Wilkinson, John Gardner: Topographie of Thebes, and general view of Egypt: being a short account of the principal objects worthy of notice in the valley of the Nile, to the second cataracte and Wadi Samneh, with the Fyoom, Oases and eastern desert, from Sooez to Bertenice (London, 1835)

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Wilkinson, John Gardner
Topographie of Thebes, and general view of Egypt: being a short account of the principal objects worthy of notice in the valley of the Nile, to the second cataracte and Wadi Samneh, with the Fyoom, Oases and eastern desert, from Sooez to Bertenice — London, 1835

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Titelblatt

TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES, … WITH REMARKS ON THE

Widmung

TO THE … The Author.

Preface

In order to hasten the publication of this work, it … I have avoided entering at any length on the

much of my leisure time, and contains a more de-

VII

I ought also to apologize for the mode I have … correct; but in all cases I have been guided by the

Introduction

iEgyptum Scythus, aut Indus, aut aliquis talis."—Lat. traml. of Mercur. … But the state of the hunter and of the shepherd … remain totally unknown. The shepherd indeed

merely satisfying the common wants of man; and

mitive age, she rose in the midst the patron of

XII

enjoyed, should have doubted this fact—the neces- … knowledge, Egypt was the school,—if a prince re-

XIII

built* at the edge of the desert, were owing to the … long as she was able to attack and invade " the

XIV

speedily lost the conquests they had made. And

and awing the mind of the people, watched over … be compared to those she enjoyed about the era of

XVI

of some Egyptian cities, which neither their mines … enable her to profit by a very extensive sale of corn; … gradually coveted objects of art, and Egypt was

XVII

highest encomiums of the ancients. Nor were the … f Sesostris was said to have fitted out four hundred ships of … and they even employed Phoenician mariners in a voyage of

XVIII

countries ; but even were this the case, and whether

XIX

that I attribute the superiority of that ancient … over foreign and distant tribes are as plainly de- … inferior to the annals of an historian, except in … Egypt was too limited a state to extend her arms

and the severe and regular discipline of her troops; … bable that a small town, founded by a colony of … and succeed in subjugating the states of Italy

XXI

riority, and on her possession of a poor country … to restore to that ancient and civilized nation the

Contents

XXIII

Introduction, on the power of … Topography of Thebes, or Diospolis Magna. … of Old Qoorneh . . ib. … Other ruins on the west bank . 9 … Tomb of Osymandyas . .13 … Temple - palaces of Amunoph … The sound, and its real cause . 36 … The 100 gates not of the city; … sion. Small temple of Me- … Great temple-palace of Remeses … The other parts of the building 59 … The coronation ceremony . . 63 … Of what country , . ,66 … Revolt of the allies . . 73 … The sacred lake of the dead . 78 … Antiquity of the arch . .81

XXIV

Intent of one of the side cham- … Sculptures and style of building 91 … gori, the founder . 93 and 96 … The four divisions of the world. 106 … A queen the original occupant … through the rocks. Tombs … Tombs of Priests and Private Individuals. … Tombs of the time of the 26th … Chambers in the pits . … Arrival of a princess from that … A chase of wild animals .139 … the tablet of Abydus . .144

XXV

A funeral procession with the … Use of bellows and glue . 155 … Prescribed rules of art • 161 … A rich tribute. The most in- … Order in which the ruins are to … takes a cursory view of Thebes 164 … The Persian conquest . .183 … The principal part of it . 173 … Names of captured places . 189 … Return to the Nile. A bridge . 191 … The grand hall, and sphinxes

XXVI

Beer; the lotus … The use of wheat . … Ships sent round the Cape o! … Figures of the four genii; writ- … Early use of glass . . … Productions of modern Egypt . … Of summer … Animals of the desert … Wolves in Egypt. The four … Egypt. Land measures … Quantity produced on the fed- … Regiments. The testudo … The army … Government of the provinces, … Mode of eating . … Prices in the capital, in 1827 . … Remains of the ancient city of … Invasion of the Moslems. Omer … Death of Ismail Pasha . 295

XXVII

Tombs of individuals . . 332 … Repaired by the Caliphs . 334 … Mosk of e'Tayloon, or Tooloon 301 … Pyramids of Dashoor . . 338 … Tombs of the Memlook Soltans 307 … of Qaherah . . 308 … The inundation ; its height . 313 … Lowest and highest rise of the … Balsam of Matareeh and holy … Quarries of Maasara . . 348 … Level of the Red Sea . .321 … The great pyramid . . 324 … Sites of other ancient towns, and … The third pyramid . . 330

XXVIII

Return of the water from the … Oases of the Blacks . . 359 … The wall of Sesostris . 368 … Minyeh: the modern cemetery . 371 … The strangers neither Jews nor … The Speos Artemidos . 379 … The supposed site of Alabastron 384 … Tanoof. Dahroot. Mouth of … Bed of alabaster. Gow, Antaeo- … Geergeh. Ruins of Abydus . 396 … The zodiac. Portico of the great … other mines. Roads to the

XXIX

Diluvial deposit. Pliny's use of … them. Pillar of Caracalla . 458 … Dates of E'Sooan. Island of … Ruins of Elephantine. The god … the Turks . . . 462 … Grottoes and tablets of Silsilis. … The other temple . . ib. … Chapels of Esculapius and … the original temple . . 468 … Temple of Nero and Domitian. … Frontier of Ethiopia. Conquests … Invention of the pointed arch . 456

XXX

The temple. An Ethiopian king 476 … Kalabshee. Talmis, the great … Temple of Dendoor . . 486 … Temple at Derr, the capital of … The Colossi. The Egyptians … Chronology of the Kings of Egypt. … Era of Menes. Construction of … The Ptolemies … Chronology of the Caliphs and Moslem Kings of Egypt. … Payment of tribute … The Ommiades . … The Aqlabeeh … The Fowatem in Egypt .

XXXI

Bahatite Memlook kings of … kings of Egypt . . 555 … A.—Things required for travelling in Egypt, and general … C.—On the Steam Communication with India through

Errata, Corrections, Notes

XXXIII

15. Note *, for " on the corresponding wall," read "on the S. face of the … 42. L. 10, " the time of Menes." … 57. Note t, " Before his departure from Cairo to Upper Egypt," to be within … 81. L. 15, for " these and the brick," read "them and the brick." … 127. L. 7, " (Qoomet Murraee)," omit the parentheses. … 193. L. 8, for " offerings of," read "offerings of his." … 235. For " Hennotybies took it by turns to do the duty of royal guards, and

XXXIV

245. Note *, for " the priests and crocodiles," read " the priests, and .also … 272. For "12 ardebs, beans," read "12 ardebs of beans." … 325. Note +, for " in the sarcophagus," read " in the sarcophagus of the … 371. L. 3, for " this town," read " the town." … 495. L. 26, for " the most beautiful colossi," read " the four most beautiful … lb. For " Ptolemy, K. of Cyprus, deposed by the Romans, 58," read … 510. The date " 644" refers to the end of Omer's reign, and " 656" to the

XXXV

545, Note f refers to the " Fowatem," and ibid., for " Israaeel, sixth Imam." … dren, and those Shiites, who looked upon the Imamite as hereditary, … 557. The note J refers to the name " Aboo Saeed."

XXXVI

DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES. … Tombs of the Memlook Kings. Tomb (and Mosk) of … Preparing for the Press,

Chapter 1: Topography of Thebes, or Diospolis Magna

GENERAL VIEW OF

2 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

porary of Joseph, and the earliest monarch whose

4 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … side three small chambers, one of which leads to a

square pillars, beyond which, was the sanctuary … will appear to every one who notices the two modes of writing

6' TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … until I observed its use for the word " cutting," but I am inclined

his son Remeses II. added the sculptures that cover … bearing the emblems of Osiris; over him we read: … fore substitute the phonetic names.

8 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … which, in the procession of the sons of Remeses II., at the Mem^

Following the edge of the cultivated land, and

10 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap. I] THE MEMNONIUM COLOSSUS. II

ducing those fragments to the state in which they … No building in Thebes corresponds with the de- … f The very door-ways decrease as they approach the sekos, or

Chap, r.] TOMB OF OSYJ1ANDYAS. 13

14 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … § In order to light this hall, the roof over the four centre rows

Chap. I.] TOMB OF OSYMANDYAS. 15

16 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. fChap. I. … monarch who laid the foundation of a temple should have pre-

captive, while others wantonly beat the suppliant, … * The chiefs are here armed with bows; the privates, or foot-

18 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

over the plain, endeavour to regain the river, and

20 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … Above this battle-scene is a procession of priests, … first volume of Excerpta, and my Hierogl. Extracts of 1827, or … was married very early to Remeses, as she is there said to be the

ancestors, placed before the god, are more easily … sons. The seventh, generally called Amunmai, is here Mai-

22 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … the Bactrians are here represented; but whatever

kingdom and his life. Still stronger, indeed, is the

24 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … § V. Exod. xii. 38, 44, 45. That the Jews were not all em-

Chap. I.] THE JEWS. 25 … of Deuteronomy, where we read: " Egypt.......where thou … The Egyptians had, besides, black slaves in great numbers, and … riages with the Egyptians.

26 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … To return to the great hall: at the upper end, J on

Goddess Maut; and in the hieroglyphics mention … for, in addition to his having the same name, a … by the demise of his elder brothers, though it was … Perhaps Thriphis and Tafne are the same. The one before us

28 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

supposed. Other vestiges of sandstone remains

30 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … mentioning these ruins, calls them the " calcareous

Chap. I.] TWO TEMPLE-PALACES OF AMUNOPH III. 31

32 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap. I.] VOCAL STATUE OF JUEMNOiV. 33 … But from the account in the Apollonius Thyaneus of

34 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES.. [Chap. I. … sunt." The worship of Sarapis having been introduced by the

Chap. I.] HEIGHT OF THE TWO COLOSSI. 35

36 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … with the precision of the credulous.

Chap. I.] THE REAL CAUSE OF THE SOUND. 37 … vinced me that the sound was the same that deceived the Romans, … t More than one modern traveller has repaired to the statue be-

38 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap. I.] OTHER COLOSSI OF THE SAME DROMOS. 39 … the original position of the two colossi, and the rise

40 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … on one side hy the mountains, and on the other by the alluvial soil

Chap. I.] TEMPLES AND EXTENT OF THEBES. 41 … f " The city of Haboo," a traditional king, who is said to have

42 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … f About sixteen miles, if Roman stades. Judging from the

Chap. I.] WEALTH OF THEBES. 43 … in the vicinity of Thebes. I. s.45. But he commits a great error in … Tacit. An. ii. 60. Vis was likewise more applicable to the

44 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … pidated temples, by Euergetes II. and some of the … f It is highly probable that the Egyptians traded, at a very re-

Chap. I.] the CITY.—ITS DECLINE. 45 … I I have been led to this conclusion by finding in them the

46 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap. I.] PALACE-TEMPLES OF MEDEENET HABOO. 47 … lieve he ruled at Thebes, while the lower country was left to the … of Petamun, and Tape, Ape, or Thebes. Ap and Aph are syno- … does not signify " belonging to," but " giver," as petthap, " the

48 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … this monarch; the regent Amenenthe, of M. Champollion, but

peristyle. Hakoris, second king of the twenty-ninth … as this is in the midst of the sculptures of ThothmesIII.

50 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap.I. … passes beneath the chambers of the inner or north … that given by Manetho, and even better, since the title and name … f In order not to repeat temple and palace, I use the former

Chap. 1.1 LARGE PALACE-TEMPLE OF REMESES III. 51 … and the king alone is seated on an elegant fauteuil,

52 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … four figures of African and Northern barbarians, -j-

Chap. I.] SPEECH OF THE GOD TO THE KING. 53 … that he gives the North countries,.....and to re-

54 TOPOGRAPHY OF THKBES. [Chap. I. … of the sculptures of this building. Passing through … outline. For some time I imagined the form of this

but it can never be considered a proof of good taste, … In the course of my remarks, I cannot but have

56 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … spoken of the second and third Remeses ? The only successions

Chap. I.] THE STUDY OF HIEROGLYPHICS. 57 … but it would rather redound to the credit, than de- … from the credit of one whose ingenuity I would … cesser of Remeses III.; and Mons. C. had already seen that of

58 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … To return to Medeenet Haboo. On the west … upon;"§ and in the third line, he bids him " slay the … § From taho, " insistere," followed by the demonstrative sign.

Chap. I.] PARTS OF THE TEMPLE. 59 … find there is good reason to adopt the above reading, in conformity … § The end of it appears to siguify " Amun praises its sculpture."

60 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

" palace of Remeses at Thebes," which is said to … their head-dress, inclosing probably the lock of hair usually de-

62 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap. I.] THE CEREMONY OF CORONATION. 63 … * M. Champollion observes that no doubt can exist as to the … f I am indebted for the construction of this part of it to

64 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … f I have not yet been able to ascertain the name of the former

offer incense to the monarch. The hawk, the em-

66 TOPOGRAPHV OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … aquiline nose give them the character of some … over f the king, and a still longer tablet, occupying

Chap. I.] THE RETURN AFTER VICTORY. 67

68 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Cfap. I.] DEFEAT OF THE REBO. 69

70 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … bow and sword in one hand and his whip in the … ignorant of the force of the first character and of his reasons for

Chap. I.] ROUT OF ANOTHER ENEMY. 71 … chase; another has discovered the lion of Osymandyas, which

72 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … people. The general form of the vessels of both

Chap. I.] REVOLT OF THE ALLIES. 73

74 TOPOGRAPHT OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

the terrified inhabitants are engaged in rescuing … four or five in the year; and every eight or ten years heavy rains

76 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … not in the name, that we must look for the title

Chap. I.] VICINITY OF MEDEEXET HABOO. 77

78 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … the aspirate, it would signify " city of his father," and be per-

Chap. I.] THE QUEEN'S TOMBS. 79 … here are small idols in form of mummies, with the … to the north-west of Medeenet Haboo, is the valley … * In the one I have it has all sprouted.

80 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap.I.] ANTIQUITY OP THE ARCH. 81

82 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. 1. … The deity who presided over this valley, and the … The small t temple to the east, called Dayr el … or Euergetes II., who added the sculptures to the … which a great part of the dilapidation of its temples is to be attri- … sary to remind the reader that this was not the goddess of physical

wall of this corridor or pronaos,* Ptolemy Philome-

84 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Isis. On the east side Physcon offers incense to … * This M. Champollion supposes the heart. I still incline to … | Alluding to her double capacity as goddess of Truth and

86 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. 1.

On examining the sculptures of this building,

88 TOPOGRAPHV OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … brother Euergetes II., on ascending the throne, as … Egyptian, and are unknown in the names of these kings given by

Chap. I.] WOODEN CRAMPS IN THE WALLS. 89 … * Wood, in a country where but little rain falls and when the

90 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I.

Chap. I.] CELEBRATION OF A TRIUMPH. 91

92 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … § M. Champollion is quite right in the construction of this … IT Which forms part of the original sculptures.

Chap. I.] FOUNDER OF DATE EL BAHREE. 93 … ing scenes, and other sculpture, and on the west

94 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … at a later period over the erased original characters. This is one … teria Hieroglyphica," p. 4. It is not confined to the name of the … J I had expressed my doubts as to the sera of Amunneitgori, in

Chap. I.] PECULIAR STYLE OF ARCHES. 95 … Within the second granite door is one of these

96 TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … here a daughter of Thothmes I., but with another name.

the commencing word " Amun," and has added … the wall of the inner or upper court, bear hierogly-

98 > TOPOGRAPHY OF THEBES. [Chap. I. … existed from this temple to the Valley of the Kings, … | M. Champollion mentions another conjecture, of " several

Chap. I.] ROAD TO THE TOMBS OF THE KINGS. 99

Chapter 2: Bab, of Biban al Molook, "The Gate" or "Gates of the Kings"

100

BAB, OR BIBAN EL MOLOOK, "THE GATE" OB … I do not propose to give a detailed account of … and which differ so widely from the more intelli-

101

The tomb,* which of all others stands pre-emi-

102

the search* of the curious and the spoiler, another … by the havock caused in the inner chambers, sadly … feet;}; square, are decorated, like the whole of the … for the future, by the artificial channel and mounds he made

103

the work of yesterday; and near the centre of the … nearly in the centre of its inner wall, with the grand

104

the immediate summit of an inclined plane, which, … in the north-west wall; at the upper end a step leads … but the rock, which from its friable nature could only be excavated

105

the south-west are other niches and a room about … difficult to account for the purport of it, unless its

106

In the next passage are the boats of Kneph; and … nation, with whom the Egyptians were long at war, … \ This word is generally followed by the sitting figures of a

107

Chap. II.] THE FOUR NATIONS----DRAWING. 107

108

in that state they were left for the chisel of the … regret, affords a satisfactory opportunity of appre- … The grand hall contains numerous subjects,

109

Chap. II.] THE HARPER'S TOMB. 109

110

the furniture and arms, and consequently on the

111

Chap. II.] THE KITCHEN----ARMS----FURNITURE. Ill

112

rare woods, printed stuffs, leopard skins, baskets of … be the doora or sorghum, as well as the flowers of

113

Chap. 11. J THE HARPERS. 113

114

as those of the lateral chamber in Number 17, … of Memnon had the greatest claim upon their

115

Chap. II.] SUPPOSED TOMB OF MEMNON. 115

116

Number 8, is of king Pthahmen, the son of

117

or hall of the sarcophagus is the figure of Harpo- … dred and eighteen feet long, including the hypaethral … for the dead. The inscriptions prove this to have

118

time of the Ptolemies. It is the catacomb of … Number 4 is an unfinished tomb of Remeses

119

alone, making offerings to the gods, and sometimes … throughout on the stucco which covers part of the

120

Number 15 is of Osirei II. The figures at the … a distance of one hundred and seventy-two feet, but

121

Chap. II.] TOMBS OPEN UNDER THE PTOLEMIES. 121 … the name of a prince Remeses, or Remesso Man- … and unworthy of a visit. Fragments of alabaster

122

11,12, 14, 15, and 18, fourteen out of the seventeen

123

Chap. II.] TOMBS IN THE WESTEKN VALLEY. 123- … The others are not worthy of notice.

Chapter 3: Tombs of Priests, and Private Individuals

124

TOMBS OF PRIESTS, AND PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS.

125

fallen annals, as relating to the most ancient epoch, … for not placing him the third of this dynasty, p. 10, and … period, when so many other parts of the Theban hills offered firm

126

cow from behind the "Western Mountain,"* or … * This goddess and similar sculptures also appear in tombs of

127

Chap. III.] SUBJECTS OF THE FRESCOS. 127 … exposed them to the falling particles of the super- … it were, to the society of those to whom they refer; … t Diodorus (i. 80.) appears to be right when he states the

128

the entrance to the Assaseef. And in the early* … This is indefinite, for Medeenet Haboo is a Remeseion,-but of the

129

Chap. III.] TOMBS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY B.C. 129 … f " Pillars;' i. e. square. J Marked R in the Survey.

130

feet by seventy-six, with a flight of steps descend- … Continuing through the second area you arrive

131

whose end wall is a niche, formed of a series … * The names which remain are Neith, Sate, and Netpe.

132

132 CHAMBERS IN THE PITS. [Chap. III. … mately, through the ceiling of the last, upwards, to

133

Chap. III.] THE OWNER OF THIS TOMB. 133

134

134 STYLE OF THE SCULPTURE. [Chap. III.

135

Chap. III.] TOMBS OF QOOIINET MUERAEE. 135

136

136 SUBJECTS ON THE WALLS. [Chap. III. … * This offering will appear less singular when we think of our … their own people to adorn their offerings to a foreign prince. This

137

In the upper line, the queen* of the same people … The dresses of the negroes differ in the upper line … I Still used in Abyssinia and Nubia. The same are described

138

monarch. Women of the same nation follow, bear- … Egypt from a very remote time, long before the … is a spirited chase, in which various animals of the … his rank) as soon as intelligence, which it is generally the interest

139

desert are admirably designed.* The fox, hare, … t The gazelle prefers the plain when pursued; the ibex and

140

140 HILL OF SHEKH ABD EL QOORNEH. [Chap. III. … stand, and another, by means of three siphons,\

141

Siphons again occur in the tomb of Remeses III.,

142

142 SUBJECTS OF THE TOMBS. [Chap. III. … omitted and their site left blank, while the trades, … of course refer to one person, the occupant of the

143

Chap. III.] AN EPITOME OF HUMAN LIFE. 143 … scene, containing the different operations of reap- … being the only * one in which a drove of pigs f is

144

first sight, from the wild plants before them, to be … introduced beforehand to clear the ground of the … point of chronology as in the execution of its paint-

145

C&ap. III.] THE C'OFFIX.----BOATS. 145 … temporary cabin. Palanquins were also used by the grandees. … II As in the Birmese and other boats.

146

146 KISH.— A PARTY OF GUESTS. [Chap. III.

147

been welcomed by the usual ceremony of putting- … porcelain vases; and the expression, " with a cup of gold" in the

148

cession. A mendicant receives a head* from the … On the opposite side a guest of consequence

149

Chap. III.] A LETTER OF ATHANASILS. 149 … vases of not inelegant form.

150

150 SOME OF THE FIGURES VERY ELEGANT. [Chap. III.

151

Chap. III.] EGYPTIAN CHARIOTS OF WOOD. 151 … artizans.* The semi-circular knife used for cutting … * Others are employed in weighing gold and silver rings, the

152

more light on the manners and customs of the

153

bring gold rings and bags of precious stones (?)

154

154 THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN. [Chap. HI.

155

The inner chamber contains subjects of the most … of the king. The whole process of brick-making* is … the man has left the bellows, but they are raised, as if … * Their bricks were made with a simple mould; the stamp … t We also find it used in some of the wooden figures and

156

156 SOME NOTION OF PERSPECTIVE. [Chap. III. … formed to the mummy of the deceased, and a list of … The form of this inner chamber is singular, the

157

Chap. III.] GRAXD PROCESSION' OF BOATS. 157 … fowling scenes, and the return from the chase. In … a tomb,* immediately below the isolated hill to the

158

158 IT CROSSES THE SACRED EAKE. [Chap. III. … of hieroglyphics above contain the address or lamentation of a fe- … tance, but the dust and earth beneath their feet.

159

Chap. III.] ERROR OF M. LARCHER. 159 … are the figures of the mother, wife, and daughter of

160

100 THE OTHER TOMBS. [Chap. III. … There are but few other catacombs * worthy of a … in a research of this kind, and one or two days … * In the Assaseef the principal tombs are those marked K. P.

161

tlhap.III.J PRESCRIBED RULES OF ART. Id

162

162 NOTHING TAKEN FROM THE GREEKS. [Chap. III.

163

Chap. III.] DECLINE OF EGYPTIAN-ART. 1G3

164

1G4 MODE OF VISITING THE RUINS, [Chap. Ill* … to the quickest mode of satisfying the object they … Karnak before any other of the ruins of Thehes, and consequently

165

Chap. III.] FOR A CURSORY VIEW OF THEBES. 165

Chapter 4: Luq´sor, El Uq´sor, or Aboo ´l Haggág, called by the ancient Egyptians "Southern Tapé;" and El Karnak

166

BY THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS " SOUTHERN TAPE';" … Remeses might have been contented with what he added to the

166_a

FHOHT OF THE TEMFXiE OF liBQSOR-

167

Chap. IV.] Pj\UC£-T£MPLE OF LUftSOR. 167 … one and the same building. A dromos, connecting … monument, distinct from the Amenophium," as M. Champollion

168

168 PARTS OF THIS BUILDING. [Chap. IV.

169

Chap. IV.] THE GREAT COLONNADE. 169 … siderable excavation. To this succeeds an area of

170

170 SANCTUARY OF ALEXANDER. [Chap: IV. … architectural details. Here, in fact, " repairs" is not the word

171

of*----------------------his majesty, the king of men,

172

172 TEMPLE OF KAKNAK. [Chap. IV. … rents, Philadelphus and Arsinoe. In one of the … Bocchoris,f this part will date in the time of the … Antiochus Theos; but this queen should be daughter of Magas,

173

Chap. IV.] THE PRINCIPAL BUILDING. 173 … line of columns down the centre.§ Other pro- … p. 14, the real acceptation of this expression of Herodotus when … § I merely now propose giving the position and dimensions of

174

174 THE GRAND HALL. [Chap. IV. … lines on either side of the former. Other propyla … allowed the expression, of Osiride figures. Passing … retrograde and complex, and commence in the centre, not at the … within the masonry of each of the front propyla, (at Number 7.)

175

Chap. IV.] THE OLDEST PART. 175 … like the basements of those monuments, and rather resemble, for

176

176 TOTAL LENGTH OF THE TEMPLE. [Chap. IV. … more light was thereby admitted from the windows of the upper … J Diod. lib. i. s. 46. Indeed it will be found to surpass the"

177

Chap. IV.] KARNAK THE OLDEST TEMPLE. 177

178

have existed in and previous to the reign of this

179

tuary as in the back part of the great inclosure,

180

J 80 THE GRAND HALL. [Chap. IV. … the good will of the priesthood, by making col-

181

Chap. IV] SCULPTURES OF SHISHAK. 181 … those of the second Remeses.

182

182 THE VENGEANCE OF LATHYRUS [Chap. IV.

183

were now masters of Egypt; they were not more

184

184 THE SOUTH-WEST PROPYLA. [Chap. IV. … The propyla before alluded toj are of the early … t This happened before the time of Strabo, who mentions the

185

Chap. IV.J RUINS NEAR THE WESTERN LAKE. 185

186

186 OTHER PARTS OF KARNAK. [Chap. IV. … || Probably only a stone used at a later period. The gateway

187

repairs made at different times by other of the … with his sword. The drawing in these figures is

188

188 DEFEAT OF THE ENEMY. [Chap. IV. … in triumph, he leads before his car the fettered cap- … * One is on horseback. There are several instances of this in

189

Chap. IV.] NAMES OF THE CAPTIVE TOWNS. 189

190

presents of vases and bags of gold, which, with … rounded by water, with the exception of that part … are clad in a coat of mail, with a short and close … In the other compartments is represented the

191

Chap. IV.J BRIDGE OVER THE NILE. 191 … here represented, especially as the name of that city does not

192

In the compartments of the upper line the Egyp- … * An Eastern custom mentioned in the Bible, represented in the … § Such is the probable construction of the supplications they

193

his return salutes his sovereign, and relates the … adorn his triumph, and grace the offerings f of … In all these compartments, except one, the king … * Probably, like Homer's heroes, by the miraculous assistance

194

THE KING … In the lower line he … I One of these is also on horseback, mounted sideways. They

195

Chap. IV.] CAPTIVES OF SHISHAK. 195 … * Marked 8. t This is on the report of the Arabs.

196

jects to the north of the Aq'aba road, are the ruins of

Chapter 5: Manners and Customs of the ancient Egyptians

197

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE ANCIENT … t I have some elevation-plans, if I may so call them, from the

198

of individuals. They considered it sufficient to … Unnecessary prodigality, and worldly display of … by the Egyptians. Women had long hair plaited. Conf. the

199

respect of the people, were adorned with all that … by the subjects and execution of the sculptures and

200

ducted down its slope. The entrance, either at the … Houses of a more extensive plan, besides a … * They were painted to imitate granite. An instance of this

201

Chap. V.] HOUSES OF THE CITY. 201 … as early as the time of its founder.—Lib. i. s. 45.

202

with a row of battlements, or spikes ranged along … § If they really had a water-wheel turned by the foot, as is

203

every branch of science, and therefore, however I … Much taste was frequently displayed in the mode … selves and the country by the substitution of machinery for manual

204

houses; and, from the presence of a resinous sedi-

205

Chap. V.] THE LOTUS. 205 … are about the size of an oak-apple. Plin. xiii. 17,18.

206

206 THE PAPYRUS. [Chap.V. … § Theophrastus and Pliny give ample details of the numerous … by the Moors, and the Escurial library contains paper MSS. as

207

of the papyrus was, according to Strabo, confined

208

208 THE POMEGRANATE ROSE. [Chap. V- … § Plin. lib. xiii. c. 19. He calls the tree " punicum malum." … f Lib. xiii. c. 9. Diodorus (lib. 34) evidently confounds the

209

Chap. V.] THE PEKSEA. 209 … It is unnecessary to stop to refute the fanciful … § But he mentions the sesamum in Assyria, lib. i. s. 193. … the common people anointed themselves with its oil.

210

describes the cici, to which he also applies the … il The Arabs of the desert use the epidermis of the Sayaleh,

211

Chap. V.] THE RHAMNUS. 211 … Pliny states that " wine was even made of the … t Plin. lib. xiii. c. 5. The cordia myxa of Linnaeus.

212

omo«s,tt cummin, coriander, and an infinity of … story about the great variance between Egyptian … t The hibiscus esculentus; which, if it really be derived from … plant. Figl is commonly eaten at present by the lower orders. … XX At the taking of Alexandria by Amer, the lieutenant of the

213

Chap. V.] THE USE OF WHEAT. 213 … but not to the exclusion of any other grain. " jEgyptus . .. . e

214

214 CULTIVATION OF WHEAT. [Chap. V. … similar to that now cultivated in Egypt. It was … of the field, for the use of the ploughmen. I have a faint recol-

215

It was then collected on a level spot in the vicinity … be owing to the few tombs in other parts of Egypt.

216

cannot answer better to any of the order of gramina, … we admit or reject the testimony of Diodorus, who … * Of the fifteen species of holcus five at least are natives of … I Many of them were erroneous. Cicero, in speaking of the

217

forbade them to indulge in the fish* both of the … § Did not Pythagoras borrow his ideas of the solar system

218

laid up for the cattle during the inundation.f … of their superiors, consisted in all the revelry that … § In the Odyssey we read " whose soil produces an infinity of

219

of linen, in which the Egyptians excelled every … I That called taheeneh is only bruised in the mill, and con-

220

The selgam, or brassica oleifera of Linnaeus,

221

Nile were much better acquainted with the pro- … scribes the productions of Egypt,| as well as the

222

notice the most striking, and refer the reader to

223

the syngenesia* and the didynamia, many of them … It may appear singular to read of plants of the

224

224 SPORTS OF THE FIELD. [Chap.V. … ordinate station about the chiefs of the country. … t They wore a guard on the left wrist, to prevent the bowstring

225

they perched or flew in the thickets of the marshes. … nets." Both are seen in the sculptures.

226

22G THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [Chap.V. … by a running noose, at the extremity of a long line … tioned some of stupendous size. Pliny says " Magnitudine exce- … that they differ from that species by the nose being much less

227

Chap. V.] THE CHASE. 227 … shot with the bow, and his hounds, conducted in

228

228 ANIMALS OF THE DESERT. [Chap. V. … the Egyptians evidently entangled them with a noose, and shot

229

Chap. V.] WOLVES IN EGYPT. 229 … imagines they are not natives of Egypt. At Lycopolis (Esioot)

230

230 THE FOUR CASTES. [Chap.V. … This is more particularly observable in the arrange- … hieraphori,§ pastophori, hierolaotomi || or masons of … t In short, all who followed any learned profession. The only

231

caste. The second was composed of the military, … the profession of his father (as were the Indians, … and, 4. Artizans, labourers, and servants. I have placed the … The Jews also used the rod or stick, indiscriminately for either

232

232 THE PRIESTS. [Chap. V. … himself by the rules established by their conclave,

233

Chap. V.] THE SOLDIERS. 233 … * Herodotus and Plutarch say it was of linen; Pliny, of cotton. … At certain times the Egyptian priests abstained entirely from its

234

their authority over the provinces they had subdued. … | Conf. Plutarch, de Is. et Osir. s. lxxii.; and the sculptures.

235

Chap. V.] THE TESTUDO A1UETARIA. 235 … every charge and tribute." The two native corps,

236

236 THE ARMY. . [Chap. V. … counts for the statement of Diodorus,^[ that the … I If the aruster is the same as the cotyla, these four will be

237

sions of a soldier naturally instil into his mind a … but the offender was publicly exposed by some … naries, his remark should be confined to garrison duty in the

238

and catching the ball, leaping, racing, and in mock … | The introduction of this into his native country is said to … || A sort of drum still used in Egypt. It is made of parchment

239

sidered martial instruments, though the buffoons of … the ground, others standing, or sitting on a stool;

240

ments, that of voices, and that of voices and instru- … descended from father to son from the early era of … * The modern peasants have succeeded in imitating this part of … plaintive air, and was sung at their feasts. If it was the same as

241

Chap. V.] FURNITURE OF THEIR ROOMS. 241 … § The skill of their cabinet-makers is particularly remarkable;

242

242 MODE OF EATING. [Chap.V. … of brass, the authority of the Scriptures and the … % Except in China. The ancient Greeks also ate in this man-

243

and the tedium of their leisure hours was often dis-

244

Animals.—Though the camel is not met with in … But sheep were unlawful food to the inhabitants of … § Plutarch says, " the priests abstain from mutton and swine's

245

The animals of the desert, the vulpanser goose … and a number of guttas, || some partridges, and … ewes should be killed, for a similar reason, owing to the in-

246

but also by artificial means, which the ingenuity … of the means employed for this purpose. … hiffh : over which is a chamber of the same size, … § By way of distinction I shall call the former the oven, and

246_a

8?L Orvurui flan. &f$he huM&t& ;/"y«^^ ^r^e- ef the upper … inch, thtcA: becn^f Ughfed twice, ecdetg the tirst> dee away about mids-day,

247

Chap.V.J THE METHOD USED. 247 … to A C, and B D; and others (from a heap in the

248

248 THE AVERAGE THAT SUCCEEDS. [Chap. V. … in one heap, the aperture in the roof and the door

249

The size of the building depends, of course, on … to this process; and the only season of the year

250

swineherd was the lowest grade of the pastors, and … The Egyptians had a peculiar respect for old … % Levit. xix. 32. The people most remarkable for this custom,

251

according to the offence he had committed, and was … their names to the chief of the robbers, and into his … I Lib. i. s. 80. Thieves are enrolled in some countries of the

252

Their treatment of women, in private life, was

253

cides, and other authors, mention the mines* that … contained upwards of thirty thousand towns ; and … the Red Sea which passed the Straits; but that does not prevent … IF As I have before observed, I have every reason to believe the

254

254 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. [Chap. V. … Boats.—Their boats were of various kinds. The … a sort of mast or wooden pillar; and, according to … f They frequently had chains, or rudder-bands, fastened to the

255

their boats of burthen, which he affirms were made

256

according to the caste, or occupation, of each indi- … * Children were left naked till an advanced age; and the whole … Conf. the sculptures, passim.

257

enclosed in earthenware jars, and buried in the

258

and that of the Greeks " towards the left." The … excelled in the art of staining it of diverse hues, … one to put them beyond his own portfolio. Those of several … mentioning this subject) my just testimony to the liberal motives

259

that besides our finding- the process represented at

260

night in August; and the water, gradually extend-

261

Chap. V.J OF THE WINTER. 261 … beginning of April. U. L. E.f … the 4th month; sown also at … Sown middle of Nov.; ripen in … A sort of … A sort of … stead of clover, after 60 days; … ripens in 4 months ; and by the … the beans are gathered in 60 … Ripens in 6 or 7 months; to S. of … with in the midst of the other wheat.—5. Moghy'uz, … § Much depends, in all these crops, on the time o … lout the use of the plough, in the … || The stalks yield the charcoal for gunpowder.

262

the dagha of … The flowers used for dyeing are … Egypt; seeds ripen in 5 months; … One variety has the leaves long … Sown end Nov.; the opium taken … Besides the crop raised by the … With the Baalee. U.L.E. … § So called from ripening in the summer. It is a variety of H. Sorghum. If the

263

THOSE OF THE SUMMER. … In the Delta and Oasis. The best … of the Oasis an inferior variety; … Lower Egypt j cut in 70 or 75 … Doora of … beg. or end of April; cut at rise … Grows with the D. Qay'dee.

264

Included with the H … Cut in winter; sown when the … Aug.; mixed with the Byood; … and the Oasis; sown same time … thered the fifth month. U. L. E. … all the winter, and water it again … * So called from the seed falling, on being struck, or under heavy wind. They do not

265

Mostly in Lower Egypt; also in … the best. … Besides a number of vegetables, which are raised at … End of May. … End of June, mostly from … End of June. … * The use of this as a dye for the feet and hands is very general. Some

266

End of June and beg.of July; … End of July. … End of August. … The dates sold in Egypt are of several kinds, … Originally from the Hegaz. … from the Yem'en, &c.

267

Though the time of sowing the winter and sum- … 22 kharoobeh, or qubdeh (the human fist with the

268

qeerat is also measured by a base of 131 by 1 qas- … 15 to 16 \ foreign.

269

12 to 8 each feddan; but the tax on the same land … Besides pieces of 10 and 5 fodda. … The Constantinople coins are seldom met with. … UPPER EGYPT. … A roob of v

270

varies in proportion to the rise of the Nile, islands … of cotton, … gives 2J qant.1 cotton, best 1120 the qantar … 8 ard. of wheat … give 10 camel Ids. 1 of straw j 2 the load 1 in 4m. 20d. … CALCULATION BY THE WATER-WHEEL. COTTON

271

The 7 feddan … The wheat … the same > … of wheat … about one month and a half of inundation, twelve … 210 piastres, without deducting for the expenses of … leaving the apparent balance for 1 feddan of corn,

272

EXPENSE OF WATER-WHEEL. … Seven loads of straw . . … Balance 2547 piastres for one wheel in favor of the … For the first year . total 1200 … 12 ardebs, beans for the oxen … rotl of butter, bought by the > 5 … 2 sets of harness . … Outfit of wheel, first year . 1200 … Loss to the peasant, first year 984

273

Chap. V.] PRODUCE OF LAND. 273 … 2331 Balance in favor of peasant the) „,„ … can pay the arrears for the original expense; and … ardebs and seven mids (2| ardebs), which, at the … Balance in favor of peasantl ,. … set of oxen is generally required.

274

the real content of the feddan ; whereas, their mode … * When the whole crop is taken by the government; in which

275

which, deducted from the produce, leaves 487J … After this, a second crop is also raised by the … Grease for the buckets … A third crop is afterwards raised of doora shamee … Sown al»o (with the Ind. corn) gerdw, worth

276

the five men, being 28 p. 12 f. to each. The sum … 54 7 from the first crop … This is making the utmost allowance, for it is

277

Chap. V.] OF THE PROVINCES. 277 … according to the value of the purse at that time.

278

278 SALARIES OF THE GOVERNORS. [Chap. V. … on the caprice of the receiver, and is generally … for a present has often been returned as not suiting the receiver,

279

detrimental to some other peasant. Thus, if the

280

280 INJURY DONE TO THE COUNTRY [Chap. V.

281

Chap. V.] BY THE LOCAL GOVERNORS. 281 … the arrears of their owner, and put to his account at two or three … * The limits of this work will not allow me to enter into detail

282

that '•* if the intentions of Mohammed Ali were not

283

shortly reach twenty, owing to the deterioration … Price of, in piastres and fodda : … Wheat, the ardeb … Rice, the oka … Tobacco gebelee, the oka . . 13 … Silk, raw, the derhni . . .0

284

Silk stuffs, the drah . … ' Gold brocade, the piece … Gibbeh (pelisse), of velvet, … Pearls, the mitqal … Cloth (European), the drah … Ditto, best menodfee, the square drah … Gold, the derhm … Copper, the oka, worked . … Pipes, without the mouth-piece . … Raisins, the oka … Aloes wood (ood), the derhm … Otto of rose, the mitqal … Shoe leather, the skin … Ropes, the oka

285

IN THE YEAR 1827. … Pigeons, the pair … Beef, the rotl … Hay, the donkey load … Firewood, the qantar … Charcoal, the oka … Ditto, bottle of leather, or zemzeme … Ditto, of pottery, or qoolleh … Nile water, the skin … Hire of (vide Appendix A.) … Soldiers' pay, the month . … Interest of money, 60 per cent, per

286

286 LIST OF PRICES. [Chap. V.

Chapter 6: Journey from Alexandria to Thebes

287

On arriving at Alexandria,* the traveller naturally … t Reduced at one time to six thousand; but since the accession

288

is surprised, in traversing mounds which mark the

289

Chap. VI.] PILLAR OF DIOCLETIAN. 289 … The substructions are fragments of older monu- … endeavoured to read the name of Pompey, instead of Publius. … I am not quite sure of this last word. I thought I could trace it,

290

290 THE CATACOMBS. [Chap. VI. … But nothing which remains in the vicinity of

291

Chap. VI.] THE LIBRARY. 291

292

292 THE SCHOOLS. [Chap. VI. … and the conduct of some of the early Christian

293

dred and seventy years. Amer, the lieutenant of

294

There is little worthy of remark in the journey … This city, which became the capital of Lower

295

Chap. VI.] THE PORT OF BOOLAQ. 295 … He had ventured, with a small suite of about

296

296 DEATH OF ISMAIL PASHA. [Chap. VI-

297

the unfortunate Kleber was assassinated ; and on … being lost he was never buried in the tomb he had erected.

298

298 THE LUNATIC ASYLUM. [Chap. VI. … the era and authors of its successive restorations

299

Chap.VI.] THE MOSKS. 299

300

300 THE SOLTAN HASSAN. [Chap. VI. … read the passage contained in the inscription.

301

Chap. VI.] THE TAYLOON. . 301 … tion is that of Ahmed ebn e' Tayloon,* said to be built … * Written Tooloon, but pronounced by the Qahirenes, Tayloon.

302

302 ANTIQUITY OF THE POINTED ARCH. [Chap. VI.

303

spectacle, even to the most curious visiter; but the

304

304 FOUNDATION OF THE CITY. [Chap. VI. … in the name of their monarch. … but a crow having accidentally perched upon and shaken the

305

Chap. VI.] THE CITADEL. 305 … large well near the centre, which had been cut by

306

stituted by order of Soltan el Ghoree, about the

306_a

mb of Soltan QaVtbay-

306_b

:.. .,, ,i Tomb of Soltan QaVtbay ■ '"- ; ■■ -'> t-n3jfi.fi

307

Chap. VI.] TOMBS OF THE MEMLOOKS. 307

308

308 POPULATION OF THE CITY". [Chap. VI.

309

by half that in breadth. Through the centre runs … the city.

310

by Amer, near the ruins of Babylon*, and the … * Strabo says that these Babylonians worshipped the Cynoce- … § Under its left hand corner is the Roman eagle.

311

Chap. VI.] THE NILOMETER. 311 … \ The East was always famed for fanciful notions and false

312

312 DATE OF THE MEQQEEAS. [Chap. VI. … * It is said to have been erected by the Caliph Mamoon, who

313

Chap. VI.] THE HEIGHT OF THE INUNDATION. 313

314

314 THE GRADUATED COLUMN. [Chap.VI. … It is calculated that the pillar of the Meqqeeas … t I11 the nilometer of Elephantine each cubit consists of four-

315

upwards of sixteen cubits at the time of its … for the imperfect cubit, and calculating that the … to the country. Indeed it appears that the dis-

316

316 OBELISK AND REMAINS OF [Chap. VI. … customary for the Egyptians to place them in pairs … f Fragments of the sphinxes may be seen near the site of this

317

the Fyoom, also of Osirtesen, is equally singular.

318

318 THE BALSAM OF MATAREEH. [Chap. VI. … the gate on the desert side, to Arsinoe (now Sooez),

319

look kings was transferred to the victorious Osman- … to the left, is a red gritstone mountain, which rises

320

320 THE SOOEZ CANAL. [Chap. VI. … pleted by the Ptolemies; and though more ca- … Necos, the son of Psamaticus, lib. i. s. 33. Pliny says it was

321

Chap. VI.] LEVEL OF THE RED SEA. 321 … || Pliny says the Red Sea was found to be three cubits, or four

322

322 ELEVATION OF THE LAND. [Chap. VI. … throughout the Isthmus of Sooez f, are not met with

323

Chap. VI.] " THE MOUNDS OF THE JEWS." 323

324

324 THE GREAT PYRAMID. [Chap. VI. … undiscovered, no doubt exist in the upper part of

325

tion to the north, from that end which is above the … This pyramid is said to have been opened by the … * Called Davison's Chamber, in honour of its first discoverer. … resembling a man was found in the sarcophagus; and in the

326

the Arab historians, of finding a rich treasure ; but … sum of money to be conveyed to, and buried in, the … the frontf, and, by his account, it seems to have

327

Chap. VI.] FOUND ON THE PYRAMIDS. 327 … * Contrary to the opinion of some, who suppose from the pyra-

328

to look for the pole-star at the bottom of a passage … vatory, yet the form of the exterior might lead to

329

Chap.VI.] STYLE OF BUILDING. 329 … * The Troici lapidis mons of Ptolemy and Strabo. Pliny

330

feet from the mouth of the upper one was a granite

331

Chap. VI.] THE SPHINX. 331 … poetical composition; and in another place he buries the Ptole-

332

332 TOMBS OF INDIVIDUALS. [Chap. VI. … Egyptian sphinxes are never female. They signify the union of

333

Chap. VI."] THE CAUSEWAY. 333

334

334 THE CAUSEWAY. [Chap.VI. … The pyramid said to have been erected by the … ruined condition may account for the difference.

335

Chap. VI.] NATURE OF THE ROCK. 335 … roots, the figl,\ onions, and garlic, all of which are … A hundred thousand men§ were employed in the … men were employed for twenty years, and that the three pyramids

336

by the same number; and besides the twenty years … At Aboo-roash, about five miles to the north-

337

The pyramids of Abooseer present nothing inte- … and concealed by masonry, but the treasures it con-

338

338 PYRAMIDS OF DASHOOR. [Chap. VI. … brick pyramids, in one of which the base of a … were known to the Egyptians, at least as far back as the year

339

Chap. VI.] SITE OF MEMPHIS. 339 … X Diodorus allows the circuit of Memphis to have been a hun-

340

340 FOUNDATION' OF MEMPHIS. [Chap.VI. … announced the miseries that await Egypt from the accumulating

341

Chap. VI.] COURSE OF THE NILE CHANGED. 341 … curve to the eastward, and would, if the previous … to have been the work of that prince.

342

342 THE BAHH YOOSEF. [Chap. VI. … t This is singular, as there is not an instance of an Egyptian … § Herodotus says he sent presents to all the principal temples.

343

Chap. VI.] TEMPLE OF PTHAH. 343

344

344 THE DELTA. [Chap.VI.

345

the best in Egypt; and the Qahirenes delight in a … but it is a place of no importance, nor does its

346

form, surrounding the temple, to which three

347

intrigue invite every one who can afford the ex- … for that purpose to the patriarch at Qaherah.* And

348

348 THE SAEED. [Chap. VI.

349

tend that the Trojan village was built, and so named, … twelve miles north-west of that town, is the entrance

350

350 THE FTOOM. [Chap. VI.

351

Chap. VI.] RUINS AT THE LAKE MCERIS. 351 … us the labyrinth was in the Heracleopolite nome.

352

Bacchis on the site of Dimay. The principal build-

353

1 OF THE FYOOM. 353 … the exterior of … of ruins

354

354 THE LAKE MCERIS. [Chap. VL

355

Chap. VI.] THE LABYRINTH. 355

356

356 THE OASIS PARVA. [Chap. VI … disagrees with strangers in the summer. The most

357

93^° Fah*. With regard to the real and apparent

358

and the other Oases at all regular; Khargeh and … * These two names are put in opposition, and signify the " pro- … % The Qassob (" cane") mentioned by Ebn el Werdee is pro-

359

Chap. VI.] OASES OF THE CLACKS. 359 … tribes of blacks, the Simertayn and Ergezayn.

360

The condition and population of tins Oasis are … of about six thousand male inhabitants.

361

Chap. VI.] TEMPLE OF THE GREAT OASIS. 361

362

Egyptian emblem of life, is here frequently substi- … I There is much in these districts to amuse the botanist, and

363

Chap. VI.] DESERT EAST OF THE NILE. 363

364

iEnnum, of which little remains but mounds and the … at E'Gimsheh, which terminates the gulf to the

365

sents the lofty mounds of the city of Hercules, in … " peace be unto you;" but the real meaning of the expression is

366

from an idea of the boatmen, that a journey down the … thousand in the assault. The peculiar worship of

367

Chap.VI.] THE GISR EL AGOOS. 307

368

368 THE WALL OF SESOSTRIS. [Chap. VI. … may be the one in question. But the observation … appear to me just, unless the fortified stations built

369

in the power of any one to foresee or prevent their … whose mounds mark the site of an ancient town, … Acoris, is established on the authority of a Greek

370

high relief. On the other face of the same rock … alabaster concretions in the fissures of the rocks.

371

epoch; a conjecture partly confirmed by the Coptic

372

panied by the ululations of women, calls to mind … and near it is the mouth of the Bahr Yoosef, or

373

Chap. VI.] STYLE OF THE GROTTOES. 373

374

374 PAINTINGS ON THE WALLS [Chap. VI. … of the different scenes introduced in these interest- … * They are not, as generally supposed, taking an account of … f It was not confined to men and boys, but extended to the

375

Chap, VI.] OF THESE TOMBS. 375 … and are even preferred to fire-arms. The ancient Egyptian arrows … Osirtesen (of the sixteenth) in the twenty-third dynasty; but he

376

37G THE SUBJECTS OF [Chap.VI.

377

Chap. VI.] THE PAINTINGS. 377

378

grottoes, is that of admitting dwarfs and deformed … suited for the resort of himself and pupils as any … t It only differs from the horned snake of the Thebaid, the

379

Chap. VI.] THE Sl'EOS AKTEMIDOS. 379

380

numerous bones of mummied cats and dogs are … Shekh Abadehf is the modern name of Anti- … * I am indebted to Dr. Hogg for the hieroglyphics and descrip-

381

Chap. VI.] THE ANCIENT BESA. 381 … Several grand edifices may also be traced in the

382

of Antinous, are several tombs having Greek in- … by others, I am glad to have this opportunity of

383

Nearly opposite El Bersheh is the village of

384

384 THE SUPPOSED ALABASTRON. [Chap. VI.

385

houses than any to be met with in the valley of the … sively to the military caste. … and 22, my accidental discovery of these catacombs in 1824, and

386

worked for a considerable time by the ancients, and … of the Nile, as we learn from Pliny; and Ptolemy * … lers to be considered deserving of a visit, like the

387

Chap. VI.] THE FIRST DOM TREES. 387, … f Herodotus says the dogs were buried in the village to which

388

Formerly, the course of the Nile lay beneath this

389

quainted with the Coptic name Sioout, he would … the smaller grottoes and excavated recesses of the … Pliny supposes that these hills formed the … * M. Sonnhri is mistaken in supposing that the wolf is not a

390

fact it extended considerably farther to the north, … the village of Dronka, is a large bed of alabaster,

391

recedes to the eastward. Many of them are of … Gow el kebeer, in Coptic, Tkoou, is the ancient

392

392 THE SERPENT OF SHHKH HEREEDEE. [Chap. VI. … brick ruins; and at the base of the mountain is a

393

Chap. VI.] THE WHITE MONASTERY. 393

394

394 ItUJNS OF ATHRIBIS. [Chap. VJ. … lock. On the lintel of one of them is a Greek in-

395

the honors of the sanctuary. We also ascer- … as well as the figures on the neighbouring block, … According to Strabo, the ancient inhabitants of

396

against the manners of the Greeks as the rest of … Mensheeh, are some remains of crude brick on the … Mensheeh has extensive mounds, but the only … the traveller who visits its ruins on his way up the … the river, which is about the distance from Abydus to Samata.—

397

The modern name of Abydus is Arabat el Mat- … ing been given to the roof, a vault was afterwards … non with Ismandes ; and the name Memnonium was given to the

398

mentioned in particular, as having the true body;

399

Chap. Vf.] TABLET, OR LIST OF KINGS. 399- … Near Abydus was a grove of acanthus, sacred to

400

At How are the site and ruins of Diospolis Parva.

401

the river during its course from E'Sooan to the … was probably a translation of the original Egyptian.

402

vie with that of any other catacomb or monument in

403

Chap. VI.] ZODIAC OF DENDEUA. 403 … large dead wall, scarcely relieved by a slight increase in the height

404

404 INSCRIPTION ON THE PORTICO. [Chap. VI.

405

Chap. VI.] PARTS OF THE TEMPLE. 405

406

406 CHAPEL OF ISIS. [Chap. VI. … phica, p. 24, for supposing Harpocrates to be the day, ehoou,

407

Chap. VI.] OTHER RUINS OF TENTYRIS. 407 … duced in a subordinate character, as relating to the … sure of crude brick, about two hundred and forty

408

408 THE TENTYRITES. [Chap. VI. … sixty-five, and at the south-east corner is a well of … amused and astonished the Romans by the dexte- … * Isis and her sister Nephthys, " the beginning and the end," … turam." viii. 25. Entire, of course, in spite of the " pectinatim

409

Chap. VI.] THE CROCODILE. 409 … common error, that the sight of the crocodile is … an equal power of sight; and that of fish cannot … contempt for the crocodile that the Tentyrites were enabled to … I The crocodile covers its eye at pleasure with the nictitating

410

This hatred of the Tentyrites for the crocodile … and for other domestic purposes; and large rafts of

411

these jars are frequently floated down the Nile, to … * This is the proper orthography, according to Aboolfidda, … Caligula is of course written Caius only.

412

nice, and was frequented by almost all the Indian … It was to Coptos also that the stones quarried in … expense, over sandy plains, and through the sinu- … * Agatharcides (p. 54) says it was afterwards called the port

413

The town of Shurafa, to the north of Coptos, is … * I hear that this Pylon has been lately destroyed by the Turks,

414

and Catholic convents; and Shenhoor, on the east

415

Chap. VI.] THE ABABDEH DESERT. 415

416

416 THE PHILOTERAS ROAD. [Chap. VI. … common to this and to the Berenice road. … from the sister of the second Ptolemy."—Lib. xvii.

417

THE BERENICE ROAD. … (the Hydreuma vetus … And, according to the measurements taken by me

418

418 TOWN OF BERENICE. [Chap.VI. … The town was extensive, but the streets are not … t In excavating these chambers (for I did not attempt the

419

A road leads from thence to the Basanite moun- … Following the coast from Berenice to Kossayr, … portico), I found a Greek dedication to Sarapis, the head of a

420

420 THE EMERALD MINES. [Chap. VI.

421

Chap.VI.l ROAD TO THE MINES. 421 … most of which are to Pan, but one is remarkable as

422

lage that once stood in the valley, and which,

Chapter 7: From Thebes to Nubia / Hermonthis

423

On quitting Thebes, the first ruins worthy of … the temple; and a Christian edifice of the time of

424

In the sculptures at the back of the temple are

425

Chap.VII.] ZODIAC OF e'dAYR. 425

426

names occurred in different parts of the interior. … | This name occurs in the hieroglyphics also, but generally

427

Chap. VII.] THE PORTICO. 427

428

428 NATRON. THE HAMR. [Chap. VII. … bers, the former ten feet by sixteen; and this last is

429

their pottery, and all the glazed earthenware used … fourteen miles from Esne, is an ancient quay of … the river, is a ruined pyramid, called El Koofa. … originally have exceeded fifty; the base being

430

the ancient Egyptians to employ it in the erection … and on whose southern side the workmen have

431

Chap. VII.] ANTIQUITY OF ITS TEMPLES. 431 … Amunoph II. and Pthahmen also added to the

432

432 TEMPLES IN THE VALLEY. [Chap. VII. … added some of the sculptures on the exterior of the … 70° west of south from the ruined town of … intercolumnar screens; to which the pylon, con-

433

Chap. VII.] POXDS OF XATRO.V. 433 … agricultural and other occupations of the early

434

434 TOMBS OF EILETHYAS. [Chap. VII.

435

Chap. VII.] THE III SUBJECTS. 435 … of his friends ; the men and women, as usual, seated

436

Alexander, and the son of Auletes. The face of … but it occurs in the hieroglyphics.

437

Chap. VII.] THE GOD OF THE TEMPEE. 437 … t I have authority for translating it thus as well as " the world,"

438

that was worshipped in this city ; but the honors … town on the east bank, once fortified with a wall,

439

Chap. VII.] THE QUARUIES. 439

440

440 HISTORICAL TABLETS IN THE [Chap. VII.

441

Chap. VII.] GROTTOES OF SILSILIS. 441 … serving that the prince Shamakemi, who was high- … % Pthahmai and Mai Pthah signify "the love of Pthah,"

442

442 THE USES OF SANDSTONE. [Chap. VII. … that the stones used in the construction of different

443

Chap. VII.] THE COLORS OF THE EGYPTIANS. 443

444

444 RAIN IN UPPER EGYPT. [Chap. VII. … is here and there observable near the ground at … on the roof of the inner area of the palace of Remeses III. at

445

Beyond the grotto above-mentioned are others of … one another. The first, which is much destroyed, was

446

44G THE DEITIES OF SILSILIS. [Chap. VII. … In the principal picture Remeses presents an offer- … plants and hydrice, or the various productions of

447

Chap. VII.] THE PRESIDING PEITY. 447

448

448 THE TEMPLE OF OMBOS. [Chap. VII.

449

the portico, the figures have been left unfinished,

450

450 THE OTHER RUINS. [Chap. VII.

451

eighteenth dynasty, demolished, no doubt, at the … been brought from the interior of the eastern

452

slightly enlarged in the vicinity of Ombos, the

453

Chap. VII.] TROPICAL WELL OF SYENE. 453 … considerably below the pavement, which has been … that Strabo was strangely misinformed, since the

454

Unfortunately, the observations of ancient Greek … Victor indeed mentions bridges thrown over the Nile by Probus,

455

merous tombs, mostly cenotaphs, of the different

456

456 THE POINTED AHCH. [Chap. VII.

457

265 of the Hegira, still exists in the Egyptian me- … to prove they were of an era anterior even to the

458

the town of E'Sooan itself, no doubt gave rise to … used the terms peninsula and insula in the same

459

Chap. VII.] ROCKS OF SYENE. 459

460

palm of Ibreem * is cultivated and thrives in the … E'Sneh, E'Shmoonayn, and others; in all of which

461

Chap. VII.] THE RUINS. 46] … A Christian ruin stood a little distance to the … of hieroglyphics on the west side of the temple.

462

462 THE NILOMETEU. [Chap. VII. … from Upper Egypt, I was unable to continue my researches there

463

Chap. VII.J THE GARRISON. 463 … I The inscription at Ahoo Simbel says that Psamaticus had

464

464 THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS, [Chap. VII. … that city and the territory on either bank being … expressly states that the country inhabited by the Ethiopians … (Talmis), that the Nobatse extended their conquests a consider-

465

Chap. VII.] ISLAND OF SEFIAYI. 405

466

4GG THE FIRST CATARACT. [Chap. VII. … Philse, Pilak or Ailak,f known in Arabic by the … * Strange notions were entertained by some of the ancients … i. x. 315. The fall of the Nile through Egypt, below the cata- … t It was also called Ma-nv-lak, " the place of the frontier."

467

Philometor, his brother Euergetes II., with the two

468

468 RUINS OF PHIL/E. [Chap. VII.

469

Chap. VII.] THE ORIGINAL TEMPLE. 469 … Other detached ruins and traces of building are … Numerous ex votos are inscribed on the walls of

470

470 ISLE OF BIGGEH. [Chap. VII. … able .... except when the priests go to crown the

471

Chap. VII.] TABLETS ON THE ROCKS. 471 … ing to Egypt. Strabo says Philoe belonged in common to the … t To notice their details could be of little interest to the reader,

472

Such are the principal objects in the vicinity of … I The name of Candace so often occurs as a queen of Ethiopia,

473

mer existence of a large city. The Ethiopians, says … * The Megabari and Blemmyes inhabited the eastern desert, … § But the temple was built by Thothmes.

474

It does not appear that the monarchs after the … Though Philge and the cataracts were the pro- … his prenomen, and afterwards changed to Amunoph, the probable

475

Wadee Halfeh. I shall therefore briefly notice the … On the opposite side of the river, the Itinerary … * The whole of my observations on the ruins of Nubia were … ruins. About two miles below Dabod is Shaymt' el Wah, " the

476

476 PARTS OF THE TEMPLE. [Chap.VII.

477

within it bear the name of Physcon and Cleopatra; … * It is a common practice in ex votos to include the reader, as

478

I sis, to whom the temple was probably dedicated.

479

Chap.VII.] THE RUINS. 479

480

Kalabshee, Talmis, presents the ruins of the … that the original temple was of the early epoch of

481

columns, forming the area to a sacellum hewn in

482

482 THE BAYT EL WELLEE. [Chap. VII. … the Egyptian antiquary turns from the barbarous

483

Chap. VII.] NAME OF REMESES II. 483

484

The sculptures relate to the wars of this Pharaoh … and the second Remeses. On the right-hand wall … t Or Amun-em-tape, or Amun-m'-ape", i. e. " Amun of Thebes."

485

The lower line commences with some Egyptian

486

486* TEMPLE OF DENDOOR. [Chap. VII. … Such are the principal subjects in the area of this

487

The sculptures of Dendoor are of the time of

488

in the eight niches of the great hall, and in the two … tacompso and Contra Pselcis must be the same town. Ptol. lib. iv. … f I agree with M. Champollion that this is very probably the

489

Chap. VII.] ITS B'UILDERS, AND THE DEITY. 489 … * In one place he styles himself the Son of Kneph, born of Sate,

490

the hieroglyphics over this deity, Taut-sn-pnubs, or … * This cannot be the Pnups of Ptolemy, which he places half … t Called also Oofideena. J But not of Ptolemy.

491

to this succeeded the two pyramidal towers of … At Hassaia J is a small temple called A'mada, of

492

492 TEMPLE AT DERR OF THE [Chap. VII.

493

Chap. VII.] TIME OF REMESES II. 493 … sanctuary ; and two side chambers. At the upper … tian monarchs, from being represented in the same manner. At

494

the river, as well as the road by land, and is the

495

the whole valley of the Nile. It has two temples, … Among the contemplar deities are Ra, Amunre,

496

496 THE COLOSSI. {Chap. VII.

497

attached to the pillars in the great hall are,—from

498

Kneph, Khem, Osiris, and Isis. The total depth … excavated temple, consisting of a hall, supported … from the style, they appear to belong to a Roman

499

ancient town in the vicinity, though it lays claim to

500

500 DISTANCE FROM THE SEA. [Chap. VII. … from the above, it will be seen (all the sinuo- … is the village and cataract of Samneh; where on

501

Chap. VII.] TEMPLES OF SAM NEH. 501 … This building consists of but one chamber, about

502

this tablet has been defaced by the hieroglyphics … sented under the form of Osiris ; and therefore deified in a certain

503

the exterior of Aboo Simbel, amply repaying the

Chapter 8: Chronology of the Kings of Egypt

504

CHRONOLOGY OF THE KINGS OF EGYPT.

505

Chap. VIII.] PYRAMIDS AND THE SHEPHERDS. 505 … the accession of the first Osirtesen; though that of

506

50G ERA OF MENES. [Chap. VIII. … Amosis and Chebron one and the same king;* and

507

Chap. VIII.] FIRST FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 507 … The government of Egypt appears first to have

508

TABLE OF THE … the

508_a

DYN.I. Fart of DYN.<4. DYN.1S. … of Queen. … not in tt*(istS of Kinas. … Atruia^Jooaaj brother of

509

KINGS OTT EGYPT.

510

TABLE OF THE

511

KINGS OF EGYPT.

512

TABLE OF THE

513

KINGS OF EGYPT.

514

TABLE OF THE

515

KINGS OF EGYPT.

516

: OF THE

517

Chap. VIII.] KINGS OF EGYPT. 517

518

of Pliny. A … E OF THE … overnor of Egy … lexander the Gre … of Alexan

518_a

The ettter ltotein^TTy/rKceT)

520

TABLE OF THE … have been a contemporary of … Berenice, d. of … Cleopatra, d. of … Tryphon, s. of … phon, son of … of Philopator

521

the year 173. Dies. Lenseus re- … portion. The elder Cleopatra also … sumed the date of his 25th year; … the throne. … widow of Phi- … son of Epi- … son of Epi-

522

TABLE OF TH£ … ther with the king in the sculp- … the death of Alexander I. he … king of Cyrenaica. … Ptolemy of Cyprus. … s. of Physcon.

524

TABLE OF THE

Chapter 9: Chronology of the Caliphs and Moslem Kings of Egypt

526

CHRONOLOGY OF THE CALIPHS, FROM THE FOUN- … more extensive scale than the nature of this work

527

sequent progress, while the dates and principal … the more surprising.

528

to fly its precincts, he boldly withstood the attacks … * These tribes still exist in that part of Arabia lying inland to

529

The choice of a new ruler, on the assassination of

530

530 SUCCESSES OF THE MOSLEMS. [Chap. IX.

531

Chap. IX.] INVASION OF EGYPT. 531

532

532 TREACHERY OF J. MECAUKES. [Chap. IX.

533

Chap. IX.] PAYMENT OF TRIBUTE. 533

534

534 TAKING OF ALEXANDRIA. [Chap. IX. … able obstacle to the ardor of the invaders; and … * Gibbon questions with good reason the existence of that library

535

Chap. XX.] CONQUEST OF UPPER EGYPT. 535

536

the approach of the Arabs, than they fled from its … qantars of gold and 1 of silver. The qantar is 44 okes, and

537

rick, the conquest of Spain was attempted by

538

538 DISCORD OF THE MOSLEMS. [Chap. IX. … owing as well to the extent of their conquests as … the chronological succession of the caliphs, and the … * There were, however, some notable exceptions, and some of

539

Chap. IX.] THE THREE CHIEF DYNASTIES. 539

540

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CALIPHS, &c. … Invasion of Syria commenced. Reigns … Conquest of Persia, Syria, and Egypt. … Amer enters Egypt in June 638. … In Egypt and Syria. … Alone. Fruitless attack by the Sara- … * The Hegira or Mohammedan sera begins 622 A. D., dating from the

541

THE AMMAWEEH CALIPHS. … ( Abdallah, son of Zobay'r, reigned nine … 76 A. H., first Arab coinage. The oldest … Ptolemy * places the Saraceni in Arabia Felix, inland to the east of the

542

THE ABBASEEH CALIPHS. … His brother. Defeat of Abd e' Rah- … Son of Yezeed. … Grandson of Merawan I. … Munso<5r, and becomes the seat of … His son. The hero of the Arabian … * Many of these names are convertible.

543

Governor of Africa, throws off … his allegiance to the Caliphs. … rager of arts and sciences, par- … (Ibrahim, son of … wan), 50 miles south of Tunis (Todnes), was their … into the service of the Caliphs. … His son. The Saracens attack … His brother. He made the new … Nilometer in the Isle of Roda.

544

The power of the Caliphs was … and the Bowites in 933. … In Egypt. … His daughter married the Ca- … Son of Ahmet ebn

545

The Carmathians under Aboo … Dynasty of the Fatemitcs (Fowdtem), or the Fatmeeh … Usurps the Government of East- … Cotemporary Kings of Egypt. … Usurps the … of Egypt. … The Arabic character … t This Dynasty deduced its origin from Ismaeel, the sixth Imam of the descendants of Alee.

546

The Byzan- … Egypt, which he takes. … city, under the name of … Son of Alee, … Fowatem, in Egypt. … Rise of the Turkmans, 980.

547

of the provinces from the Cas- … vades. Rise of the Seljuk Dy- … Peter the Hermit, 995. … Alp Asian, nephew of Togrul, … defeats Romanus, Emperor of … sion of Melek Shab, 1012. … sion of the Seljuk empire into … Mostunser, whose rights to the … William I. of England, 1066 to … * Cufic continued in use to the end of the Fowatem Dynasty, and on buildings, Arabic and Cufic were both employed to the time of … ■) This name is written with the ghain. … Mibstituted stone. The mosk or college of El Ezher is said to have … § It is a remarkable fact that he is treated as a prophet in the inscription over a door of the mosk, which contains this date.

548

Fowatem in Egypt. … Expedition of Godefroy de Bouil- … Takes Jerusalem from the Turks, … The intrigues of Shawer and

549

Fourth Crusade. Taking of … Eiyoobeeh, or Aioobite Soltdns of Egypt. Curd Dynasty. … Retakes Jerusalem from the! … In England the large massy … * Salah e'deen, " the righteousness of religion."

550

mel,Mohammed. Crusade of Frederick II. who … the Count d'Artois is killed, … Widow of Sdleh, after three … by Moez, who dates from the

551

In whom ended the Caliphate of … Nominal Caliphate of the Abbaseeh, in Egypt. … Baharite Memlooks, Soltdns, or Kings of Egypt.l … (a Memlook of … by the Tatars, recovered to … invaded by the Tatars. Bay- … part of Armenia. … * E'Saleh, i. e. " the religious" or " devout." His tomb, which is opposite the Morostan, in Qaherah, is the only one that remains of

552

AbbasSeh in Egypt. … of the same Baharite Dynasty. … lost to Egypt since the death of

553

III., who crowned, as the new … the Tatars, who had obtained … Agriculture and the arts encou- … * It was, in fact, an imitation of Saracenic architecture. Qolhic is almost as unpardonable a misnomer, as English for the pointed

554

Abbas£eh in Egypt. … Built the mosk of Soltan Hassan … The first who ordered the She- … King of Cyprus, besieges Alex-

555

repulses the Tatars under Tee- … The governor of Syria having … The Tatars again invade Syria: … The para was, until this reign, … * According to a MS. in my possession of the Noozhet e'Nazereen.

556

AbbasSeh in Egypt. … II. prisoner, enforces the regu- … the Turks, concludes a treaty

557

the death of Seleem he returned … Son of Qaitbay, reigned … Defeated bv the Turks, under Sol- … According to the above-mentioned MS. f M.

558

558 ANNIHILATION OF THE MEMLOOKS. [Chap. IX.

Appendix A: Things required for travelling in Egypt

559

In making preparations for a journey to Egypt it will be … at Qaherah on his arrival in the Frank quarter, where … at all useful; and if his object is to see the country, … I do not pretend to give an exact list of all the requisites … * Tent, ladder, carpet, cushions, tables, and the like, may be pur-

560

follow European customs * a plentiful supply of tea, wine,f … Every instrument should be, when it is possible, of the … * A filterer is not necessary, as the Qeneh jars supply its place.

561

In crossing the sea, he will find greater comforts, and less … from visiting the few objects worthy of notice in the town; … surements of the architectural details) a short ladder. He … sort of qangeh called dahabeeh, the price* of which will … to Thebes, on the average, about twenty; then to the Cataracts about

562

contented with an inn in the Frank quarter. But if he … respected who is badly dressed, of whatever kindu the cos- … On quitting Qaherah for Upper Egypt, he had better … t They lie in the eastern face of the hill on which the Pyramids

563

returning a qangeh is preferable, the maash being too heavy … The price of the former is from 600 to 800 piastres a

564

water-jar (and some almond paste for purifying the water); … leaves Boolaq, as few are to be obtained in Upper Egypt. … will also be of service. … % The most expeditious mode is to use moghra (red ochre) and

565

they would only consider greater presents proofs of greater … If he leaves Qaherah in winter, and dreads the hot … of bottled water for his own use, well sealed, and packed in

566

preferable, as it will perform the journey with greater … % Some persons, hearing that " washing is " not " done " by the

567

to the rider; but they must be bound round by a long … procured in the Desert. … one may be procured at an exorbitant price at Qeneh. The

568

dress may be obtained on arriving at Qaherah, provided the … For further information on this subject, I refer the tra-

Appendix B: English and Arabic Vocabulary

569

that it is only intended for a person travelling in Egypt, … stress is to be put on those letters, rather than follow the

570

broader. A single e, at the end of words, as in Doge, … For the qaf, I prefer q without any u following it, which … R is always to be distinctly pronounced, as well as the h

571

Arm (of man) drah … spite of myself … Awning of a boat esheh … Bank of a river gerf … ---------- of palm qaffass … The ancients … Arab (i.e. of the Bed'dowee.p/.'Arab* … The beginning el oivel, el as'sel … nd Arab have the same meaning; one is a singular, the other a plural

572

The best el ahsan … of camels, &c. … .------of a horse le-gam … A blow derb: on the face, … The bottom (of a qSr … Roll of bread raqeef esh … The centre el wohst

573

The cool … Cork of a bottle … The-------opp. to el khulla … -------of ashes

574

of the country … The desert … (i e. the mountains) … The end … The enemy

575

The eye … The evening … of him … Foreign … corruption of Fran- … used as a term of … Do me the favor, tefod'-fhel or tefod'- … The first

576

The government … The heal … The ground

577

of istahrns, ahfod

578

The last … Lease (of a … Light the candle wulla e'shem'ma … knot, suttr (of a

579

Names of the Arabic Months. … ----------of pearl … Nature, the Cre- el khaluq … The Numbers. El Eddud. … The ocean … the white sea

580

Oil of olives … to the 1st chapter of … the Qoran … The other … The plague … Plant, pane (of … waraq; leaf of, wa- … ------cessation of soolh … * From the qortum 01

581

Saddle (of horse) serg … A second of time … The second,

582

------ of palm … The Sun has set … Some of it

583

---- of no use … What is the mat- malak, el khabberay … What's the mat- khabbaray, g£ra ay

584

At the time that waqt ma … The whole … to the Arabs and Turks, I ought to observe that they never … adopt the erroneous expressions accidentally made use of

Appendix C: On the Steam Communication with India through Egypt

585

ON THE COMMUNICATION WITH INDIA THROUGH EGYPT.

586

586 ON THE COMMUNICATION

587

expose a boat to the dangers of the rocks themselves.* … The use of steam-boats effectually obviates the necessity of … t Rowing boats may enter them safely in search of water, if re-

588

588 ON THE COMMUNICATION

589

camels, than that between Sooez and the metropolis, and … But it may be objected that this method would entail the … days to arrive at Boolaq, or about half the time employed by the

590

590 ON THE COMMUNICATION … the river steam-boat may be the extra expense, and its … on the Red Sea and Mediterranean in communication with … the port to which the steamer should come from India,

591

paid, and that camels would supply the place of either at a … + They would expect more than from the Government; but this

592

592 ON THE COMMUNICATION … clear and intelligible, I shall give a comparative table of the … "By the routed _,, , ; ., , . ,„J. 190 „ … (including 2 days' delay at Malta) of (16 + 2 + 6) J … Making a total from Sooez to Bombay of 21 days 211 … t Or, with delay at Kossayr, 22 days, making the total 52; or (by

593

Makes a total from Bombay to Alexandria of 27 … And making the total from Bombay to England 50$ … Makes a total from Bombay to Kossayr of 19£ … And making the total from Bombay to England 52f

594

594 ON THE COMMUNICATION … With regard to the route by Kossayr, I must observe,

595

of coal, and in short, every thing relating to the subject, as … indeed it is sufficient to remember the character of the … THE END.

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