Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

APPAUITOK.

29

AQUAE DUCTUS.

arose in the East on the dismemberment of
the empire 01 Alexander, it appears to have
been no. uncommon for the successor to the
throne to offer divine honours to the former
sovereign. Such an apotheosis of Ptolemy,
king- of Egypt, is described by Theocritus in
his 17th Idyl. The term apotheosis, among
the Romans, properly signified the elevation
of a deceased emperor to divine honours.
This practice, which was common upon the
death of almost all the emperors, appears to
have arisen from the opinion which was
generally entertained among the Romans,
that the souls or manes of their ancestors
became deities ; and as it was common for
children to worship the manes of their
fathers, so it was natural for divine honours
to be publicly paid to a deceased emperor,
who was regarded as the parent of his
country. This apotheosis of an emperor was
usually called consecratio ; and the emperor
who received the honour of an apotheosis
was usually said in deorum numerum refer ri,
or consecrari, and whenever he is spoken of
after his death, the title of divus is prefixed
to his name. The funeral pile on which the
body of the deceased emperor was burnt, was
constructed of several stories in the form of
chambers rising one above another, and in
the highest an eagle was placed, which was
let loose as the fire began to burn, and which
was supposed to carry the soul of the em-
peror from earth to heaven.

APPAUITOK, the general name for a
public servant of the magistrates at Rome,
namely, the Accensus, Carnifex, Coactok,
Interpres, Lictor, Praeco, Scriba, Stator,
Vjator, of whom an account is given in
separate articles. They were called appa-
ritores because they were at hand to execute
the commands of the magistrates [quod Us
apparebant). Their service or attendance
was called apparitio.

APPELLATIO, appeal.—(1) Greek (e$c<ro
or avaSiKLii.) Owing to the constitution of
the Athenian tribunals, each of which was
generally appropriated to its peculiar sub-
jects of cognisance, and therefore could not
be considered as homogeneous with or subor-
dinate to any other, there was little oppor-
tunity for bringing appeals properly so called.
It is to be observed also, that in general a
cause was finally and irrevocably decided by
the verdict of the dicasts (<5<.'kt) avroTeAijs).
There were only a few exceptions in which
appeals and new trials might be resorted to.
—(2) Roman. The word appellatio, and the
corresponding verb appellare, are used in the
early Roman writers to express the appli-
cation of an individual to a magistrate, and
particularly to a tribune, in order to protect

himself from some wrong inflicted, or threat-
ened to be inflicted. It is distinguished from
provocatio, which in the early writers is used
to signify an appeal to the populus in a
matter affecting life. It would seem that the
provocatio was an ancient right of the Roman
citizens. The surviving Horatius, who mur-
dered his sister, appealed from the duumviri
to the populus. The decemviri took away
the provocatio; but it was restored by the
Lex Valeria et Uoratia, b.c. 449, in the year
after the decemvirate, and it was at the same
time enacted, that in future no magistrate
should be made from whom there should be
no appeal. On this Livy remarks, that the
plebs were now protected by the provocatio
and the tribunicium auxilium ; this latter
term has reference to the appellatio properly
so called. The complete phrase to express
the provocatio is provocare ad popirfum ; and
the phrase which expresses the appellatio is
appellare ad, &c.

APSIS or ABSIS (ai//i's), in architecture,
signified first, any building or portion of a
building of a circular form or vaulted, and
more especially the circular and vaulted end
of a Basilica.

AQUAE DUCTUS (ySpayaryCa), literally, a
water-conduit, but the word is used especially
for the magnificent structures by means of
which Rome and other cities of the Roman
empire were supplied with water. A Roman
aqueduct, often called simply aqua, may be
described in general terms as a channel, con-
structed as nearly as possible with a regular
declivity from the source whence the water
was derived to the place where it was de-
livered, carried through hills by means of
tunnels, and over valleys upon a substruction
of solid masonry or arches. The aqueduct is
mentioned by Strabo as among the structures
which were neglected by the Greeks, and
first brought into use by the Romans.
Springs (Kprjvai, Kpovvoi) were sufficiently
abundant in Greece to supply the great cities
with water ; and they were frequently con-
verted into public fountains by the formation
of a head for their waters, and the erection
of an ornamental superstructure. Of this
we have an example in the Enneacrunos at
Athens, which was constructed by Peisistratus
and his sons. The Romans were in a very
different position, with respect to the supply
of water, from most of the Greek cities.
They, at first, had recourse to the Tiber, and
to wells sunk in the city; but the water
obtained from those sources was very un-
wholesome, and must soon have proved in-
sufficient, from the growth of the population.
It was this necessity'.hat led to the invention
j of aqueducts, in order to bring pure Matt-i