DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.2532#0046
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE HERAEUM
25
former temple above this [second] temple, together with the few other remains of it
which escaped the flames." For it was the extant Cyclopean supporting- wall above the
Second Temple platform which put the identification of this site beyond a doubt, espe-
cially when in our excavations we found the layers of charred wood and other remains,
clearly bearing out the account of its burning. With the record of the accident caused
by the carelessness of the priestess Chryseis, the chapter ends, and Pausanias dismisses
the Heraeum. We shall often refer to the Old Temple, and its remains will be
described by Mr. Tilton in the chapter on Architecture. He will there also treat of
the numerous other buildings of which Pausanias makes no mention.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE HERAEUM
We have seen that geographically and topographically the Heraeum bears the closest
relation to the plain defined on the south and east by Tiryns and Midea, while it is less
closely connected with Mycenae and the city of Argos. The original establishment of
the earliest temple of Hera on the site which it occupies would thus come from Tiryns
and Midea, neither from Mycenae nor from the city of Argos.1 This conclusion is
borne out by all the results of our excavation, the evidence of the architectural
remains on the site, as well as of all the individual finds there made, and also by the
traditions of the earliest history of the Argive Plain. In fact, a careful consideration of
all the material before us forces us to this conclusion.2
The chronology which I venture to give in the following pages does not aim at being
absolute, but only comparative. I follow the genealogical system of Pausanias, believing
So.
1 As will be evident from passages below, there are
traces of a pre-Tirynthian occupation of the Ileraenm
site. I have in the first instance been mainly concerned
with showing that the Heraeum is pre-Mycenaean and
bears an earlier relation to Tiryns. I was unwilling at
the time to complicate the presentation of this view by
the introduction of further hypotheses. But there can
hardly be any doubt that there was a pre-Tirynthian
period of the Heraeum — in fact, it looks as if this
was the citadel of the earliest community in the Argive
country. I have since this was written published my
views on this subject in an article on ' The Earliest Hel-
lenic Art and Civilization, and the Argive Heraeum,'
American Journal of Archaeology, vol. IV. (1900), pp. 40 ff.
Compare also an article in the North American Review,
vol. CLXXII. No. 532 (1901), pp. 431 ff., on ' Recent
Discoveries in Greece and the Mycenaean Age,' as well
as the Classical Review, Dee., 1900, pp. 473 ft'., on ' The
Argive Heraeum and Bacchylides (xi. 43-84).'
2 It would incumber this exposition too much were I
to attempt to give the various views of all the authori-
ties who have written on the Mycenaean and Pre-Myee-
naean age. I must remain content with naming a few
of the chief works to which I have referred and which the
reader will find most useful. Perrot and Chipiez' L'Art
dans VAntiquite contains a masterly synthesis of all the
material. Mr. Tsountas's articles in the Ephemeris have
been summarized in his own book, which has been trans-
lated and reedited in Tsountas and Manatt's The Myce-
naean Age. Schuchhardt's Schliemann's Ausgrabungen has
passed through two editions and has been translated into
English by Mrs. Eugenie Sellers-Strong. This book gives a
good .summary of Schliemann's own monographs on Troja,
Mycenae, and Tiryns. To these must be added Diirp-
feld's more recent articles in the Athen. Mitth. vols. III.
1878), pp. 1 if., and VIII (1882), pp. 241 ff. ; Ilelbig, Das
Homerische Epos; Milchhoefer, Die Anfdnge der Kunst.
More recent works of importance have been contributed
by Dummler, Athen. Mitth. XI. (1880), pp. 1 ff., 44 ff. ;
XII. (1887), pp. 1 ff.; XIII. (1888), pp. 273 ff. ; Percy
Gardner, New Chapters in Greek History ; Frazer's Pau-
sanias, vol. III. pp. 98 ff., containing an excellent critical
summary of Mycenaean Antiquities ; Reisch, Die Myke-
nische Frage. Professor Ridge way has raised a most im-
portant issue in his article, ' What People produced the
Objects called Mycenaean?' (Journal of Hellenic Stud.
XVI. [1890], pp. 79 ff.), and has long been engaged on a
comprehensive work dealing with this question, entitled
the Early Age of Greece, of which the first volume has
recently been published. I can say with confidence
that his studies must command most serious attention.
In my own conclusions here given I have endeavored
conscientiously to put from my mind all wider problems
based upon a wider sphere of induction. The very first
year of our excavation produced material which showed me
that many accepted views would have to be reconsidered.
Since then I have limited myself to allowing the actual
facts revealed by our spades to speak for themselves, and
have introduced other spheres of study and inference only
as they affect the body of evidence which I can actually
control. I venture to believe that our work will be the
more useful in its bearing upon wider questions from
being thus centralized. Individual references to other
works will be made as the occasion arises.
'/
25
former temple above this [second] temple, together with the few other remains of it
which escaped the flames." For it was the extant Cyclopean supporting- wall above the
Second Temple platform which put the identification of this site beyond a doubt, espe-
cially when in our excavations we found the layers of charred wood and other remains,
clearly bearing out the account of its burning. With the record of the accident caused
by the carelessness of the priestess Chryseis, the chapter ends, and Pausanias dismisses
the Heraeum. We shall often refer to the Old Temple, and its remains will be
described by Mr. Tilton in the chapter on Architecture. He will there also treat of
the numerous other buildings of which Pausanias makes no mention.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE HERAEUM
We have seen that geographically and topographically the Heraeum bears the closest
relation to the plain defined on the south and east by Tiryns and Midea, while it is less
closely connected with Mycenae and the city of Argos. The original establishment of
the earliest temple of Hera on the site which it occupies would thus come from Tiryns
and Midea, neither from Mycenae nor from the city of Argos.1 This conclusion is
borne out by all the results of our excavation, the evidence of the architectural
remains on the site, as well as of all the individual finds there made, and also by the
traditions of the earliest history of the Argive Plain. In fact, a careful consideration of
all the material before us forces us to this conclusion.2
The chronology which I venture to give in the following pages does not aim at being
absolute, but only comparative. I follow the genealogical system of Pausanias, believing
So.
1 As will be evident from passages below, there are
traces of a pre-Tirynthian occupation of the Ileraenm
site. I have in the first instance been mainly concerned
with showing that the Heraeum is pre-Mycenaean and
bears an earlier relation to Tiryns. I was unwilling at
the time to complicate the presentation of this view by
the introduction of further hypotheses. But there can
hardly be any doubt that there was a pre-Tirynthian
period of the Heraeum — in fact, it looks as if this
was the citadel of the earliest community in the Argive
country. I have since this was written published my
views on this subject in an article on ' The Earliest Hel-
lenic Art and Civilization, and the Argive Heraeum,'
American Journal of Archaeology, vol. IV. (1900), pp. 40 ff.
Compare also an article in the North American Review,
vol. CLXXII. No. 532 (1901), pp. 431 ff., on ' Recent
Discoveries in Greece and the Mycenaean Age,' as well
as the Classical Review, Dee., 1900, pp. 473 ft'., on ' The
Argive Heraeum and Bacchylides (xi. 43-84).'
2 It would incumber this exposition too much were I
to attempt to give the various views of all the authori-
ties who have written on the Mycenaean and Pre-Myee-
naean age. I must remain content with naming a few
of the chief works to which I have referred and which the
reader will find most useful. Perrot and Chipiez' L'Art
dans VAntiquite contains a masterly synthesis of all the
material. Mr. Tsountas's articles in the Ephemeris have
been summarized in his own book, which has been trans-
lated and reedited in Tsountas and Manatt's The Myce-
naean Age. Schuchhardt's Schliemann's Ausgrabungen has
passed through two editions and has been translated into
English by Mrs. Eugenie Sellers-Strong. This book gives a
good .summary of Schliemann's own monographs on Troja,
Mycenae, and Tiryns. To these must be added Diirp-
feld's more recent articles in the Athen. Mitth. vols. III.
1878), pp. 1 if., and VIII (1882), pp. 241 ff. ; Ilelbig, Das
Homerische Epos; Milchhoefer, Die Anfdnge der Kunst.
More recent works of importance have been contributed
by Dummler, Athen. Mitth. XI. (1880), pp. 1 ff., 44 ff. ;
XII. (1887), pp. 1 ff.; XIII. (1888), pp. 273 ff. ; Percy
Gardner, New Chapters in Greek History ; Frazer's Pau-
sanias, vol. III. pp. 98 ff., containing an excellent critical
summary of Mycenaean Antiquities ; Reisch, Die Myke-
nische Frage. Professor Ridge way has raised a most im-
portant issue in his article, ' What People produced the
Objects called Mycenaean?' (Journal of Hellenic Stud.
XVI. [1890], pp. 79 ff.), and has long been engaged on a
comprehensive work dealing with this question, entitled
the Early Age of Greece, of which the first volume has
recently been published. I can say with confidence
that his studies must command most serious attention.
In my own conclusions here given I have endeavored
conscientiously to put from my mind all wider problems
based upon a wider sphere of induction. The very first
year of our excavation produced material which showed me
that many accepted views would have to be reconsidered.
Since then I have limited myself to allowing the actual
facts revealed by our spades to speak for themselves, and
have introduced other spheres of study and inference only
as they affect the body of evidence which I can actually
control. I venture to believe that our work will be the
more useful in its bearing upon wider questions from
being thus centralized. Individual references to other
works will be made as the occasion arises.
'/