Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

EXSILIUM.

173

FALX.

move from their native city, when the oppo-
site faction became predominant. They are
spoken of as oi rpeu-yoi/Tes or oi eKn-eowTes, and
as oi KaTeASoVre? after their return (17 KaBo&os)
the word Ka.Ta.yeiv being applied to those who
were instrumental in effecting it.—(2) Ro-
man. Banishment as a punishment did not
exist in the old Roman state. The aquae et
ign is interdictio, which we so frequently read
of in the republican period, was in reality
not banishment, for it was only a ban, pro-
nounced by the people (by a lex), or by a
magistrate in a criminal court, by which a
person was deprived of water and of fire ;
that is, of the first necessaries of life ; and
its effect was to incapacitate a person from
exercising the rights of a citizen ; in other
words, to deprive him of his citizenship.
Such a person might, if he chose, remain at
Rome, and submit to the penalty of being an
outcast, incapacitated from doing any legal
act, and liable to be killed by any one with
impunity. To avoid these dangers, a person
suffering under such an interdict would na-
turally withdraw from Rome, and in the
earlier republican period, if he withdrew to
a state between which and Rome isopolitical
relations existed, he would become a citizen
of that state. This right was called jus
exsulandi with reference to the state to which
the person came ; with respect to his own
state, which he left, he was exsul, and his
condition was exsilium ; and with respect to
the state which he entered, he was inquili-
nus.* In the same way a citizen of such a
state had a right of going into exsilium at
Rome; and at Rome he might attach himself
[applicare se) to a quasi-patronus. Exsilium,
instead of being a punishment, would thus
rather be a mode of evading punishment;
but towards the end of the republic the
aquae et ignis interdictio became a regular
banishment, since the sentence usually speci-
fied certain limits, within which a person was
interdicted from fire and water. Thus Ci-
cero was interdicted from fire and water
within 400 miles from the city. The pun-
ishment was inflicted for various crimes, as
vis publico, peculatus, vencficium, &c. Under
the empire there were two kinds of exsi-
lium ; exsilium properly so called, and rele-
gatio ; the great distinction between the two
was, that the former deprived a person of his
citizenship, while the latter did not. The
distinction between exsilium and relegatio
existed under the republic. Ovid also de-
scribes himself, not as exsul, which he con-

* This word appears, by its termination inus, to denote a
person who whs one of a class, like the word libertijiu*.
The prefix m appears to be the correlative of ex in exnd,
and the remaining part quit is probably related to col in
incola and cohmus.

siders a term of reproach, but as rclcgatus.
The chief species of exsilium was the depor-
tatio in insulam or deport at io simply, which
was introduced under the emperors in place
of the aquae et ignis interdictio. The rele-
gatio merely confined the person within, or
excluded him from particular places. In the
latter case it was called fuga lata, fuga li-
bera, or liberum exsilium. The rclcgatus
went into banishment ; the deportatus was
conducted to his place of banishment, some-
times in chains.

EXTISPEX. [Haruspex.]

EXTEAORDINARII. [Exercitus, p. 167.]

FABRI are workmen who make anything
out of hard materials, as fabri tignarii,
carpenters, fabri aerarii, smiths, &c. The dif-
ferent trades were divided by Noma into nine
collegia, which correspond to our companies
or guilds. In the constitution of Servius
Tullius, the fabri tignarii and the fabri
aerarii or ferrarii were formed into two cen-
turies, which were called the centuriae fa-
brilm (not fabrorutn). They did not belong
to any of the five classes into which Servius
divided the people ; but the fabri tign. pro-
bably voted with the first class, and the fabri
aer. with the second. The fabri in the army
were under the command of an officer called
pracfectus fabrum.

FABULA. [Comoedia.]
FALARICA. [Habta.]
FALSUM. The oldest legislative provision
at Rome against Falsum was that of the
Twelve Tables against false testimony. The
next legislation on Falsum, so far as we
know, was a Lex Cornelia, passed in the time
of the Dictator Sulla against forging, con-
cealing, destroying, or committing any other
fraudulent act respecting a will or other
instrument. The offence was a Crimen
Publicum, and, under the emperors, the pun-
ishment was deportatio in insulam for the
" honestiores;" and the mines or crucifixion
for the " humiliores."

FALX, dim. FALCULA (apm?, Spenamv,
poet. Sperran), dim. Speifdvioi'), a sickle ; a
scythe ; a pruning-knife; a falchion, &o.
As Culter denoted a knife with one straight
edge, falx signified any similar instrument,
the single edge of which was curved. Some
of its forms are given in the annexed cut.
One represents Perseus with the falchion in
his right hand, and the head of Medusa in
I his left. The two smaller figures are heads