THE PAGEANTS 145

may conclude, was constructed of similar materials as those de-
scribed here, and destroyed with the same eclat.
The castle or tower was so popular with the Ldufer that it ap-
peared several times in their carnival. In 1495 the Holle is again a
tower (Fig. 35), but a much simpler one. The text on f. 431 states
that two pageants were burned in this year: "vnd verprennten Zwu
Hoel, das warn Zwen Thurn/."78 Our miniature, however, shows
only one tower on the sleigh; its walls are colored blue, the large
windows are brown, and the tall, red-tiled roof rises to a spire sur-
mounted by a golden ball and a red streamer. Around the tower
are low pink walls, as of a fortress, with battlements and loopholes
for firing. The miniature again shows none of the activity that
surrounded the tower-pageant, but the reference in the text to the
burning is evidence enough of the spectacular conclusion furnished
by this Holle to the Schembartlauf of 1495.
A pageant in the nature of a circus-show was pulled through the
streets of Nuremberg in the Schembart carnival of 1503 (Fig. 36):
on the sleigh is a gray elephant, with a red saddle strapped to his
back, to which is affixed a little wooden castle. The description in
the text on f. q8r is as usually very brief: "hetten ein Hbel, was
ein Hdlefant. Druch ein Hultznen thurn/." The elephant is drawn
with considerable realism in the miniature,79 while the castle, of
the type we have already seen, has blue and pink walls and a red
roof. Four red, gilded cannons project over the walls, two above
and two below. The text of other MSS adds "mit feuerwerck," and
flame and smoke are shown shooting from the cannons and from
the trunk of the elephant.80 The trunk-nosed pachyderms had al-
ways been a source of wonder and legendary tale in Europe;81

XVI, 432: "Em fewerwerck . . . auff der newen pastey." Jost Amman in 1570 illus-

trated the scene of fireworks bursting over castle-pageants in Nuremberg, cf. A.

Andresen, Der deutsche Peintre-Graveur oder die deutschen Maler als Kupf erstecher

(Leipzig: A. Danz, 1872), p. 143. On the early use of fireworks cf. A. St. H. Brock,

Pyrotechnics (London: D. O'Connor, 1922), pp. i3ff.; for fireworks in the carnival

plays, cf. Hermann (Forschungen), pp. 90-1.

78 Other MSS mention only one Holle, cf. MS No. 58 (Drescher, p. 10): "ein hell,
war ein Thurm Ohne Ercker."

"In MS No. 58 the saddle is more elaborate and the elephant also wears a
collar with a large bell.

80 Cf. MS No. 58 (Drescher, p. 11), f. iigr.

81 The eleventh-century Physiologus describes the peculiar asexual nature of the