Bulletin du Musée National de Varsovie (42.2001)

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Bulletin du Musée National de Varsovie — 42.2001

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Scholz, Piotr O.: Wer war Merkurios, der "Bezwinger des Bösen" in der Wandmalerei aus Faras/pachoras?: Ikonizität des Drachentöters im Niltal$nElektronische Ressource

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Museum in Warsaw … Egyptian Sculptures and Reliefs “Brought” … in the National Museum in Warsaw … from the National Museum in Warsaw

in the National Museum in Warsaw … for the National Museum in Warsaw

Kazimierz Michałowski

Museum in Warsaw.1 In a recollection like the one presented here, to be … (present-day Lviv), specialising in literaturę and philosophy. In 1921 all … French). In the meantime he travelled for a year to Vienna, Paris, and several … Kazimierz Michałowski, Warsaw 2001, leaflet printed at the National Museum; Profesor

Italian cultural centres, and after his return was offered a position as assistant … country to take up post-graduate studies at the universities and archaeological … assistant professor at Warsaw University (1930), and there he founded the first … Michałowski considered it his purpose and duty to firmly establish in Poland … and step by step, took him a lifetime to fulfil. In his Memories (Wspomnienia) … public, and dispersed. This was the result of the political situation in the 19th

He rightly believed that the objects wotild be seąuestrated and carried away. … values. Amongst rarities was the collection of Greek vases and other … museum collection: to purchase objects on the market, or to unearth them at … chose Egypt because its antiąuity law was liberał and permitted the export of … Posener, Michel Malinine and his life-long dear friend Jaroslay Cerny. During … of the costs of the excavations. From the National Museum in Warsaw,

and the Polish side, which excavated the much younger part with the ruins of … own objects from Deir el-Medina and Meir to enrich the gallery of Ancient … Egyptian Art was opened at the National Museum on the occasion of the … The Romance of Archaeology into Polish as early as 1935, and added his … generał reader informed, and wrote several popular books on the broad … Michałowski took part in the war as an officer and was taken prisoner. He … After the war he returned to the ruins of Warsaw, and began to work on

lecturer and administrator. In a short time he succeeded in reconstructing … enriched the possessions of the museum. Among them some former private … about enlarging and enriching it. The opportunity occurred later, in 1956, … obliged to participate in the excavations. And almost each year some freshly … help with the coordination of various projects and logistical support. … information concerning their provenance and context. He gave up the funds … and in English: A. Majewska, “Creation and Development of the Department of Ancient Art at

Cyprus in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. This site proved to be very … only choose the equivalent of their finds from the Stores of the Museum in … el-Dikka, and soon he started restoration work on the tempie of Hatshepsut … reliefs.5 At all these sites, teams of specialists from the National Museum … removal and reconstruction of the temples on a new, higher site, beyond the … Michałowski to enrich the possessions of the National Museum in Warsaw.

Invited to join the “rescuers”, after studying the archaeological maps and … centre in both Antiąuity and early Christian times. … to elear the building, which was preserved to the roof, and to remove the … them. This time it was different: the restorers from the National Museum in

Stone Vessels from Edfu in the National Museum in Warsaw

in the National Museum … the National Museum in Warsaw. The antiąuities law of the 193 Os permitted … important remained in Egypt (they are to this day in the Egyptian Museum … of antiąuities coming from earlier French works in Edfu and from the 1

tary bowls, plates and cylindrical jars madę of calcite (called also Egyptian … ointment jar with a cartouche of King Teti (6th Dynasty) on the lid (ill. 3)4 and … 3 Almost all those vessels have been restored from fragments and substantially reconstructed. … J. Aksamit, “Predynastic and Early Dynastie Antiąuities from Edfu in the National Museum in

calcite; other shapes and materials appear less freąuently. Among the vessels … The Notional Museum Warsów … common in the late Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period - and a … " Inv. nos 139332 and 139963, see: K. Michałowski, J. de Linage, J. Manteuffel, J. Sainte Farę

The most numerous are vessels dated to the Middle Kingdom and to the … The National Museum, Warsaw … globular jars and elongated ovoid flasks with narrow necks carved in a separate … 24-26, cf. J. Bourriau, Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian art in the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge

18th Dynasty, stone vessels and other objects dated to the New Kingdom … Museum ends with a group excavated in the area of the town, dated to the … The National Museum … surfaces.1 The ruins of the town yielded also a few calcite alabastra and a … 1558-1085 B.C., ed. by E. Brovarski, exh. cat., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1982, p. 129, no. … 1 Inv. nos. 139910 (Alliot, Rapport 1932, p. 26, no. 3, pl. XXII) and 140654 (Tell Edfou 1939,

The National Museum … French and Franco-Polish expeditions. A 5th Dynasty datę has been given to the … ointment jar24 and a smali globular jar with a short neck (ill. 2).25 A bes vase … 26 Inv. no. JE 71820 A and B, cf. ibid., p. 177, nos. 77 and 82, pl. XVI, 16.

(Old and Middle Kingdom): … The National Museum, Warsaw … intact. The funerary eąuipment of Sekh-Sekhet included eight stone vessels and … shaft XIX were sent to the Cairo Museum: a globular jar with incised … 34 JE 71818, see: Tell Edfou 1939, p. 175, no. 65, Fig. 109, pis. XVI, 3; XVII, 3, and JE 71819,

The National Museum, Warsaw … round-bottomed gneiss dish39 and a diorite sąuat-shouldered vessel of the … 37 Tell Edfou 1937, pp. 35 and 107, no. 42, Pis. XVII, 1-2 and XXII, Cairo JE 66897. Cf. … occurrences of vessels of this form in the 5,h and 6th Dynasties, but they, too, are most probably

7. Stone and pottery vessels … The National Museum Warsaw … also in the mastaba of Isi43 (ill. 4), and a calcite ovoid jar with a short neck, … the Louvre, among them a cylindrical, flat-based jar with a lid46 and a

rims and globular jars or slender ovoid flasks with narrow, separately madę … kohl-pot52 and cylindrical ointment jars of the form characteristic of the … In the upper chamber two bodies were found and beside them, among others, … p. 108, Inv. no. 1814, pl. 36, see also: WM.F. Petrie, Gizeh and Rifeh, London 1907, pl. VIIE, 34. … in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, AS 7081: W Seipel, Gótter, Menschen, Pharaonen. … shape: D. Downes, The Excavations at Esna 1905-1906, Warminster 1974, p. 98, fig. 73, and … much smaller specimen (H. 3.8 cm), found in Abydos, is currently in the Petrie Museum, … 1), Heidelberg 1990, p. 58, and Kemp, Merrillees, op. cit., p. 217.

them a kohl-pot madę of pink porphyry'7 and the above mentioned vessel of … tray62 and a difficult to determine number of pottery vessels. Contrary to … jars, kohl-pots (including two with supports), and one ovoid fiask with a … p. 145, pl. 25, no. 27, currently in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, AS 7086: Seipel, op.

to the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods were found, is as a rule not known. … Ptolemaic town and in the filling of the earlier necropolis. … can inspire scholars and a reconsideration of seemingly solved ąuestions … pp. 17-19, and J. Aksamit, “Egyptian Faience Jar with a Cartouche of Amenmesse from Tell

Looking for the Baste Iret

Any mistake encountered in the museum inventory makes us look … campaign at Edfu had arrived at the museum only just before the outbreak of … inventory as a gift of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology and … 141795, also appeared to be a nineteenth-century acąuisition and its number … the beginning of the New Kingdom and prospered nearly till its end. When

French mission between 1922 and … a scribe from the tempie of Horus and … the war” and forgotten long ago. … pled and cracked as if somebody had … face. The texts were illegible and the … dress and a lotus flower. This madę us feel all the morę sorrow at the destruc- … The National Museum

and wax some legible texts had survived and that it would be possible to … Conservation of the National Museum in Warsaw. After several months of … sign of the eye, “ir”, and this is probably the source of the reading “Baste Iret” … son of Isis”) reminds us of a scribe from the tempie of Horus and Isis men-

the mummy and examine it. … Karnak and on the west bank of the … and conducted under the cover of the … green paintings, very protruding, and … inconspicuous, was beautifully painted on a case madę of glued linen and … The National Museum

two finger rings and a splendid necklace of the same materiał set with … “A case madę of glued linen” is certainly a cartonnage, and very probably … and lapis lazuli, shaped like a ram-headed deity seated on a lotus flower.

The National Museum … uncle. Konstanty created a museum at … contents in 1907 and mentioned “a … Vilnius in 1910 and planned to establish … went to the National Museum in Warsaw … Varsovie”, in Essays... op. cit., p. 174 and footnote 14. … 9 A. Snitkuviene, “Lithuanian Collections of Count Michał Tyszkiewicz and His Family”, in

the papyrus of Bakai and many other Egyptian antiąuities landed in our muse- … The cracked and fragmentarily preserved surface makes the decoration … the casing is cut away beneath bands of colour separating the front and the back,

Khepri with a shen-sign in his hind legs is painted on a yellow and red … The arms are covered by a large collar madę of many rows of lotus petals and

and a poorly preserved Imseti, and on the right, the jackal-headed Duamutef … compartment is occupied by a falcon's taił and legs painted on a feathered … headed and crowned with a red solar disc. This falcon in turn is supported

by the crossed wings of figures from the next register: of goddesses Isis and … standard, with hieroglyphs of his name written nearby. The front and the sides … The overall pattern of decoration, with emphasis on prosperous symbols and … 10 Cf. the cartonnage of Panepi (inv. no. 147801) in the National Museum in Warsaw. … 13 Cf. the cartonnage of Shepenkhonsu (inv. no. J. 106) in the Ltncor Museum (wings of goddesses are

cartonnage of Panepi in the British Museum* 14 and the cartonnage of Ta-net-rety- … were used at the same time and in the same area: for instance, casings … British Museum,20 decorated exactly like the typical cartonnages of the period, … 19 E. Vassilika, Ęgyptian Art. Fitzwilliam Museum Handbooks, Cambridge 1995, p. 92.

sacred, lord of eternity, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt,

b - The name of the dead woman is relatively rare and appears, except one … Shepensopdet and Djed-Khonsu-iuf-ankh, contemporary with Osorkon III … women, especially popular at the end of the New Kingdom and in the 22nd … 21 B. Porter, R. Moss, Topographical Bibliograpby of Ancient Reliefs and Paintings, vol. II, 2nd … Three other shabti boxes of the same owner are in the Liverpool Museum (inv. no. M13993), … 27 For example, the cartonnages of Neskhonsu-pakhered and Ta-khateru, a stela inv. no. BM 35895.

Not only has the physical shape and some of its previous beauty been … in the National Museum in Warsaw, until Prof. Michałowski enriched it

A note on Thutmose III's Building Activity at Buhen

the coregency period and Thutmose III added an open court in front of it at … Laboury and on the suggestion of Janusz Karkowski that Nefrure was included … Thutmose II, and appears to be original.4 Twice the throne name of Thutmose … of Hatshepsut at Buhen. Karkowski rejects the idea of female dress and favours Heb-Sed garment. … column 50), the images of Thutmose II are also found in the inner sanctuary and on the

after her coronation and tended to neglect him and promote Thutmose I to … main building and might have been erected long before the open court was … the open court of Thutmose III was considerably rebuilt and the text on … The text of Nehy on pillar number 16 is dated to the year 23 and it seems … and thus it should be dated to the regency period.

and trampled Ketenu, … between year 24 and 42,12 13 where the variety of epithets is enormous. How- … features are particularly yisible on pilaster 5 and pillar 14 functionally con- … 28 (6). The epithet is found in Akhmenu and Heneket-ankh, but does not appear in a

purification ritual performed in pr-dwlt and the royal coronation cycle.20 This … 1938, pp. 35-41; and Karkowski, Faras..., op. cit., pp. 55-59. Karkowski (ibid., p. 57, cat. no. … and columns of the portico could hardly have been perceived as dividing elements.

a site of the cult of Satet-Seshmetet and Neit. Two goddesses are accompanied … Outside Buhen, e.g. Ellesiya, it is always referred to as Horus of Buhen, and … second cataract. They were in use during the New Kingdom, and must have … (4), Shalfak (?) (5), Mirgissa and Dabenarti (6, 7), Buhen (8) and some … comparison with other forts and discovery of stone blocks with the name of Sesostris III

a New Kingdom term, and thus it could not have occurred in the Middle

Egyptian sculptures and reliefs "Brought" by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski from Edfu

and Reliefs "Brought" … Art department at the National Museum in Warsaw already in 1938. For a … Edfu. This was not the end of their generosity and understanding for the … end of his days, (he called his French colleagues, and especially Pierre Jouget, … documents. At that time the formalities were simple and the draft of the

Egypt were not registered at the Museum in Warsaw and the crates from 1939 … egyptologists in Poland able to read the hieroglyphic texts and work on the … and proper library in Warsaw to deepen his rather cursory knowledge of … The National Museum

the museum's objects, are not reliable. In the pre-war guide books most of

in reality. He had to raise funds for the excavations, and the purported great … exhibits, and certainly madę use of them. They were not large sums: an … a day, and the expenses for printing a report with photographs and drawings … with two objects, a fragment of a Greek inscription, and a Byzantine stela. The … their style and inscriptions, if any are present. But in most cases it is not … Egyptian Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, vol. V, Oxford 1937, p. 202. … 3 Each błock is 34-35 cm high, 51-64 cm long and c. 16 cm thick. Dating conjectural, on basis

Memphite area than of Edfu, with large numbers (131 and 132) written in … 'Numbers on the first and third blocks.

the wrong datę and for giving each of the blocks a separate inventory … husband is wearing a half-goffered kilt and a broad collar, his left hand is … fitting shift with two striped shoulder straps, and wears a broad necklace and … short hair. Under the offering table a nested ewer and a basin is depicted, and

The National Museum … and without details. The małe figurę extends his near hand towards a table … of wali blocks, the relief has little value for the museum's exhibition, and one … Inv. no 141275. The preserved part is 23 cm high and 13 cm wide. Possibly this statuę was men-

The National Museum … backsupport and a rectangular base. The man, named Hori, son of Hori- … exh. cat. National Museum in Warsaw, Warsaw 1937, p. 42. But it was included among the

and for the feet. No back pillar nor pillow are depicted. The front side is … are characteristic of the later 12th Dynasty,10 11 and although a sendjot may also … body of the animal, and the very uneven base. But the reason for recalling this … W. Seipel, Agypten: Gótter, Gruber und die Kunst, vol. 1, Linz 1989, cat. nos 90, 99; and … National Museum in Warsaw (inv. no. 139326) from Edfu, Horus Behdeti is invoked in the … 15 Inv. no 141267; sandstone with remains of dark red paint and white gesso, 52 cm high, 93 cm

The National Museum … only with a photograph, and the distortion is caused by a shadow, while in … of which were found numerous valuable relics, e.g. a sphinx, scarabs and … 16 Michałowski, Wystawa..., op.cit., p. 17 and pl. V., and in many other publications, without

(phofo: Museum) … 56, dated: Ptolemaic Period, the same repeated in: idem, Sztuka..., op. cit., p. 171 and fig. 124.

schematically, and his body is distorted. The author of the only study of this … and personally placed it inside the naos first in 1938, and then again after the

left hand, the front part of her jaw, and her left ear. Her body is also damaged … The last position in this short (and very incomplete) review of the works of … ureus, and holds a crook and flail in his hands. No inscription identifies the … supported by another mummiform figurę of a man with short hair and a kind … in terms of the workmanship of those stelae and the one in Warsaw, in … without entering into further speculation concerning the provenance and … O. Berlev, The Egyptian Reliefs and Stelae, Leningrad 1982, cat. no. 159, sandstone, 2nd-3rd c. A.D. … Museum, Berlin, Charlottenburg 1967, cat. no. 964; also similar scenes: Catalogue General du

collection of Egyptian art at the National Museum in Warsaw, related to the … The National Museum

"Golden Osiris" in the National Museum in Warsaw

in the National Museum … they are mostly acąuired on the antiąuarian market and usually deprived of … constitute a Wilanów deposit in the National Museum in Warsaw. The head … 2 In 1945, when a Department of the National Museum in Warsaw was created in Wilanów, the

Pałace Museum Wilanów,

placing this sculpture among masterpieces and considering it an example of … pantheon from the times of the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic and Roman

of naturę and the lord of rebirth.4 His iconography is closely related to the … religious representations of gods were limited to animal and symbolic, also

on king Djer's cartouche. Later this shape was transferred to cosmic gods and heliopolitan

representations of Osiris, sculpted and painted, gained morę elaborate forms. … direct link between the god and the deceased king. … association of the king with two gods: Horus, the son of Osiris, and Re, whose … the White Crown was not eliminated and was still used although less frequently than atef. … by E. Firchow, Berlin 1955, pp. 248-286; idem, Agyptische Bronzewerke, Pelizeus-Museum zu … pp. 1-8; L. Bell, “Luxor Tempie and the Cult of the Royal Ka”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, … ramheaded deity. Khnum was portrayed with a ram's head and human body. In her work on

a kind of coif woven from bulrush, and side elements also found in the … analysed against the background of the beginnings of the cult of Osiris and … whereas elements such as the ram's horns and uraeus on the head of the … major religious concepts: solar and Osirian.' Thus, the iconographic analysis … Consecrating the Meret Chests and Driving the Calves, vol. I, Leiden 1995, p. 57. I would like … 1 One of the examples of merging of solar and Osirian ideology is the depiction of Osiris found … a source of creative power, determined by the death and rebirth cycle. New theological thought

god's face together with the cool elegance of form and perfect modelling … regained sovereignty and succeeded in rebuilding the strength of the country. … of form and mastery of execution. And it is the works of such style that should … and New York 1999. … of the Late and Ptolemaic Periods executed by H.W Muller, “Ein Konigsbildnis der 26. Dynastie … Cairo and Luxor, London 1990, pp. 164-203; R. Bianchi, Cleopatra's Egypt. Age of Ptolemies, … am Rhein 1988) interpreting the iconography and style of relief images of kings from the last

goddess Isis, and the third her husband Osiris. They were dated on the basis of … grain and hardness allowed for soft finishing of surfaces with considerably … of Osiris and that from the Psamtek tomb (ill. 5). Along with the benign … 21 Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Hathor and Psamtek group, inv. no. CG 784, height: 96 cm; … 19; ESLP, p. 64; M. Saleh, H. Sourouzian, Die Hauptwerke im Agyptischen Museum Kairo, … 14 J.A. Josephson, “A Fragmentary Egyptian Head from Heliopolis”, Metropolitan Museum

Egyptian Museum, Cairo

depictions of the king and the morę traditional representations of private … accentuating the bonę structure of the cheeks and the muscle pattern around … almond shape and slightly lifted outside corners of the eyes in the Warsaw … This is also true for other images which are believed to show Apries and share … the depictions of gods and not a single royal head with such eyeworking has … 31 Musee du Louvre, inv. no. E. 3433; Egyptian Museum in Cairo, inv. nos JE 9000, JE 40052;

The Metropolitan Museum of Art … of the Museum)

being used in one sculpture is a statuę from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, … face its benign expression. Also the atef-crown with the uraeus and the … Psamtek in Saąąara, and that from the statuę of Harbes stored in the … end of the rule of Psamtek I, around the middle of the 7th century B.C. and … of the style being inspired by the youthful and happy-looking depictions of … back pillar reaching to the top of the crown and narrowing gradually towards … historiąue, Liege 1998, p. 461) Dimitri Laboury agrees with the claim of Jadwiga Lipińska and

practice whereas in ancient Egypt it had its religious aspect and was widely used … III and his World, ed. by A.P. Kozloff, B.M. Bryan, L.M. Berman, exh. cat., Cleveland Museum … in the depictions of post-Amarnan rulers Tutankhamen, Horemheb and Ay. However, the times … “Egyptian...”, op. cit., fig. 8, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 1972 118.195.

gold whose production was known from written and iconographic sources; it … Museum in Warsaw with Saite sculpture shows that the anatomy-based … Psamtek II and Apries, i.e. years 590-570 B.C., it can be assumed that artists … from the Psamtek tomb belonging to the collection of the Egyptian Museum in … A statuę carved with such mastery and coated in gold might have been a

that this presence of the figures of Osiris, Isis and the celestial cow protecting … on the Djeme hill in Medinet Habu were all sanctuaries of Amun and Osiris. Cf. Lexikon der

Figurine of bastet from the National Museum in Warsaw

from the National Museum … particular symbols and emblems depicted can only be the goddess Bastet. … with ornate patterns: yertical lines descend the length of the dress, and … top section is preserved. The lower part of the sistrum, with her forearm and … Representations of the goddess are not uncommon and examples of

The National Museum

However, the example in Warsaw is unusual because of the pose and the … in and beyond Bubastis, the centre of her cult. … British Museum, inv. no. 11031, cf J. Małek, The Cat in Ancient Egypt, London 1997, p. 105.

known as the „housewife Bastet”, a modern day reference to her pose and to … information. In terms of its size, attention to detail, posturę and the ąuality of … the Eye of the Sun-. “She rages like Sekhmet and she is friendly like Bastet”.

Egyptian mirrors from the French-Polish excavations in Tell Edfu

Museum in Warsaw, ten come from the French-Polish excavations held from … were deposited in 1937, whereas numbers 141673, 139657, 141672 and … mistakes and discrepancies discovered in these reports were corrected after … such as: copper, bronze, gold, silver and electron. Copper was used for the

National Museum in Warsaw described in this article no metal analysis was … An inscription was often placed on the mirror’s disc and handle. Such … to the body.4 Other objects put in the tomb included: ceramics, stone and … II) and heart-shaped (type III).6 All of the described mirrors-except for one … appear commonly during the Old Kingdom period. At that time and during … Middle Kingdom period and Second Intermediate Period there were no … private homes, forts and temples, ibid., pp. 14-16. … majority of museums around the world, the typology was broadened and additional naming was

changes in the shape of disc. Type la and II were still produced and also, … Typology: type la - disc with oblong pin and edges narrowing slightly towards

Site: next to the head of the deceased, together with ceramics and alabaster … Site: mastaba no. XII together with ceramics and basin. The mastaba was … State of preservation: lack of handle; disc jagged at the edges and broken at

Site: together with ceramics, basin and alabaster vase in the tomb no. IX, in … State of preservation: lack of handle, disc strongly corroded and broken on

Site: together with a flint blade and a bonę disc in the tomb no. XXIII, in the … Site: next to the deceased's head together with several clay beads and animal … State of preservation: lack of handle, disc has jagged edges and is broken, in the

-brown and flaked, the pin is covered with green patina; the mirror was … Site: next to the deceaseds head together with the ceramics and alabaster and

Site: next to the deceased together with ceramics and alabaster dish in the … State of preservation: lack of handle, disc corroded and jagged at the edges,

Site: together with the ceramics and alabaster dish in the tomb no. XLVII, in

Polish Archaeological Research in north-eastern Syria

el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur, Tell Abu Hafur ‘East’ and Tell Rad Shaąrah was … 1989, within a cooperation between Warsaw University and the National … as annual rainfall over 300 mm allowed dry-farming agriculture and

Neolithic period (9000 to 7000 B.C.), and settlement, although with periods … 5000 B.C.). Cultures of South Mesopotamian origin (Ubaid and Uruk) … period)2 intense settlement gave rise to a network of fortified cities and … area constituted part of the Old Assyrian Kingdom and then in the Late … Mesopotamian periodisation: Early Dynastie I-III, Akkadian and Ur III have been replaced

(1-3,5) and Tell Abu … Roman conąuest. The period between the 2nd century B.C. and the 2nd century … Halaf site.4 5 In the 193Os Max Mallowan surveyed the area and conducted … 3 Assyrian town Nisibina, modern Nusaybin - on the Turkish side of the border and Qamishli on … Leipzig 1931. For this and other sites mentioned in the paper cf. also s.v. in: S. Anastasio, M. … 5 M.E.L. Mallowan, “The Excavations at Tali Chagar Bazar and the Archaeological Survey of the

The National Museum, … Brak were recommenced by the British in 1975 and they have been continued … Syrian-European mission)14, Tell Arbid (1996, joint Polish-Syrian mission)15 and

Shaqrah (1,3) and … (1976, 1977 and 1979)16 and Bertile Lyonnet (1989-90).17 … were started on two sites: Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Djassa el-Gharbi, located

100

ware” were found - mainly bowls, cups and globular vases. … there. The site was severely damaged by erosion and modern ploughing but the … and the height of ca. 16 m, settled in the Early Jazirah III period. The steep, … 21 P. Bieliński, “‘Arcaded’ houses from Tell Djassa el-Gharbi and Tell Rad Shaąrah”, in: Aux

101

and Tell Abu Hafur (2), … Jazirah IV layer and remnants of an eroded layer dated to the 6thcentury B.C.23 … basalt rock) and a mud-brick wali constructed on top of it. The glacis lining the … solely for outlining the structure of its outer girdle. Location of most streets and … only to some extent resembled the finds from Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Djassa

102

(1-7,10,11) and Tell Djassa … bronze bracelets and pierced toggle pins, necklaces of frit beads and animal- … decoration represents an outline of a face (nose, eyes with eyebrows) and a … Resulting from the partage of the finds from the sites discussed above, and … 25 P. Bieliński, “A Smali Limestone Head from Tell rad Shaqrah and Its Distant ‘Cousins’ from

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millennium B.C. - mother-of-pearl animal-shaped pendants and frit beads … Qamyshli. The site extends on ca. 40 hectares and has a varying structure. Its … B.C. (Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic and Partho-Roman periods) although only

104

administrative and probably sacral ąuarter located on a slight elevation. A large … millennium B.C. were unearthed on the east and north-west areas of the main … Illb period in this region, containing numerous Ninivite V sherds and vessels … characteristic painted Khabur ware, was of a morę limited rangę and was … furniture - little tables, stools, and beds but also pots with lids, a toy broom … with baked bricks2 had been preseryed in one of the houses and a heating

105

comprising of a variety of vessels and luxury adornments. In one over 300 … grave29 contained a couple of silver toggle pins. Their upper parts and heads … scarce and comprise mainly pottery fragments. Helpful in the dating of this … A and Hellenistic graves were found at the north-west foot of the main tell. … partial or complete slip (mat or semi-mat and grey, black or orange-red to … 31 The coins identified and dated by Dr. Aleksandra Krzyżanowska from the National Museum,

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structure and functioning of the town from the first half of the third

Relief ("Megarian") Bowls in the National Museum in Warsaw

107

Museum in Warsaw … mostly pottery, found its way to the National Museum in Warsaw. Among … National Museum some time earlier. … 3 S.I. Rotroff, Hellenistic Pottery. Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls, (The Athenian Agora,

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articles devoted to excavations and considerable progress in the studies.4 … the collection was put out for auction in Cassel and described in a large … decoration (leaf ornament, egg and dart pattern, stars, rosettes and animal … inventory numbers of the Museum in Breslau/Wrocław may serve as a definite … (Forschungen in Ephesos, XIII/1/1), Vienna 1997, and (concerning Russian sources) … Instituts, XXIII, 1908, cat. nos 36 and 16.

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editions of the book and the only information on the place where the objects … Warszawie). In 1923 the collection was presented to the National Museum in … bowls (inv. nos 198563, 198565 and 198933) belong to the group of bowls … 10 The list of dishes and terracotta statuettes found in the Southern Russia in the tombs of

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bottom is only slightly separated and the rim is turned out. The bowl is … There are some pieces missing on the rim's edge and along the glue linę. Tiny … and decorated with a rosette consisting of eight heart-shaped petals with a … with plastic surface (both the edges and the central ribs are strongly marked, … and the arrangement of the whole. The ornament, especially in its lower part, … varies. Smali transgressions are notable only in the frieze of the egg and dart

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elements as rosettes, found on our bowl on the border frieze and on the … approximately between 166 and 69 B.C. The Monogramist was situated in … B.C. and only few fragments come from the lst century layer.22 In view of the … 17 Ibid., pl. 30, cat. nos 375 and 420, pl. 31, cat. nos 945 and 1015 (rosettes), pl. 30, cat. nos

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diameter 2,8 cm. Orange clay, in some places light-brown, mat and varied … A broad, Iow, medium size bowl with a poorly separated bottom and a rim … decorates the bottom and fills out the semicircular fields on the walls. The bowl … 23 Zahn, op. cit., p. 64 and 67, cat. no. 24.

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The National Museum

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Workshop of Menemachos and, first of all, on yessels from the Monogram ® … stem ornament in the Monogram ® Workshop (group XV, a) and the … but it was usually turned upside down and of a slighdy different form.32 … 27 Ibid., pl. 36, cat. nos 567 and 1346. … 29 Ibid., pl. 72, cat. nos 3327 + 8367 and pl. 73, cat. nos 3271-9551.

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off places. Mat glaze, in places slightly polished, red in the lower part and … A deep bowl with a ringed foot and slightly convex walls, finishing with a … standing out from the backdrop and a space profiled with three thin lines … rosettes are embossed unevenly and the dots are somewhat chaotically placed … flatter and morę linear. As far as the Workshop of Heraios is concerned, the … decorated with an upturned egg and dart pattern. It should be noted, however,

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The National Museum

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relief pottery from 3rd phase, dating between the second half of the 2nd and … associated with a specific workshop, bottom lacks decoration and similar … the bowl between the second half of the 2nd and beginning of the lst century … The bowl is smallish, of hemispherical shape, with flattened bottom and … with elear central vein. The rosette is surrounded with a circle of dots and

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was partly rubbed off). At the same time, precision and careful rendering of … characteristically curved petal tips. It is very rare and we always encounter the … at the base and curve up S-like. A bird is placed above each acanthus. The … leaves and a frieze of garlands from above (unfortunately, the bottom was not

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and purely decorative motifs, which fili out the surface. The hue of both clay … view of decoration and composition.45 In the 1980s Sergey Kovalenko tackled

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The National Museum

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ring, convex walls and relarively high rim, inturned. The bottom is smooth, … subseąuent leaves are curved left). Petals have clear-cut edges and a tangible, … elements of the calyx and obviously careless arrangement: odd number of the … either end below the ring, which divides them from the egg and dart pattern … assume that local potters first and foremost satisfied demands of the local … Due to lack of information on circumstances and precise location of the find,

Les monnaies découvertes à Palmyre

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of a tempie at Palmyra », in Coins, Culture and History in the Ancient World. Numismatic and

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representation de Victoria devant betyle et Tyche, la diyinite de la ville

Greek Inscriptions Acquired for the National Museum in Warsaw by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski

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for the National Museum in Warsaw … University Museum. One smali inscription fragment alone (cat. no. 116; inv. … 1 Adam Łajtar and Alfred Twardecki composed a catalogue of Greek inscriptions remaining in … 2 These were two inscriptions from the Pac collection transferred to the Museum in 1938 (cat. … information on the history and origins of the inscriptions.

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orthography and cuts in the text. The most recent explanation proposed by … of Greek inscriptions in the National Museum in Warsaw. Also the ąuality of … mostly from Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria) and Turkey (mainly Istanbul). Technical … 6 Theodor Wiegand and Otto Rubensohn acted as the main agents in the purchase of the

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(“souldeparting” i.e. dead). Important, repeatedly published and ąuoted … and Melitine

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Published and discussed for a number of times so far. … 7. Epitaph of Hilaros, synthropbos of Trophimos and Diadoumenos

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9. Epitaph of Olympias the Libyan, daughter of Athenodoros, and … 18. Epitaph of Panakeia and her mother Faustina … 1. Votive inscription for Isis and Sarapis erected by former nauarch Artemidor … 3. Votive inscription for Isis and Sarapis erected in the name of king Ptolemy I

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and Dioskouroi erected by priest Theoros and associations of synbasilistoi … 9. Votive inscription for king Ptolemy and ąueen Berenike, Gods Saviours, … also named Dionysia, her husband Harpokhras and their children … wife and children (cat. no. 58; inv. no. 198737)

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adorned with flowers and fountains for the memory of Nemesion, son

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of Kephisodoros and Kephisodoros, son of Eschation from an Athenian deme

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Phegaia, decorated with a relief and an inscription. Currently it remains as … 236650 and 148151 a4-b).

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National Museum acąuirecł eight precious Greek inscriptions containing … in Nubia and in 1964 launched excavations in Old Dongola under the … the inscription of Melas and Heraklammon (cat. no. 79; inv. no. 237185) … Of the total number of its 124 Greek inscriptions, the National Museum

Tre vetri tardoantichi decorati "a bottoni" del Museo Nazionale di Varsavia

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Mould-Blown Glasses from the Michał Tyszkiewicz and Gołuchów Collections, “Bulletin du

Remarks on decoration of the Western Wall of Narthex in the Faras Cathedral

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still present some difficulties in dating mainly on account of the restoration and … of painting in the cathedral and the establishment of chronological frames for … Wallpaintings in tke Collection oftke National Museum in Warsaw. The Chapter on Inscriptions … Warsaw 1974, pp. 14-23 (Greek and Coptic). In the recently published article Jacques van der

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building method of the church and the traces of the rebuilding of the extant … Gallery, were attributed to the early 8th century (ill. 1 and 2).5 According to the … and buried in a grave in the form of a rectangular mastaba built onto the … of Kollouthos, but it is still uncertain when and why this significant change … 3 Inv. no. 234051 (Archangel Gabriel) and inv. no. 234052 (Archangel Michael). Both figures are

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The National Museum

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The National Museum

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the narthex were replastered and the murals showing archangels disappeared … Virgin and Child in the niche has also been repainted. This time the Virgin was … western wali. It is preserved only partially and originally it was situated above … footstool.14 The person was dressed in a long purple tunic and chlamys in the … - 902) who was responsible for the changes in the narthex and bema of the church. Kyros not only … Michałowski States that both the archangels and the enthroned Virgin were visible together for … often in Egyptian representations of the Theotokos and probabły it was original title of her … 61. The mural is in the National Museum in Khartoum. The author dates this painting to the last

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The National Museum … heads as Michael and Gabriel. Michael is depicted on the left side of the … with thin, simple straight lines denoting plumage and the pattern of human

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Michael and Gabriel are dressed in courtly vestments: long light purple tunics … with smali four-pointed rosettes and studded with big, round and rectangular … different: Gabriel holds a bare sword lifted up and Michael holds a big, … flatter and thickset and show hardly any plastic modelling and a complete lack … scholars to the period between the 8th and 9th centuries, they also show some … yellow or white lines. These draperies, albeit schematic and geometrised,

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and Gnostic influences on the Christian communities in the neighbouring … encountered in Christian art, both in the Eastern and Western parts of the … painter placed the figures so close to the door that the door lintel and the … place for their role of guardians and where they could be seen by the … already closed and an arched niche or a smali apse was formed. The new … Kronos-Saturnus transformed into the Christian church by bishop Alexander between 324 and

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Virgin and Child … a mural representing a similar theme and corresponding to the decorative … archangels were painted not earlier but at the same time and formed part of … archangels. In such a case Michael and Gabriel would be guarding not the … an iconographical arrangement in which the Virgin and Child sit on the … started to play a complex role in relation to the representations of Christ and … scene of the Adoration of the Magi and developed its iconic character. From that fact resulted its

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in Saqqara19 and Bawit20, a 6th century tapestry icon21 and a 6th or 7th century … in Baltimore, which features two diminutive angels,23 and on the Hodegetria … with angels (usually the two archangels, with Gabriel on the right and Michael … 19 Chapel 1725, Enthroned Virgin Galaktotrophousa and two standing angels as a guard, … Theotokos flanked by two angels with thuribles and boxes for incense, identified as the angel of … 21 Cleveland Museum of Art, cf. D.G. Shepherd, “An Icon of the Virgin”, Bulletin of the … 25 Morgan Ms 612, cf. M. Cramer, Koptische Buchmalerei, Recklinghausen 1964, pp. 59ff; and

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model. The practice of representing angels and archangels dressed as … archangels' dress, the tunic and loros of the Faras archangels, a descendant of … known examples of angels dressed in loroi are the mosaics of the Virgin and … 879-88331 and the reliefs decorating the ceremoniał sceptre of Leon VI dated … Numismatic Society Museum Notes, VIII, 1958, pp. 99-117. On the consular costume (trabea … loros with the Christ's resurrection and appearance of the emperor dressed in the loros and twelve … 1976, pp. 96-99, ill. 127b, 128b; idem, “The Portraits and the Datę of the Codex Par. gr. 510”,

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The choice of the image of the Virgin and Child, the iconographic sign of … had to be repainted completely twice and repaired several times, most … and the last preserved version represents her as a standing Hodegetria with … the writings of the Church Fathers and many Christian authors. To the group … Royal Throne in front of which stood the angels looking at their Lord and … Moses and it was sheltered by the wings of the two cherubim placed “in the … and appear freąuently in Nubian representations of these creatures, probably … 36 Teksty o Matce Bożej. Ojcowie Kościoła greccy i syryjscy, transl. and ed. by W Kania,

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supporters and guardians of the throne of God whose wings and bodies were … Gabriel standing with a bare, raised sword is the angel of revenge and … is called “Good” (agathos) and the “Angel of Justice” (angelos dikaiosyne) and … and dimensions of the instrument seem to be modelled after a type of … Christ and the Last Judgement, the time of the punishment of sins. People … mentions God’s wings of light which seem to be the attribute of the archangel Michael: “... and

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narthex were reminded about it by the archangels with a sword and a trumpet … buried in smali mortuary chapels and graves in the immediate vicinity of the … the IM and 14"’ centuries from the Matenadaran Collection Yereaan, Leningrad 1984, ill. p. 63.

Wer war Merkurios, der "Bezwinger des Bösen" in der Wandmalerei aus Faras/pachoras?

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Ausstellungskat., Museum Rietberg, Ziirich 1999), so wie Gott das Chaos durch den Schopfungsakt

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(Photo: Museum) … Effenberger u. H.-G. Severin, Das Museum fiir Spatantike und Byzantinische Kunst, Mainz 1992,

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in: The Apocalypse and the shape ofthings to come, hrsg. v. F. Carey, Toronto 1999, S. 320-340),

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Kathedrale aus dem Wiistensand, Ausstellungskat., Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien 2002,

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Society and theHoly in Late Antiąuity, London 1982, dt.: Die Gesellschaft und das Dbernaturliche,

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(Photo Museum)

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Byzantium and the Medieval West: selected studies, hrsg. v. W E. Kleinbauer, Bloomington-London … 63 E. Kitzinger, „Byzantine art in the period between Justinian and iconoclasm”, in: Berichte

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Darstellungen vgl. bei W. B. Emery u. L.P. Kirwan, The royal tombs of Ballana and Qustol,

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81 Einige Beispiele bei: K. Weitzmann (Hrsg.), Age of spirituality: late antiąue and Christiaii art, … 24, 1980, S. 173-258, mit umfangreichen Literaturangaben; s. auch ders., „Archangel and Saint

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17. Jh., Staatliches Museum … Romisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Koln, Mailand 1984, S. 178 / Kat.-Nr. 17b, S. 183 /

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rekonstruierten Pferde mit der Originalausstattung befinden sich heute im Kairo-Museum (vgl. Abb.

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in: Emery, Egypt in Nubia, op. cit., PI. VII) und seit einigen Jahren auch in Nubia-Museum in

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u. a. 1982, bes. S. 14-61; J. W. van Henten, „Dragon”, in: Dictionary of Deities and Demons in

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186 S. Piggott, Wagon, chariot and carriage. Symbol and status in the history of transport, … 190 E. H. Kantorowicz, „The 'King's advent' and the enigmatic panels in the doors of Santa Sabina”,

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Victoria & Albert Museum,

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„Kings and kingdoms of ancient Nubia”, Rassegna di studietiopici, 39, 1982-1983, S. 87-139,

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232 S.C. Munro-Hay, Ethiopia and Alexandria, Bd. I, Bibliotheca nubica et aethiopica 5,

"Idilio romano o etrusco" di Henryk Siemiradzki

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Architecture and Society, Baltimore-London 1997, pp. 139-151.

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Red Figurę Vases of South Italy and Sicily, London 1989, p. 17.

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Imperiale: J. J. Seznec, The Romans ofthe Decadence and their Historical Significance, “Gazette

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After the hardships of war she was forced to forsake her home region and … remained from 1973 to 1990. She contributed to the editing and publication … Faras paintings in Berlin, Essen, The Hague, Zurich and Yienna.

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Aside from her work for the Museum, she was also an active teacher. In … 1957 in the Professor Michałowski^ excavations in Egypt and later in the … (1969-1984). She also worked in Alexandria and at Faras where she was a … Dr. Ruszczyc's zeal, diligence and conscientiousness were appreciated by … retirement in 1990 she continued her work for the Museum as a voluntary, … Alongside with her professional activity, Dr. Barbara Ruszczyć was active and … Fathers in Cracow, transporting and cataloguing books for the library in

Stefan Miszczak: 29.10.2926 - 9.04.2004

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He was a son of Stefan, musician and composer of the folk musie, and … destroyed monuments of Warsaw and for the planned new settlements … In 1956 he joined the staff of the National Museum in Warsaw as an … of the Faras murals, and also monuments of stone discovered there. Later he

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Professor Michałowski at Mirmeki (Crimea) and later restored the most … Simbel temples, Early Christian Cathedral at Faras, and two large models of … Lipińska). His greatest restoration and repair works were those on the … Stefan Miszczak, a ąuiet, self-effacing rnan, will be missed by his friends and

The National Museum, Warsaw

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7. Afiopisches Diptichon
mit der Darstellung
des hl. Georg, der den
geflOgelten Drachen
mit der Lanze durchbohrf,
gemoltauf Holz,

17. Jh., Staatliches Museum
fur Volkerkunde,

Munchen
(Photo: Museum)

meist ais Reiter. Im Orient kommen - wie noch gezeigt werden soli - weitere
Reiterheilige hinzu (s. u. 1.2.)- Nach ihrer von Legenden umwobenen Vita94
erlitten alle unter Diokletian (284-305) bzw. Maximian (285-305) das
Martyrium. Zu den bekanntesten und popularsten der vierzebn Nothelfer
ist sowohl im Morgen- ais auch im Abendland der heilige Georg geworden
(Abb. 7).^ Sein Ursprung ist in Syrien bzw. in Agypten zu suchen.96 Um ihn ist
ein reicher Legendenkranz entstanden,9 in dem er zum auferstandenen Helden
wird, der aus dem Jenseits wiedergekommen ist, um ais Retter in der Not
und ais Wundertater, ais figura Cbristi (die des Christus Militans) zu wirken.98
Aus diesen Yorstellungen entstand eine reiche Ikonographie, die fur die

in Venedig, vgl. Der Schatz von San Marco in Venedig, hrsg. v. H. Hellenkemper, Ausstellungskat.,
Romisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Koln, Mailand 1984, S. 178 / Kat.-Nr. 17b, S. 183 /
Kat.-Nr. 18c, 19.

94 Gunter, op. cit., S. 22ff.; W Fauth, „Der christliche Reiterheilige des Sisinnios-Typs im Kampf
gegen eine vielnamige Damonin”, Yigiliae christianae, 53, 1999, S. 401M25.

95 Braunfels-Esche, op. cit., S. 130ff.; J. G. Deckers, „Die Anfange von Legende, Kult und Bild”,
in: Sanct Georg..., op. cit., S. 43-53.

96 WC.H. Frend, „Fragments of the Acta S. Georgi from Q'asr Ibrim”, JbAC, 32, (1989) 1990,
S. 89-104; s. auch K. Krumbacher, „Der heilige Georg in der griechischen Uberlieferung”, Ab-
handlungen der Kóniglichen Bayerischen Akademie der YJissenschaften. Philosophisch-philologische
undhistorische Classe, 25, 3, 1911, S. 186ff; E.W Brooks, „Acts of St. George”, Museon, 38, 1925,
S. 67-115.

K. J. Dorsch, Georgszyklen des Mittelalters, (Diss. Univ. Erlangen-Niirnberg), Frankfurt a. M. 1983.
98 Christus ais Bezwinger und Widersacher der damonischen Krafte gilt im theologischen aber auch
im ikonographischen Sinne ais Vorbild der „Soldaten-Heiligen”, dazu schon mit entsprechenden
Abbildungen E. Stauffer, Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 4. Aufl., Stuttgart 1947, S. 103-106,
Abb. 69-71; grundlegend E. Kantorowicz, Gótterin Uniform (1961), in: ders., Gótterin Uitiform.
Studien zur Entwicklung des abendlandischen Kónigtums, Stuttgart 1998, S. 46-72 (Rez. EO.
Scholz, Journal fiir Kunstgeschichte, 3, 1999, S. 325-329); s. auch F. Tschirch, „Der heilige Georg
ais figura Christi”, in: Festschrift Helmut de Boor zum 75. Geburtstag, Tiibingen 1966, S. 1-19.

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