Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

>"AVIS.

266

NAVIS.

rudder to indicate her origin from the sea. A ship had sometimes one, but more com-

The rudder was managed by the gubernator monly two rudders ; but they were managed

(KvpepirqT-qs), who is also called the rector by the same steersman to prevent confusion.

navis as distinguished from the magister. In larger ships the two rudders were joined

GubeTOacula, rudders. (From an ancient Lamp and Gems.)

by a pole, which was moved by the guber- i vessels with one, two, or three masts. The
nator, and kept the rudders parallel. The | foremast was called a/careios, the mainmast,
contrivances for attaching the two rudders \ io-to; fie'ya?. A triaconter, or a vessel with
to one another and to the sides of the ship, I 30 rowers, had likewise two masts, and the
are called (tvykai or ^vK-rrfpiat.—3. Ladders smaller mast here, as well as in a trireme,
(<cAi/xa)ci6e9, scalae). Each Trireme had two i was near the prow. In three-masted vessels
wooden ladders, and the same seems to have i the largest mast was nearest the stern. The
been the case in Tpta/co^Topoi—4. Poles or masts as well as the yards were usually of
punt poles (kovtol, conti). Three of these, fir. The part of the mast immediately above

of different lengths, belonged to every Tri-
reme.—5. napaoTarcu or supports for the
masts. They seem to have been a kind of

the yard {antenna), formed a structure simi-
lar to a drinking-cup, and bore the name ot
carchesium (/capxijo-toi-). into it the mariners

props placed at the foot of the masts.—6. ; ascended in order to manage the sail, to
The mast (to-rris, mains). The ancients had 1 obtain a distant view, or to discharge rnis-

Ceruchi. (From an ancient Lamp.)