DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.13855#0094
CIIROXOLOGIA.
86
CIPPUS.
who from this circumstance was called apxw
en-wiu^o?, or the archon par excellence ; and
at Sparta the 3'ears were called after one of
the live ephors, who for this reason was like-
wise termed en-co><v/xos. In Argos time was
counted according to the years of the nigh
priestess of Hera, who held her office for life
(rjpecrc's) ; and the inhabitants of Elis probably
reckoned according to the Olympic games,
which were celebrated every fifth year during
the first full moon which followed after the
summer solstice. Thus there was no era
which was used by all the Greeks in common
for the ordinary purposes of life.—Timaeus,
who flourished about b.c. 260, was the first
historian who counted the years by Olym-
piads, each of which contained four years.
The beginning of the Olympiads is commonly
fixed in the year 3938 of the Julian period,
or in b.c. 7 76. If we want to reduce any
given Olympiad to years before Christ, e. g.
01. 87, we take the number of the Olympiads
actually elapsed, that is, 86, multiply it by 4,
and deduct the number obtained from 776, so
that the first year of the 87 th 01. will be the
same as the year 432 b.c. If the number of
Olympiads amounts to more than 776 years,
that is, if the Olympiad falls after the birth
of Christ, the process is the same as before,
but from the sum obtained by multiplying
the Olympiads by 4, we must deduct the
number 776, and what remains is the num-
ber of the years after Christ. As the Olym-
pic games were celebrated 293 times, we have
293 Olympic cycles, that is, 1172 years, 776
of which fall before, and 396 after Christ.—
Some writers also adopted the Trojan era, the
fall of Troy being placed by Eratosthenes and
those who adopted this era, in the year b.c.
1184. After the time of Alexander the Great,
several other eras were introduced in the
kingdoms that arose out of his empire. The
first was the Philippic era, sometimes also
called the era of Alexander or the era of
Edessa; it began on the 12 th of November
b.c. 324, the date of the accession of Philip
Arrhidaeus. The second was the era of the
Seleucidae, beginning on the 1st of October
b.c. 312, the date of the victory of Seleueus
Nicator at Gaza, and of his re-conquest of
Babylonia. This era was used very exten-
sively in the East. The Chaldaean era dif-
fered from it only by six months, beginning
in the spring of b.c. 311. Lastly, the eras of
Antioch, of which there were three, but the
one most commonly used began in November
b.c. 49.—The Romans during the time of the
republic reckoned their years by the names
of the consuls, which were registered in the
Fasti. Along with this era there existed
another, used only by the historians. It
reckoned the years from the foundation of the
city (ab urbe condita) ; but the year of the
foundation of the city was a question of un-
certainty among the Romans themselves.' M.
Terentius Varro placed it on the 21st of April
in the third year of the 6th Olympiad, that
is, b.c. 7 53 ; and this is the era most com-
monly used. To find out the year b.c. corre-
sponding to the year a.u.c, subtract the year
a.u.c. from 754 ; thus 605 a.r.c. = 149 b.c.
To find out the year a.b. corresponding to
the year a.u.c, subtract 753 from the year
a.u.c. ; thus 767 a.u.c. = 14 a.d.
CIIRYSEXDETA, costly dishes used by the
Romans at their entertainments, apparently
made of silver, with golden ornaments.
CIDARIS. [Tiara.]
CINCTUS GABIXUS. [Toga.]
CINGULUM. [Zona.]
CINERARIUS. [Calamistrum.]
CINERES. [Fun-us.]
CINIFLO. [Calamistrum.]
CIPPUS, a low column, sometimes round,
but more frequently rectangular. Cippi were
used for various purposes ; the decrees of the
senate were sometimes inscribed upon them ;
and with distances engraved upon them, they
also served as milestones. They were, how-
ever, more frequently employed as sepulchral
monuments. It was also usual to place at
one corner of the burying-ground a eippus,
on which the extent of the burying-ground
was marked, towards the road (in fronte),
and backwards to the fields (in agrum).
L'ippus, in che Vatican.
86
CIPPUS.
who from this circumstance was called apxw
en-wiu^o?, or the archon par excellence ; and
at Sparta the 3'ears were called after one of
the live ephors, who for this reason was like-
wise termed en-co><v/xos. In Argos time was
counted according to the years of the nigh
priestess of Hera, who held her office for life
(rjpecrc's) ; and the inhabitants of Elis probably
reckoned according to the Olympic games,
which were celebrated every fifth year during
the first full moon which followed after the
summer solstice. Thus there was no era
which was used by all the Greeks in common
for the ordinary purposes of life.—Timaeus,
who flourished about b.c. 260, was the first
historian who counted the years by Olym-
piads, each of which contained four years.
The beginning of the Olympiads is commonly
fixed in the year 3938 of the Julian period,
or in b.c. 7 76. If we want to reduce any
given Olympiad to years before Christ, e. g.
01. 87, we take the number of the Olympiads
actually elapsed, that is, 86, multiply it by 4,
and deduct the number obtained from 776, so
that the first year of the 87 th 01. will be the
same as the year 432 b.c. If the number of
Olympiads amounts to more than 776 years,
that is, if the Olympiad falls after the birth
of Christ, the process is the same as before,
but from the sum obtained by multiplying
the Olympiads by 4, we must deduct the
number 776, and what remains is the num-
ber of the years after Christ. As the Olym-
pic games were celebrated 293 times, we have
293 Olympic cycles, that is, 1172 years, 776
of which fall before, and 396 after Christ.—
Some writers also adopted the Trojan era, the
fall of Troy being placed by Eratosthenes and
those who adopted this era, in the year b.c.
1184. After the time of Alexander the Great,
several other eras were introduced in the
kingdoms that arose out of his empire. The
first was the Philippic era, sometimes also
called the era of Alexander or the era of
Edessa; it began on the 12 th of November
b.c. 324, the date of the accession of Philip
Arrhidaeus. The second was the era of the
Seleucidae, beginning on the 1st of October
b.c. 312, the date of the victory of Seleueus
Nicator at Gaza, and of his re-conquest of
Babylonia. This era was used very exten-
sively in the East. The Chaldaean era dif-
fered from it only by six months, beginning
in the spring of b.c. 311. Lastly, the eras of
Antioch, of which there were three, but the
one most commonly used began in November
b.c. 49.—The Romans during the time of the
republic reckoned their years by the names
of the consuls, which were registered in the
Fasti. Along with this era there existed
another, used only by the historians. It
reckoned the years from the foundation of the
city (ab urbe condita) ; but the year of the
foundation of the city was a question of un-
certainty among the Romans themselves.' M.
Terentius Varro placed it on the 21st of April
in the third year of the 6th Olympiad, that
is, b.c. 7 53 ; and this is the era most com-
monly used. To find out the year b.c. corre-
sponding to the year a.u.c, subtract the year
a.u.c. from 754 ; thus 605 a.r.c. = 149 b.c.
To find out the year a.b. corresponding to
the year a.u.c, subtract 753 from the year
a.u.c. ; thus 767 a.u.c. = 14 a.d.
CIIRYSEXDETA, costly dishes used by the
Romans at their entertainments, apparently
made of silver, with golden ornaments.
CIDARIS. [Tiara.]
CINCTUS GABIXUS. [Toga.]
CINGULUM. [Zona.]
CINERARIUS. [Calamistrum.]
CINERES. [Fun-us.]
CINIFLO. [Calamistrum.]
CIPPUS, a low column, sometimes round,
but more frequently rectangular. Cippi were
used for various purposes ; the decrees of the
senate were sometimes inscribed upon them ;
and with distances engraved upon them, they
also served as milestones. They were, how-
ever, more frequently employed as sepulchral
monuments. It was also usual to place at
one corner of the burying-ground a eippus,
on which the extent of the burying-ground
was marked, towards the road (in fronte),
and backwards to the fields (in agrum).
L'ippus, in che Vatican.