DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.25606#0012
PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING.
Profiles, or side saces, are to be drawn by means of a per-
pendicular, as in fig. 13, on which the forehead, nose, mouth,
and chin are to be placed, as in fig. 14. In these figures, the
line from top to bottom is sir idly perpendicular ; it would
be so in an oval drawn on paper, or any ssat siirface ; but the
curvity of an egg turns it out of that form, though for dis-
tiridion sake, it is described by that name in the soregoing
account.
When you mark the features in their proper places, touch
them very lightly at firfi, and afterwards proceed on them with
greater exadtness. Then draw the hair, beard, andshadows
about it. In all faces there are some principal touches which
give spirit, and are the charaderistic thereof; these snould be
well considered and carefully expresied. If the face be fat
the cheeks will seem to swfell; if lean, the jaw bones will ssick
out, and cheeks fall in. The corners of the mouth, and middle
of the eye-brows, will be elevated in agreeable sensations.
The eye-brows will rise up at the ends, and fall in the mid-
dle ; and the corner of the mouth will sink in pain or unea-
siness. The mouth by shooting sorwards, and riling in the
middle, expresses aversion. Every passiori os the soul is visible
in the features of the face : the lines and lights which are ex-
pressed of them, proclaim a particular attention.
FIFTH LESSON.
THE MEASURES AND PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
KEN the pupil can draw a face and head tolerably
well, he may proceed upon the hands and feet. The hands
are very important articles, and to perform them with easeand
freedom, is not a little difficult ; much labour should be be-
llowed in pradtising after the examples given os them in their
various actions and soreshortnings. The hand, from the tip
of the fore-finger to the wrist* is the length of a face, that is,
three quarters of a head ; and this length is equally divided
into two parts, one of which is for the palm of the hand.
The thumb is the length of the nose ; the breadth of the palm
is the same as its length, equal to the length of the fore finger.
The nail of the finger is about half the joint it (lands upon.
The foot viewed sideways, is in length the sixth part of the
figure, and may be divided into four equal parts : one of
which is for the heel, two others for the soie, and the other
for the toes. The great toe is commonly the length of the
thumb. These proportions usually obtain, and it will be
nseful for the pupil to fix an idea of them in his mind, though
there be few opportunities of applying them diredlly, because
of the forefliortnings in which these parts appear in almosl
every graceful adtion.
The ancients commonly allowed eight heads to their
figures. The moderns ordinarily divide the figure into ten
saces, the sace beginning at the root of the lowest hairs on
the forehead, and ending at the bottom of the chin.
An human figure, divided according to this method into
ten equal parts, os the length os a face, each divisson will
reach as sollows:
The firsi, from the crown of* the head to the nosinis.
The second, to the hole in the neck between the collar-bones.
The third, to the pit of the stomach.
The fourth, to the navel.
The sifth, to the lower part of the belly.
The sixth and seventh, to the upper part of the knee, the
thigh being the length of two faces.
The knee contains half a face.
From the lower part os the knee to the ankle, two saces.
From the ankle to the soie of the foot, half a sace.
A man with his arms extended, from the extremity os the
longest singer of his right hand, to the longed of his left, mea-
su res as broad as he is-long, *vlz.
From the tip os the long finger to the joint of the wrist,
one face.
Thence to the elbow, one sace and one third.
Thence to the juncture of the ssioulder, one face and one
third.
Thence to the hole of the neck, one face and one third.
In all five faces, which with the five along the other arm to
the tip of the middle finger, gives ten.
a 0 0
In measuring a figure by eight, parts, each part the length
of the head, the divisions allotted to them are, <viz. from*the
crown of the head to the point of the chin, one : thence to
the bottom of the breasis, one: thence to the navel, one:
thence to the lower part of the belly, one : thence to the mid-
dle of the thigh, one : thence to the lower part of the knee,
one : thence to the small of the leg, one: thence to the bottom
of the foot, one.
The sigure with his arms stretched out, measured breadth-
ways by eight parts or heads, is divided as follows, nriz. From,
the end of the long finger, to the wrist, one : thence to the
bend of the arm, one : thence to the bottom of the (boulder,
one : thence o^ps to the other shoulder, two : thence to the
end of the other long finger, three.
The proportions of a man differ in some respefh from those
of a woman ; particularly the head os a woman is lests, than that
of a man, and her neck longer : the breasis and belly are
lower : the space srom the bottom of the bread to the navel,
is half the length of the nose less than in men, and the thigh
a third part of the nose siiorter. As to the breadth, a woman
has her breasis and (boulders narrower, and her haunches
larger; her thighs at the place of articulation are larger: the
tops of their arms and legs are larger than a man’s, but down-
wards more (lender, and their hands and feet are less.
A new born infant is not at mod above sour beads long,
and seidom so much. At sour or five years old it is about five
beads long, and the, length of the body increases with its age,
till it arrives to the date os manhood, and attains its full
proportions.
The (hickness of the limbs must be adjtided agreeable to
the quality and charaster of the figure. In general it may be
noticed , that the breadth os the thigh at thethickest, is double
that os the thickest part of the leg, and treble that of the
smailest : but there is a difference in the contours of parts
when put in disserent postures. Thus when the arm is bent,
it is larger than when straight: the same is true os the foot
and knee, and other limbs and joints.
SIXTH LESSON.
DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING THE FIGURE AT FULL LENGTH.
.EGIN with making the oval for the head, and divide it
according to the instrudlions already given. Agreeable to
tuat universal rule in all just designs of comparing and pro-
portioning every part to the firsi, the rest os your sigure must
now be proportioned to the head ; therefore draw a perpen-
dicular from the top of the oval, and markon it eight divisions
or lengths of the head for the heighth of the figure and adjust-
ment of its parts. This line is also of use in placing the figure
upright; and whether it' be measured? by eight heads or ten
faces, the former lesion diredls what parts of the body are to
be placed on the several divisions.
Sketch the head sirfi, then the (boulders ; then draw the
trunk os the body, beginning with the arm-pits; (leaving the1
fA'iiS; till asterwards) and so down to the bins on both tides.
preser^a J1
;n all the parts
tions to onem
other, or oO
plump af lf'
body, or brttj
a fribble, g
body, and e01!1
the belly bends
/
$
In drawing1
he expresied agt
be subdivided ii
ble, only the pr
(cation to expr
made to appear
always be consi
and sink, and ;
r the different me
which supports
fuller or more
being careful to observe the breadth of the waist. Then draw
that leg which the body relts uppn, and asterwards the other
which Hands loose. Next draw the arms, and last of all the'
hands. It is sometimes recommended to begin the Iketch on
the right side of the figure, that in the process os the work, the'
performer's hand may nehiter hide or shade any part of it, as it
may happen in some draughts when begun on the left side.
To enforce a direction already given in the general rules,
carefully view the original you draw after ; the dislance of
one feature, limb, -joint, muscle, Ac. from another; their
length, breadth, and turnings ; their proportion to each other,
and to the whole sigure : which of them are direcFy under the
other, which of them are parallel, and how they (land situated
with regard to any part of the figure.
Preserve,
. N cloatl
with elegan
beauty of d
,in their nat
must encon
close, it vi'
to its motk
form os the
from other
The extrer
&c. shoulc
probability
This is so
iketch the
3- The gre
and divide^
do not cro
fits folds st
be greater
which the
woollens u
silks and ft
las a hislre
rent, othei
Ike wise to
fetes or cj
l)e large at
pliable: i
Profiles, or side saces, are to be drawn by means of a per-
pendicular, as in fig. 13, on which the forehead, nose, mouth,
and chin are to be placed, as in fig. 14. In these figures, the
line from top to bottom is sir idly perpendicular ; it would
be so in an oval drawn on paper, or any ssat siirface ; but the
curvity of an egg turns it out of that form, though for dis-
tiridion sake, it is described by that name in the soregoing
account.
When you mark the features in their proper places, touch
them very lightly at firfi, and afterwards proceed on them with
greater exadtness. Then draw the hair, beard, andshadows
about it. In all faces there are some principal touches which
give spirit, and are the charaderistic thereof; these snould be
well considered and carefully expresied. If the face be fat
the cheeks will seem to swfell; if lean, the jaw bones will ssick
out, and cheeks fall in. The corners of the mouth, and middle
of the eye-brows, will be elevated in agreeable sensations.
The eye-brows will rise up at the ends, and fall in the mid-
dle ; and the corner of the mouth will sink in pain or unea-
siness. The mouth by shooting sorwards, and riling in the
middle, expresses aversion. Every passiori os the soul is visible
in the features of the face : the lines and lights which are ex-
pressed of them, proclaim a particular attention.
FIFTH LESSON.
THE MEASURES AND PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
KEN the pupil can draw a face and head tolerably
well, he may proceed upon the hands and feet. The hands
are very important articles, and to perform them with easeand
freedom, is not a little difficult ; much labour should be be-
llowed in pradtising after the examples given os them in their
various actions and soreshortnings. The hand, from the tip
of the fore-finger to the wrist* is the length of a face, that is,
three quarters of a head ; and this length is equally divided
into two parts, one of which is for the palm of the hand.
The thumb is the length of the nose ; the breadth of the palm
is the same as its length, equal to the length of the fore finger.
The nail of the finger is about half the joint it (lands upon.
The foot viewed sideways, is in length the sixth part of the
figure, and may be divided into four equal parts : one of
which is for the heel, two others for the soie, and the other
for the toes. The great toe is commonly the length of the
thumb. These proportions usually obtain, and it will be
nseful for the pupil to fix an idea of them in his mind, though
there be few opportunities of applying them diredlly, because
of the forefliortnings in which these parts appear in almosl
every graceful adtion.
The ancients commonly allowed eight heads to their
figures. The moderns ordinarily divide the figure into ten
saces, the sace beginning at the root of the lowest hairs on
the forehead, and ending at the bottom of the chin.
An human figure, divided according to this method into
ten equal parts, os the length os a face, each divisson will
reach as sollows:
The firsi, from the crown of* the head to the nosinis.
The second, to the hole in the neck between the collar-bones.
The third, to the pit of the stomach.
The fourth, to the navel.
The sifth, to the lower part of the belly.
The sixth and seventh, to the upper part of the knee, the
thigh being the length of two faces.
The knee contains half a face.
From the lower part os the knee to the ankle, two saces.
From the ankle to the soie of the foot, half a sace.
A man with his arms extended, from the extremity os the
longest singer of his right hand, to the longed of his left, mea-
su res as broad as he is-long, *vlz.
From the tip os the long finger to the joint of the wrist,
one face.
Thence to the elbow, one sace and one third.
Thence to the juncture of the ssioulder, one face and one
third.
Thence to the hole of the neck, one face and one third.
In all five faces, which with the five along the other arm to
the tip of the middle finger, gives ten.
a 0 0
In measuring a figure by eight, parts, each part the length
of the head, the divisions allotted to them are, <viz. from*the
crown of the head to the point of the chin, one : thence to
the bottom of the breasis, one: thence to the navel, one:
thence to the lower part of the belly, one : thence to the mid-
dle of the thigh, one : thence to the lower part of the knee,
one : thence to the small of the leg, one: thence to the bottom
of the foot, one.
The sigure with his arms stretched out, measured breadth-
ways by eight parts or heads, is divided as follows, nriz. From,
the end of the long finger, to the wrist, one : thence to the
bend of the arm, one : thence to the bottom of the (boulder,
one : thence o^ps to the other shoulder, two : thence to the
end of the other long finger, three.
The proportions of a man differ in some respefh from those
of a woman ; particularly the head os a woman is lests, than that
of a man, and her neck longer : the breasis and belly are
lower : the space srom the bottom of the bread to the navel,
is half the length of the nose less than in men, and the thigh
a third part of the nose siiorter. As to the breadth, a woman
has her breasis and (boulders narrower, and her haunches
larger; her thighs at the place of articulation are larger: the
tops of their arms and legs are larger than a man’s, but down-
wards more (lender, and their hands and feet are less.
A new born infant is not at mod above sour beads long,
and seidom so much. At sour or five years old it is about five
beads long, and the, length of the body increases with its age,
till it arrives to the date os manhood, and attains its full
proportions.
The (hickness of the limbs must be adjtided agreeable to
the quality and charaster of the figure. In general it may be
noticed , that the breadth os the thigh at thethickest, is double
that os the thickest part of the leg, and treble that of the
smailest : but there is a difference in the contours of parts
when put in disserent postures. Thus when the arm is bent,
it is larger than when straight: the same is true os the foot
and knee, and other limbs and joints.
SIXTH LESSON.
DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING THE FIGURE AT FULL LENGTH.
.EGIN with making the oval for the head, and divide it
according to the instrudlions already given. Agreeable to
tuat universal rule in all just designs of comparing and pro-
portioning every part to the firsi, the rest os your sigure must
now be proportioned to the head ; therefore draw a perpen-
dicular from the top of the oval, and markon it eight divisions
or lengths of the head for the heighth of the figure and adjust-
ment of its parts. This line is also of use in placing the figure
upright; and whether it' be measured? by eight heads or ten
faces, the former lesion diredls what parts of the body are to
be placed on the several divisions.
Sketch the head sirfi, then the (boulders ; then draw the
trunk os the body, beginning with the arm-pits; (leaving the1
fA'iiS; till asterwards) and so down to the bins on both tides.
preser^a J1
;n all the parts
tions to onem
other, or oO
plump af lf'
body, or brttj
a fribble, g
body, and e01!1
the belly bends
/
$
In drawing1
he expresied agt
be subdivided ii
ble, only the pr
(cation to expr
made to appear
always be consi
and sink, and ;
r the different me
which supports
fuller or more
being careful to observe the breadth of the waist. Then draw
that leg which the body relts uppn, and asterwards the other
which Hands loose. Next draw the arms, and last of all the'
hands. It is sometimes recommended to begin the Iketch on
the right side of the figure, that in the process os the work, the'
performer's hand may nehiter hide or shade any part of it, as it
may happen in some draughts when begun on the left side.
To enforce a direction already given in the general rules,
carefully view the original you draw after ; the dislance of
one feature, limb, -joint, muscle, Ac. from another; their
length, breadth, and turnings ; their proportion to each other,
and to the whole sigure : which of them are direcFy under the
other, which of them are parallel, and how they (land situated
with regard to any part of the figure.
Preserve,
. N cloatl
with elegan
beauty of d
,in their nat
must encon
close, it vi'
to its motk
form os the
from other
The extrer
&c. shoulc
probability
This is so
iketch the
3- The gre
and divide^
do not cro
fits folds st
be greater
which the
woollens u
silks and ft
las a hislre
rent, othei
Ike wise to
fetes or cj
l)e large at
pliable: i