Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

TJNTIXXABULUM.

37

8

TOGA.

severe, he made a counter proposition.
He was then said ai'TiTtp.acrtfai, or eavTw ri-
^acr8ai. He was allowed to address the court
in mitigation of punishment. After hoth
parties had been heard, the dicasts were
called upon to give their verdict. Some-
times the law expressly empowered the jury
to impose an additional penalty (7rpoerri-
^■qfia) besides the ordinary one. Here the
proposition emanated from the jury them-
selves, any one of whom might move that
the punishment allowed by the law should
be awarded. He was said 7rpoo-riu.ao-0at,
and the whole dicasts, if (upon a division) they
adopted his proposal, were said 7rpo<rRu.af.

TINTINNABULUM Ow6W), a bell. liells
were of various forms among the Greeks and
Uoinans, as among us.

TIRO, the name given by the Romans to
a newly enlisted soldier, as opposed to vete-
rnnus, one who had had experience in war.
The mode of levying troops is described un-
der Exercitus. The age at which the lia-
bility to military service commenced was 17.
From their first enrolment the Roman sol-
iiers, when not actually serving against an
enemy, were perpetually occupied in military
exercises. They were exercised every day,
the tirones twice, in the morning and after-
noon, and the veterani once. The state of a
tiro was called tirocinium ; and a soldier
who had attained skill in his profession was
then said tirocinium ponere, or deponere. In
civil life the terms tiro and tirocinium were
applied to the assumption of the toga virilis,
which was called tirocinium fori [Toga], and
to the first appearance of an orator at the
rostrum, tirocinum cloyucntiae.

TIROCINIUM. [Tiro.]

TITII SODALES, a sodalitas or college of
priests at Rome, who represented the se-
cond tribe of the Romans, or the Tities, that
is, the Sabines, who, after their union with
the Ramnes or Latins, continued to perform
their own ancient Sabine sacra. To super-
intend and preserve these, T. Tatius is said
to have instituted the Titii sodales. During
the time of the republic the Titii sodales are
no longer mentioned, as the sacra of the
three tribes became gradually united into one
common religion. Under the empire we
again meet with a college of priests bearing
the name of Sodales Titii or Titienses, or Sa-
ccrdotes Titiales ITaviales ; but they had no-
thing to do with the saera of the ancient tribe
of the Tities, but were priests instituted to
conduct the worship of an emperor, like the
Augustales.

TITIES or TITIENSES. [Patricii.]

TOGA (Tri/3ei>ros), a gown, the name of the
principal cuter garment worn by the Romans,

seems to have been received by them from
the Etruscans. The toga was the peculiar
distinction of the Romans, who were thence
called togati or gens togata. It was origi-
nally worn only in Rome itself, and the
use of it was forbidden alike to exiles and to
foreigners. Gradually, however, it went out
of common use, and was supplanted by the
pallium and laeerna, or else it was worn in
public under the laeerna. [Lacerna.] But it
was still used by the upper classes, who re-
garded it as an honourable distinction, in the
courts of justice, by clients when they re-
ceived the Sportula, and in the theatre or
at the games, at least when the emperor
was present. The exact form of the toga,
i_____jj> l ." *

Fig. 1.—Furm of the Togii spriad nut.

and the manner of wearing it, nave occa-
sioned much dispute ; but the following ac-
count, for which the writer is indebted to his
friend Mr. George Scharf, jun., will set these
matters in a clearer light than has hitherto
been the case. The complete arrangement of
this dress may be seen in many antique sta-
tues, but especially in that of Didius Julianus,

] Fig. 2.—btatni'ul' Didiua Julianus. (Fnjltl Ilia Louvre)