and Baking Utensils.
Relief on the Sarcophagus of P. Nonius Zethus, his
Wife and Friends.
In the Museo Chiaramonti at the Vatican.
Roman, of the Imperial Period.
Jahn, Berichte d. sdchs. Gesellsch., 1861, Pl. xii. 3.
BlPmner, Technologic, i., p. 44.
On the left is a mill worked by a mule. It has a framework
almost identical with that in fig. 14, and differs from it chiefly in
having the hopper attached to the centre of the upper crossbeam.
It also has a circular trough below to catch the meal as it falls.
On the right are several baker’s utensils, an oval kneading
trough, a sieve, a basket, and churn-like objects that are pro-
bably corn measures.
Figs. 9 and 10.—A Roman Mill.
The Section of a Pompeian Mill, the iron parts being
restored according to Mazois, who saw them before
they crumbled away (Fig. 5). Roman, First Century a.d.
Overbeck, Pompeii, figs. 190-τ.
Seyffert, Diet, of Ant., p. 392.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, figs. 1003, 1004.
BlPmner, Technologic, i., figs. 2-4, p. 27.
The earliest mills (apart from the mortars, fig. 3) consisted
of two stones, long and smooth, the other small and rounded.
The corn was ground simply by rubbing the one up and down
the other. Such corn-crushers were found by Schliemann in
the lowest strata at Hissarlik.
The earliest improvement on this form was to make the smaller
and upper stone revolve on the lower, and this was followed
by the further invention of boring the upper stone and pouring
the corn to be ground through the hole, thus forming the hand-
mill or quern (/ιΰλτ?, mold?) familiar to us as that mentioned
in the Bible. The Pompeian mills show a later development
of this form. They consist of an upper stone in the shape of
a double-funnel (</ e), the catillus, which rests on a conical
stone (f), the meta, embedded in masonry which forms a pro-
jecting ridge round it (f). The friction of the upper stone on
the lower was eased by an iron pivot (fig. io«) attached to the
upper stone, which worked in a socket (b), which was let into
the lower stone. The upper stone was driven by a wooden
bar to which a mule or horse could be harnessed (figs. 8, 14).
Sometimes a water-mill was the motive power, but wind-mills
were unknown.
The corn to be ground was poured into the funnel above,
and the meal was collected on the ledge below (f) (cf fig. 8).
Fig. ii.—Longitudinal Section of the Oven in fig. 2,
No. 17.
Overbeck, Pompeii, fig. 192.
BlPmner, Technologic, i., p. 65, fig. 10.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, f. 223.
a is the oven proper with a domed roof.
b a large covered space surrounding the oven outside to
prevent the escape of heat.
c the door communicating with the room outside.
d a vent for the escape of smoke and fumes.
e the hearth.
f an earthenware vessel for water.
The heating was done with charcoal so that there was no
need of a chimney.
Fig. 12.—Kneading Dough by Hand and in a Mill.
Relief from the Monument of Eurysaces (fig. 5).
Blumner, Technologic, p. 63, f. 8.
Daremberg et Saglio, Diet., figs. 8 and 243.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, fig. 224.
On the right is a machine for kneading similar to that in
fig. 8. The crossbar to which the mule is harnessed has been
omitted. A slave stoops to take out the prepared dough in
order to hand it to the four men who are busily shaping the
loaves at the table. They are working under the orders of a
foreman, who wears a long sleeved shirt, while they have only
a loincloth (cf. fig. 1).
Fig. 13.—A Butcher’s Sign.
Relief on Stone.
Italian.
Visconti, Atti dell? Acad. Rom. xiii., p. 158.
Jahn, Berichte, 1861, p. 353.
Baumeister, Denkmdler, fig. 216.
This sign, with five hams in relief, probably served its owner
a pernarius, as a gravestone after death.
Fig. 14.—A Roman Mill.
Relief on a late Roman Sarcophagus.
In the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican.
Pistolesi, Vatic. Descr. iv. 16.
Jahn, Berichte d. sacks. Ges. &=c., 1861, Pl. 12, 2.
BlOmner, Technologic, i., p. 43, fig. 6.
Smith, Diet, of Ant., ii., p. 176.
The relief shows two mills, of which that to the right is
reproduced here. The horses that drive them are going in
opposite directions. The horse here shown wears blinkers
which completely cover his eyes, and is harnessed by a collar
and chain to a huge wooden framework which is clamped to
the upper stone. On the top of this framework is what seems
to be a hopper for regulating the flow of the grain. The lower
stone is grooved like a modern flat millstone with slanting
grooves. The mill is evidently in a dark cellar, for a burning
lamp stands on a little bracket to the left. On the right a
slave wearing a girded blouse (tunica?) is carrying off a vessel
full of ground meal.
13°