Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

TROSSUIJ.

399

TUMULTUS.

of individuals. [Spolia.] Subsequently,
however, the Romans adopted the Greek
practice of raising trophies on the field of
battle. The first trophies of this kind were
erected by Domitius Ahenobarbus and Fabius
Maximus in b. c. 121, after their conquest
of the Allobroges, when they built at the
junction of the Khone and the Isara towers
of white stone, upon which trophies were
placed adorned with the spoils of the enemy.
Pompey also raised trophies on the Pyrenees
after his victories in Spain; Julius Caesar
did the same near Ziela, after his victory
over Pharnaces ; and Drusus, near the Elbe,
to commemorate his victory over the Ger-
mans. Still, however, it was more common
to erect some memorial of the victory at
Rome than on the field of battle. The
trophies raised by Marius to commemorate
his victories over Jugurtha and the Cimbri
and Teutoni, which were cast down by Suila,
and restored by Julius Caesar, must have
been in the city. In the later times of the
republic, and under the empire, the erection
of triumphal arches was the most common
way of commemorating a victory, many of
which remain to the present day. [Arcus.]
TROSSULI. [Equites, p. 157, a.]
TRUA, dim. TRULLA (topwtj), derived
from rpv'co, rdpw, &c, to perforate ; a large
and flat spoon or ladle, pierced with holes ; a
trowel. The annexed woodcut represents
such a ladle. The trulla vinaria seems to

Trua. (From the [louse of Pansa at Pompeii.)

have been a species of colander [Colum], used
as a wine-strainer.

TRUTIXA (rpuTan)), a general tei-m, in-
cluding both libra, a balance, and statera, a
steelyard. Payments were originally made
by weighing, not by counting. Hence a ba-
lance [trutina) was preserved in the temple
of Saturn at Pvome.

TUBA (o-aArtyf), a bronze trumpet, dis-
tinguished from the cornu by being straight
while the latter was curved. [Corxu.] The
tuba was employed in war for signals of
every description, at the games and public
festivals, and also at the last rites to the
dead : those who sounded the trumpet at fune-
rals were termed siticines, and used an instru-
ment of a peculiar form. The tones of the
tuba are represented as of a harsh and fear-
inspiring character. The invention of the
tuba is usually ascribed by ancient writers to
the Etruscans. It has been remarked that

Homer never introduces the o-dArriyf in his
narrative except in comparisons, which
leads us to infer that, although known in his
time, it had been but recently introduced
into Greece ; and it is certain that, notwith-
standing its eminently martial character, it
was not until a late period used in the
armies of the leading states. By the Greek
tragedians its Tuscan origin is fully recog-
nised. According to one account it was first
fabricated for the Tyrrhenians by Athena,
who in consequence was worshipped by the
Argives under the title of SdAmyf, while at
Rome the tubilustrium, or purification of
sacred trumpets, was performed on the last
day of the Quinquatrus. [Quixquatrus.]
There appears to have been no essential
difference in form between the Greek and
Roman or Tyrrhenian trumpets. Both were
long, straight, bronze tubes, gradually in-
creasing in diameter, and terminating in a
bell-shaped aperture.

Soldiers blowing Tubae and Comua. (From Column of
Trajan.)

TUBILUSTRIUM. [Qvixqtjatrtjs.]
TULLIAN'UM. [Carcer.]
TUMULTUARII. [Tumultus.]
TUMULTUS, the name given to a sudden
or dangerous war in Italy or Cisalpine Gaul,
and the word was supposed by the ancients
to be a contraction of timor multus. It was,
however, sometimes applied to a sudden or
dangerous war elsewhere ; but this does not
appear to have been a correct use of the
word. Cicero says that there might be a
war without a tumultus, but not a tumultus
without a war; but it must be recollected
that the word was also applied to any sudden
alarm respecting a war ; whence we rind a
tumultus often spoken of as of less import-
ance than a war, because the results were ol