Westropp, Hodder M.: Handbook of archaeology: Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, Roman (London, 1867)

Heidelberger historische Bestände – digital

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Metadaten

Westropp, Hodder M.
Handbook of archaeology: Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, Roman — London, 1867

DOI Seite / Zitierlink:

https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.5009#0439

Lizenz: Public Domain Mark

Nutzung/Bestellung

Hinweise zu Volltextsuche und OCR

II

LONDON: I-KINTED 11Y WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFOHD STREET AI

Titelblatt

III

BELL AND DALDY, 186, FLEET STEEET,

Widmung

V

IN ADMIRATION OF HIS GREAT TALENTS AND … THE AUTHOR.

Preface

VII

Visiting the ancient countries of Egypt, Greece, and Italy, being

VIII

The works of these authors, treating of the various subjects of … Engraved stones, in intaglio and cameo.

IX

To avoid notes of reference, appended is a list of the works and … Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians. … Birch's Ancient Pottery. … To the kindness of Mr. Samuel Sharm; we are much indebted for

Table of contents

XI

Section VIII.—PUBLIC AND MILITARY ROADS—BRIDGES- … Tombs, 93; Egyptian, 94. Mummies, 97. Mummy Cases and Sarcophagi, 100.

XII

143. Gods and Goddesses of Pure Human Form, 144. Deities of Human … Deities in connection with Dionysus: Satyrs, Fauns, 184; Sileni, 186; Pan, … and Italian Nomenclature, 248. … Introduction, 251. Origin and History, 252. Materials of the Art, 255. Know-

XIII

STONES USED FOR ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE … t Aim and Utility of its Study, 328. II. Materials which bear Inscriptions and … Greek, 340. Sigla, or Abbreviations in Greek Inscriptions, 355. Examples of … Table of Greek and Roman Artists ....... 414 … »eek and Roman Short Measures of Length......440

List of illustrations

XIV

Plan of the Baths of Caracalla … The most celebrated Intagli … between pages 278 and 279 … 13. Plan of the Temple of Edfou . 21 … 1G. Portico of the Parthenon . . 2G … 39. The Pyramids of Gizeh . . 58 … 45. Longitudinal elevation of the … 47. Ground Plan of the Flavian

XV

Restoration of the Roman … Judgment of the Soul … Bronzes of the Itedalcan School 125 … The Great Sphinx … Venus of the Capitol … The Muses

XVI

The Salii of the Florentine … Council of the Five Heroes … Cupid and Butterfly … Painted Vases of the Beautifu … Vases of the Florid Style … Zeus overcoming the Giants … Ptolemy and Berenice . … Tomb in a Catacomb … Mercury and Fortune ■

First Division / Monuments of architecture

1

Each nation has its rules, its proportions, and its particular tastes, … Walls: Egyptian.—The walls of inclosure of the Egyptian towns

2

inclosure, quays, and otlier public constructions; private construc- … ft The Sta-roVot or bondsloues.

3

Corinth, Eretria, and Cadyanda in Lyoia, the most ancient walls are

4

connection with it; and also that it is found as a substruction under

5

courses, with more or less irregularity; and the joints, sometimes … at Mycenae, but is seen in perfection in the cities of Etruria, many … If I may be allowed to hazard a conjecture, I would say, that in the art of

6

added a fourth style, which is the final improvement on the irregular

7

large quantity of mortar: and the reticulalum, composed of stones, … Mortar.—The perfection of that of the ancients has jtassed into a

8

time in beating the mortar with wooden staves, which rendered it

9

Augustus boasted that lie found Eome brick and left it marble, … court, which was often planted with trees. Others were laid out in

10

peristyle of the andronitis, which was a space open to the sky in the

11

that the girders or main beams of the roof were supported by

12

had its roof inclined the contrary way, so as to throw the water off

13

atriumwas the lararium, or small private chapel. By the side of … three beds X *>c^m. °'dining room, so named from the … lla for conversation. In Tl e furtl? °f *—"> °r a *"*"«"

14

walls of the rooms were sometimes lined with thin slabs of marble ; … It was in their villas or country houses that the Somans displayed

15

Tkmplks arc sacred edifices destined to the worship of the divinity. … have been gradually elaborated during several centuries. The … rate general description of an Egyptian temple. The whole temple

16

by two ranges of larger columns in the centre, and three rows of … appropriated to the worship of any particular god, but rather for the

17

great ceremonials of roj-alty, of kingly sacrifice to the gods for tno

18

the court before the sanctuary. This sanctuary is of red granite, … 16 feet by 8 feet. The sanctuary, which was the original part of

19

Thotmea III., considered by Mr. Fergusson as one of the most … A dromos, or avenue of sphinxes lead from Karnak to the temple … two rows of columns. This was built at a different angle from the

20

sides, and rising by easy steps, the whole width of the court, to the

21

inner and smaller porch, which leads through two passages to a dark … FLAN OF THE TEMPLE OP EDFOl".

22

gracelessness the decadence of the Egyptian style. It lias no fore-

23

divinities. The temples of the Greeks never equalled those of … cella; the Poribolos, or court, surrounded by a wall which seoa

24

god seemed to come; most of the temples, however, still extant in … astyle), of eight (octastyle), of ten (decastyle). On the sides the

25

the coarseness of the material, are sufficient indications of its anti-

26

temples. Of these the earliest is the temple of Neptune, supposed

27

The other temples, the basilica, and the temple of Ceres, betray the

28

being principally constructed of wood. The temple of Jupiter

29

the front. But exceptions are to bo found to this rule. The statue

30

been admitted to be the finest temple of the ancient world. It was

31

2lJ feet in diameter.

32

antfo ; and henco this kind of temple was said to be in antis £v … the kind called dipteral, Ann-epos, when it had two ranges of columns,

33

the side columns were engaged in the wall of the cella instead of … TCTpdo-TuAos, tetrastyle, when there were four columns in front. … Vitruvius gives the following set of terms applied to the temples … 7njKvocrnAos, pyenostyle, or thick set with columns ; the inter-

34

Agrigentum ; of Theseus, at Athens. The Parthenon, the most … no example of this form of temple is to be found in Eome. … wall surrounded by columns distant from this wall by the breadth of

35

the groat Egyptian temples, but externally requiring such a change

36

regard to the material on which they painted. Tho old tufa temples … Their shape is greatly diversified and depends on their destination, … Grecian.—Grecian altars, at first of wood, afterwards of stone, and

38

meant for offerings of fruit, cakes, etc., (airupoi) ; and those on which … for the support or ornament of a building, and is composed of the

39

marble. Columns at first were but supports, but taste and the pro- … Egyptian.—The form of the genuine Egyptian column, anterior to

40

form, such as is found in the earliest constructed porticoes, was that … the development of the column was the octaeon for, … By further cutting off the angles of (he octagon, it was gradually

41

converted into a polygonal shape, such as is seen in the tombs of … tined to support large masses, are of a very large diameter in pro-

42

A. The Doric, divided into:—1. hypotrachelinm, neck, with … haps, hoops of metal around the wooden capital); 3.

43

above it in tbe richer kind) ; ;i. caimlis, the canal, and … and four scrolls (helices) with acanthus buds and leaves : … The most ancient order among the Greeks was the Doric. Tt is a

44

the pillars at Beni Hassan some wish to argue its Egyptian origin. … TOWICI! OF THE WINDS. MONUMENT uF LTSICBATBS.

45

Authors differ with regard to the earliest known example, some … Hadrian, and the small temple on the llissus, at Athens; in the

46

a Grecian order, and was only introduced into Greece on the decline … Roman: Boric.—This was considered by the Romans as an im-

47

cations, for the worse. The change consisted in turning all the … It has an Attic base. The only remaining examples of the Boman

48

The Corinthian column surpasses all others in elegance and mag-

49

Tonic: Imt the additional height of its capital makes it taller and … with its beauty that he executed a capital in … styled, Minerva Chalcidica, in the Forum, at

50

about a fourth of the diameter. The height of the capital was half a … large proportions, and have … The column of Trajan, in

51

124 feet. A bronze gilt statue of Trajan formerly surmounted the … prefect in honour of the Emperor Diocletian. It is 88 feet 6 inches

52

naval victory over the Carthaginians, b.c. 492. It is mentioned

53

of Luxor at Thebes, one is 72 feet high, and 6 feet 2 inches wide at

54

century, B.C. The two obelisks at Luxor were erected by the king … Augustus. There are several other Egyptian obelisks in Rome.

55

Greek.—The Greeks never made obelisks out of Egypt. The … no more than in the other monuments, from their ancient customs. … thoy earned away some of its obelisks. Augustus was the first who

56

conceived the idea of transporting these immense blocks to Homo

57

Wg to Lanci, it is derived from 'pi-ram;' pi, being the Coptic … Greek historian, Herodotus; and the three largest are ascribed by

58

to their destination, but at the present day there are no furl her

59

passages in different directions have been discovered in those which … pyramid is in the north face, about 47 feet from the base. From the

60

From this point a horizontal passage leads into what is called the

61

hieroglyphics found in i ts interior, all seem to point to an imitation of … According to Lepsius, the height of these royal monuments cor- … explains the enormous magnitude of particular pyramids, besides so

62

their relative sizes were in accordance with the rank and popular … and horizontal courses : the inequalities being, as usual, filled up with

63

the banquets for the gods at public solemnities, in the time of … ■Theatre*. —After the temples the theatres were, among the, Greeks

64

have been the largest ever erected. Its diameter was 660 feet; … one of which separated it from the orchestra, the other formed its

65

(agonothetes), the magistrates, and those who, by their own or their

66

coaled under the seats of tlio spectators, called Charon's staircase … Soman.—In the Eoman theatre the construction of the orchestra

67

the equestrian order, tribunes, etc. Above them were the seats of … reported to have been the architect of this building, which would

68

in several cities of Etruria. The amphitheatre of Sutri is con- … Roman.—Amphitheatres were peculiar to the Humans. Caius … constructions with staircases and radiating passages between them.

69

dobrs which opened from the staircases and corridors on to the … shape), by short flights of stairs, which facilitated the access to the

70

and with no cornice over it, which is supposed to have served as the

71

the minor axis 486 feet, The length of the arena is 278 feet; the

72

and some consider it probable that 20,000 more could have found … are to be met with at Verona, Psestum, Pompeii, Pozzuoli, and

73

curia had its particular place assigned to it, as well as the senators

74

canals brought in the water requisite for the entertainment; there

75

Pattsanias, it was a hill rising from the Ilissus, of a semicircular form

76

V. The Caldarium, called also the balneum, calida lavatio, was

76a

C The great hall. … G G Rooms for wrestlers to prepare for the paltestnu … S The stadium. … Y Y The conisterinm. … 2 Apartments for those who had care of the b iths. … 10 10 Stairs leading to the top.

77

site of the baths of Nero is uncertain. The baths of Pompeii are … wt Court or vestibule to the baths, … the Romans. They generally consisted of arches erected at the

78

times temporary arches were erected during the triumph, and the more … gratitude, or in commemoration of some event, and not in honour of

79

an arch of Trajan, which stood in his forum. It stands at the foot

80

the host specimen of Bonian workmanship existing. It is a single

81

PUBLIC AND MILITARY ROADS. • 81

82

been neglected by the Greeks: no people equalled the Romans in … cina, Fundi, Formic, Minturhse, Sinuessa, Casilium, and terminated

83

PUBLIC AND MILITARY ROADS. 83 … IV. Via Pramestina, formerly Via Gabina, began at the Porta … It issued from the gate of the same name. It was continued from

84

VIII. Via Flaminia. It began from the Porta Flaminia (del … the Via ./Emilia began, which was constructed u.c. 567, when M- … Bridges.—It is evident that, bridges, at the early periods of Greece, … lately discovered in Greece, at Xorocampo, which Colonel Mure

85

of bridges. They were thus enabled to erect structures on the … mention the principal bridges in Koine, and some … vius, rjr.c. 574, and finished by Scipio Africanus … III. Pons Pabricius and Pons Cestius connected … V. Pons Triumphalis, so called because the

86

over this bridge in triumphal procession on their way to the

87

attempt at an arch, which was by sloping the jambs and placing a … The next form of gateway adopted was that which was generally used … ing one over another, from both sides, till they met at the top, and … as may be seen in a gateway at Thoricus in Attica, and in the almost

88

attempts at the principle of the arch, are always in connection with … entering and the other for carriages leaving the city. As at Como, … one at each side of it for foot passengers. Of the gates of Rome, in

89

gateway. The Porta St. Lorenzo, the ancient Porta Tiburtina, and … Aqueducts.—The supply of water in the Grecian towns was … of*CEnf^^,h,ltraVel!1^-Gre?e giVCS *"**■ of Satewnvs at the ruin*

90

of those stupendous structures are to be met with not only in the

91

flat coping of stone. The water either ran directly through this … were composed of a single, two or three tiers of arches. At the … We shall begin our enumeration of the principal aqueducts by

92

was a union of three streams : the Aqua Marcia, the Aqua Tepula, … The Aqua Alsietina, on the right bank of the Tiber, was brought … feet broad by six deep, flowing at the rate of thirty inches a second.

93

in tho provinces near Rome, but even in the remotest parts of the … Nicomedia, Ephesus, Smyrna, Alexandria, in the Troad, Syracuse' … Respect for the dead, and a considerate regard for the duo per-

94

corpse remained unburied, it was believed that the spirit of the … considered sufficient to appease the infernal gods. The earliest

95

in great number, are sometimes of colossal size ; frequently scenes … Private individuals were buried according to their rank and for-

96

ordinaiy occupations and daily avocations of the deceased, thus … * Hence it is evident (lie Egyptians did not believe in the resurrection of the body.

97

buildings of Egypt, compelled them to have recourse to the expe- … building of the pyramids and tombs, because vestiges of mummies

98

mode of mummification was extremely simple; the bodies were

99

this they merely cleanse the body by an injection of syrmaea, and … the more expensive mode of embalming. The body, having been

100

partments, and Osiris, Isis, Amibis, and other deities were fro … sometimes with a stout square pillar rising at each angle. The

101

top of tlio ordinary Egyptian canopy. The stone coffins, usually

102

were reserved the gall-bladder and liver. On the sides of the vases … Small figures, called sliahti, offered through respect for the dead, … some mummies. These rolls of papyrus are found in the coffins, or … That of Turin may be considered as complete. On all, the upper

103

which the soul visits in succession ; the rest is rilled with perpen- … into narrow vertical columns of an inch or less in breadth, in which

104

Greek.—The Greeks also honoured the memory of the dead by … gave access by a side door to a small chamber excavated in the solid

105

the corpse, and an inscription gave the name and titles of the … were in the form of altars, but the inscription and emblems on them

106

architecture and sculpture liave vied to enhance the splendour of … the rock-cut tombs assume the form of temples. The Harpy tomb, … of Lycia, discovered at Xanthus, now in the British Museum. It

107

the arch of the roof resembling that of the early Gothic. On each … classes: First, those cut in the rock, and resembling dwelling

108

rock, wliicli is found all over Etruria, as at Tarquinii, and those

109

the painted vases which are generally found in tombs. Armour,

110

have but one tomb. Roman tombs assume different forms. The … In the centre of the mausoleum is the sepulchral … which bore on its principal face the Latin inscription which gave the

111

D M are wanting, then the name and title of the deceased arc in the

112

in years, months, and days,—the name of the parent, fVeedman, … * Tlioro are several of these columbaria at Koine. The mo&t remarkable arc,

113

tnre, a cenotaph, or empty tomb, -was raited to him with the cere- … ng an approach to the riti „,a •

114

that the Via Appia, and the Via Latina have been lined with tombs

115

the Corinthian tomb, in that city of sepulchres, display most splendid … it. Tombs of a Roman epoch are also found at Jerusalem, and at … Wo do not intend to enter here on the history of sculpture in all … in Egypt:—1. The archaic style, reaching from the date of the … the Corinthian tomb, in that city of sepulchres, display most splendid … it. Tombs of a Roman epoch are also found at Jerusalem, and at … Wo do not intend to enter here on the history of sculpture in all … in Egypt:—1. The archaic style, reaching from the date of the

First Division / Sculpture

116

rivalling camoos. 2. The art from tho restoration of the eighteenth … crossed symmetrically on their breasts. Sometimes one of the arms

117

it little longer. The extremities of the hands and feet are badly … their feet on the same line, and their hands placed parallel on their … aoienzcu by the same rigidity, the same

118

want of aotion and life. With regard to their costume, the statues

119

of nudity in an Egyptian, wo must remember that they did not … statue which was a combination of a human figure with the bead ol

120

guide thorn in their labours, and which they were obliged to adhere

121

of squares of half a foot, and the whole height divided into eighteen … Egyptian sculptors were also remarkable for tho correct and … authority. Tho artist, therefore, not being restricted in his study … marked delineation of tho muscular development. The form also is

122

attitude rigid, the moulding of the features imperfect, want of pro- … are not indicative of any particular nation ; they exhibit the natural … Almost all the male figures wear beards;

123

forms a near approach to their practices, without, however, equal-

124

of the human form, and this rudo attempt constituted a divinity. … blocks, the head, arms, and legs scarcely defined. (Some of these

125

Tlio ago of Dasdalus marks an improvement in the moulding of

126

age were intended to represent divinities and heroes only—Jupiter,

127

Neptune tho trident, and Hercules a palm branch or bow. The

128

development of the art. The following are tlie principal characteris-

129

considering the period, is wonderfully accurate and true to nature. … Phidian.—" This period (we here adopt Mr. Vaux's words) is the

130

sanias : " The god sat on a throne of ivory and gold, his head … sceptre, beautifully distinguished by all the different metals, on … especially lilies; his throne was refulgent with gold and precious

131

This statue, Flaxman observes, sixty feet in heiglit, was the most … attained the highest nobleness and the purest beauty, a fire and a

132

simplicity, grandeur, elegance, and nature. The Theseus of the … grandeur of style, simplicity, truth, beauty, which are the character- … Praxitelean.—This period is characterized by a more rich and flow-

133

attractions, with which the deity was invested. Lysippus con- … tributed to advance this style by the peculiar f„l„ … The following are some of the mnra ,^,+- 1 … In the profile, the forehead and lips touch a perpendicular line

134

drawn between them. In young persons, the brow and nose nearly … delicacy to the face. The forehead was low, the eyes large, but not

135

finer arch, and by a deeper shadow, a bolder relief. To the eyes a

136

Decline.—Art having in the two previous periods reached its cul- … of skill in execution, delighted now in fantastical, now in effeminate

137

merits of Rome thus corresponded with the contemporaneous style of

138

According to Elaxman, the Venus de Medici is a deteriorated variety

139

some excellent works were produced in this period. The style … accessories. Thus, in the busts, the hair and the beard luxuriate in

140

totally deficient in life. Under Alexander Severus it was degraded … When the style and period of an object of sculpture is known, a … totally deficient in life. Under Alexander Severus it was degraded … When the style and period of an object of sculpture is known, a

First Division / Mythologie of sculpture

141

the divine personages, according to the ideas and creed of the Egyp- … The concealed god, … The mother (Buto), … The goddess of Sais in the

142

The ram-lieaded god of … The consort of Kneph. … A. The child of Amun. … 8. Tefnu, the lioness-headed goddess.

143

10. Sebak, Sevek, the crocodile-headed god. … IV. Nebti, Nepthys, the sister of Isis, "the mistress of the

144

VI. Her, Horus, child of Isis and Osiris, " Her-pa-chrat," Ilar- … Several of these gods were represented as grouped in sets of three, … All the gods are characterized by tbo beard hanging down from

145

Two long plumes, the body ityphallic Khem. … A scaraW, the body of a bandy-

146

The sun's disk encircled by an urcous, … The lunar crescent, a disk in the midst TnoTii. … surmounted by the atf, his counte- … Two tall plumes and horns, the body … The papyrus plant ........ HArmou, the Nile. … The het with a cow's horn on each

147

The sun's disk with cow's horns and

148

Cap representing the royal vulture … " mistress of the house "...... NepthyS. … disk and two plumes ...... Amux. … and urasus............ Ba. … The head of the ibis surmounted by a … urajus, and two plumes...... Muntu.

149

The head of a bull surmounted by) Osiris-Apis, Sera- … The head of a jackal........ Anubis. … The head of a hippopotamus with body … Same, surmounted by disk and uraeus Pasht. … The head of a lioness surmounted by … The Four Genii of Amenti, or of the Lower World. … These were originally names of Osiris as god of the lower world.

150

Vulture, on its head the pschent ...... Neith. … A hawk, on its head the disk and urasus .. Ea. … Hawk in a square ............ Atiior. … Hawk, on its head a disk and plume .. .. Munt. … Nycticorax (heron) wearing the atf .. .. Osuus. … The winged disk with unci ........ I Hor.iat, Agatho

151

denoting tlio union of intellectual and physical power; the Crio-

152

with a platform, and flights of steps for approaching it, with others

153

The Phoenix is represented under the form of a bird, with wings

154

when they are not represented as mummified. The deceased kings

155

round the loins, falls as far as the knees, and a semicircular collar

156

a tight-fitting tunic, which descends to their ankles. The head of … is the principal reason of their infinite multiplication. A bird

157

folds of the interior bandages, and on the chest of the mummies. … or historical, some of these last of great size, bearing the name of … rough stone rounded at the top, and which represent offerings made by

158

to the deities. These tahlets, which are all funereal, have several … Menrva, as she is called on Etruscan monuments, answers to the … Sethlans, or Vulcan, represented with a hammer and pincers.

159

God of the Sun, being sometimes called Usil. … Thesan, the goddess of the dawn—Aurora. … Castur and Pdltuke.—Castor and Pollux, arc frequently repre- … Lasa, or Mean.—The goddess of fate, who is represented with

160

Greek and Roman.—As it is by the knowledge of mythology

161

We shall further enumerate here the different kinds of garments … orian. The Ionian was

162

a long linen garment in many folds, with sleeves. The himation was … and jj/iiStirAoiStw. It was the upper part of the

163

Tho Eoman tunic, like the Greek chiton, was a woollen under- … THE TWELVE OLYMPIAN DEITIES. … He was represented either standing or sitting. The sitting pos- … in the arrangement of the hair, which

164

In the character of Zeus Meilichios ho assumed a more youthful and … hand. Sometimes lie appears represented as a child, in accordance

165

ground, with the Curetes around him. He frequently also appears, … Adrian he was worshipped as Jupiter Serapis, assuming the attributes … Colossal bust found at Otricoli, Vatican; another in the … The Verospi Jupiter. … The principal attribute of Hera is the veil which the betrothed

166

gently arched triangle ; the rounded and open eyes look straight … virginity. Her costume is a chiton, which merely leaves the neck … Poseidon was for the most part, in earlier times especially, repre-

167

was even at that time also sculptured entirely naked, and in violent … Zeus, which is generally rendered very prominent by the posture, … the fountain nymph Amymone, also forms a frequent subject in … From Ostia, in the Vatican. … Demeter appears more matronly and motherlike than Hera, the

168

becomes the mother of all (Tra./x/u.Tpxop). The crown of corn-ears, poppy … Ceres, in the Villa Borghese. British Museum. … Apollo was a favourite subject of the great artists who immediately

169

Dionysus. According to Winkelnian, the highest conception of … The lyre, a bow and quiver, a griffin. … Apollo Sauroctonos. Vatican. In bronze, in the Villa Albani. … A small statue of Apollo, in bronze. Naples.

170

less prominent forms, more tender and rounded; the hair is often … down to the feet. She is often represented in statues as Artemis

171

appears holding a torch. The Greeks have also given her three … Hephaestus was represented as an industrious and vigorous man,

172

capable of surrendering herself to man. The pure forehead, the … Pallas of Velletri. The modifications of this form stand in intimate

173

the Kike in her hand) and peacefully-ruling goddess. Of this kind … the Pallas rromachos of Phidias, and is probably to be restored in

174

exhibit a somewhat more combative action than usual in the bold … establishing goddess; and this more lightly clad Athena is also to … with the Gorgon Medusa's head on it. … The Farnoso Minerva. Naples. … Fragments of Statue, from the western pediment of the … A compact and muscular development, a thick, fleshy neck, and

175

With regard to age, he appears more manly than Apollo, and even … Spear, helmet, and shield. The wolf and woodpecker were … The Ludovisi Mars. Villa Ludovisi, Rome.

176

and deified in her no longer a world-swaying power, hut the indi-

177

slender, powerful, the bosom less rounded than in others, and the … greater fulness and roundness, as … iorm, over delicate and flowing, is … cate more movement and action, … VENDS OF THE CAHTOL.

178

In groups Aphrodite frequently appears with her ehild Eros in … suading Helen to fulfil her promise to Paris—forms the basis of … The dove, the swan, the swallow, the sparrow, a bird called … On the triangular altar, Louvre; on the pnteal, in the … The Venus do Medici, Florentine Gallery. … of the draped Venus of Cos.

179

as the giver of all good, in the form of a stake provided with a … velopment especially through the exer- … and his hair is short and curly." Among tho statues wo distinguish,

180

first, a class in which the Hermes ideal evidently soared to its … The Fetasos, a travelling hat with a broad brim, which in … In the possession of the Duke of Buccleuch.

181

The form of this goddess is that of a woman in matronly costume, … Vesta, formerly in the Giustiniani Palace. … muscular development, bespeak the half-

182

collect and verify the pictures of his fancy; his features arc full of

183

thrown around it, is usually quite naked, only the feet are some- … Indian Bacchus, Vatican ; on the border of the mantle is … The Ludovisi Bacchus. … Bacchus and Ampelus, British Museum.

184

DEITIES IN CONNECTION WITH DIONYSUS. … and otherwise mmobly formed countenances, with pointed goat-like … ears; sometimes also protuberances on the neck, and in old figures

185

over, of the figures which were called satyrs m the genuine language … The satyr or faun, Capitol, Vatican; ancient copies of the … The Dancing Faun, Florentine Gallery.

186

Sileni is commonly known as the Silemis, who always accompanies

187

, i llfinl- nose form became afterwards the mile … graceful nymphs, hewn out of the living rock.

188

fawn-skins, carrying in their hands the thyrsus. They are dis- … Tn earlier times they were represented in front entirely as men, … Centaurs, with names of sculptors, Aristeas and Paphias,

189

At first Eros was represented in temple statues as a boy of

190

boy, full of liveliness and activity, earnestly endeavouring to fasten … Copies of the Cupid of Praxiteles, Vatican, Capitol, British … artistic creation of fancj7. He combines the form of the female sex, … Pysche, as the soul, appears as a virgin with butterfly wings. At … Chaeites. (The Graces.) … In the sacristy of the Cathedral of Siena.

191

or the barbiton; it was not until the more modem ideal of Apollo

192

part in theatrical drapery, with fine intellectual countenances, dis- … copious hair encircled with a fillet, standing in the attitude of one … The goddess of health was represented as a virgin of remarkably

193

Ehea is recognised by a crown of towers, the tympanum as a … Hades, the ruler of the shadowy realm, is distinguished from his … She is usually represented enthroned by the side of her husband … Montis. (The Fates.) … _,•■■ . ,,. „u . atrnnos showing the hour on a sundial, … She is usually represented with a rudder, as guiding the affairs of

194

steadiness of fortune. Sometimes she wears a diadem, and a veil … In the earlier times, Nemesis was scarcely to he distinguished

195

by the addition of some attribute) transformed his Aphrodite into a … Iris, the light-winged messenger of the gods, is sometimes repre- … Victory is represented in a short tunic, with wings, and usually … Hebe is generally represented completely draped, and with wings,

196

of the entire limbs. But the character of the victorious combatant

197

remarkable for the anatomical detail displayed in the body and the

198

In the British Museum. … In sculpture, not less than mythology, the heroic form of Theseus … Iii statues and reliefs they were represented in simple light

199

The hair reared up like a mane, the nostrils swollen with courage … Meleager appears in a celebrated statue as a slender but powerful … The Thracian Orpheus appears as an inspired Citharaedus, with a … Perseus appears very like Hermes in configuration and costume.

200

The Dioscuri.—Castor.—Pollux. … Castor and Pollux, Quirinal Hill, liome.

First Division / Bas-Reliefs

201

Bas-reliefs are works of sculpture in 'which, the objects are not

202

with the tablet. The figures were always sculptured in profile. … example of alto-rilievo will be found in a stele, or sculptured monu-

203

also of an archaic style are found on the facades of the rock-hewn … found m these, according to the period of their execution; the same

204

tivc styles of statues and busts, can be equally applied to bas-reliefs. … The finest existing examples of alto-rilievo are those metopes which

205

sculptured metopes of the temples of Selinus, in Sicily, afford ex- … Mezzo-rilievo was generally used to adorn sculptured vases and … pied the upper part of the Parthenon within the colonnade and

206

procession, which was celebrated every fifth year at Athens, in

207

perfect, the most appropriate, and the most graceful, have been … the front of these funereal monuments were various, though some-

208

terminate the head until the sarcophagus was sold, endeavouring … We extract the following excellent summary of the materials of … terminate the head until the sarcophagus was sold, endeavouring … We extract the following excellent summary of the materials of

First Division / Materials of sculpture

209

traced; and it is thought the material found here was of a some-

210

the famous ws Corinthium, which it was pretended was accidentally … nearly the same results in all the examples which have been sub- … been found in Egypt, preserved in the most ancient tombs; but … for sculpture, as may be seen from the countless number of figures, … Egyptian.—The Egyptians cultivated painting from the highest … of the analysis never showed any cobalt in any of the blues. The … the famous ws Corinthium, which it was pretended was accidentally … nearly the same results in all the examples which have been sub- … been found in Egypt, preserved in the most ancient tombs; but … for sculpture, as may be seen from the countless number of figures, … Egyptian.—The Egyptians cultivated painting from the highest … of the analysis never showed any cobalt in any of the blues. The

First Division / Painting

211

reds may be divided into brown reds, and brick-coloured reds, and … the reddish coloured dye of the mummy cloths. These colours were

212

classes of paintings have been discovered in Egypt; those on the

213

plaster, consisting of lime and gypsum, which was carefully smoothed … of scenes derived from civil, military, and domestic life, agricultural

214

are profusely adorned with arabesques, and a frieze which runs round

215

of the face of Agamemnon in his mantle.* Before all, however, … of light, and also to caricatures and travesties of mythological

216

article on the vehicles, materials, colours, and methods of painting … They painted upon wood, clay, plaster, stone, parchment, and

217

The Herman sandaracha seems to have had various significations. … Yellow.—Yellow-ochre, hydrated peroxide of iron, the sil of the … carbonate of copper, of which there were many varieties. The … was called coelon. Armenium was a metallic colour, and was pro-

218

adding honey. It was produced from the secretion of a fish called … ing practised by the ancients—in wratcr-colours, and in wax ; both

219

of imitative art, but it appears to have been the ordinary method … the much canvassed question of painting or colouring statues. Its

220

a misconception of the word circumlitio, mentioned by Pliny, which

221

at the worst periods of art, at the archaic period, and when it was

222

On the colouring of temples we have already spoken under the … the Etruscans, their ancestors and neighbours. Tradition attributes

223

were the pupils of the Greeks; what we said of the paintings of the … idea of the colouring and painting of the ancients … which, though they exhibit many beauties, particularly in compo-

224

ground, surrounded by an ornamental margin, and sometimes … mythological, but embrace every variety of subject, some of the

225

record, and was thus totally without significance in a Grecian tem- … minutely expressed or accurately displayed; whereas in most in-

226

manner proscribed by Vitruvius, who directs that, after the first … though the plain walls in many casos are coloured in fresco. The … The Romans divided colours into two classes—florid and grave … menium ; purpurissimum ; indicum ; cmnabaris; ostrum ; the rest … natural stones, or else glass, more or less opaque, and of every

227

cement, and which thus forms pictures of different kinds, rivalling … •Egyptian collection at Turin a fragment of a mummy case, the … served as a base, which was covered with a very fine cement. The

228

mosaics gave them an appearance of groat elegance. The mosaic of … glass, of the most beautiful colours, and of various shades. The

229

cipal subject is in the centre, the rest serves as a bordering or … 1 he Romans brought tlie art of mosaic to the highest perfection,

230

its design and composition, and is composed entirely of very small … its design and composition, and is composed entirely of very small

First Division / Painted vases

230a

(From Iho Home of Fanea <il Pompeii, now in the Mmenm ai Naple?.)

231

wore known for the first time in the seventeenth century; La- … as painted vases have been found at Athens, Megara, Milo, in Aulis,

232

there the plastic arts, but this does not prove that they invented … Painted vases were, to a considerable extent, objects of traffic and … they were found in Campania, Sicily, or at Athens; Quatremere

233

Etruscans might have done so for the Greeks: lastly, that vases … of any ancient author which could serve to throw any light on the

234

alphabet are of the same form as those of the Etruscan alphabet; … Etruscan manufacture, as it bears an Etruscan subject and an … Greelc.—They are made of a very fine and light clay; their … paste, mixed with some glutinous or oily substanco, and laid on with

235

on the reverse. Some vases have been found with two subjects on

236

inscription goes from right to left, whether the long vowels HO, the … to the most remarkable and conspicuous personage represented on … The subjects represented on painted vases, although of infinite … + Similar inscriptions are to be found on vases in tho British Museum. The same … 2. Those relative to tho Heroic Times. This class, the most numerous, as well

237

subjects. The Mythological subjects relate to the history of all the … The Rcroical subjects, which are far more numerous than the … hunts, military dances, warriors setting out for the war, or returning victorious to … 7. Subjects which have reference to the Mysteries, and which represent cere-

238

Banaus, Medea, the Centaurs, the Amazons, etc.; the myth of … We must introduce an important remark here, relative to the … that the mythology of the poets is not always in harmony with that

239

ancient writers : this gives to their study a great degree of import- … have supposed that these vases were intended to hold the ashes of … qulbus ea viva poculis delectahatur, nutrix collecta et eomposita in calatho pertulit

240

to the deceased with him in his tomb would Seem to be the super- … by all the early and primitive races of the world. This custom has … QrjKev txvroLS OaKeiav re ra Trorepta re cfrecpavous reTn.Kpo.fTiv edwKev. "The corpse

241

the vase at first deposited empty in a Greek tomb, had been taken

242

with which they have come in contact; many are found broken, … of wine over them to make them disappear; the ancient colours … Several collections have been formedof these vases. The British

243

Museum contains the finest collections, purchased by government … Herkunft der vermahlten Griech.," Berlin, 1827, 8vo.; and Mr. … Early or Egyptian*—The ground is of a pale yellow, on which

244

peculiar to Egypt. The inner outlines of the figures are traced in … brandishing her lance, which, from the inscription it bears, is … The Beautiful, or Greek. J—This stjde is the more perfect develop- … t Named by Mr. Birch " The stron" style."

245

THE BEAUTIFUL OR GHEKK STYLE.

246

tinguishes the earlier styles, having entirely disappeared. The

247

THE FLORID STYLE,

248

III.—Vases for mixing wine and water—crater, celebe, … V.—Vases for drinking-cups and goblets—cantharus, cya-

Tafel_II

Ill . THE PERFECT OH. THE BEAUTIFUL .

Tafel_III

IV. THE FXORID

Second division / Glyptography, or engraved stones

250

The Ait of engraving on precious stones and gems is styled

251

The most beautiful engraved stones were offered to the gods, and

252

which they have not disdained to imitate, and modern glyptics … OBIGIN AND HISTORY.

253

ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 253

254

ships trafficked in ornaments and jewellery at an early period, for … wonderful accuracy, the imitation too of the material itself being

255

MATERIALS OF THE ART. 255 … MATERIALS OF THE ART.

256

It seems that the ancient artists performed that operation themselves, … transparent, or opaque, and in these throe classes may be men- … yellow, brown, black jasper : lapis-lazuli, tho sapphirus of the

257

MATERIALS OF THE AIIT. 257

258

an Athenian of the name of Gryllus, famous for his ugliness. … KNOWLEDGE AND TESTS OP ENGEAVED STONES.

259

KNOWLEDGE AND TESTS OF ENOSAVED STONES. 259 … Carnei, a great number of which have been manufactured in … frequently executed on ancient stones, which have been found

260

inscriptions are a great assistance in lending their aid to an accurate … stones than to ancient stones, hut this rule is not to he depended on ; … after his labours, this sentence in Greek is engraved, " Labour is

261

KNOWLEDGE AND TESTS OF ENGRAVED STONES. 261

262

of Lorenzo do Medici, have had their name engraved on ancient … The subjects of engraved stones, excepting portraits and fan-

263

ance, as well as the accessory symbols. It must be remarked, how-

264

universal under the later emperors, claims by far the largest share

265

GLYPTOGBAPHIC COLLECTIONS AMONG THE

266

rnents were despised or unknown. The seal of king Pepin was

267

ANCIENT ARTISTS. 267 … Lysander; a warrior armed (early style), with the name of the … II. From the Age of Alexander to the Age of Augustus. … l'olycleitus; IIOAYKAEITOY. Diomedes carrying off the Palla- … Dispute between Neptune and Minerva, HY.—Cameo. Naples.

268

Tryplion; TPY<K2N. The marriage of Cupid and Psyche.—Cameo. … Horseman in armour.—Sard. Florence. … Visconti is of opinion that the difference of style in the … Diomede carrying off the Palladium.—Sard. Denbam. … Head of Theseus covered with a bull's hide.—The name added

269

ANCIENT ARTISTS. 260 … Diomede carrying off the Palladium.—Sard. Devonshire. … Diomede, master of the Palladium.—Sard. Blacas. … Head of Homer.—Nicole The Hague.

270

Decline of the Art. … Allion; AAAIONOG. AAAYiiN. The muse Terpsichore.—Sard. … Mariette attributes the Seal of Michael Angelo to this artist. … he is supposed to be of a later date than the flourishing

271

ANCIENT ARTISTS. 271 … Carpus; KAPIIOY. Bacchus and Ariadne.—Bed jasper. Florence. … Triton, Xereid and two Cupids.—Sard. Marlborough. … Kisus; NEICOY. Jupiter holding a thunderbolt in his right hand. … Achilles playing the lyre.—Amethyst. Paris. … the body of the Minotaur.—Sard. Venice. … Seopas ; 2KQ1IA2. CEdipus and the Sphinx.—Stosch.

272

Sostratus; CQCTPATOY. Victory in a car.—Cameo. Naples. … Winkelman supposes this and the preceding name to be the … and Ulysses carrying off the Palladium.—Sard. Marl- … but they are supposed to be the names of the proprietors … One of the most remarkable works of this period is the

273

AMEO OK THE STE. CHAI'ELI.E. … *hite layers, and as an oval of 13 inches by 9. It was brought from

274

the East by king Baldwin and given to the Sainte Chapollo by … return to Rome a.h. 17. Agrippina, his wife, assists him in taking

275

_ III. The Tazza Faraese, at Naples. It is composed of a single … and

276

several pieces. The collars and ornaments given to each head

277

VI. The Cavpegna cameo in the Vatican. It represents the … Perseus resting his hand on a shield with a Medusa's head, and a … Eleven serpents are twined in her hair. It was found in a

278

engraved in chalcedony. It was formerly in the Strozzi

278a

THE MOST CELEBBATED INTAGLI.

278b

The Head of Pallas … 11. Nereus and Doris … [Bcticeen pages 278 and 279.

279

consider the hoy fishing as the symbol of the Greek engraver … Though, strictly speaking, not included under the head of engraved

280

of France. It is now in the collection of antiquities at Paris.

281

daily on the increase j a simple cup, which would hold no more than

282

fluor spar. Mr. King's remark, that the material itself was brought … were pieces of fluor spar, with a stratum of hornstone, of which the

283

MEKCUBY AND FORTUNE. Sard.

284

in England ; and the collections of the Due de Blacas, the Count … ticular descriptions of the most celebrated cabinets; such are the … have also devoted their attention to engraved gems, in particular,

285

GLYPTOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT NATIONS. 285 … The most general form of Egyptian engraved stones is that of the

286

finish of the workmanship. Egyptian scarabasi may be considered at one

287

01. YPTOGBAPHY OF ANCIENT NATIONS. … the most part funereal. The representation of these large scarabaei

288

scai'abssi are found uninsoribed. Some have a blank loft in the … to be particularly observed which bear ovals containing the name of

289

GLYPTOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT NATIONS. 289 … an analogy to engraved gems, though they differ in their form, yet

290

with figures cut in relief; all are intagli, and all are cut into the

291

the Greek mythology, of which the deeds of Hercules, or of the … -I'he inscriptions on Etruscan stones are always the names of the

292

Mars, or probably their servants. On the upper part is an inscrip- … his right hand, while he holds in his left a tablet covered with two … stones bear unknown names. The most beautiful among Etruscan

293

mens of the glyptic art, is the celebrated cornelian formerly in the … ve ot the Greek heroes who besieged Thebes; three without arms … heroes, written by their side, leaves no doubt on the subject of this

294

and Parthenoprens, PAETHANAPAE. Some Eoman names are … Pliny remarks that rings used for signets were unknown to the … ing to him, Polygnotus painted Ulysses with a ring ; but the opinion

295

do not intend to enter here on the origin of the glyptic art among

296

it, as may be obscived on the stones of the beautiful period of the art … could excel only in one especial style; one was most successful in

297

The knowledge of the glyptic art must have been derived by the … presented subjects of Greek history, in which the Romans beo-an

298

and wo have already mentioned the most celebrated names ; the … This requirement of Koman taste was very unfavourable to the … times, but may be readily distinguished by its carelessness and irre-

299

MITHRAIO AND GNOSTIC ENGRAVED STONES. 299 … earlier class of intagii, which are connected with the worship of … allegorical figures. Numerous intagii of the time of Hadrian

300

panicd by the inscription, XNOY$I2 or XNOYMIS- This is Kneph,

301

MITI1RAIQ AND GNOSTIC ENGRAVED STONES. 301 … f°und in Egypt. They usually were votive sentences, and were inscribed on

302

cci'in and bvttekfi.y. Gem.

303

ring of great historical importance is the bronze one which bears … inch in its largest diameter, bearing an oblong plinth, on which

304

with a greater number than any other, and was considered by … his death-bed, Alexander drew off his signet-ring, and delivered it

305

valour and manly energy, and were worn only by the male sex. … -i he fashion of wearing rings among the Romans dates from an … P nnx, afterwards with a head of Alexander the Great, and at last

306

first is inscribed, " You havo a love pledge ;" the second, " Proteus

307

the weight of their rings, while to others it is quite a labour to wear … our drink have to be preserved from theft through the agency … "'"ade a parade of the weight of their rings," wo may mention the

308

in tho Fould collection, the weight of which, though intended for … iron rings wore in frequent use, few have come down to us, iron

Second division / Stones used for engraving known to the ancients

309

STONES FOR ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 309 … Tho ancients were ignorant of the art of cutting this gem. They … Pliny, six different varieties of diamond were known in his time, of

310

held in groat request by engravers, who enclose them in iron, and … It is evident that the true emerald was known to the ancients, … agreed upon among mankind to respect these stones, and (o forbid

311

STONES FOR ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 311 … The hyacinthus of the ancients is now generally considered to be … The ruby is identically the same stone as the sapphire, differing

312

pigeon's blood tint) to the lightest rose tint. The stones called … antique by the best judges in Paris, it represents the full face of a … Under the name of topazos, Pliny evidently speaks of the stone

313

STONES FOR ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 313 … seratch glass. It comes from India. Some Greek intagli occur in … Of all transparent stones, the amethyst was the most frequently

314

always have, when viewed sideways (in suspectu) and held up to … nounced." He adds, " all these stones are transparent, and of an … occurrence. Some intagli of this stone are said to be in the Vatican. … Pliny thus mentions beryls : " Beryls, it is thought, are of the

315

STONES FOB ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 315 … •Ihe term Carbunculus being indiscriminately applied by the … mandine of a crimson red inclining to violet. It is found in India,

316

Garnets seem to have been little employed by the Greeks for … Rock Crystal (pure silica) was never used for intagli by the … Valerio Vicentino was famous for this style of work. In tho Cinque … l'liny thus describes the opal: " Of all precious stones it is the

317

8T0NE8 FOB ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 317 … account of a certain peculiarity in its nature, it having a light … lasma, or as called by the Italians, plasma di smeraldo, and … The stone now known as " prase " is a dull but bard green impure … Heliotropium, Pliny says, is found in ./Ethiopia, Africa, and … The chrysoprasius is mentioned by Pliny as being similar to the

318

(chrysolite) and gold. Pliny says this stono is found of so large

319

STONES FOR ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 310 … and white, dark red and white, in strong contrast to each other, it

320

them. It is well known, too, that in that country thoy arc exposed … Agate is a variegated siliceous stone; the colours in clouds, spots,

321

STONES FOB ENGBA VING KNO WN TO THE ANCIENTS. 321 … agate). The stones too that are found in India present the appear- … The only stone which answers with any probability to Pliny's … more than one of his favourite poetical conceits for conveying the … Some take this literally, that it was " baked in ovens," as at the

322

Nephrite, or Jade, is a semi-opaque stone, which varies in colour … opaque, and presents little beauty until polished. The dark green … doubtless various coloured semi-transparent chalcedonies. The

323

STONES FOB ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 323 … The variety of " prasius " mentioned by Pliny, as disfigured with … Lapis Lazuli is the Sapphirus of the ancients. It is thus de- … Period are frequently to be met with in lapis lazuli. … rarely, USed by the ancients for camei. The Pulsky collection,

324

of a Bacchante. It is generally understood to answer to the sma- … The callais of Pliny is supposed to answer to tho turquoiso of the

325

and was of an unsightly green and a soiled colour within. Mr. … Hematite is a red iron stone. According to Pliny it is found in … It has a dark iron-grey colour and metallic lustre. "It varies … lucent on the edges of fragments. It is thus noticed by Pliny : … black colour, and of a very fine grain. Intagli and scarabeei of a

326

It was frequently employed for statues by the Egyptians, and by … with white crystals of feldspar. It receives a fine polish, and has … The serpentine met with in Italy, which is called sorpcntino an- … quartz, and mica. The red or Egyptian variety (the red feldspar … the ancients. The Egyptians wore undoubtedly in possession of this

327

STONES FOR ENGRAVING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 327 … ■The finest order of gems being seldom within the means of

Second division / Palaeography, or inscriptions

328

Aim and Utility of its Study. … of inscriptions, properly so called, giving the text of laws, decrees,

329

passages of the great writers of antiquity, or have rectified their … Materials which bear Inscriptions, and Varieties of Inscriptions.

330

in Egypt on parts of tho temples, on rough stones, and on fragments … Travellers in ancient countries have furnished us with a number … Carthage, Spain. We shall, however, treat only of the inscriptions … equally important are bilingual or trilingual inscriptions, the texts of

331

faithful, as copies of the same inscription made by different travel- … me epoch and age of a monument. This mode of taking an im- … The text of inscriptions is generally remarkable for its concise-

332

In general Greek and Latin inscriptions are in prose; a great … It is the subject which ought to regulate the classification of … sufficient completeness the nature of an inscription lately dis- … of hospitality, public acts of all kinds, accounts and public inven-

333

III. SCIENTIFIC.—Expressing some principles of the sciences, … The importance of inscriptions has been recognised by learned

334

of Cosmas lias preserved. At the revival of letters, Petrarch sought … complete body of inscriptions, which exhibit all the riches and

335

1763 by Dr. Bichard Chandler, under the title of "Marmora Oxo- … iadre Zaccheria published a work with that aim, but in his Insti- … Sir Charles Fellowes, and Mr. Hamilton, have copied and ro]:iroduced

336

more than thirty years in the exploration of the catacombs and other … It remains for us now to speak of what is most essential in the

Second division / Palaeography of different nations

337

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 337 … 0 nation has left so many inscriptions as the Egyptian. All its … Dy the side of each divinity, personage, or individual. In each … From the examination of hieroglyphic inscriptions of different ages,

338

those that present the images of the things expressed, as the sun's … * Champollion (Paltcographie Universelle) ascribes the necessity of the deter-

339

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 339 … °n temples as well as on the smallest figures, and on bricks used for

340

reign of Atohthis (the son and successor of Menes), the second king … Demotic, or enchorial, is composed of signs derived from the

341

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 341 … J-he chief objects of interest in the study of an Egyptian in- … led to the knowledge of connecting the ovals containing titles … to all the kings of Egypt, and we have thus the … proper name)." Such is the royal legend of Barneses II. The

342

their prenomen. The first sign of the oval, containing the title, is

343

THE PALAEOGBAPEY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 343 … Marriette in a tomb near Memphis. It contains two rows of kings' … * A second copy of this inscription, in hieroglyphic and demotic characters, lias

344

over Upper Egppt, while the names in the lower row seem meant for

345

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 345 … that a demotic inscription was ordered to be added by the priests,

346

care and finish. The Egyptian edifices were also covered with … than we have of Egyptian palaeography. The Greek alphabet, and … Our chief and principal aim in the examination of a Greek in-

347

THE PALjEOGUAPIIY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS, 347

348

At a later period Palamedes is supposed to have added the four

349

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 340

350

mental inscriptions, the letters were ranged perpendicularly, and the

350a

1. ;n. in.

351

and conventions of general interest, are generally preceded by an invo-

352

The date on an inscription when derived from a local era, is some- … — |X|; 10,000—M. When the numbers are expressed by letters of … priestesses of Juno. This Olympiad era was chiefly used by historians, and is

353

THE PALJE0GRAPH7 OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 353 … Votive or dedicatory inscriptions always contain the names of the … Funereal monuments usually bear an inscription which gives the

354

distinguished qualities, and his virtues. Frequently a funereal … AIHONEY2 ;— AAKIMAKH KAAAIMAXOY ANAPYPA2IOY. The … monuments of a late date, separate signs, mingled with the words,

355

THE PALMO&BAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 355 … APIS. dpio-Toi;, the best. … tribuneship of the people (title … EA. EI. elSmv, of the Ides. … ©E. #eois, to the gods. … the infernal gods. … daughter, to the daughter.

356

K. ®. Kura^&oyiots $cois, to the … AEP. A.ey«3vos, of the legion. … MAI. /jLoMtiv, of the calends of May. … tendent of the gymnasia. … /3a<rros, Augustus, and August!, … Apt. cruynjpi, to the Saviour. … ^il. crapa, the body. … by order of the Senate. … decree of the Senate.

357

"he Sigean marble is one of the most celebrated palasographical

358

The first inscription is thus translated : " I am the gift of Phano- … is also curious in a pataographical point of view. It only con-

359

THE PAUE0UEAP11Y OF DIFFERENT NATlom. Sbd … J-tie Athenian People erects this Statue of Socrates, the Son of Socrates … *H<MEMA THE … the dedication by Herodes Atticus, who had a villa in the neigh-

360

Ulpianus, and her mother, Diphilone, dedicate it with him. In the … The translation is as follows:—" Onesimus, the father, and

361

THE PAL2E0GRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS.

362

Translation of the Inscription to T. Claudius Balbillus. … Since Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Gevmanicus, Autocrat, the

363

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 303 … " The very splendid, and large, and good city of the Nicceans

364

Italy, but also with regard to the date which may be assigned to … duced the Greek alphabet into Etruria. Dr. Mommson, however, … The subject of the greater number of these inscriptions present-

365

THE PAL2E0GRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 865 … We shall first give a few remarks on the reading of the Etruscan … ls to say; in Etruscan above, and in Latin below, or sometimes the

366

ailteriates, who were bound to perform the ceremonies prescribed … It will bo observed here that the principal analogies of the Etrus-

367

THE PALEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 3GT … that, from flic identity of the Etruscan with the Celtic (as he proves), the Etruscans … S PE TUK IE IS BE TUR IE it is night voyage in from … O Phoenicians, this communicates the excellent knowledge in what manner the

368

Bunsen adopts Niebuhr's view of the Ksetian origin of the Etrus- … unmistakably barbarous, and betray an absolute ignorance of the

369

THE PALJEOGBAPEY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 309 … plaques of metal, on tombs, sepulchral chambers, or buried in the

370

of the age of the deceased, but of this there are few examples. … We now give a few of the most celebrated Etruscan funereal

371

inscriptions, as examples. The reader must remember that the … In the tomb of the Volumnii, Perugia. … With the corresponding Latin inscription. … Bilingual sepulchral inscription on a slab in the Museo Paolozzi, Chiusi. … In the deposifo delle Monache, Chiusi. … In the deposito del Granduca, Chiusi.

372

Thu most ancient Roman inscriptions date from the first centuries … frequently suppressed, and are was written for aries, evened instead

373

THE PAL2E0QRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 373

374

in honour of Mars, probably composed to be sung in alternate parts, … Xe luem ruem (ruinam) mamers, sinas inourrere in … To the God > Nos, Mamers, juvate ! … The Latin of this chant, and of kindred fragments of the Salian

375

the Umbrian tablets. Dr. Lepsius, of Berlin, struck by the assertion … We might point out bore other monuments not less useful for the

376

stmction and dedication of public buildings, honours decreed to … Among religious inscriptions we must also class the acts of the … the decrees, letters, and addresses of the civil colleges of the em-

377

THE PALjEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 877 … This inscription has few abbreviations, but the nearly complete … It may bo thus translated :—" The decumans of Xarbonne (have

378

in their persons priestly and imperial authority. 5. The fourth

379

THE PALEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 379

380

500,000 Romans arrayed themselves under the banner of the

381

THE PALJE0GP.APUT OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 381 … Frequently the inscription begins with the names in the nominative, … EJVSD. LEG. The names of iEmilius being hero in the genitive

382

Gaius and Venustahis children, and ^Emilia Afrodisia, a freed woman, … Magistracies, priesthoods, military grades and functions are very

383

THE PAlwEOGBAPRY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS.

385

THE PALJEOQEAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS, … I- AG. in agro. … I- F. P. LAT. in fronte pedes … IN. AGP. PXV. IN. F. P. XXV. … innocentissimo puero, in

386

honoribus in republica sua

387

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. … XXX. P. IN. F. triginta pedes

388

DICTATORED. OLOEOM. IN ALTOD MARID. PVCNANDOD. VICET … In more modern orthography. … TATORE ILLORVM. IN. ALTO. MART. PVGNANDO VICIT

389

THE TALAiOQRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 389 … Inscription on the Sarcophagus of L. Scipio Barbatus, great-grandfather … On the tomb of Lucius Scipio, son of Sc. Barbatus. Consul V.C. … According to the Augustan orthography.

390

ROM. IN. RIVMPH. SVMORNV. … It may bo written at length in tlio following manner : … ROMAM. IN TRIVMPHVM. SVVM. ORNANDVM. … Epitap>h on the tomb of C. Poblicius Sibulus. According to Burton he … At the foot of the Capitoline Hill. … On the Porta St. Lorenzo. Borne.

391

THE PALJEOGRAPIIY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 391 … Another inscription supposed to have heen on the other side of the arch. … On the column of Trajan, a.d. 115. … On the arch of Sepiimius Severus. A.D. 205. … The words opiimis kortissimisqvk piunciimbvs were substituted by

392

On the arch of Gallienus. a.d. 260. … On the arch of Conslantine, erected on his victory over Maxentius.

393

THE PALEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 393 … IN. FRONTEM. P. XXV. … MALE. MORI. IN. FATIS. ILLE. ERAT … On a eippns in the British Museum.

394

EVPTAQVE. DEFICIVNT. IN. PEIMO. MVNEEE. EVSI … IN...

395

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 395 … being contemporaneous and in the same language, we have thought … and are for the most part found in the catacombs, or subterranean

396

ised by symbols and formula; peculiar to the Christian creed; the … the Christians, as it occurs on coins of Probus, who was not a Christian, and in

397

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 397 … dictus et in perpetuum anathemate constrictus.

398

the number again declines, that century producing little more … for " posuit," " iscribit " for " scribit." We find also the cockney … Dei, Adeodatus, Quod Deus vult. In general, the Christians took the

399

THE PALMOORAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. … D. I. P. decessit in pace. … II. E. I. P. hie requiescit in pace. … E. I. PA. requiescat in pace. … S. I. D. spiritus in Doo.

400

Publius Liberio lived two years, three months, and eight days … Servilia, aged thirteen, died in the consulate of Piso Bolanus. … COKSVNSIT. IN. PACE. TANDEM QUIEV1T. BENE MEKEN-

401

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 401 … IN HOC TVMVLO QVIESOIT VITAM EXPLEVIT SVB AN- … ET VOTA NE IN CAVERNIS QVIDEM SALVARI POSSIMVS … 11 Christ. Alexander is not dead, but lives beyond the stars, … services, returned evil for good. For, while on his knees, and about … Aurelia; our sweetest daughter, who departed from the world

402

C1SSIMAE FEM1NAE QVE FECIT. IN. COIVGIO. ANN. … IN LACE. … EEQVIESCIT IN LACE DN … To Eomanus, the neophyte, the well-deserving, who lived eight

403

THE PALMQGB.APHY OF DIFFERENT NAT JOSS. 403 … sesses but this one house, whom her friends bewail, and seek in vain … iou, our nursing father, occupy a perpetual seat, being dead, and … DP IN PACE HI NON OCTOBE1S FESTO VC. CONSS.

404

IBENE IN PACE. AEETVSA IN DEO. … Valeria sleeps in peace. … Domitianus, a simple soul, sleeps in peace.

405

THE PALAEOGRAPHY OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 405 … Primitius in peace : a most valiant martyr after many torments. … NABIBA IN PAGE ANIMADYLCIS … Aavira in peace ; a sweet soul who lived 1G years and 5 months ; … the 7th ides of January. … u« among the innocent ones. How enduring is such a life to you !

406

How gladly will your mother, the church of God, receive you, re- … HIC MIHI SEMPEE DOLOE EEIT IN AEVO … EELICTIS TV1S IACES IN PACE SOPOEE … deserving one, having left your (relations), lie in peace—in sleep—

Appendix

409

3893 Founded the temple of I'hrah at … Building of the pyramids of Sakhara … 2031 ! 2801 J 2330 I The last king of the XIII, dynastj

410

The Sesonchosis of Manetho, and tho … The Mseris of the Labyrinth and of … The shepherds driven out by Amosls, … Added some new chambers to the … Made additions to the great temple … 11. and HI. She erected the great … Erected numerous buildings in Thebes, … Added the small edifice attached to the … The great Sphinx at the pyramid bears … Added to the great temple of Karnak,

411

introduced with his own in his re- … Made additions to the great temple of … Made additions to the temple of

412

The Sbishak of Scripture, ami the … Made additions to the temple at Kar- … short by the Persian conquest, n.c.

413

The Egyptians again revolted, and are … the temple oflsisatPhihe. Pharos of … near E-ne. … Mar. Cleopatra. A decree of the priest- … taining a petition of the priests set

414

Ptolemy, the elder sun .of … after three years' siege, and the … With Cleopatra, his sister and wife* … Alone, and then with Cassation, her … Visit of Adrian to Egypt\ and again a.d. 130. … TABLE OF GREEK AND ROMAN ARTISTS. … Eucheir J. discovers the art of painting. … Cnossus, the architect, and Telccles and … Oorcobus of Ells is victorious in

415

Eucbeir II. and Eugrammus, Corinthian mo- … Dipamus and Scyllis, natives of Crete, attain … and Endoiius the Athenian. … Callo 1. of -Egina, Chrysothemis and Eutelidas

416

Demophilus I. and Gorgasus practise the arts of … goras I. of Hhegium, begins to exercise the … ter at the request of several states of Greece, … the Peira^us at Athens. … phrorhscus, and Pasiteles 1. Ageladas and … Battles of Thermopylae and … Alcamenes, an Athenian, and Agoracritus the i

417

Libo, the Ehean, builds the Temple of Zeus … of ivory and gold, in the Parthenon. The … pius, with the assistance of Colotes of I'aros. ] … Myro of Eleuthera, and Policletus 1. of '. Commencement of the Pelopo- … Nicodamus of Mamalus, Pericletus and Sos- … Lycius, the son of Myro, flourishes as a statu- … Megara, and Pisander. … Expedition of the Athenians

418

Zr.uxrs of Heraclea, the distinguished painter, … To this period belong Ctesidenms, the painter, … dorus, and Demeas II. … Scofas, the Parian, engaged with other artists … JI. of Thebes, Echio, and Therimacb.ua, all … Veii taken by the Romans

419

Oorybas, the painter, flourishes. … omnestus, Nicias 1L of Athens, and Ctcsilo- … Alcimachus, Aristocles V., and Philoxenus … Protogenes of Caunus paints in the island of … Bedas, son of LYSTPPUS, Chares of Lindus, and … ccus, Ptolemy, assume the

420

In this period Pasiteles still practises the arts … Pisto and Xenocrates flourish as statuaries. … Anaxandra, the daughter of Xealces, practises … Heraclides I., a Macedonian, and Metrodorus, … Pythias. Pytbocles, Timocles, and Timar- … Pacuvius, the tragic poet and painter, flourishes. … The following artists flourished about this … jected to the Romans. … and Vitruvius flourish.

421

Dorotheas and Fabullus flourish as painters; … and Lucan flourish. … Blount Vesuvius. Pliny the … Agamedes and Trophonius of) … Labyrinth at Lcnmos; some buildings at Sparta ; and the … Wooden bridge over the Thraciun Bosphorus, erected by … Rebuilt the temple of A polio at Delphi, which had been … Parthenon at Athens ; temple of Ceres and Proserpine at

422

Plan of the city of Alexandria. … Temple of Jupiter Stator (Minerva Chalcidica) in the … These two architects built several temples at Rome. The … Celer and Severus of Koine … Antoninus, the Senator of Rome … Forum Trajani at Rome; a bridge over the Danube, in

423

LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS, EMPRESSES, AND THEIR … Julia, daughter of Csesar and … Son of C. Oetavius and Atia, … him in order to marry Livia. … 50 B.C., and subsequently to … eellus and Octavia, was thrice … Marcus Agrippa, son-in-law of Au- … Caius and Lucius, sons of M. … Agrippa and Julia, born 12 B.C., … and Julia; wife of L. QSmilius … Drusus senior and Antonio, and

424

and Livia, married to Xcro, son … M. Agrippa and of Julia, daugh- … Nero and Drusus, sons of Germa- … Son of Germanicus and Agiip- … Lollia Paulina, espoused and … cus and Agrippina, married to … Tiberius) and Antonia, born 10 … Germanicus and Agrippina, was … Drusus, son of Tiberius and Plau- … barbus and Agrippina, son-in-law … ter of the Emperor Claudius and … Claudia, daughter of Nero and

425

L. Vitellius, father of the emperor, … and Flavia Domitilla. … Julia, daughter of Titus and Fur- … Son of Vespasian and Flavia … Anonymus, son of Domitian and … Born 53, associated in the empire … Son-in-law of Matidia, Trajan's … ninus and Faustina. … ninus Pius and the elder Faus-

426

drian in 130. On the death … Aurelius and the younger Faus- … and Faustina the younger, born … Juliauus and Scantilla. … emperor 196, defeated and killed … master of the whole empire 197, … Son of Septimius Severus and … and Julia Donina, born 189 A.D., … (Priest of Baal, the Sun-god), … Julia Mcesa, sister-in-law of Sep- … Son of Gessius Marcianus and

427

by Elagabalus with the name of … Moesa, and mother of Alexander … Titus Quartinus, emperor in Ger- … Son of Metius Marullus and … Son of "Gordianus Af. I. and … Grandson of Gordianus the elder, … Philip the elder. … drowned in a bog 251. … emperor in Mtesia 253, killed

428

prisoner by the Persians 200, … rian and Mariniana, killed 2G8 … Postumus pater, emperor in Gaul … Victorlnus i'ater, associated in … Balista, emperor in Syria 262, … Valens, emperor in Aehaia 261. … in Egypt 262. … myra 261, associated in the

429

Timolaus, son of Odenathus and … Zenobia, emperor in Syria 266, … Brother of the emperor Tacitus, … Saturnisms, emperor of Egypt and … peror in Pannonia 284, killed … Styled Hercclius and Jovrcs, … Ajiandus, emperor in Gaul 285, … Adopted and named Cassar by … Diocletian and Prisca, and second

430

Augustus and emperor 30G, put … the Augusti 307, emperor 30S, … son of Maximianus I. and Eu- … Licixius senior, son-in-law of … Martinianus, Cajsar and Augustus … Son of Constantius Chlorus and … Constantine and Minervina, born … stantine and of Dalmatius, died … 333, emperor of the East 346, … Second son of Constantine and … favours the cause of Procopius

431

Vetranio, emperor in Pannonia … Son of Julius Constantius and … balianus, and secondly of Con- … Surnamed the Apostate, son of … associated in the empire and … Son of Valentinian I. and Severn, … tine and Faustina, grand-daugh- … Son of Valentinian I. and Jus- … Born 346, Augustus and asso- … Galla, daughter of the Emperor … tus in Britain 383, acknow- … feated and slain by Theodosius

432

Youngest son of Theodosius and … Constantinus III., Augustus in … Augustus in Gaul 408, assas- … Theodosius and Galla, sister of … assoeiated in the sovereign power … of that title, reassumed it in … peror of the East 418, died 450 … Son of Constantius III. and Galla … Theodosius II. and Eudocia, … tius III. and Galla Placidia, and … tinian III. and Eudoxia, mar- … 391, married the Empress Pul- … on the death of Theodosius, … Leo I., emperor of the East 457, … Eupiiemia, daughter of the Empe- … of the West 472, died same year.

433

emperor of the … East 474. I … peror of the East 476, dethroned … ARTArNE, daughter of Verina, and … Son of the patrician Orestes, … Acrotehia. Bases or low pedestals resting on the angles and vertex of a pedi- … Aeytum. The chamber in a temple to which none but priests had access. … Ant^j. Pilasters terminating the side walls of a temple. … Apsis. The semicircular and vaulted end of a basilica.

434

Arena. Tho central space in a Roman amphitheatre. … Bell. That portion of a column around which the foliage and volutes are … Capital. The head or upper part of a column or pilaster. … Ci.OACiE. The common sewers at Borne. … Comitium. A building in the Roman forum, where assemblies of the people

435

Concamerata Sudatio. The vapour bath in Roman Therma?. … Cornice. The crowning projection of the entablature. … being hollow in its upper part, and swelling below. This is distinguished … Dicthyothetox. Masonry worked in courses like the meshes of a net. … Displuviatum. An open court, its roof so inclined as to throw the water off

436

Entablature. The horizontal portion of a temple, supported on the columns, … Fluting. The vertical channelling of the shafts of the columns. … GuTTiE. Drops or ornaments, introduced under the triglyphs, in the Doric

437

Hxpotrachelium. The slenderest part of the shaft of a column, being that … -Lacunar, Lacuxaria. Ornamental compartments in ceilings. … Metociie. A term used by Vitruvius, to denote the space or interval between … Monotriglyph. The space of one triglyph and two metopes, between two

438

Neck, or Necking. The space between the astragal of the shaft and the … Paeascenium. Another name for the postscenium in the theatre. … Piscina. A reservoir in the Koman baths for practising swimming.

439

seudoperipteral. A temple with a range of columns in front, and the … ■Nostrum. The platform in the Roman forum whence the orators addressed the … an altar, and sometimes a statue of a god. … Sp«ceristerum. A building for the exercise of the ball.

440

Tablixum. A hall or chamber at the further end of the atrium, in a Roman … Testrastyle. A temple with four columns in front. … Torus. A large semicircular moulding, used in the bases of columns. … Tympanum. The triangular space within the cornices of a pediment.

441

TABLE OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL GREEK AND ROMAN … feet; Ictinus and Callicrates, architects. … Hexastyle, prostyle at east end, with a tetrastyle, … destroyed by the Turks since Stuart's time. … ARoman work, originally begun in the time of … and smaller propykea within the periholus, … each end, and fourteen on each side. No cella … Distyle in antis. … and sculpture (the iEginetan Marbles). … In interior, Ionic columns. … Magna Gr/ECia and Sicily. … feet by 369 feet. Wilkins, in his restoration of … pronaos and opisthodomus.

442

TABLE OF SOME OP THE PRINCIPAL GREEK AND ROMAN … high ; one of the largest Grecian temples, being … theas, architect, about 340 b.c. The order the … about the time of Alexander the Great. … Jupiter and … Venus and … Vesta, or the … Caius and … Helios, or the … but nothing of the cella remains. … Two separate temples, alongside each other, in … mains; but the authority is the ancient plan of … The order a very peculiar and fine example. … Ilexastyle, triprostyle ; order continued along the … formed by an outer wall and two ranges of

443

SYNOPSIS OF THE PROPORTIONS OF THE DORIC, IONIC, CORINTHIAN, AND COMPOSITE ORDERS. … in. … Temple on the Ilissns … Temple of Antoninus and Faus- … Temple of the Sibyl, Tivoli .

444

Hieroglyphics. It bears the oval of Osirtasen I. of … The Smaller Obelisks of Karnak ..... … Hieroglyphics. In the central line they bear the oval … They are about ten in number, and are all of the time … Without hieroglyphics. Was erected in 1587 by … < above the … ft. in. I ft- 1".

445

. Obelisk of the Pantheon...... … Hieroglyphics. Erected by Antinori in 1792. It was … Obelisk in the Hippodrome, or Atmeidan .... … Hieroglyphics. In tho Sultan's garden. … The Obelisks in the British Museum.

447

Approximate Values.—The Greek foot, cubit, and orguia only exceed the English foot, foot and a half, and fathom, by

Index

449

Abbreviations in inscriptions. See … ^Eginetan epoch or period, in sculpture, … Animals in Egyptian sculpture, 121, … Apop (Apophis), the great serpent, the … Archaic style in painted vases, 243. … Aroeris, the elder Horus, 144.

450

Etruscan, 202 ; Greek and Koman, … Betham (Sir William), on the Etruscan … Cameo, 257 ; of the St, Chapelle, 273; … Canons or rules of proportion in Egyp- … Charites (the Graces), 190. … Collections, glyptographies ancient, 265; … Colours used by the Egyptians, 210;

451

Crown of the Pharaohs, 142; of Osiris, … Daxlalean period or epoch in sculpture, … Decline of the art of sculpture, Egyptian, … Determinative signs in hieroglyphics, … of the Ephesians, 171. … -------------■ style in sculpture, 115. … ander, 207. From the time of … Engraving, invention of the art on hard … Epochs in the art of sculpture. See

452

-------------style in sculpture, 121. … origin and history, 252; materials, … ----------style in sculpture, 123. … ----------beautiful style in painted vases, … Hapimou, the Nile, 140. … Hymn of the Fratres Arvales, 373.

453

Imperator, in inscriptions, 378. … tions, published, 333 ; in museums, … the Fratres Arvales, 373; Duiliau … 398; names found in them, 398; … Perugia, 366 ; hymn of the Fratres … Judgment of the soul, 103. … Knowledge and test of engraved stones,

454

Materials employed in the glyptic art, … Methods of painting used by the … Moirae, the fates, 193. … 229 ; of the house of Pansa, Pompeii, … Mummification, why adopted by the … Nomenclature (English and Italian) of … name and title of kings, 341; ovals … Palaeography, or inscriptions, aim and

455

Periods of the art of sculpture—Egyp- … Periods of the Greek school of glyptics, … Polychromy, 219; employed at the … Praxitelean epoch or period in sculp- … Ranpo, the god of war, 146. … Relief, Egyptian, 119; Greek and

456

material, 286 ; large and small, 287; … Sealing earth of the Greek, 327. … Seth, Typhon, 143, 149, 150; of the … Sigla, abbreviations in inscriptions, … in inscriptions, 316. … Styles in sculpture, Egyptian, 115 ;

457

tautology in inscriptions, 331. … Ultor, 29; Antoninus and Faustina, … Etruscan tombs, rock-cut and … Tribe, name of Roman tribe in inscrip- … commerce in vases, 232; clay used … the custom of placing them in tomb-, … and forgeries, 242; collections, 243 ; … Veriniglioli, on the inscription of

458

White, colour, used by the Egyptians … Yellow colour used by the Egyptians, … C0KSGN: FBOtTED CY WILLIAM CLOWES AND hONS, STAMFOK1) STREET AM) C1IAPJNG cl'.OtS.

Verlagsinformation

459

Works by the same Author. … THE EANAUX DE CIMET1ERES IN FBANCE

Maßstab/Farbkeil

massstab

White, colour, usod by the Egyptians … Yellow colour used by the Egyptians,

OCR-Volltext

Hinweise zum OCR-Text

412

HANDBOOK OF AROBMOLOOT.

Dynasty.

Wilkfnson.1 Bunsen

Piohx

PjSHAll

1013 \

1004 (

XXII.—BUBASTITH.
SlIESHONK...... 090

DOS

HER-SHA-Siai.....

OSORKON H......

053

952

SlIESHONK II......

TlKLAT I.......

929
914

OdOBKOX III......

SlIF.SHONIC TIT.....

S99
872

TlKLAT, Take

"Til II. '. '.

842

XXIII.-

T A SITE.

PISKAI

SIS

Sheshonk IV.

S15

777

XXIV.-

SAITE.

7:17

XXV.—ETHIOPIAN.

Sabaco, or Shbbbk I..

Sebechon.

Sabaoo, or Shebek 11. . .

714

7"2
090

XXVJ.—SAITK.

PSAMATIK (PSAMMITfCIITTS I )

Neco . . .
psammetichus 11.

Al'l.'IKS .
Amasis (Amks)

610
594

Events.

PsAMUEKirna

XXVII.—PERSIAN.
CAMfiVSKg

Darius Hystaspeb
Xerxes .

519

483

f High priests, according to Sir G. Wil-

1 l/ln.An

kinson.

The Sbishak of Scripture, ami the
contemporary of Solomon. The
first king of lower Egypt. Rise
of Bubastfs. Took Jerusalem; and
recorded his campaigns on the out-
side of the great temple of Karnak,

Adorned the temple of Pasht at Bu-
b.istis.

Called "The Wise" Sole
this dynasty.

So or Suva of Scripture.

The Tirliaka of Scripture, and the con-
temporary of Hezekiah, added court
to the temple of Medeenot Haboui
Thebes.

Accepted the services of the Greeks;
made additions to the temples in
Thebes, and to the temple of Plhah
at Memphis. Rise of Sais. Revival
of Egyptian art.

Africa circumnavigated by his orders.

Made additions to the temple at Kar-
nak,

The Hophra of Scripture. The school
of Heliopolis flourished. New gods
found in the sculptures.

J lis name was the same as that of the
first king of the 18th dynasty (called
by way of distinction, Amosis);
made several additions to the Temple
of Neith, at Sais; erected temple to
Jsis at Memphis. Solon, Thales, Py-
thagoras visited Egypt.

His short reign of six months was cut
short by the Persian conquest, n.c.
525.

Egypt conquered by Oambyses. The
monuments of Egypt injured and
destroyed by the Persians.

The Persians expelled from Egypt.

In the second year of Xerxes, the
Egyptians were again reduced to
subjection, and Artabanus, bis
brother, made governor.

Annotationen

Letzte Aktualisierung 06.03.2023 © Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg Impressum