Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

CLEPSYDRA.

93

CLIEXS.

does it appear to have been confined to any
particular class during the earlier periods,
but to have been worn by all ranks promiscu-
ously. It was laid aside in public mourning.

CLEPSYDRA. [Hokologium.]

CLERUCHI (kAtjpouxoi), the name of
Athenian citizens who occupied conquered
lands ; their possession was called ehrlichia
(/cArjpoDxw). The Athenian Cleruchi differed
from the clttolkol or ordinary colonists. The
only object of the earlier colonies was to
relieve surplus population, or to provide a
home for those whom internal quarrels had
exiled from their country. Most usually they
originated in private enterprise, and became
independent of, and lost their interest in, the
parent state. On the other hand, it was
essential to the very notion of a ehrlichia that
it should be a public enterprise, and should
always retain a connection more or less inti-
mate with Athens herself. The connection
with the parent state subsisted in all degrees.
Sometimes, as in the case of Lesbos, the
holders of land did not reside upon their
estates, but let them to the original inhabit-
ants, while themselves remained at Athens.
The condition of these cleruchi did not differ
from that of Athenian citizens who had es-
tates in Attica. All their political rights they
not only retained, but exercised as Athenians.
Another case was where the cleruchi resided
on their estates, and either with or without
the old inhabitants, formed a new community.
These still retained the rights of Athenian
citizens, which distance only precluded them
from exercising : they used the Athenian
courts ; and if they or their children wished
to return to Athens, naturally and of course
they regained the exercise of their former
privileges. Sometimes, however, the connec-
tion might gradually dissolve, and the cleruchi
sink into the condition of mere allies, or
separate wholly from the mother country.
It was to Pericles that Athens was chiefly
indebted for the extension and permanence
of her colonial settlements. His principal ob-
ject was to provide for the redundancies of
population, and raise the poorer citizens to
a fortune becoming the dignity of Athenian
citizens. It was of this, class of persons that
the settlers were chiefly composed; the state
provided them with arms, and defrayed the
expenses of their journey. The Cleruchiac
were lost by the battle of Aegospotami, but
partially restored on the revival of Athenian
power.

CLETERES or CLETORES (ncAjrrijpes,
ka.i)Topes), summoners, were at Athens not
official persons, but merely witnesses to the
prosecutor that he had served the defendant
with a notice of the action brought against him,

and the day upon which it would be requisite
for him to appear before the proper magis-
trate.

CLIBAXARII. [Cataphkacti.]
CLIEXS is said to contain the same element
as the verb cluere, to " hear " or " obey,"
and may be accordingly compared with the
German word hbriger, " a dependant," from
hiiren, " to hear." In the earliest times of
the Roman state we find a class of persons
called clicntes, who must not be confounded
with the plebeians, from whom they were
distinct. The clients were not slaves : they
had property of their own and freedom, and
appear to have had votes in the comitia cen-
turiata, but they did not possess the full rights
of Roman citizens ; and the peculiarity of
their condition consisted in every client being
in a state of dependence upon or subjection to
some patrician, who was called his patronus,
and to whom he owed certain rights and
duties. The patronus, on the other hand,
likewise incurred certain obligations towards
his client. This relationship between patronus
and cliens was expressed by the word clicntela,
which also expressed the whole body of a
man's clients. The relative rights and duties
of the patrons and the clients were, according
to Dionysius, as follows :—The patron was the
legal adviser of the cliens; he was the client's
guardian and protector, as he was the guard-
ian and protector of his own children ; he
maintained the client's suit when he was
wronged, and defended him when another
complained of being wronged by him : in a
word, the patron was the guardian of the
client's interests, both private and public.
The client contributed to the marriage por-
tion of the patron's daughter, if the patron
was poor ; and to his ransom, or that of his
children, if they were taken prisoners; lie
paid the costs and damages of a suit which
the patron lost, and of an}- penalty in which
he was condemned; he bore a part of the
patron's expenses incurred by his discharging
public duties, or filling the honourable places
in the state. X cither party could accuse the
other, or bear testimony against the other, or
give his vote against the other. This rela-
tionship between patron and client subsisted
for many generations, and resembled in all
respects the relationship by blood. The
relation of a master to his liberated slave
[Ubertus] was expressed by the word patro-
nus, and the libertus was the cliens of his
patronus. Distinguished Romans were also
the protectors of states and cities, which were
in a certain relation of subjection or depend-
ence to Rome. In the time of Cicero we also
find patronus in the sense of adviser, advo-
cate, or defender, opposed to cliens in the