DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.13855#0081
CARRAGO.
73
CASTltA.
two, and sometimes for three persons, besides
the coachman. It was commonly drawn by
a pair of mules, but more rarely by oxen or
horses, and sometimes by four horses like a
quadriga.—Carpenta, or covered carts, were
much used by the Britons, the Gauls, and
other northern nations. These, together with
the carts of the more common form, including
baggage-waggons, appear to have been com-
prehended under the term carri, or carra,
which is the Celtic name with a Latin termi-
nation. The Gauls took a great multitude of
them on their military expeditions, and when
they were encamped, arranged them in close
order, so as to form extensive lines of circum-
vallation.
CARRAGO, a kind of fortification, consist-
ing of a great number of waggons placed
round an army. It was employed by bar-
barous nations, as, for instance, the Scythians,
Gauls, and Goths. Carrago also signifies some-
times the baggage of an army.
CARRUCA, a carriage, the name of which
only occurs under the emperors. It appears
to have been a species of rheda [Rheda],
had four wheels, and was used in travelling.
These carriages were sometimes used in Rome
by persons of distinction, like the carpenta ;
in which case they appear to have been
covered with plates of bronze, silver, and even
gold, which were sometimes ornamented with
embossed work.
CARRUS. [CAltrEXTL-m.]
CARTA or CARYATIS (xapva, KapuaTts),
a festival celebrated at Caryae, in Laeonia, in
honour of Artemis Caryatis. It was celebrated
every year by Lacedaemonian maidens with
national dances of a very lively kind.
CARYATIDES, female figures used in
architecture instead of columns. Their name
is usually derived from Caryae, a city in
Arcadia, near the Laconian border, the
women of which are said to have been re-
duced to slavery by the Greeks, because
Caryae had joined the Persians at the inva-
sion of Greece. But this tale is probably
apocryphal. One of the porticos of the
Erechtheum at Athens is supported by Cary-
atides.
CASSIS. ' [Galea.]
CASTELLDM AQUAE. [Aquae Ductus.]
CASTltA. Roman armies never halted for
a single night without forming a regular en-
trenchment, termed castra, capable of receiv-
ing within its limits the whole body of fighting
men, their beasts of burden, and the baggage.
So completely was this recognised as a part of
the ordinary duties of each march, that pervc-
nire ad locum tertiis . . . quartis . . . sep-
tuagesunis castris are the established phrases
for expressing the number of days occupied
in passing from one point to another. 'When-
ever circumstances rendered it expedient for
a force to occupy the same ground for any
length of time, then the encampment was
distinguished as castra stativa. In wild and
barbarian lands, where there were no large
towns and no tribes on whose faith reliance
could be placed, armies, whether of invasion
or occupation, were forced to remain con-
stantly in camps. They usually, however,
occupied different ground in summer and in
winter, whence arose the distinction between
castra acstira and castra hiberna, both alike
being stativa. But whether a camp was
temporary or permanent, whether tenanted
in summer or in winter, the main features of
the work were always the same for the same
epoch. In hiberna, huts of turf or stone
would be substituted for the open tents of the
aestiva (hence aedificare hiberna), and in sta-
tiva held for long periods the defences would
present a more substantial and finished aspect,
but the general outline and disposition of the
parts were invariable. I'olybius has trans-
mitted to us a description of a Roman camp,
from which the annexed plan has been drawn
up. It is such as would be formed at the
close of an ordinary day's march by a regular
consular army consisting of two Roman legions
with the full contingent of Socii. Each legion
is calculated at 4200 infantry and 300 cavalry;
the Socii furnished an equal number of in-
fantry, and twice as many cavalry, so that
the whole force would amount to 16,800 foot
and 1800 horse. Skill in the selection of a
spot for a camp [capere loctim castris) was
ever considered as a high quality in a general,
and we find it recorded among the praises of
the most renowned commanders that they
were wont in person to perform this duty.
Under ordinary circumstances, however, the
task was devolved upon one of the military
tribunes, and a certain number of centurions
appointed from time to time for the purpose.
These having gone forward in advance of the
army until they reached the place near which
it was intended to halt, and having taken a
general survey of the ground, selected a spot
from whence a good view of the whole pro-
posed area might be obtained. This spot was
considerably within the limits of the contem-
plated enclosure, and was marked by a small
white flag. The next object was to ascertain
in what direction water and fodder might be
most easily and securely provided. These
two preliminary points being decided, the
business of measuring out the ground (metari
castra) commenced, and was executed, as we
learn from various sources, with graduated
rods (deccmpedae) by persons denominated
metatures. In practice the most important
73
CASTltA.
two, and sometimes for three persons, besides
the coachman. It was commonly drawn by
a pair of mules, but more rarely by oxen or
horses, and sometimes by four horses like a
quadriga.—Carpenta, or covered carts, were
much used by the Britons, the Gauls, and
other northern nations. These, together with
the carts of the more common form, including
baggage-waggons, appear to have been com-
prehended under the term carri, or carra,
which is the Celtic name with a Latin termi-
nation. The Gauls took a great multitude of
them on their military expeditions, and when
they were encamped, arranged them in close
order, so as to form extensive lines of circum-
vallation.
CARRAGO, a kind of fortification, consist-
ing of a great number of waggons placed
round an army. It was employed by bar-
barous nations, as, for instance, the Scythians,
Gauls, and Goths. Carrago also signifies some-
times the baggage of an army.
CARRUCA, a carriage, the name of which
only occurs under the emperors. It appears
to have been a species of rheda [Rheda],
had four wheels, and was used in travelling.
These carriages were sometimes used in Rome
by persons of distinction, like the carpenta ;
in which case they appear to have been
covered with plates of bronze, silver, and even
gold, which were sometimes ornamented with
embossed work.
CARRUS. [CAltrEXTL-m.]
CARTA or CARYATIS (xapva, KapuaTts),
a festival celebrated at Caryae, in Laeonia, in
honour of Artemis Caryatis. It was celebrated
every year by Lacedaemonian maidens with
national dances of a very lively kind.
CARYATIDES, female figures used in
architecture instead of columns. Their name
is usually derived from Caryae, a city in
Arcadia, near the Laconian border, the
women of which are said to have been re-
duced to slavery by the Greeks, because
Caryae had joined the Persians at the inva-
sion of Greece. But this tale is probably
apocryphal. One of the porticos of the
Erechtheum at Athens is supported by Cary-
atides.
CASSIS. ' [Galea.]
CASTELLDM AQUAE. [Aquae Ductus.]
CASTltA. Roman armies never halted for
a single night without forming a regular en-
trenchment, termed castra, capable of receiv-
ing within its limits the whole body of fighting
men, their beasts of burden, and the baggage.
So completely was this recognised as a part of
the ordinary duties of each march, that pervc-
nire ad locum tertiis . . . quartis . . . sep-
tuagesunis castris are the established phrases
for expressing the number of days occupied
in passing from one point to another. 'When-
ever circumstances rendered it expedient for
a force to occupy the same ground for any
length of time, then the encampment was
distinguished as castra stativa. In wild and
barbarian lands, where there were no large
towns and no tribes on whose faith reliance
could be placed, armies, whether of invasion
or occupation, were forced to remain con-
stantly in camps. They usually, however,
occupied different ground in summer and in
winter, whence arose the distinction between
castra acstira and castra hiberna, both alike
being stativa. But whether a camp was
temporary or permanent, whether tenanted
in summer or in winter, the main features of
the work were always the same for the same
epoch. In hiberna, huts of turf or stone
would be substituted for the open tents of the
aestiva (hence aedificare hiberna), and in sta-
tiva held for long periods the defences would
present a more substantial and finished aspect,
but the general outline and disposition of the
parts were invariable. I'olybius has trans-
mitted to us a description of a Roman camp,
from which the annexed plan has been drawn
up. It is such as would be formed at the
close of an ordinary day's march by a regular
consular army consisting of two Roman legions
with the full contingent of Socii. Each legion
is calculated at 4200 infantry and 300 cavalry;
the Socii furnished an equal number of in-
fantry, and twice as many cavalry, so that
the whole force would amount to 16,800 foot
and 1800 horse. Skill in the selection of a
spot for a camp [capere loctim castris) was
ever considered as a high quality in a general,
and we find it recorded among the praises of
the most renowned commanders that they
were wont in person to perform this duty.
Under ordinary circumstances, however, the
task was devolved upon one of the military
tribunes, and a certain number of centurions
appointed from time to time for the purpose.
These having gone forward in advance of the
army until they reached the place near which
it was intended to halt, and having taken a
general survey of the ground, selected a spot
from whence a good view of the whole pro-
posed area might be obtained. This spot was
considerably within the limits of the contem-
plated enclosure, and was marked by a small
white flag. The next object was to ascertain
in what direction water and fodder might be
most easily and securely provided. These
two preliminary points being decided, the
business of measuring out the ground (metari
castra) commenced, and was executed, as we
learn from various sources, with graduated
rods (deccmpedae) by persons denominated
metatures. In practice the most important