Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

OVILE.

PALAESTRA.

not sufficient to constitute a legitimate claim
to the higher distinction of a triumph, or
when the victory had been achieved with
little bloodshed; or when hostilities had not
been regularly proclaimed ; or when the war
bad not been completely terminated ; or when
the contest had been carried on against base
and unworthy foes ; and hence when the
servile bands of Athenion and Spartacus were
destroyed by Perperna and Crassus, these
leaders celebrated ovations only.
OVILE. [Comitxa.]

PAEAX (jTaLiriuv, naiav, irauav), a hymn or
song, which was originally sung in
honour of Apollo. It was always of a joyous
nature, and its tune and sounds expressed
hope and confidence. It was a song of
thanksgiving, when danger was passed, and
also a hymn to propitiate the god. It was
sung at the solemn festivals of Apollo, and
especially at the Hyacinthia. The paean
was also sung as a battle-song, both before
an attack on the enemy and after the battle
was finished. It is certain that the paean
was in later times sung to the honour of
other gods besides Apollo. Thus Xenophon
relates that the Greek army in Asia sung a
paean to Zeus.

PAEDAGOGUS (TraiSayioYos), a tutor. The
office of tutor in a Grecian family of rank
and opulence was assigned to one of the most
trustworthy of the slaves. The sons of his
master were committed to his care on attain-
ing their sixth or seventh year, their previous
education having been conducted by females.
They remained with the tutor until they at-
tained the age of puberty. His duty was
rather to guard them from evil, both physical
and moral, than to communicate instruction.
He went with them to and from the school
or the Gymnasium ; he accompanied them
out of doors on all occasions ; he was respon-
sible for their personal safety, and for their
avoidance of bad company. In the Roman
empire the name paedagogi or paedagogia was
given to beautiful young slaves, who dis-
charged in the imperial palace the duties of
the modern page, which is in fact a corrup-
tion of the ancient name.

PAEDOXOMUS (iraiSovd^os), a magistrate
at Sparta, who had the general superintend-
ence of the education of the boys.

PAEXULA, a thick cloak, chiefly used by
the Romans in travelling, instead of the toga,
as a protection against the cold and rain. It
appears to have had no sleeves, and only an

opening for the head, as shown in the follow,
ing figure.

Ptonula, travelling cloak. (From Bartholin!.)

PAGAN ALIA. [Paul]
PAGANI. [Pagi.]

PAGI were fortified places in the neigh-
bourhood of Rome, to which the country-
people might retreat in case of a hostile
inroad. Each of the country tribes is said to
have been divided by Xuma into a certain
number of pagi ; which name was given to
the country adjoining the fortified village, as
well as to the village itself. There was a
magistrate at the head of each pagus, who
kept a register of the names and of the pro-
perty of all persons in the pagus, raised the
taxes, and summoned the people, when neces-
sary, to war. Each pagus had its own
sacred rites, and an annual festival called
Paganalia. The pagani, or inhabitants of
the pagi, had their regular meetings, at
which the}- passed resolutions. The division
of the country-people into pagi continued to
the latest times of the Roman empire. The
term Pagani is often used in opposition to
milites, and is applied to all who were not
soldiers, even though they did not live in the
country. The Christian writers gave the
name of pagani to those persons who adhered
to the old Roman religion, because the
latter continued to be generally believed by
the country-people, after Christianity became
the prevailing religion of the inhabitants of
the towns.

PALAESTRA {naXaiarpa), properly means