DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.13855#0313
POPA.
305
FORTORIUM.
From the time of Theodosius the emperors
no longer appear with the dignity of pontiff;
but at last the title was assumed by the
Christian bishop of Home.—There were other
pontiffs at Home, who were distinguished by
the epithet Minores. They appear to have
been originally only the secretaries of the
pontiffs ; and when the real pontiffs began to
neglect their duties, and to leave the prin-
cipal business to be clone by their secre-
taries, it became customary to designate these
scribes by the name of Pontiftces Minores.
The number of these secretaries is uncertain.
POPA. [Sacrificium.]
POPIXA. [CaxWona.]
POPULAPvlA. [Amphitheateum.]
POPULUS. [Patriot.]
POPULIFUGIA or POPLIFUGIA, the
day of the people's flight, was celebrated on
the nones of July, according to an ancient
tradition, in commemoration of the flight of
the people, when the inhabitants of Ficulae,
Fidenae, and other places round about, ap-
peared in arms against Rome shortly after
the departure of -the Gauls, and produced
such a panic that the Romans suddenly fled
Before them. Other writers say that the
Populifugia was celebrated in commemora-
tion of the flight of the people before the
Tuscans ; while others again refer its origin
to the flight of the people on the death of
Romulus.
PORISTAE (-n-opio-TaC), magistrates at
Athens, who probably levied the extraor-
dinary supplies.
PORTA (tv'at), dim. ttuac's), the gate of a
city, citadel, or other open space inclosed by
a wall, in contradistinction to Jantta, which
was the door of a house or any covered edi-
fice. The terms porta and 7n/A7j are often
found in the plural, even when applied to a
single gate, because it consisted of two leaves.
The gates of a city were of course various in
their number and position. Thus Megara
had 5 gates; Thebes, in Boeotia, had 7 ;
Athens had 8 ; and Rome 20, or perhaps
even more. The jambs of the gate were
surmounted, 1. by a lintel, which was large
and strong in proportion to the width of the
gate. 2. By an arch, as we see exemplified
at Pompeii, Paestum, Sepianum, Volterra,
Suza, Autun, Besan^on, and Treves. 3. At
Arpinum, one of the gates now remaining is
arched, whilst another is constructed with
the stones projecting one beyond another.
Gates sometimes had two passages close to-
gether, the one designed for carriages enter-
ing, and the other for carriages leaving the
city. In other instances we find only one
gate for carriages, but a smaller one on each
side of it (7rapa7ruA.i's) for foot-passengers.
When there were no sideways, one of the
valves of the large gate sometimes contained
a wicket (portula, mikis: jkvo7rvAj)), large
enough to admit a single person. The gate-
way had commonly a chamber (called ttvKuiv)
either on one side or on both, which served
as the residence of the porter or guard. Sta-
tues of the gods were often placed near the
gate, or even within it in the barbican, so as
to be ready to receive the adoration of those
who entered the city.
PORTICUS (o-Toa), a walk covered with a
roof, and supported by columns, at least on
one side. Such shaded walks and places of
resort are almost indispensable in the south-
ern countries of Europe, where people live
much in the open air, as a protection from
the heat of the sun and from rain. The
porticoes attached to the temples were either
constructed only in front of them, or went
round the whole building, as is the case in
the so-called Temple of Theseus at Athens.
They were originally intended as places for
those persons to assemble and converse in
who visited the temple for various purposes.
As such temple-porticoes, however, were
found too small, or not suited for the various
purposes of private and public life, most
Grecian towns had independent porticoes,
some of which were very extensive; and in
most of these stoae, seats (exedrae) were
placed, that those who were tired might sit
down. They were frequented not only by
idle loungers, but also by philosophers, rhe-
toricians, and other persons fond of intellec-
tual conversation. The Stoic school of phi-
losophy derived its name from the cir-
cumstance, that the founder of it used to
converse with his disciples in a stoa. The
Romans derived their great fondness for
such covered walks from the Greeks ; and as
luxuries among them were carried in every-
thing to a greater extent than in Greece,
wealthy Romans had their private porticoes,
sometimes in the city itself, and sometimes
in their country-seats. In the public por-
ticoes of Rome, which were exceedingly nu-
merous and very extensive (as those around
the Forum and the Campus Martius), a
variety of business was occasionally trans-
acted : we find that law-suits were conducted
here, meetings of the senate held, goods ex-
hibited for sale, &c.
PORTISCULUS (xeAeucrn/s), an officer in
a ship, who gave the signal to the rowers,
that they might keep time in rowing. This
officer is sometimes called Hortator or Pau-
sarius.
PORTITORES. [Publicani.]
PORTORIUM, a branch of the regular
revenues of the Roman state, consisting of
X
305
FORTORIUM.
From the time of Theodosius the emperors
no longer appear with the dignity of pontiff;
but at last the title was assumed by the
Christian bishop of Home.—There were other
pontiffs at Home, who were distinguished by
the epithet Minores. They appear to have
been originally only the secretaries of the
pontiffs ; and when the real pontiffs began to
neglect their duties, and to leave the prin-
cipal business to be clone by their secre-
taries, it became customary to designate these
scribes by the name of Pontiftces Minores.
The number of these secretaries is uncertain.
POPA. [Sacrificium.]
POPIXA. [CaxWona.]
POPULAPvlA. [Amphitheateum.]
POPULUS. [Patriot.]
POPULIFUGIA or POPLIFUGIA, the
day of the people's flight, was celebrated on
the nones of July, according to an ancient
tradition, in commemoration of the flight of
the people, when the inhabitants of Ficulae,
Fidenae, and other places round about, ap-
peared in arms against Rome shortly after
the departure of -the Gauls, and produced
such a panic that the Romans suddenly fled
Before them. Other writers say that the
Populifugia was celebrated in commemora-
tion of the flight of the people before the
Tuscans ; while others again refer its origin
to the flight of the people on the death of
Romulus.
PORISTAE (-n-opio-TaC), magistrates at
Athens, who probably levied the extraor-
dinary supplies.
PORTA (tv'at), dim. ttuac's), the gate of a
city, citadel, or other open space inclosed by
a wall, in contradistinction to Jantta, which
was the door of a house or any covered edi-
fice. The terms porta and 7n/A7j are often
found in the plural, even when applied to a
single gate, because it consisted of two leaves.
The gates of a city were of course various in
their number and position. Thus Megara
had 5 gates; Thebes, in Boeotia, had 7 ;
Athens had 8 ; and Rome 20, or perhaps
even more. The jambs of the gate were
surmounted, 1. by a lintel, which was large
and strong in proportion to the width of the
gate. 2. By an arch, as we see exemplified
at Pompeii, Paestum, Sepianum, Volterra,
Suza, Autun, Besan^on, and Treves. 3. At
Arpinum, one of the gates now remaining is
arched, whilst another is constructed with
the stones projecting one beyond another.
Gates sometimes had two passages close to-
gether, the one designed for carriages enter-
ing, and the other for carriages leaving the
city. In other instances we find only one
gate for carriages, but a smaller one on each
side of it (7rapa7ruA.i's) for foot-passengers.
When there were no sideways, one of the
valves of the large gate sometimes contained
a wicket (portula, mikis: jkvo7rvAj)), large
enough to admit a single person. The gate-
way had commonly a chamber (called ttvKuiv)
either on one side or on both, which served
as the residence of the porter or guard. Sta-
tues of the gods were often placed near the
gate, or even within it in the barbican, so as
to be ready to receive the adoration of those
who entered the city.
PORTICUS (o-Toa), a walk covered with a
roof, and supported by columns, at least on
one side. Such shaded walks and places of
resort are almost indispensable in the south-
ern countries of Europe, where people live
much in the open air, as a protection from
the heat of the sun and from rain. The
porticoes attached to the temples were either
constructed only in front of them, or went
round the whole building, as is the case in
the so-called Temple of Theseus at Athens.
They were originally intended as places for
those persons to assemble and converse in
who visited the temple for various purposes.
As such temple-porticoes, however, were
found too small, or not suited for the various
purposes of private and public life, most
Grecian towns had independent porticoes,
some of which were very extensive; and in
most of these stoae, seats (exedrae) were
placed, that those who were tired might sit
down. They were frequented not only by
idle loungers, but also by philosophers, rhe-
toricians, and other persons fond of intellec-
tual conversation. The Stoic school of phi-
losophy derived its name from the cir-
cumstance, that the founder of it used to
converse with his disciples in a stoa. The
Romans derived their great fondness for
such covered walks from the Greeks ; and as
luxuries among them were carried in every-
thing to a greater extent than in Greece,
wealthy Romans had their private porticoes,
sometimes in the city itself, and sometimes
in their country-seats. In the public por-
ticoes of Rome, which were exceedingly nu-
merous and very extensive (as those around
the Forum and the Campus Martius), a
variety of business was occasionally trans-
acted : we find that law-suits were conducted
here, meetings of the senate held, goods ex-
hibited for sale, &c.
PORTISCULUS (xeAeucrn/s), an officer in
a ship, who gave the signal to the rowers,
that they might keep time in rowing. This
officer is sometimes called Hortator or Pau-
sarius.
PORTITORES. [Publicani.]
PORTORIUM, a branch of the regular
revenues of the Roman state, consisting of
X