DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.13855#0405
TRIUMVIRI.
397
TRIUMVIRI.
displayed in the vestibulum of the family
mansion, transmitted his fame to posterity.—
A Triumpklrs Navalis appears to have differed
in no respect from an ordinary triumph, ex-
cept that it must have been upon a smaller
scale, and would be characterised by the ex-
hibition of beaks of ships and other nautical
trophies The earliest upon record was
granted to C. Duillius, who laid the foundation
of the supremacy of Rome by sea in the first
Punic war; and so elated was he by his suc-
cess, that during the rest of his life, whenever
he returned home at night from supper, he
caused flutes to sound and torches to be borne
before him. A second naval triumph was ce-
lebrated by Lutatius Catulus for his victory
off the Insulae Aegates, b. c. 241; a third
by q. Fabius Labeo, b. c. 189, over the
Cretans; and a fourth by C. Octavius over
King Perseus, without captives and without
spoils.—Triumphus Castrensis was a pro-
cession of the soldiers through the camp in
honour of a tribunus or some officer inferior
to the general, who had performed a brilliant
exploit. After the extinction of freedom, the
emperor being considered as the commander-
in-chief of all the armies of the state, every
military achievement was understood to be
performed under his auspices, and hence,
according to the forms of even the ancient
constitution, he alone had a legitimate claim
to a triumph. This principle was soon fully
recognised and acted upon; for although
Antonius had granted triumphs to his legati,
and his example had been freely followed by
Augustus in the earl}7 part of his career, yet
after the year b. c. 14, he entirely discon-
tinued the practice, and from that time for-
ward triumphs were rarely, if ever, conceded
to any except members of the imperial family.
But to compensate in some degree for what
was then taken away, the custom was intro-
duced of bestowing what were termed Trium-
phalia Ornamenta, that is, permission to
receive the titles bestowed upon and to appear
in public with the robes worn by the impe-
ratores of the commonwealth when they
triumphed, and to bequeath to descendants
triumphal statues. These triumphalia orna-
menta are said to have been first bestowed
upon Agrippa or upon Tiberius, and ever
after were a common mark of the favour of
the prince.
TRIUMVIRI, or TRESVIRI, were either
ordinary magistrates or officers, or else extra-
ordinary commissioners, who were frequently
appointed at Rome to execute any public
office. The following is a list of the most
important of both classes.
1. Triumviri Agro Dividuxdo. [Trium-
viri coloniae DeBUCENDAE.]
2. Triumviri Capitales were regular ma-
gistrates, first appointed about b. c. 292.
They were elected by the people, the comitia
being held by the praetor. They succeeded
to many of the functions of the Quaestores
Parricidii. [Quaestor.] It was their duty
to inquire into all capital crimes, and to re-
ceive informations respecting such, and con-
sequently they apprehended and committed
to prison all criminals whom they detected.
In conjunction with the aediles, they had to
preserve the public peace, to prevent all un-
lawful assemblies, &c. They enforced th«
payment of fines due to the state. They had
the care of public prisons, and carried into
effect the sentence of the law upon criminals.
In these points they resembled the magistracy
of the Eleven at Athens.
4. Triumviri Coloxiae DedCcendae were
persons appointed to superintend the forma-
tion of a colony. They are spoken of under
Coloxia, p. 99, b. Since they had besides
to superintend the distribution of the land
to the colonists, we find them also called
Triumviri Coloniae Deducendae Agroqne Di-
vidundo, and sometimes simply Triumviri
Agro Dando.
5. Triumviri Epuloxes. [Epuloxes.]
6. Triumviri Equitum Turmas Recog-
nosoexdi, or Legendis Equitum Decuriis,
were magistrates first appointed by Augustus
to revise the lists of the equites, and to admit
persons into the order. This was formerly
part of the duties of the censors.
7. Triumviri Mexsarii. [Mexsarii.]
8. Triumviri Monetales. [Moxeta.]
9. Triumviri Nocturxi were magistrates
elected annually, whose chief duty it was to
prevent fires by night, and for this purpose
they had to go round the city during the
night [vigilias circnmire). If they neglected
their duty they appear to have been accused
before the people by the tribunes of the plebs.
The time at w hich this office was instituted
is unknown, but it must have been pre-
viously to the year b. c. 304. Augustus
transferred their duties to the Praefectus
Vigilum. [Praefectus Vigilum.]
10. Triumviri Reficiendis Aedibus, ex-
traordinary officers elected in the Comitia
Tributa in the time of the second Punic war,
were appointed for the purpose of repairing
and rebuilding certain temples.
11. Tiiiumviri Rf.ipublicae Coxstituex-
dae. W hen the supreme power was shared
between Caesar (Oetavianus), Antony, and
Lepidus, they administered the affairs of th«
state under the title of Triumviri Iteipublica*
Constilucndae. This office 'nas conferred
upon them in b. c. 43, for five years ; and on
the expiration of the term, in b. c. 38, was
397
TRIUMVIRI.
displayed in the vestibulum of the family
mansion, transmitted his fame to posterity.—
A Triumpklrs Navalis appears to have differed
in no respect from an ordinary triumph, ex-
cept that it must have been upon a smaller
scale, and would be characterised by the ex-
hibition of beaks of ships and other nautical
trophies The earliest upon record was
granted to C. Duillius, who laid the foundation
of the supremacy of Rome by sea in the first
Punic war; and so elated was he by his suc-
cess, that during the rest of his life, whenever
he returned home at night from supper, he
caused flutes to sound and torches to be borne
before him. A second naval triumph was ce-
lebrated by Lutatius Catulus for his victory
off the Insulae Aegates, b. c. 241; a third
by q. Fabius Labeo, b. c. 189, over the
Cretans; and a fourth by C. Octavius over
King Perseus, without captives and without
spoils.—Triumphus Castrensis was a pro-
cession of the soldiers through the camp in
honour of a tribunus or some officer inferior
to the general, who had performed a brilliant
exploit. After the extinction of freedom, the
emperor being considered as the commander-
in-chief of all the armies of the state, every
military achievement was understood to be
performed under his auspices, and hence,
according to the forms of even the ancient
constitution, he alone had a legitimate claim
to a triumph. This principle was soon fully
recognised and acted upon; for although
Antonius had granted triumphs to his legati,
and his example had been freely followed by
Augustus in the earl}7 part of his career, yet
after the year b. c. 14, he entirely discon-
tinued the practice, and from that time for-
ward triumphs were rarely, if ever, conceded
to any except members of the imperial family.
But to compensate in some degree for what
was then taken away, the custom was intro-
duced of bestowing what were termed Trium-
phalia Ornamenta, that is, permission to
receive the titles bestowed upon and to appear
in public with the robes worn by the impe-
ratores of the commonwealth when they
triumphed, and to bequeath to descendants
triumphal statues. These triumphalia orna-
menta are said to have been first bestowed
upon Agrippa or upon Tiberius, and ever
after were a common mark of the favour of
the prince.
TRIUMVIRI, or TRESVIRI, were either
ordinary magistrates or officers, or else extra-
ordinary commissioners, who were frequently
appointed at Rome to execute any public
office. The following is a list of the most
important of both classes.
1. Triumviri Agro Dividuxdo. [Trium-
viri coloniae DeBUCENDAE.]
2. Triumviri Capitales were regular ma-
gistrates, first appointed about b. c. 292.
They were elected by the people, the comitia
being held by the praetor. They succeeded
to many of the functions of the Quaestores
Parricidii. [Quaestor.] It was their duty
to inquire into all capital crimes, and to re-
ceive informations respecting such, and con-
sequently they apprehended and committed
to prison all criminals whom they detected.
In conjunction with the aediles, they had to
preserve the public peace, to prevent all un-
lawful assemblies, &c. They enforced th«
payment of fines due to the state. They had
the care of public prisons, and carried into
effect the sentence of the law upon criminals.
In these points they resembled the magistracy
of the Eleven at Athens.
4. Triumviri Coloxiae DedCcendae were
persons appointed to superintend the forma-
tion of a colony. They are spoken of under
Coloxia, p. 99, b. Since they had besides
to superintend the distribution of the land
to the colonists, we find them also called
Triumviri Coloniae Deducendae Agroqne Di-
vidundo, and sometimes simply Triumviri
Agro Dando.
5. Triumviri Epuloxes. [Epuloxes.]
6. Triumviri Equitum Turmas Recog-
nosoexdi, or Legendis Equitum Decuriis,
were magistrates first appointed by Augustus
to revise the lists of the equites, and to admit
persons into the order. This was formerly
part of the duties of the censors.
7. Triumviri Mexsarii. [Mexsarii.]
8. Triumviri Monetales. [Moxeta.]
9. Triumviri Nocturxi were magistrates
elected annually, whose chief duty it was to
prevent fires by night, and for this purpose
they had to go round the city during the
night [vigilias circnmire). If they neglected
their duty they appear to have been accused
before the people by the tribunes of the plebs.
The time at w hich this office was instituted
is unknown, but it must have been pre-
viously to the year b. c. 304. Augustus
transferred their duties to the Praefectus
Vigilum. [Praefectus Vigilum.]
10. Triumviri Reficiendis Aedibus, ex-
traordinary officers elected in the Comitia
Tributa in the time of the second Punic war,
were appointed for the purpose of repairing
and rebuilding certain temples.
11. Tiiiumviri Rf.ipublicae Coxstituex-
dae. W hen the supreme power was shared
between Caesar (Oetavianus), Antony, and
Lepidus, they administered the affairs of th«
state under the title of Triumviri Iteipublica*
Constilucndae. This office 'nas conferred
upon them in b. c. 43, for five years ; and on
the expiration of the term, in b. c. 38, was