Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

CATALOGUS.

76

CATHEDRA.

the watch belonged. Sometimes we find
centurions, tribunes, and even the general in
chief represented as going the rounds, but,
under ordinary circumstances, the duty was
performed as we have described. The watch-
word for the night was not communicated
verbally, but by means of a small rectangular
tablet of wood (lrXartlov eTn.yeypap.p.eVoi'—
tessera) upon which it was written.—Breaking
up a Camp. On the first signal being given
by the trumpet, the tents were all struck and
the baggage packed, the tents of the general
and the tribunes being disposed of before the
others were touched. At the second signal
the baggage was placed upon the beasts of
burden ; at the third, the whole army began
to move.

CATALOGUS (/con-aAoyos), the catalogue of
those persons in Athens who were liable to
regular military service. At Athens, those
persons alone who possessed a certain amount
of property were allowed to serve in the re-
gular infantry, whilst the lowest class, the
thetes, had not this privilege. [Census.]
Thus the former are called oi « (caraAoyou
(TTpaTeuoi'res, and the latter oi tffco tov ko.to.-
Aoyou.

CATAPHRACTA. [LOBHJA.]

CATAPIIRACTI (leaTdtypcucToO. (1) Heavy-
armed cavalry, the horses of which were also
covered with defensive armour. Among
many of the Eastern nations, who placed
their chief dependence upon their cavalry, we
find horses protected in this manner; but
among the Romans we do not read of any
troops of this description till the later times
of the empire, when the discipline of the le-
gions was destroyed, and the chief depend-
ence began to be placed on the cavalry. This
species of troops was common among the
Persians from the earliest times, from whom
it was adopted by their Macedonian con-
querors. They were called by the Persians
clibanarii.—.(2) Decked vessels, in opposition
to Aphracii.

CATAPIRATKR (/caxaTreiparripi'a, /SoAi's), the
lead used in sounding (ev tu $oAi'feii>), or fa-
thoming the depth of water in navigation.
The mode of employing this instrument ap-
pears to have been precisely the same as that
now in use.

CATAPULTA. [Tormentum.]

CATARACTA OarappaK-rqs), a portcullis,
so called because it fell with great force and
a loud noise. It was an additional defence,
suspended by iron rings and ropes, before the
gates of a city, in such a manner that, when
the enemy had come up to the gates, the port-
cullis might be let down so as to shut them
in, and to enable the besieged to assail them
from above.

CATEIA, a missile used in war by the Ger-
mans, Gauls, and some of the Italian nations,
supposed to resemble the Aclis.

CATENA, dim. CATELLA (aAuo-is, dim.
akvaiov, akuvl&iov), a chain. The chains
which were of superior value, either on ac-
count of the material or the workmanship,
are commonly called catellae (iAvo-ia), the
diminutive expressing their fineness and de-
licacy as well as their minuteness. The spe-
cimens of ancient chains which we have in
bronze lamps, in scales, and in ornaments for
the person, especially necklaces, show a great
variety of elegant and ingenious patterns.
Besides a plain circle or oval, the separate
link is often shaped like the figure 8, or is a
bar with a circle at each end, or assumes other
forms, some of which are here shown. The

links are also found so closely entwined, that
the chain resembles platted wire or thread,
like the gold chains now manufactured at
Venice. This is represented in the lowest fi-
gure of the woodcut.

CATERYARI1. [Gladiatores.]
CATHEDRA, a seat or chair, was more
particularly applied to a soft seat used by