Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

NAENIA.

259

NATES.

AENIA. [Funus.]
NATATIO, NATATORIUM. [Balneum.]

NATALIA, docks at Rome where ships
were built, laid up, and refitted. They were
attached to the emporium outside of the Porta
Trigemina, and were connected with the
Tiber. The emporium and navalia were first
included within the walls of the city by
Aurelian.—The docks (yecocroiicoi or ceajpia)
in the Peiraeeus at Athens cost 1000 talents,
and having been destroyed in the anarchy
were again restored and finally completed by
Lycurgus, the contemporary of Demosthenes.
They were under the superintendence of
regular officers, called e~Lp.e\r)Tai t5>v peu-
pitav.

NAVALIS CORONA. [Corona.]
NAVARCHUS (vavapxos), the name by
which the Greeks designated both the captain
of a single ship, and the admiral of a fleet.
The office itself was called va.va.pxia.. The
admiral of the Athenian fleet was always one
of the ten generals (trrpanjyoi) elected every
year, and he had either the whole or the
chief command of the fleet. The chief offi-
cers who served under him were the tri-
erarchs and the pentecontarchs, each of whom
commanded one vessel; the inferior officers
in the vessels were the Ku/Sepi^reu or helms-
men, the /ceAevo-rai or commanders of the
rowers, and the irpuiparaL, who must have
been employed at the prow of the vessels.
Other Greek states who kept a navy had
likewise their navarchs. The chief admiral
of the Spartan fleet was called navarchus,
and the second in command epistoleus (em-
oToAei/';). The same person was not allowed
to hold the office of navarchus two successive
years at Sparta. [Epistoleus.]

NAUCRARIA (vavKpapia), the name of a
division of the inhabitants of Attica. The
four ancient phylae were each divided into
three phratries, and each of these twelve
phratries into four naucraries, of which there
were thus forty-eight. What the naucraries
were previous to the legislation of Solon is
not stated anywhere, but it is not improbable
that they were political divisions similar
to the denies in the constitution of Cleis-
thenes, and were made perhaps at the time
of the institution of the nine archons, for the
purpose of regulating the liturgies, taxes, or
financial and military affairs in general. At
any rate, however, the naucraries before the
lime of Solon can have had no connection
with the navy, for the Athenians then had
no navy; the word rauKpapos therefore can-

not bo derived from vavs, ship, but must
come from vaiu, and rauxpapos is thus only
another form for vau'/cATjpos in the sense of a
householder, as vav\ov was used for the rent
of a house. Solon in his legislation retained
the old institution of the naucraries, and
charged each of them with the equipment of
one trireme and with the mounting of two
horsemen. All military affairs, as far as
regards the defraying of expenses, probably
continued as before to be regulated accord-
ing to naucraries. Cleisthenes, in his change
of the Solonian constitution, retained the
division into naucraries for military and
financial purposes; but he increased their
number to fifty, making five for each of his
ten tribes; so that now the number of their
ships was increased from forty-eight to fifty,
and that of horsemen from ninety-six to one
hundred. The statement of Herodotus, that
the Athenians in their war against Aegina
had only fifty ships of their own, is thus
perfectly in accordance with the fifty nau-
craries of Cleisthenes. The functions of the
former ravxpapm, or the heads of their re-
spective naucraries, were now transferred to
the demarchs. [Demarchi.] The obligation
of each naucrary to equip a ship of war for
the service of the republic may be regarded
as the first form of trierarchy. As the sys-
tem of trierarchy became developed and
established, this obligation of the naucraries
appears to have gradually ceased, and to have
fallen into disuse. [Trierarciiia.]

NATJCRARUS. [Naucraria.]

NAYIS, NAYIGIU.U (wtSs, irAoiw), a
ship. The numerous fleet, with which the
Greeks are said to have sailed to the coast
of Asia Minor, must on the whole be re-
garded as sufficient evidence of the extent
to which navigation was carried on in those
times, however much of the detail in the
Homeric description may have arisen from
the poet's own imagination. In the Ho-
meric catalogue it is stated that each of the
fifty Boeotian ships carried 120 warriors,
and a ship which carried so many cannot
have been of very small dimensions. What
Homer states of the Boeotian vessels applies
more or less to the ships of other Greeks.
These boats were provided with a mast
(iaros) which was fastened by two ropes
(Trporoi/oi) to the two ends of the ship, so that
when the rope connecting it with the prow
broke, the mast would fall towards the stern,
where it might kill the helmsman. The mast
could be erected or taken down as necessity
required. They also had sails (torta), but
no deck; each vessel however appears to
have had only one sail, which was used in
favourable winds; and the principal means of

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