Tsuntas, Chrestos: The Mycenaean age: a study of the monuments and culture of pre-homeric Greece (London, 1897)

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Tsuntas, Chrestos
The Mycenaean age: a study of the monuments and culture of pre-homeric Greece — London, 1897

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Frontispiz

Frontispiz

Plate I. THE LIONS' GATE (Mycenae)

Titelblatt

I

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … EPHOR OF ANTIQUITIES AND DIRECTOR OF … MACMILLAN AND CO.

II

The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, IT. S. A.

Contents

III

Chap. I. Landmarks of the Mycenaean World ... 1

List of illustrations

V

I. The Lions' Gate (Mycenae) .... Frontispiece. … IV. Mycenae, from the South.......20 … XV. Interior of the Treasury at Orchomenos . . . 128 … XVIII. The Warrior Vase (Mycenae)......190

VI

ILLUSTRATION'S IN THE TEXT … 5. The "Polygonal Tower" (Mycenae)..... 27 … 10. The so-called Pyramid of Kenchreae.....39 … 32. The Grave-circle at Mycenae......84

VII

44. Mycenaean Column.........119 … 48. Fragment of the Orchomenos Ceiling.....128 … 53. Tombstone (front and side).......152 … 63. Dragon-hilt and Sheath of Sceptre (Grave IV.) . . 168

VIII

144. Signs on Blocks of Mycenaean Building (Knossos) . . 278 … 147. Tell-el-Hesy and Aegean Signs compared .... 281 … 150. Comparative View op Pictographs and Linear Signs (Evans*

IX

158. Mycenaean Boat.........333 … 163. Raised Grave within the same Tomb . . . . 385 … 166. Gold Pendant (dogs, apes, and owls).....391

Preface (J. Irving Manatt)

XI

This work is at once old and new, and I cannot fairly … tinue the exploration of Mycenae which Dr. Schliemann

XII

liant results. Thus in 1889 he excavated the beehive tomb … Tsountas proved himself an able expositor, as well, in the … The present volume is the outgrowth of that work of

XIII

memories, I was deeply impressed with its value, and deter- … Cities," and (on the publisher's failure) had widened his

XIV

temple, o£ Homer's Troy. And, while the spade has been … a book even three years old must be behind the times; … either in original sources or in recent literature j and, com- … which should present a reasonably complete survey of My- … which I felt warranted in retaining in view of the new plan … the argument in some cases (for example, on the question

XV

o£ detail which seemed proper to a demonstration on the

XVI

As already stated, the original plan contemplated little … the Catholic University at Washington, whose intimate ac- … given me the benefit of his ripe learning and perfect taste … 6 = XII; 7 = IX, X, XIII ; 8 = XIV ; 9 replaced by XV; new, XI and

XVII

secured at an earlier stage and for the entire work. Two … versity, Professor F. G. Allinson has read most of the book … Attica and Aegina; and the photographs of the German

XVIII

to Mr. W. E. Foster, of the Providence Public Library; … out a work like the present. It signalizes the end of the

XIX

That it is earnest and critical, and contests more than one

Introduction (Wilhelm Dörpfeld)

XXI

I am very glad to comply "with the request of my friend, … Until recently the Homeric poems were our sole source

XXII

lowed in the present work. The agreement between the … 1. According to Homer, the Pergamos of Troy was not

XXIII

2. The structures of Tiryns are built, partly in Cy- … cording to Homer's words, we should have to conceive … 3. In the Pergamos of Troy Homer knows quite a num-

XXIV

the poems, as in the steading of Eumaeus (Odyssey xiv. … demonstration that the ruins uncovered at Hissarlik actually

XXV

times, whose remains have now come to light beneath the … the Jahrb. des. k. deutsch. Arch. Institute for 1895, pp. 143-151. [M.]

XXVI

This ring consists of a wall of small stones and earth which … small, were once closed is certainly true; the only question

XXVII

for himself and his house, and that this would remain open

XXVIII

-which covered them would not have shed water. The fiat … But do not the chamber-tombs excavated by Tsountas at … Indeed, in ceiling over the chambers in the walls of Tiryns

XXIX

roof on the ordinary dwelling-house. Nor can I agree with … tion appears to me not altogether correct. Among the

XXX

earth with or without cement. The foundation walls of

XXXI

is a different culture. The fortress wall with its gates and … the interior of a single edifice that we can make out col-

Chapter I: Landmarks of the Mycenaean World

1

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … out of his way to reconcile the apparent insignificance of

2

2 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

3

LANDMARKS OF THE MYCENAEAN WORLD 3 … crusade against the East long before the Dorian has come

4

4 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

5

LANDMARKS OF THE MYCENAEAN WORLD 5 … near Spata in the Attic Mesogeia revealed a great rock-

6

6 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Following upon this notable find, the Greek Archae- … the base of Palamedes and resembling those of … In 1880-81, Dr. Schliemann cleared the famous Treasury

7

LANDMARKS OF THE MYCENAEAN WORLD 7 … on the uppermost terrace or the citadel a palace the Palace … along with many other treasures, the now famous Vaphio and

8

8 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … (2) at Halike (Halae Aixonides) on the sea southeast of

9

LANDMARKS OF THE MYCENAEAN WORLD 9 … Homolle has made Mycenaean finds, — a small chamber-

10

10 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … There, in 1893-94, Dr. Dorpfeld found in the sixth stratum … As the outcome of all these discoveries and the studies … culture. At first, indeed, it was pronounced exotic and

11

LANDMARKS OF THE MYCENAEAN WORLD 11 … hold to this Hellenic view (if it may be so called); and it … While other terms (as Achaean and Aegean) have been

Chapter II: The Fortress-City

12

THE FORTRESS-CITY

13

THE FORTRESS-CITY 13 … remains the well-nigh perfect type of the ancient fortress

14

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … The Plain of Argos, thus inviting to early commerce, is

15

THE FORTRESS-CITY 15,

16

16 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … However this may have been, it was under the Pelopid

17

THE FORTRESS-CITY 17 … Still there was a remnant left to have a hand in the … a decade later (468 b. a), the jealous Argives besieged … upon the spot show that in the third century B. c, Argos

18

18 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and history, we proceed to a detailed study of our two

19

THE FORTRESS-CITY 19

20

20 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … outside post is broken off above and the lintel has disap-

20b

Plate IV. MYCENAE, FROM THE SOUTH

21

THE FORTRESS-CITY 21

22

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and the like. The southern gallery lies at a level of 24 feet … is lighted by a sort of window which, starting with the full

23

THE FORTRESS-CITY 23 … 3 " The existence of an older settlement in Tiryns is therefore certain, but of

24

24 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Mycenae: region lies before it and two lofty summits rise

25

THE FORTRESS-CITY. 25 … tion of the line above the Chavos. … horizontal courses, so disposed that the vertical

26

26 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

26b

Plate V. TIRYNS, FROM THE EAST

27

THE FORTRESS-CITY … Fig. 5. The '; Polygonal Tower " (Mycenae)

28

28 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the wall is not of uniform thickness, but in the portions still … of the circuit were once supposed to have been pierced with … and another (K) is now found to be an entrance to a tunnel

29

THE FORTRESS-CITY 29 … have to approach the gate exposed to a rain of missiles in

30

30 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

31

THE FORTRESS-CITY 31

32

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … near the north-east corner or the circuit wall and … to the east and north-east of the fortress. Subsequently,

32b

Plate VI. PLAN OF THE CITADEL OF TIRYNS (by Dr. Dorpfeld)

33

THE FORTRESS-CITY 33 … of dwelling's or little villages pitched wherever The Lower … tery, and, owing to the occasional proximity of village to vil- … shelter of the whole people must have made itself felt. At

34

34 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … house, but form a street of stairs leading up to the higher

35

THE FORTRESS-CITY 35 … One of these highways, starting apparently from the gate

36

36 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … which prevailed in the fortress walls, the courses converg-

37

THE FORTRESS-CITY … region, intersected by frequent torrents; and the three

38

38 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … were built for the garrison, and communication was main- … with these Mycenaean roads; they do not, however, in fact … mental tomb. At the base it measures about 40 by 50 feet, and a narrow

39

THE FORTRESS-CITY … cut in the living rock, elsewhere the cutting is in massive

40

40 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Another spring, small but unfading, bubbles up to the

41

THE FORTRESS-CITY 41

42

42 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … voirs from which it drew water. As we have seen, the

43

THE FORTRESS-CITY 43

Chapter III: The Palace

44

THE PALACE

44b

E. gallery, £. Bathroom, y, S. Passages, e. Chambers and

45

THE PALACE 45 … the prototype of all Greek gateways of later times. Even … This inner gateway opens into the chief courtyard of … 1 "The whole floor is still covered with thick Iiine concrete, injured only here

46

46 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Exactly opposite this altar on the north side of the court … of alabaster slabs (Fig. 11) resting on the ground

47

THE PALACE … Three large folding-doors, occupying almost the whole

48

48 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … for the door, indicate that the walls were wainscoted with … 1 "It exceeds in size the cellas of many Greek temples, — e. g., that of the

49

THE PALACE 49 … Still the structure as a whole offers a ground-plan that is

50

50 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … places only (the hall and outer court of the women), the

51

THE PALACE

52

52 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the checkers were painted red, and defined by narrow bands

53

THE PALACE 53 … this great pile roofed over ? In the debris we find neither

54

54 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … be made water-tight with rushes. . . . There remains the … into the megaron, but also the smoke from the hearth

55

THE PALACE 55

56

56 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … end, yet so thickly coated with plaster as to hide the joints … .1 Recalling the polished stones before Nestor's palace. — Odyssey, iii. 406-

57

THE PALACE … Fig. 14. Heartli of the Palace at Mycenae

58

58 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … piece together a great composition in which hoplites and … 2 Keichel (Ueber Horn. Waffen, p. 141), recognizes the same construction in

59

THE PALACE 59 … square hearth (about 31 by 42 inches and 2 inches £23 Si

60

60 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … intended for communication with the women's … for the men, the other for the women. These communi-

61

THE PALACE … plastered and then paint- … 1 A faithful reproduction of this facade may be seen in the Mycenaean room of

62

62 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … before they were given to the flames. That both palaces … a ace may differ. In the Homeric palace3 the essen-

63

THE PALACE 63 … the interior of the great hall, in Homeric times still

64

64 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … one more. At the foot of the great staircase at Mycenae, … oil; the evidence of these actual marble benches, as of the … 2 &itwr:'A.j3oeT« a\fi<paros. — Od. iii. 406 f. Cf. viii. 6, and Iliad, xviii. 563.

65

THE PALACE 65

66

66 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … plan and structure between the prehistoric and the Homeric

Chapter IV: The Private House and Domestic Life

67

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE … for the women. The two sections have a common outer

68

68 THE. MYCENAEAN AGE

69

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE 69 … we can turn this untidy habit to account in draw- Mycenaean … naked hills with proper protection would still produce the

70

70 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

71

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE 71

72

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … be no doubt that the … knowledge, of the ves- … at least toward the end of the My- … or five times with proper Mycenaean objects, and always

73

THE PRIVATE … doubtless the cheapest, … much the harder of the two, … Of copper, a single one of the Royal Tombs (Grave IV.)

74

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … graven on the handle. … Along with the metals we find stone still … buckets, no doubt intended to contain milk — exactly after the fashion of the

75

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE … in height, and great bowls decorated with spiral reliefs or … The vase proper is … in the bottom go to … " from its shape and technique … string." In one case there were found in the hole remnants of the twisted

76

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 1 Along the northern wall of the megaron at Tiryns, twelve circles were … of these pithoi have been unearthed by Dyrpfeld in the Mycenaean Troy.

77

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE … 27, 28). But the subject of vase- … with copper ore and employed mainly in … at least not unlike the pattern in common use to-day. … 1 See Schliemami's Mycenae, xliii. ff., and for examples of the stone moulds … and a dog. " Small as these sculptures are, they are still of capital interest,

78

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … them with a lid, —with figures of animals, griffins, and men … on articles of wood. The bands … tioned — namely, the lamp. It has been reserved to the last … palace or hovel, may have been provided with slits in the

79

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE 79 … We are now (1895) in a position to maintain that the … side view and as Fi^2!)" Stone Lanq.

80

80 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and has two mouths, … The general form, the shallowness … probably the latter) was burnt, thus

81

THE PRIVATE HOUSE AND DOMESTIC LIFE 81

82

82 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … with princely manners. And if the ages could roll back

82b

Plate X. MYCENAE: ROYAL CEMETERY AND LIONS' GATE, FROM WITHIN

Chapter V: The Dwellings of the Dead: Shaft-Graves

83

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD : SHAFT-GRAVES

84

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and the space between them was originally filled in with … 1 These covering slabs (according to Schliemann) " are firmly fitted in and

85

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 85 … mound to be seen on the citadel — a mound ris-

86

86 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

87

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 87 … At a depth of 7| feet below two of these stelae, and 21 feet … classify them as to suggest at least a picture of the dead

88

88 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … fish, butterflies, swans, eagles, hippocampi and sphinxes; 4 … fusion of gold, there were 4 silver vases and goblets, 2 silver … gold beads, and " another large quantity of small pieces of

89

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD … furniture, we proceed to a like rapid survey of one of the … for funeral rites, and … again on a pebble bed, lay the bodies of five persons,1 three

90

90 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … to justify the statement. But there was more … golden horns, and 56 little replicas of the same in gold; 3

91

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 91 … tery and the questions raised in connection with it. And

92

92 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … position, but here the man in front is clearly making at the

93

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 93

94

94 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

95

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 95 … 1 Mycenae, p. 296 f., with figure from an oil painting made directly after the … 3 For example, Hector's body is not burned until the twenty-second day

96

96 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the bones of those buried previously were often pushed … 2 For valuable data as to embalming in other parts of the East (Phoenicia,

97

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 97 … parts of the eastern side of the inclosure. Two of the

98

98 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … importance or specially characteristic and illustrative. And … in imitation of things actually worn by the living. So the

99

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 99 … These masks were undoubtedly intended to perpetuate the … To men, of course, belonged the various weapons —

100

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … of the two handles, thus recalling … in a band defined by the rim

101

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 101 … gold, ornaments of other metals and of glass paste being

102

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … of these again perch two doves, symbols of the … are flat with a central upper structure of the clerestory … were needed to carry the broad lintel (Luschan, Ztschr. far Ethiologie, 1892, p.

103

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 103

104

104 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … still in existence. The long sides correspond exactly to the … but the inference would be erroneous, as only men were

105

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 105 … thought them symbolical, like " the scales in the wall paint-

106

106 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and our objections to it may be briefly stated.

107

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 107 … were kept inside the Mycenaean acropolis.

108

108 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Fifthly, the orientation of the stelae — of which nine … These considerations seem fatal to the theory that the … elusion, which we hold to be the true one, namely,

109

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD … pulling down a section of the rude wall. At Mycenae, on

110

110 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

111

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 111 … 1 It is generally stated that the supporting wall is only 13 feet high, and all

112

112 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … ward do ye Achaeans build it broad and high, whosoever … family sepulchre just outside the citadel and on the main … father's tomb by the palace-gates : " All hail, my father's … The Ancient City, p. 44. i

113

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD 113 … later that the citadel was considerably enlarged mem of the

114

114 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

Chapter VI: The Dwellings of the Dead: Beehive and Chamber Tombs

115

THE DWELLINGS OF THE DEAD : BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER … ranean chambers " in the form of a vault or beehive. Both

116

116 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … hidden like the chamber-tombs. The vaulted or beehive … The beehive tombs thus far known are distributed as … found Heraion, three; at Thoricus, three; and one each … (Acharnae) in Attica; at Orchomenos in Boeotia; and … three Mycenaean domical tombs" in the necropolis of Erganos in Crete. One … {Academy, ,Tnne 20, 1896) a Mycenaean tholos tomb turned into a shepherd's

117

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 117 … and his sons, where they kept their treasures " (ii. 16, 6), in … however, the latter view is accepted on all hands and (we

118

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … single block of which measures on the wall face 20 feet

119

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS … is composed of two enormous blocks, the inner one mea- … nice actually found in the … ,i -1 , -.i ,i • Fier. 44. Mycenaean Column

120

120 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … The chamber entered by this stately portal is a tholos … each course a perfect circle and all gradually converging in … served to affix a frieze in two bands. Above this the holes

121

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 121 … which was in turn cased with slabs of alabaster. Near the

122

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … preserved as the Treasury of Atreus, the upper courses of

123

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 12S

124

124 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … features £eet long^ 4 feet ^^ and about 1_i £eet fc^y … high, which blocks the outer end of the dromos to this … Of the five outside, all but one have been cleared. Of … teet wide, and its sides are raced with squared

125

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS

126

126 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Pausanias as the Treasury of Minyas, and is thus tra-

127

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS … the Treasury of Minyas and the Walls at Tiryns, though … This description shows that in Pausanias' time the

128

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Fig. 48. Fragment of the Orchomenos Ceiling:

128b

Plate XV. INTERIOR OF THE TREASURY AT

129

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 129 … the tholos through its own doorway. Instead a separate … rosettes and spirals apparently reproducing a textile pattern ; … there in any case a side-chamber or a door to close the

130

130 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

131

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 131 … certain constructions found near Volo in the confines of

132

132 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 79 feet, and in breadth from 6£ to 7 feet. Again,

133

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS

134

THE MYCENAEAN AGE

135

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 135 … great care. These show the transition from the tholos

136

136 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … — like oar receiving vaults — for the body and the funeral … posed of three narrow bands of color (red, yellow, and blue).

137

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS … assumed for the private … Where the tomb has * SL F™e™5'U"" <* °X"?

138

138 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

139

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 139

140

• 140 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

141

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 141

142

142 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the superb ceiling of Orchomenos, for instance, in a narrow … should have been buried in the earth, we must accept the … the dead

143

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 143 … these same people think that to insure their comfort in the

144

144 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

145

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 145 … in one of them (Fig. 76); two terra-cotta vessels; and … In the Menidi tomb, again, were found many trinkets,

146

146 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … probably without any bearing on the chronology: in the … xii. 199 f.) holds that the great treasury tombs antedate the grave circle.

147

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 147 … belonged to larger objects of metal, no longer found in the

148

148 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … or otherwise. It was doubtless a sacrificial pit: over it the

149

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 149

150

150 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … we must assume that the libations there were poured into

151

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 151 … probable that six slaves or captives — and such they must … either covering or revetment, is cut directly in the dromos-

152

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Further, as Achilles slays four strong-necked horses and … the vaulted or cham- … the wall blocking … Fig. 53. Tombstone (front and s

153

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 153 … tinguishable from the mass. Even the trunk of a tree may … their goal in the race by ancient men, this now is the mark … 4 Some editors (as Kayser-Faesi) curiously take the oar itself as the stele

154

154 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Here some words relative to Electra have fallen out, and

155

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 155 … treasuries, and several tombs, most of them within the wall,

156

156 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Belger * further aims to show that the tradition came to

157

BEEHIVE AND CHAMBER TOMBS 157 … that the largest and the finest of the domed tombs were the

158

158 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

Chapter VII: Dress and Personal Adornment

159

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT

160

160 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … berg et Saglio : Diet, des aniiquites s. v. cinetus ; and Sophus Miiller, Die Nor-

161

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT

162

162 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

163

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT … shown in Fig. 57 is the commonest and earliest of all, … tle, twofold, which had a brooch fashioned in gold with a double covering for the

164

164 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … again, was probably derived from the first, from which it … turn up at the toes, as is the almost invariable

165

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 165 … stones carved with life-like intaglios. In the Yaphio tomb,

166

166 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 1 Perhaps not exclusively so. At least, Athenian ladies in the fifth century

167

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT … heads show the smooth upper lip, the pointed … The Sceptre

168

168 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … some of the wood … the sheathing of another staff (Fig- 64). A like cylinder … There were rivets, namely, piercing clear through the cyl- … Dragon-hilt and Sheath of Sceptre (Grave IV-)

169

DSESS and personal adornment … heroic authority ; and we gain a. … " studded with golden nails," and even a»^a»a' <&»™ ™ >

170

170 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … The first monument to our purpose is a gold ring found … in the larger women's dress, which … stone tablet from Mycenae (Plate XX.). On this tablet the

171

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 171 … e. g., the bronze sceptre with the gilded … somewhat from those just described — the skirt being di-

172

172 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … that they were in fact originally two distinct garments, the … her hand to a man armed with a spear. The woman's

173

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT … breaking in upon the … stance where the two

174

174 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … they are so small and occur in such quantities — … the garment by means of a strong thread well knotted

175

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 175

176

176 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … There is little to show how the Mycenaean woman dressed

177

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 177

178

178 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … An article of greater utility in the toilet was the hairpin. … — in the fourth grave. The excava- … The comb, too, was worn by My- Fies-68'm- Hairpins … woven of 1,750. double rings and 354 hexagonal leaves, the other of more than

179

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT … liefs and other decorations, … Sometimes the tress is curled up at the end, as in the … which represent a woman with rings in her ears. The ex- … in the Great Treasure, — and in designs of great variety and beauty. (Ilios,

180

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … may have been worn by Mycenaean … the same make; and a terra-cotta

181

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 181 … a Hon in full retreat over rocky ground, the second a … other tomb has yielded their like. A pierced gem o£ the

182

182 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … paste, engraved like the gems, but these are of slight im-

183

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 183 … The rings, as already remarked, are of various materials,

184

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the gold rings (Figs. 65, 66) and a jasper … It was found by Schliemann in 1876, and … The dress of women, and of men as well, was spangled … lines, and spirals; partly natural, as flowers, cuttlefish, and … ■, p. 131 f., and Fig. 175.

185

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT … as Aphrodite (Figs. 38, 39), and, appa- … such as were actually found in so great numbers in the same … for fastening them to the drapery. … pendants of gold-leaf hanging by delicate wires. The … cles of the toilet. Combs and unguents we

186

THE MYCENAEAN AGE

187

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT … More important than all these are the mirrors. Like … by two rivets. The disk, whose polished surface served the … another example (Fig. 84). The … nately with rosettes and chevrons. Upon the branches

188

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … rolla expressed by the gold … and cheek by jowl, each … to some other object, and not to a mirror. It was found

189

DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT 189 … ture to ourselves the Mycenaean lady in full dress, " with

190

190 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

190b

Plate XVIII. THE WARRIOR VASE (Mycenae)

Chapter VIII: Arms and War

191

ARMS AND WAR … " almost certainly a portion of a shield. Its flat face is curved to meet the

192

192 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

193

ARMS AND WAR 193

194

194 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

195

ARMS AND WAR 195

196

196 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … with a socket to hold the plume; and apparently a cheek-

197

ASMS AND WAR … shows the upper rim of … the ear can be seen the … 1 The make of this helmet is anything: b.ut clear. Perrot takes it for " a … of woven leather, and in the cheek-piece or chin-band a braided beard. The … 2 This vessel, judging from its material, must have been imported^ and

198

198 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … " The fierce and hardy warrior ; he that wields … of most of the weapons. We have in particular, from the … 1 Plutarch informs us that King Pyrrhus was distinguished by the goat-horns

199

ARMS AND WAR … broad at the heel and taper- … some instances the bronze … yielded "46 bronze swords more or less fragmentary." On the other hand, it

200

200 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … have on each side of the ridge " a frieze of galloping … from Thera, and another from Vaphio. The

201

ARMS AND WAR … ing chase to five gazelles, with the … while the other lions are in full

202

202 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Swords kas ^e usuaj Dronze blade, but broadening at the … it was left to Koumanondes, in cleansing them four years later, to discover and

203

ARMS AND WAR 203 … long and If inches wide — with the fragment of a sword … unusually thick and solid, — 4 ft. long and 1| in. broad, … 1 Dr. Schliemann mentions several blades with remnants of the wooden

204

204 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

205

ARMS AND WAR 205 … lias been found thus far in the excavations, and … of wood or of horn, arrow-heads abound, and the monu-

206

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the contents of a quiver deposited there … the arrow-smith may have put them up and sold them by … 1 The archer also appears in tlie Lion Hunt (Fig. 89), and on a gold signet … Hissarlik (Ilios, p. 477), and Perrot and Chipiez (Mycenaean Art, i. 133) figure

207

ARMS AND WAR 207 … an example procured by Mr. Arthur J. Evans near the … (possibly to lighten the blade), while the

208

208 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

209

ARMS AND WAR 209 … sword inlaid with living scenes from heroic life and slung from

210

210 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 8 "He points out that in any ease the use of a breastplate is never ascribed

211

ARMS AND WAR 211

212

212 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 2 This golden shield, seeming to take the place of a handle, is one of two or

213

ARMS AND WAR … while the slingers stand erect and make ready for the … 1 In fact another fragment gives ns trace of a horse and chariot, obviously

214

214 THE MYCENAEAN AGE ' … lhus interpreted we may recognize in the figures … Some from their city and their sires repell'd

215

ARMS AND WAR 215

216

216 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

216b

Plate XIX. THE VAPHIO CUPS

Chapter IX: Some Phases of Mycenaean Art

217

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART

218

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Nor was it in mechanical skill alone that the Mycenaeans … with the soft steatite or " soapstone," the artist proceeded to … 1 Saws of silex have been found at Troy ; but as the width of the incision

219

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … effect (for example, the ring de- … has been regarded as among the

220

220 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Of these manifold arts as known and practiced by the … apart, and wide apart, in both design and execution. In the

221

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 221 … in the sixth and fifth centuries B. c, we find in many parts

222

222 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … tional wooden method on the one hand, and by the resist- … work was in high favor, and was patronized as perhaps it

223

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 223 … suffices for the fabrication of separate articles, or for over- … ronage, and working against greater odds — hardly held its

224

224 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Thus, on the stele which we have reproduced in Plate XI.

225

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART

226

226 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the later Mycenaean culture, there is a marked advance m … the designs of the engraved gems have a real artistic qual-

227

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART

228

228 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

229

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 229 … represent an object distinctly and clearly, often runs into

230

230 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … important, — and so in many instances are the … immediate growth and progress, for a time in all probability

231

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … as we find it employed in the … 2 " In many of the pictures of the New Empire, a tame cat accompanies the … butterflies among water plants — in which Evans recognizes the same Nilotic

232

232 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … pled with foes — we find two poignards and a war-hatchet, … diameter, found in the pile dwellings of Cortaillod, in Lake

233

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … while yet soft, was made to adhere more closely to the

234

234 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

235

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 235 … of Continental Greece. The island art in turn influenceof

236

236 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Vessels every way similar to the primitive Trojan ware, … why we need deny to the art of inlaying, as exemplified in … Homeric origin. All the more surprising is the revelation … with polychrome designs. But even before the

237

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 237 … Just this remote antiquity, together with the fact that at

238

238 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … simply see the art in a very archaic stage, while in Argolis … toward the primitive stage of Thera. … the second city, and the walls, usually of unbaked brick,1

239

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … now to consider it not on the plastic side, hut with regard … of Mycenaean vases we need … ochrome and Polychrome … retains the natural color of … of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Vases in the Boston Museum of the Fine Arts.

240

240 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … The second class of vases is distinguished by polychrome … W t.....*TT"^\7. '%j^S',4 birds, stags, —even the … ^4j£SS^£BBS/f usual, preponderates. The … Boeotia, and the Aegean Islands — not indeed in the

241

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … geometrical decoration, but advancing to the representa- … iarities. Of the islands, Thera … form and decoration. … lustrous varnish to the body of the vessel — a process used … (1) the relative fineness of

242

THB MYCENAEAN AGE … and rising to higher ranges in … all enriched and fixed by careful

243

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … marked upon the lustrous … gold cup from Grave III. offers a close parallel in form and design, except that

244

244 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Say that the Country . Fig-129. Ivy Vase (from Athena)

245

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART … we must dissent. He holds, namely, that the … 1 " They [the Mycenaean painted vases] seem to be the outward and visible … rosettes and of swans.

246

246 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

247

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 247 … on the island oi Melos a stone box, raised on Aryan prop- … ported by a central pillar; and we may be sure that such a … from Greece and Phrygia, for example, in Lapland and

248

248 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … ceed immediately to the building of vaulted tombs, for … chamber- hke sepulchres such as we have noted in the … 1 Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 53. In Scotland ; Perrot & Chipiez, My-

249

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 249

250

250 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

251

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 251 … To this primitive lake-dwelling contingent of the Myce-

252

252 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Be that as it may, it is certain that the final evolution of … either about the hearth or about the entrance hall.

253

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 253

254

254 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and Menidi; and a terra-cotta vase-stand-

255

SOME PHASES OF MYCENAEAN ART 255 … simply the translation into stone of wooden pillars covered with richly embossed

Chapter X: The Islands ad Mediators in Art

256

THE ISLANDS AS MEDIATORS IN ART … (spear-heads, daggers, wedge-shaped axes) and

257

THE ISLANDS IN ART … These rude idols, together with arms and … the Carians, sometimes to the Lele- Carians or … represented as merely the double of the Cari- … 1 A remarkable series of these idols, nine in number, and all of Parian mar-

258

258 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … ample, the absence from Theraean remains of the statuettes … 2 Ferd. Diimmler (1. c), to whom we owe the most careful study yet made

259

THE INLANDS IN ART 259 … The one from Melos, … The Amorgos urn, first published ■ by Diimmler, is of

260

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … absence of the lid of the Melos urn leaves us to inference

261

THE ISLANDS IN ART … gos a circular building which reproduces the construction … Minor and to the Semitic countries — the influence of the … afford new light upon many a dark problem in the history

262

262 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

263

THE ISLANDS IN ART 263

264

264 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … adduced the absence of bronze nails. As the nails would

265

THE ISLANDS IN ART 265 … know — swords, axes and spear-heads which witness no … heads, also of the most primitive type; that is to say, they … the art of Amorgos antedates the shaft-graves of Mycenae, … the high antiquity of metal-work in the Islands. These

266

266 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Not to dwell upon these specific finds, do not the remains … well as. ceramics and architecture, had made considerable

267

THE ISLANDS IN ART 267 … position to influence Mycenaean art and bring it

Chapter XI: Writing in Mycenaean Greece

268

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE

269

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE … from left to right (Figs. 138,139). Both the material — a … the same kind were coming to light in Egypt. In 1889—90

270

270 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … At any rate, the stone vessel whose handle bears the longest

271

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE 271 … system, quite distinct from the Egyptian and also independ- … Cretan Pictographs and Pre-Pkoenician Script, London and New York, 1895.

272

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … subject-matter of the present work is obvious; and we must … varieties, — one elongated, the other globular. … IV. With one engraved side, the upper part being orna- … Athens, and another represents a stone ob- … (London and New York, 1895).

273

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE … some of these signs are found exclusively at the beginning

274

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the separate charac- … 1 Even a one-moon voyage seems to have been too much for the average

275

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE … them date from the Mycenaean age, but their beginnings … these objects date only from the end of the Mycenaean … However, we feel perfectly safe in the following general … had something in common with the hieroglyphic

276

276 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … find stones of the second, third or fourth class, — though a … On ordinary lentoid stones and on gold signet rings from … recurring at at the knee, heads of animals, a double-edged axe ; … found broadcast, but solely in the region east of Knossos.

277

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE 277 … provenance is suggested by the marked correspondence, … Now the Mycenaean civilization had penetrated every … system exercised any appreciable influence on the Hellenic

278

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … whorls of stone and of … served, and copied, in a … of the most frequent symbols on the seals. Similar signs … riously Cypriote aspect " (Fig. 145). And … Fig-144. Signs on Blocks of Mycenaean

279

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE 279 … from vases of stone and terra cotta, from pendants, whorls, … vironment — all point to a close connection be ,The tem

280

280 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and Gurob in the ruins of two ancient cities.

281

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE … like those of Crete and the rest of Greece … added,—namely, the.sign on the stone pes- … Hesy and Aegean … and New York, 1894), pp. 21-33.

282

282 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … for Greek withni the sphere 01 its influence; but m Pelo- … Mycenaean naean symbols, J. his question is suggested by

283

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE

284

284 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … great or small, in the development of Mycenaean culture. … For, while in Peloponnesus and in Attica we have recovered … added the Phaestos blocks, the building-stones at Knossos,

285

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE

286

286 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … pictures. In time it advances to notation of syllables, and … pear unmistakably in the " Mycenaean " script. Hence it

287

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE … CYPR.AND| … OX AND OX*S.HEAD FOLLOWED … Fig. 150. Comparative View of Pictographs and Linear Signs

288

288 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … a more simplified form of script." But if the change of … to the "Mycenaean, Cypriote and hieroglyphic … 1 See Table III., reproduced (with omission of Groups 7, 12 and 13) from

289

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE 289 … the entire passage (page 367): "Supposing that throughout

290

290 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

291

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE 291 … tasks, and how constantly they were in touch with nations … may be the primitive peoples of Greece felt no need of … 1 It can hardly be a mere coincidence that three of the six inscribed objects

292

292 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … gone to minimize the need of a system of writing. More- … Note. — In a renewed exploration of Crete in the spring of 1896, of which

293

WRITING IN MYCENAEAN GREECE 293

Chapter XII: Religion

294

"Whatever view we take of Mycenaean writing, it re- … they have to tell us about the origin of things. Still, a … the necropolis of Pitane, near Smyrna ; another is a funerary urn from Crete.

295

Now we can hardly believe that the Mycenaean man was

296

296 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Dr. Schhemann picked up by the hundred even … lead from the Burnt City is reproduced by Schlie-

297

Of the function of these figures there can be no reason-, … Homer, could have no hesitation in recognizing Athene

298

298 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … e aved and broad hips, now with the bended bow (Fig. … the full insignia of Artemis, sacred goat and all — in one … we see sun and crescent moon above the cloud-canopy, and

299

the seated figure stands a fourth, apparently plucking fruit … the seated woman of the signet must be Earth in one of … We should then have in this ring-design a picture of the

300

300 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Milchhofer.1 He sees in the main group the mother of … gems; and a bronze vessel from Cyprus. The designs on

301

tongues lolling out of their mouths, and a pole over their … These monuments are hard to read, but the most proba-

302

302 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … human head and bovine body, or the other way about. … And then with human trunk and head of ox." ' … edly outnumber the male. With barely the two exceptions

303

when all Greece accepted Zeus as the sovereign of the gods, … worship is primeval —■ Mother Earth, the universal life-giver.

304

304 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … see three women, all bearing branches, while the hindmost … the name "ApT^s — ipm/us, a slayer.

305

Here again we have the temple on the right; before it a … prayer; a goat by his side is obviously the victim to be … This testimony establishes two facts: first, that the My- … already built them temples. This is clearest in the evidenced

306

306 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … recovered or irom the Mycenaean sites m Greece. At … ings would justify us in taking it for a temple. The ruins

307

thinks it possible that this may be a temple. In the case … the horizontal roof was introduced into Greece, or at least … the Mycenaean age many structures built expressly for the … 8 The Heraion at Olympia must be excepted.

308

308 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … cient places of worship without temples, and among them one which offers a

309

a house built and walled in passes, the further we go into … , . ' ii- o The altar

310

310 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 2 In the Dipylon age the same purpose was served by great vases with per-

311

but a raised platform, such as we see on the gold ring or

312

812 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … but is incapable of proof. Schrader (Prehistoric Antiquities, 424 f.) finds the

313

rifice a coal-black sheep." With the Ionian race, to whom

314

314 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Assuredly a faith, which retained so much vitality in the … Other Myoe- worship was the root of all their religion, we know … — who follows our Aryan progenitors in their dispersion and

315

associated with the fruitful earth, as he is with the fructify- … But it is the objective data with which we have to deal; … 1 A. B. Cook on " Animal Worship in the Mycenaean Age," Journal of Hel-

Chapter XIII: The Problem of Mycenaean Chronology

316

THE PROBLEM OF MYCENAEAN CHRONOLOGY … SdeddatT us OIUy m the universal language of form and … Now, a dateless era and a nameless race — particularly

317

THH PROBLEM OF MYCENAEAN CHRONOLOGY 317 … 1 See Dr. Washington's paper in the American Journal of Archaeology, vol.

318

318 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Mycenaean , pit** - … Cecil Torr indeed brings the twelfth dynasty down to 1500 b. c, " at latest; " … 1 This vase is published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, xi. pi. xiv. For a … part of the products of that great wave of Graeco-Libyan conquest which

319

THE PROBLEM OF MYCENAEAN CHRONOLOGY 319 … While the tombs and houses in which the scarabs of a given Pharaoh are found … thirteenth-dynasty king (circa 2100 b. c.) from a shaft-grave in the Acropolis

320

320 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … be insisted upon as an independent datum. However, the … Force of probability that at least from the fifteenth cen-

321

THE PROBLEM OF MYCENAEAN CHRONOLOGY 321 … with the facts. To take but one test, the Mycenaean age … geherrscht hat." And Flinders-Petrie ("Notes on the Antiquities of Mycenae,"

322

322 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … were no more patrons like the rich and munificent princes … types of architecture, definitively wrought out by the My- … Jevons, Prehistoric Antiquities, p. 202. On the other hand, Petrie (Ten Years

323

THE PROBLEM OF MYCENAEAN CHRONOLOGY 323 … 1 Adler : Sehliemann's Tiryns, xl. ; Furtwangler and Loscheke, Myk. Vasen, … Evans has now found near Kalamafka in Crete," part of the upper extrem-

324

324 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

325

THE PROBLEM OF MYCENAEAN CHRONOLOGY 325

Chapter XIV: The Problem of the Mycenaean Race

326

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE … erations which make against the Hellenic origin of the

327

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 327 … explaining this type of dwelling as a reminiscence of the

328

328 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … stronghold in itself, but because it was protected by the … Eleusis, Arne, Mideia — cities which had long perished, and … 1 In this connection, we may recall a curious diseovery made by the engineer

329

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 329 … the waters, towns were submerged, but it is quite as -prob-

330

330 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … That the people in question once actually followed this … proper galleries have yet been found at Mycenae, and it is

331

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 331

332

332 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

333

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 333 … experience in reclaiming swamp land yet to acquire and. … to nnd the ship tigur-

334

334 . THE MYCENAEAN AGE … mint-marks from ^he same region whence came the ancestors of … 2 Even their common name for the eel was formed in the separate languages

335

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 335 … the Homeric Greeks themselves are not presented to us as

336

336 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … have clear reminiscences in the clan-names of certain Attic

337

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 337 … Somewhat such must have been the aspect in primitive

338

338 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

339

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 339 … cities an alien people, and that the monuments of Myce- … a trace at Amyclae or Orchomenos. In the Mycenaean

340

340 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 1 So, Niese, Entwickelung der Horn. Poesie, p. 213 ; and others not a few.

341

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 341 … other peoples, and notably by Achaeans whose position is

342

342 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

343

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 343 … environment. Later than the Danaans, according to the

344

344 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 3Ld byn" beehive or chamber tomb. At Orchomenos the … belong to of tomb makes its appearance in the great domes … forth to be used as a place of burial, while the humbler

345

THE PROBLEM OF THE MYCENAEAN RACE 345 … explained. It is that of a change in the ruling race and … this dynastic revolution, and it appears probable that the … the graves of Northern Europe.

346

346 - THE MYCENAEAN AGE … 1 That Minyans were established in Laconia and assisted in the Laconiau

Chapter XV: The Mycenaean World and Homer

347

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER

348

348 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

349

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 349 … first acquaintance with the metals," and so finds Dawnofthe

350

350 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … and the of course, to the olive and the horse. While the

351

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 351 … 1 Wanderings of Plants and Animals, 40-52. - Iliad, xi. 358.

352

352 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … in view of the fact that even Homer knows but one domesti- … hunters chasing, for example, the deer, the wild bull, the … is no animal that their art represents more masterfully, and … primitive life after men have once begun to till the soil. "The spoils of the

353

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 353 … and many more have been properly analyzed. We can at

354

354 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … losing sight of land, many of them naturally took to the … It goes without saying that cities with near and safe

355

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 355 … resources; but it is very easy to overestimate the role of … bear to bide at home in peace, tending their flocks and … ventures, and the more their colonies expanded a"d foreign

356

356 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the men of Greece in training for their larger role in the … aside from the highway of the world's progress, … the history iorces in the general movement ot the age. Unce

357

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 357 … 1 " Let us then fully acknowledge the indebtedness of early Aegean cul-

358

358 * THE MYCENAEAN AGE … find them at Troy, in Caria, Cyprus, Egypt,1 and even in

359

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 359 … 3 Cf. Arthur J. Evans, I. c. " It is difficult to exaggerate the part played

360

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … onistsofthe the wind. 1 hanks to Dorpteid, we can now at … rapes and reprisals were inevitable incidents of the situa-

361

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 361 … the struggle with the East. The Achaean capital faces the … and his fate.

362

362 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … The sack of Troy does not end the Mycenaean story.

363

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 363 … Priam for the much gold and bronze thereof, but now are

364

364 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

365

THE MYCENAEAN WORLD AND HOMER 365 … and the rise of a new order were peculiarly favorable to

366

366 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

Appendix A: The Mycenaean Troy

367

THE MYCENAEAN TROY

368

368 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Dr. Dorpfeld sums up the results of his work in the following conclu- … II. Prehistoric fortress, with strong walls and large brick buildings.

369

THE MYCENAEAN TROY 369 … Thus the Sixth City was two and a half times as large as the Second, and

370

370 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … curve anywhere, as at Tiryns or Mycenae. Instead of meeting the next … These projections, whose like occur occasionally at Tiryns and regularly, … Tiryns we note no such progress though the circuit is a larger one;

371

THE MYCENAEAN TROY 371

372

372 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

373

THE MYCENAEAN TROY … The masonry of the walls and houses of the Sixth City is so advanced in … find Homer guilty of an anachronism or deny that the Sixth City is the … 1 Dr. Dorpfeld has taken up this point in his introduction to the present work

Appendix B: The Fortress of Gha and other Minyan Works at Lake Copais

374

THE FORTRESS OF GHA AND OTHER MINYAN WORKS AT LAKE COFAIS … 3 He gives it no place on his map, and merely mentions it, in passing1, as " aa

375

THE FORTRESS AND PALACE OF GHA 375 … depended, the Minyans built a chain of forts, beginning with the central

376

THE MYCENAEAN AGE

377

THE FORTRESS AND PALACE OF GHA … assailant's " unshielded side," but every one has the inner court to trap … Lions' Gate and of the East Gate at Troy. The North Gate, approached

378

378 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … Thus far we have followed Herr Noack in his careful study of the

379

THE FORTRESS AND PALACE OF GHA 379 … placed by clay mortar, of which there are distinct traces. The blocks

380

380 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … the same character ; they have the same breadth, reach approximately … Upon a layer of juxtaposed stones was placed the pavement, made of … frieze, of which it is impossible now to give a restoration, though the

381

THE FORTRESS AND PALACE OF GHA 381 … pose seems to have been served by the fragments of stucco found in the

382

382 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … ruin its ancient name; and Noack, following up a hint of Wilamowitz, … out further proof, he remarks that, considering its situation in the Atha-

Appendix C: Recent Mycenaean Finds in Attica, Salamis and Aegina

383

KECENT MYCENAEAN FINDS IN ATTICA, SALAMIS, AND AEGINA … tlements in Attica and Aegina " (Eph. Arch., 1895—but published only in Sep-

384

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … The third tomb, discovered by Staes himself, is of the usual circular

385

ing at Menidi, and the same seems to be true of the larger of the ellipti- … and 4£ feet high; the other is some 10 feet long, 5J feet wide, and 3| … Fig. 163. Raised Grave within the same Tomb … glass paste, stone arrow-heads, and a white marble object resembling in

386

386 THE MYCENAEAN AGE … inurning the dead was then prevalent in localities quite remote from one … descending stairways. These had never been rifled, and yielded some … Attica in the Mycenaean age, special attention must be paid to two

387

IN ATTICA AND SALAMIS 387 … (Thucydides, ii. 15). These states were of course small, and the citizens, … 1895), and from this our information is mainly derived.

388

388 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

389

designs, which resembles those found at Kapandriti, and presents an … acquired by the British Museum and published by Mr. Arthur J. Evans.1

390

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … at Bologna, and on another in the … ornaments with open-work centres containing figures of dogs and apes,

391

Palaestrina. The ape, procured in Ethiopia, was sacred to Thoth and … are common to a wide European range in the Bronze Age. … gold disks depend from the chins of the terminal heads and the plate

392

THE MYCENAEAN AGE … ence to a goddess of fecundity, and

393

served as ring-money. Assuming that the highest weight of the rings … the after-bloom of Mycenaean art (see page 324). For there can be … chronological clues. It must be regarded as showing that the great days

394

394 THE MYCENAEAN AGE

Addenda et Corrigenda

395

been found at Eleusis; and that is probably a reservoir of post-Myce- … Page 24. Dr. DOrpfeld no longer holds the view here expressed, as … in April or May (1896) by lime-burners, and promptly converted into a … Page 116. A ninth tholos has since been found at Mycenae. Of the … Hexon, and published by Dr. Tsountas in the " Ephemeris Archaiologike "

396

frescoed. Where the coating is broken away at the top, we see part of … Page 184, line 30. In fact, one fifth of these roundels (145 out of the … Page 227, line 10. The description is inaccurate. Both inside and … poros, overlaid with stucco, and painted in colors that are remarkably

Index

397

H. Homeric. M. Mycenae, i.-vi. indicating the Royal Graves. 0. Orchomenos. T. Tiryns. … Achaeans, at Mycenae and Sparta, 342 ; … in Homer, 3, 342 ; … and Cyclades, 389; … the basis of prosperity, 355 ; … Albanian sailors of Hydra and Spetsia, … Alphabets, origin of the Mediterranean,

398

from the Baltic Sea, 180, 357- … swords, and other weapons, 256, 265, … Architecture, Mycenaean, influences later … Asia Minor, isles and coasts colonized by … in Mycenaean times, 386 ; … Mycenaean remains in, 383-7 ;

399

on Mycenaean chronology, 321 n., … rare in Mycenaean art, 333. … Bosnia, Mycenaean fibulae in, 359.

400

Byzantine, Mycenaean art claimed to be, … Caria, Mycenaean vases in, 358; … Carians, and Mycenaean culture, 258 n.;

401

Mycenaean, in Asia, 359 n., 364; … the primitive Aryan dwelling, 248 n., … Copper, jugs and caldrons. 99, (M. iv.) … Crates, the engineer, 375 n. … colonized by Danaans, 343, and Dorians, … on Mycenaean Age, 2; … Mycenaean pottery in, 358 ;

402

Mycenaean pottery in, 359 n. … ornaments and weapons of, 88, 90, 97- … Delphi, Mycenaean finds at, 9, 164, 166, … rare in Mycenaean sites, 339. … on capital and doorway, representing … of gold and silver, (H.) 31; … Mycenaean culture not, 340. … sides cut in the rock, 384.

403

Diimmler, on Carians and Leleges, 258 n.. … Earth, the goddess, 299, 300; … Mycenaean pottery in, 240, 318, 358 ; … Electron, alloy of gold and silver, 202. … Mycenaean civilization, 354 n., 357 … writing of Mycenaeans, 270-8; and … the earliest places of worship, 308;

404

offerings removed, broken, and burnt, … inlaid in rings, 184, 219, 390, 392, and

405

spirals for the hair, (M. iii.) 88, 393, … Goose, the only domesticated fowl in … Agamemnon and his followers, 154- … strapped at knee and ankle, 160, 162, … Halike, Mycenaean cemetery at, 8, 131, … at Argos and Mycenae, 303.

406

tion to Cypriote, Mycenaean, Phoe- … Homer, see Iliad and Odyssey. … civilization compared with Mycenaean. … Houssay, finds evolution theory on My-

407

and Gha, 381.

408

Mycenaean, 250, 259, 327-31 ; … scarce in Theraean and Carian graves,

409

obtained from the East, 850; … Minyae, their works in and about L. … Money, bracelet and rings as, 392-3; … Mosaic, see Checker- and Inlaid Work. … Mycenaean art, development of, 226, 230; … mediates between East and West, 359; … ------people farmers and shepherds, 332, … Needles, of bone and ivory, (Troy) 349 n.; … 'in Homer, 303, 308.

410

excavates Kahun and Gurob, 269-70,

411

their relation to Mycenaean culture, … clerestory, 254, and horse, 350; … Mycenaean, in foreign lands, xxvi., 318, … influenced by metal-work, 243; and … Resin, used in inlaying metals, 234; and … for the hair (fillet), 164, 176-7.

412

for the hair (?), 164; … by the pitcher, 302. … Scandinavian tombs like Mycenaean, 248. … Sehliemann, Mrs., excavates the " Tomb … Sea, influence of proximity to the, 13,

413

Sicily, Mycenaean pottery in, 358, 359 n. … Mycenaean remains in, 359 n. … of gold, for the hair, (M. iii.) 88, 388; … -vase of silver and lead, (M. iv.) 104.

414

map of Mycenaean roads, 35, 38, 87 n., … Swamps about Mycenaean cities, 18, 327- … Mycenaean fibulae, 359. … Temples, few in Mycenaean age, 292, … Mycenaean fibulae in, 359.

415

swords, and other weapons, 256, 265. … imitates the structure of a dwelling, 83, … relative age of beehive-tombs and … see also Beehive and Chamber. … with the East, 14, 105, 320,354-6,358, … to Mycenaean, 235-6, 238, 256, 376 ; … of Homer, xvii.-xxi., 368-9, 372-3;

416

Mycenaean vases, 35S, 368-9, 372; … Mycenaean, on Egyptian fresco, 319- … Wealth of Mycenaean kings, 2, 88, 90,

417

Mycenaean, 268-9, 279, 284, 316; … and not needed, 292 ; … and Hittite writing, 271, 274, 275,

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THE PALACE 45

middle wall, pierced by folding-doors and covered by an
onter and an inner portico. Each of these porticoes has
the form of a temple in antls, that is to say, its facade is
decorated by two columns between two pilasters formed by
the prolongation of the side walls. This gateway opens
into the great fore-court (F) around which we still trace
two small porticoes and several small chambers, though the
plan is partly obscured by later building and a land-slip on
the west. At the north-west corner of this fore- Iniier
court is a second gateway (K) on the same plan Gat*way
with that just described but somewhat smaller, being only
36 feet in breadth. In each of these portals we have
the prototype of all Greek gateways of later times. Even
the Propylaea of the Athenian acropolis is composed of the
same essential elements as these at Tiryns — only at Athens
the central wall is pierced with five gates and the hexastyle
porticoes are treated with a corresponding variety and
splendor.

This inner gateway opens into the chief courtyard of
the palace, the Men's Court (L) — a quadrangle, measur-
ing 52 by 66 feet.1 This court is almost sur- Men's Court
rounded by colonnades; but, as in the propylaea Wltl1 A,tar
and the fore-court, only the stone bases remain, the wooden
pillars having perished. Midway along the south side of
the court before the portico stands a quadrangular block of
masonry (measuring 8 by lOf feet), with a central circular
cavity some 4 feet in diameter but less than 3 feet deep.

1 "The whole floor is still covered with thick Iiine concrete, injured only here
and there. The escape of rain-water is very carefully provided for, for the
surface of the concrete is so leveled that the water runs off to a single point on
the south side. There we find a vertical shaft, built of rubble and covered
with a stone flag. Through a hole in this covering stone the water fell down
the shaft and so reached a walled horizontal canal that probably led it to some
reservoir." — Dorpfeld, Tiryns, p. 203.

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