Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

PAI.MA.

281

PANATHENAEA.

the underclothing indicated poverty or se-
verity of manners, as in the case of Socrates.
One of the most common modes of wearing
the pallium was to fasten it with a brooch
over the right shoulder, leaving the right
arm at liberty, and to pass the middle of it
either under the left arm so as to leave that
arm at liberty also, or over the left shoulder
so as to cover the left arm. The figure in
the preceding cut is attired in the last-men-
tioned fashion.
PALMA. [Pes.]

PALMIPES, a Roman measure of length,
equal to a foot and a palm.

PALM US, properly the width of the open
hand, or, more exactly, of the four fingers,
was used by the Romans for two different
measures of length, namely, as the trans-
lation of the Greek ira^aurrq, or Suipov in old
Greek, and <nj-t6afiri respectively. In the
former sense it is equal to 4 digits, or 3
inches, or l-4th of a foot, or l-6th of the
3ubit. The larger palm of 9 inches only
occurs in later Roman writers. From this large
palmus the modern Roman pa/mo is derived.

PALUDAMENTUM:, the cloak worn by a
Roman general commanding an army, his
principal officers and personal attendants, in
contradistinction to the sagum of the common
soldiers, and the toga or garb of peace. It
was the practice for a Roman magistrate,
after he had received the imperium from the

lUndameotum, Miutttry Cloak. (Statue of a Roman
Emperor.)

comitia curiata and offered up his vows in the
Capitol, to march out of the city arrayed in
the paludamentum (exire paludatus), attended
by his lietors in similar attire (paludatis lie-
toribus), nor could he again enter the gates
until he had formally divested himself of this
emblem of military power. The paludamen-
tum was open in front, reached down to the
knees or a little lower, and hung loosely
over the shoulders, being fastened across the
chest by a clasp. The colour of the paluda-
mentum was commonl)- white or purple, and
hence it was marked and remembered that
Crassus on the morning of the fatal battle of
Carrhae went forth in a dark-coloured man-
tle. In the cut below, representing the head
of a warrior, we see the paludamentum flying
back in the charge, and the clasp nearly in
front.

Paludamentum, Military Cloak. (From a Mosaic at
Pompeii.)

PAMBOEOTIA (na^otuna), a festive pa-
negyris of all the Boeotians, like the Pana-
thenaea of the Atticans, and the Panionia of
the Ionians. The principal object of the
meeting was the common worship of Athena
Itonia, who had a temple in the neighbour-
hood of Coroneu, near which the panegyris
was held.

PANATHENAEA (Trara^rata), the great-
est and most splendid of the festivals cele-
brated in Attica in honour of Athena, in the
character of Athena Polias, or the protectress
of the city. It was said to have been insti-
tuted by Erichthonius, and its original name,
down to the time of Theseus, was believed to
have been Athenaea; but when Theseus united
all the Atticans into one body, this festival,
which then became the common festival of
all the Attic tribes, was called Panathenaea.
There were two kinds of Panathenaea, the
greater and the lesser ; the former were held
every fourth year (7rei/Taen)pt's), the latter
every year. The lesser Panathenaea were
probably celebrated on the 17th of the month