Whittock, Nathaniel: The Art Of Drawing And Colouring, From Nature, Birds, Beasts, Fishes, And Insects: With Plain And Coloured Drawings, From Original Paintings By Morland, Vernet, Howet, Le Cave, &c. (London, 1830)

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The ram s head, alone, if drawn with care, forms a good subject sor
a lesson. It should be commenced by drawing a faint line down the
centre of the face, from the top of the forehead, where the horns
branch off, to the tip of the nose; by this line measure the various
parts of the face, by marking the spaces at proper distances srom each
other, always keeping the line in the centre. It will be seen that the
head of this animal is of an angular shape, and the lines os all the
features appear to run towards the angle formed by the end os the
nose. If faint lines are drawn across the line first sormed down the
centre of the face, the horns may be made to curve nearly alike, and
be kept the same size ; in short, by having recourse to this mechanical
process, the eye will become so used to admeasurement, and the nice
balancing of one part with the other, that animals will be sound as
easy to execute as objects os still life. When the head is correctly
drawn in outline, proceed to the line which forms the back, and bring
it round to the end of the leg, which is hid by the long grass: then
draw the breast, and the fore legs, taking care to mark the lines
formed by the muscles of the leg distinctly, and to make the soot os
the animal stand upon the ground.
Beginners in animal painting generally sind more difficulty in
drawing the extremities than any other part; and the student will
here find the great advantage of not rubbing out any lines previously
formed, as they will be the best guides for the alterations required.
When the faint outline is satisfactorily formed, a blacker pencil should
be used to bring it up more strongly, taking care to give the hand a