Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VI: The Kyklops of the east and the Kyklops of the west

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31 o The Kyklops of the East and West … morphic guise the solar symbol with its central ring and radiating … half in earnest, makes a speech in praise of Love and in the course … ' Our nature long ago was not what it is now, but otherwise. In the first … rounded throughout, his back and sides being in the form of a circle2. He had … in whichever of the two directions he pleased. When he started to run fast, … two attached to their shoulders and four to their ribs {ib. 944 ff.), who dwelt about the … k6k\ip £x°v- That is, every man had the shape of two men joined back to back, so that

311

The Kyklops of the East and West 311 … eggs. Ever since that fell catastrophe man has gone about the … the humorous turn given to its denouement, is evidently based on … suggests comparison with the various theriomorphic and anthropo- … 22 ff.) and Lact. div. inst. 4. 8, Rufin. recognit. 10. 30. With Plat. symp. 191 B cp. the … bpLo/xevos ev9a /ecu 'e'vda. Lobeck op. cit. i. 491 remarks that the same verse was used to

312

312 The Kyklops of the East and West … about that Servius in the fourth century A.D. can write : ' Many say … again that he had three; but the whole tale is a make-belief5.' … of the Trojan war gives Polyphemos two eyes and makes Odysseus pluck out one of them

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The Kyklops of the East and West 313 … This last line draws from Servius the just remark that the one … Of course no simile or collection of similes can prove that the … survey of analogous myths all the world over, comes to the conclusion that the man- … eyes on flame.' I follow W. Grimm 'Die Sage von Polyphem' in the Abh. d. berl.

314

314 The Kyklops of the East and West … Who gave the thunder and wrought the bolt of Zeus. … Grew from the shoulders on each stalwart neck. … Nor need we be surprised to find the sun conceived in two … 4 E. A. Wallis Budge Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection London 1911 i. 156.

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The Kyklops of the East and West 315 … Thy flame maketh thine enemies to fall, and thine Eye overthroweth the Sebdit … Budge, 'was the physical body of the SunV And monuments of … 6 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians i. 467, cp. ib. i. 109, 165, 202, 248, … 7 E. A. Wallis Budge A History of Egypt London 1902 iv. 119, The Gods of the

316

316 The Kyklops of the East and West … spite of obvious inconsistencies. A Greek of the classical period … from the exclusiveness of primitive religion, the easier it is to hold … fanned by attendants, beneath the rays of Aten, The Gods of the Egyptians ii. 74.

317

The Kyklops and Zeus … Low in the west its fiery axle burning1— … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has … The Kyklops and Zeus … Low in the west its fiery axle burning1— … 3 Id. ib. p. 18. Mr Owen Seaman in The Battle of the Bays London 1896 p. 39 has

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VII: The Kyklops and Zeus

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318 The Kyklops and Zeus … Fire-tipped, took torches for the fray. Thereat … Still scorched the Indians with his archer flame. … The lightning of the sky, both flash and fade, … He hid his sheen and then the same revealed … The clappings of the thunder and with spray … are named among other Kyklopes opposed to the Indians. For the Kyklops' imitation

319

The Kyklops and Zeus 319 … 3 A. Furtwangler ' Die Kopfe der griechischen Kohlenbecken' in the Jahrb. d. kais.

320

320 The Kyklops and Zeus … the three-eyed Kyklops of Sicily bears a striking resemblance to … get a definite identification of the Kyklops with Zeus. The nearest … 9 Od. 9. 275 ff. ■ Dr W. W. Merry ad loc, taking a hint from the scholiast, observes: … Kyklopengedicht der Odysee' in Hermes 1903 xxxviii. 431 ff. draws attention to the similar

321

The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye 321 … = 'A#6ws). W. H. Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1689, 47 ff. further observes that the Sicilian … that Polyphemos the Kyklops had by Galateia three sons, Keltos, Illyrios, and Galas, … sons, Kyklops, Antiphantes (sic), and Polyphemos, who divided the land between them. … 4 Append. E. J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 516 n. 2 speaks of ' sooty Cyclops' on the strength … The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye 321 … = 'A#6ws). W. H. Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1689, 47 ff. further observes that the Sicilian … that Polyphemos the Kyklops had by Galateia three sons, Keltos, Illyrios, and Galas, … sons, Kyklops, Antiphantes (sic), and Polyphemos, who divided the land between them. … 4 Append. E. J. Grimm op. cit. ii. 516 n. 2 speaks of ' sooty Cyclops' on the strength

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / VIII: The blinding of the Kyklops’ eye

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322 The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye … (Erice), of a red-hot knife (Oghuzians), of a stabbing in the eye … To bear when dry. We, looking on the same, … That gets to harbour far across the main, … And took and turned it in the blazing fire. … Its either end, and still the drill runs on.

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Till even its roots were crackling in the fire. … coming—since even in the Odyssey the incident has been already … 4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still … ' In most domesticated tribes, like the Effiks or the Igalwa, if they are going out to their … Till even its roots were crackling in the fire. … coming—since even in the Odyssey the incident has been already … 4 J. T. Bent The Cyclades London 1885 p. 365. Id. id. : ' In Lesbos this reed is still … ' In most domesticated tribes, like the Effiks or the Igalwa, if they are going out to their

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / IX: Prometheus’ theft of fire

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possibly, and Accius certainly, represented the fire as stolen from … ' It is said that Prometheus, when he had made mankind, ascended by the … An anonymous mythographer of the ninth or tenth century, … ' Prometheus was helped by Minerva; and about him the following tale is … know at all what good things there were in heaven, but asked whether it was … the submerged volcano see R. C. Jebb's ed.2 of Soph. Phil. p. 243 ff. … ignem furatus, quern hominibus indicavit. The same statement in almost the same words … faculam accendit. This version of the myth, which occurs with some slight variations

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / X: The fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, the Kyklops, and Zeus

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The Fire-drill … fire from the gods and given it to men; but in truth he was the inventor of the … law the Rev. H. E. Maddox: three holes have already been drilled in … 3 On the fire-drill see E. B. Tylor Researches into the Early History of Mankind and … Natur- und Urgeschichte des Menschen Wien und Leipzig 1909 ii. 1 ff. and the mono-

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The Fire-drill … tied to it with a jerk with the one hand, while the other is slackened, and so on … the teeth … spindle with a heavy disk: the former may be seen in a Dacotah … 1 J. Stevenson Translation of the Sanhitd of the Sdma Veda London 1842 p. vii f. Cp. … 3 E. B. Tylor op. cit? p. 242 fig. 25 from an example in the Edinburgh Industrial

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The Fire-drill … Prometheus was an appellative or cult-title of the Titan whose true

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The Fire-drill … from the art-type of Hephaistos, e.g. on coppers of Methana … Hyg. fab. 31 gives the name of Prometheus' eagle as Aithon (cp. 77. 15. 690). … Odysseus assumed the name Mdwv because his mother Antikleia, daughter of Autolykos … 8 A votive vase from the Theban Kabeirion is inscribed 'OAixrceuJas Kaj3ipoi (Ath. … Other points of resemblance between the hero of the Kyklops-tale, Prometheus, and

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The Fire-drill … Spiegel iii. 131 pi. 138, Roscher Lex. Myth. hi. 3094 f. fig. 5 b). On the rings of the … Giitersloh 1886 p. 18, A. F. Pott in the Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung i860 … genious, but over-venturesome, writer attempts to connect Prometheus as inventor of the … ' He of the fire-drill,' and that it was distorted into Upofx-qdeis to suit the supposed con-

330

330 The Solar Wheel combined with Animals … be considered a god 'of the Fire-drill.' Dr Frazer has cited … would read Upofxridevs for lipofiavdeis in Lyk. Al. 537 and recognise a Zeus lipop-rjOevs at … 3 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 222 ff. … of the root that appears in Sanskrit as math or 7?ianth, 'to stir or whirl about' (Sir M. … pd^dov (see her Proleg. Gk. Eel.2 p. 45). Yet the second element in Rhadamanthys' … 330 The Solar Wheel combined with Animals … be considered a god 'of the Fire-drill.' Dr Frazer has cited … would read Upofxridevs for lipofiavdeis in Lyk. Al. 537 and recognise a Zeus lipop-rjOevs at … 3 Frazer Golden Bough3: The Magic Art ii. 222 ff. … of the root that appears in Sanskrit as math or 7?ianth, 'to stir or whirl about' (Sir M. … pd^dov (see her Proleg. Gk. Eel.2 p. 45). Yet the second element in Rhadamanthys'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XI: The solar wheel combined with animals

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The Solar Wheel combined with Animals 331 … a similar wheel8. Since the principal cult of the early Rhodians

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332 The Solar Wheel combined with Animals … 1 J. Dechelette ' Le culte du soleil aux temps prehistoriques' in the Rev. Arch. 1909

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The Solar Chariot … 2 J. Cabre ' Gbjetos ibericos de Calaceite' in the Boletin de la Real Academia de … Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 41, W. Mannhardt Wald-und Feld- … 5 A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 51 ff., A. Rapp loc. cit., J. Dechelette in the Rev. Arch. 1909 i. … The Solar Chariot … 2 J. Cabre ' Gbjetos ibericos de Calaceite' in the Boletin de la Real Academia de … Hopkins The Religions of India Boston etc. 1895 p. 41, W. Mannhardt Wald-und Feld- … 5 A. Kuhn op. cit.2 p. 51 ff., A. Rapp loc. cit., J. Dechelette in the Rev. Arch. 1909 i.

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XII: The solar chariot

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334 The Solar Chariot … J. Dechelette claims that this is the pre-Mycenaean prototype of … n. 4 quotes Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.2 no. 754, 3 "HAto?' i<p' 'iirir^ at Pergamon and

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The Solar Chariot … pi. 30, no. 640 pi. 30, and the restorations pi. 34, c, d, e. I figure pi. 33, a. … 5 On a red-figured hydria in the Vatican (Mon. d. Inst, i pi. 46, Ann. d. Inst. 1832 … 8 Doubtless the grouping of the horses is primarily due to the fact that the artist could

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The Solar Chariot … vatives of the sun or moon. • … in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1892—3 xiii. 257f. pi. 8), Eleutherai {id. ib. p. 255 pi. 9, 2), … 1 Brit. Mus. Cat. Jewellery p. 239 no. 2108 pi. 40, F. H. Marshall in the Journ. … 2 F. H. Marshall in the Journ. Hell. Stud. [909 xxix. 159 fig. 12. Width 11-5 cm.

Plate 24

Phdlara from tombs at Elis:

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The Solar Chariot 337 … greeting, not in terror. Rather we should recollect that two of the … Miss J. E. Harrison kindly sends me the following criticism: 'I am open to con- … '2 Panofka loc. cit. p. 305 f. cp. a vase from Apulia of like design and style then in the

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The Solar Wreath … 2 The Persians, who called the whole circle of the sky 'Zeus' (supra p. 10 n. 1), had … and their driver followed them on foot, since no man might ascend the chariot-throne … The Solar Wreath … 2 The Persians, who called the whole circle of the sky 'Zeus' (supra p. 10 n. 1), had … and their driver followed them on foot, since no man might ascend the chariot-throne

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (d): The sun as a wheel / XIII: The solar wreath

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The Solar Wreath 339 … Here in Cambridge the children are out early on the first of May

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The Solar Wreath

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The Sim as the Bird of Zeus 341 … dealing with a Graeco-Libyan myth11, makes Danaos, the twin- … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 146, K. Sethe Zur … 8 G. Maspero op. cit.4 p. 136 n. 5, cp. Hdt. 2. 73 (of the phoenix) ra p.ev avrov xpvo~6- … la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the … The Sim as the Bird of Zeus 341 … dealing with a Graeco-Libyan myth11, makes Danaos, the twin- … 2 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 i. 146, K. Sethe Zur … 8 G. Maspero op. cit.4 p. 136 n. 5, cp. Hdt. 2. 73 (of the phoenix) ra p.ev avrov xpvo~6- … la division de Vannee p. 49 f., A. Wiedemann ' Die Phonixsage im alten Agypten ' in the

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (e): The sun as the bird of Zeus

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342 The Sun as the Bird of Zeus … The solar wheel upon which Ixion was bound is not unfrequently … Apart from these examples of the winged sun, several myths … ably the name is a mere patronymic, the 'son of Daidalos13'; for … 13 Ov. met. 11. 271 ff., 294 ff. makes Daidalion son of the Morning Star {Lucifer).

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The Sun as the Bird of Zeus 343 … him and cut off his three hairs. This made him the weakest of all men. The … thirteen of his companions were flung by the enemy into a pit. As he was the … 2 E.g. Gilbert Gr. Gotterl. p. 180 and the author of the latest monograph on the … Phaethon (id. pp. 42, 336, 960), the Morning Star (id. pp. 960, 1310). But the analogy … (v. 47, where for ' a sea-devil clawed him with a thirteen-pronged fork' read ' the god of … no. 8, in both of which the hero's strength is vested in three golden hairs on the top of

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344 The Sun as the Bird of Zeus … saved but the princess and the king ; for the dolphin took them both on his

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The Sun as the Bird of Zeus 345 … below to pick him up and, if possible, get him in safety beyond the … The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race Oxford 1830 i. 260 f. … Others declared that the 'leap' had first been taken by Kephalos son of Deioneus out … had leapt from the rock, commencing with Aphrodite herself. She thereby got rid of her … Danubier in Griechenland Gottingen 1909 p. 43. Fick ascribes this cult of the sun-bird

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346 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Another animal that came to be associated with the sun in … At Herakleoupolis {Henen-su) Khnemu was equated with the local … 2 This is inferred from the hieroglyphic form of his name (Sethe loc. cit. p. 2350). … Petrie at Herakleoupolis: it dates from the twenty-fifth dynasty, s. viii B.C. {Man 1904 … 346 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Another animal that came to be associated with the sun in … At Herakleoupolis {Henen-su) Khnemu was equated with the local … 2 This is inferred from the hieroglyphic form of his name (Sethe loc. cit. p. 2350). … Petrie at Herakleoupolis: it dates from the twenty-fifth dynasty, s. viii B.C. {Man 1904

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (f): The sun and the ram

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'the Ram, lord of Tettu1.' … those of Khnemu and was even represented as a ram of the … Herodotos, who speaks of Amen-Ra more than once as the … 4 O. Keller Die antike Tierwelt Leipzig 1909 p. 3098"., who holds that the tradition … 8 On the goat-cult of Mendes see Find. frag. 201 Christ with n., Hdt. 2. 46, Plout.

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348 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Herodotos, therefore, did not hesitate to identify the Greek … On the connexion between Amnion and Herakles see Arrian. 3. 3. r, Eustath. in … 4 E. Naville Book of the Dead ch. 55 and 38 B, 1. For these and the following

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affixed to him and makes Zeus apologise for the disgrace1, Greek … was ' King of the Gods,' pious Greeks would regard him as their … blue, probably because that was the colour of the heavens in which he ruled as Sun god ' … 2351). The two alleged reasons are not necessarily incompatible : Homer speaks of the

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350 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Where the change first took place, we cannot with certainty … There is, further, some little uncertainty as to the date at which … 2 Guida del Mus. Napoli p. 84 no. 267, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1848 xx. 193 … 3 A. Furtwangler ' Ueber Statuenkopieen im Alterthum' in the Abh. d. bayer. Akad. … 6 G. Maspero The Passing of the Empires London 1900 p. 552. … E. A. Porcher History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene London 1864 p. 11 3 inscr. no. r 1).

351

this Egyptising Zeus arose. At Kyrene his head first appears on … as a theriomorphic Amnion, we have at … of Asklepios, a spring of the same god, a … honoured deities of the land6; besides, he … ancient ram-god7, and to Asklepios, who stood beside him at … 3 B. Schroder in the Ath. Mitth. 1904 xxix. 21—24 fig. 1. Height "57 in. The … The whole group of words is ultimately connected with tcepas, 'horn,' the napvos being

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352 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … to desist from the war with the Aphytaeans. So Lysandros raised the siege … 1 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1558 n. 5, citing J. Zingerle in the Ath. Mitth. 1896

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A brief fragment of it containing the invocation— … Having thus secured a firm footing on Greek soil, the cult of … In the last paragraph I described Zeus Ammon as at once … another possible fragment of the hymn see infra p. 366 f. … 4 Latin inscriptions rarely mention the god: Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. nos. 4424 (from a

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354 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … formerly in the Albert Barre collection portrays him enthroned, … called Panthea, is invoked as ' partner in the rites of the horned … 3 So H. R. Hall The Oldest Civilization of Greece London 1901 p. 230 n. 3. … 5 P. Berger ' La Trinite Carthaginoise' in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v- I33ff-» 222 1880

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Semitic influence penetrated to the Ammdneion itself. Of its … 'The image of the god is surrounded … priests. They carry the god on their … has not the same shape as artists have … the priests bear this deity on a golden … Both of these statements were doubtless drawn from the lost … Virgo Caelestis is at once Iuno and Ceres, and so is placed between Iupiter and Dis.

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356 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … have taken his name from such sacred stones, and notes that the … by two further considerations. In the first place, Ba'al-hamman … ' This stone is scarce and of no great size,—unless we are to believe the … This passage proves that the Tyrian Herakles had an dgalma … obelisks5 of the sort were to be seen there in … p. 285). A bronze statuette at Vienna shows Zeus Ammon holding the club of Herakles … Valerianus Senior pi. 34, 14. Mr G. F. Hill ib. p. cxl suggests that the type ' may

357

Amen-Ra in the tomb of Seti i was himself coloured green1, it … 2 The term a/xdpay8os, strictly used, denotes a crystalline green quartz: it was, … 4 Similarly the non-crystalline green quartz (6 xkwpbs t'a<r7rts) known to us as'plasma' … with medicinal powers, especially if engraved with the Khnemu- … ' Plasma' was occasionally used for the figure of Zeus en- … Zeus {id. id. p. 111 no. 2356, T. Panofka in the Abh. d. berl.

358

358 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … There are but few certain traces of the solar barque in Greek literature or art. The … krater from Basilicata, now in the Louvre, shows Helios and Selene in a four-horse … Reinach Rep. Vases i. 291, 1, Miss J. E. Harrison in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1908— … 5 Monsieur E. Naville, the distinguished Egyptologist, has recently (' Le dieu de

359

Zeus Amnion and the Snake 359 … 5e 7rat5t/c6s—8<ppa Xddoire- k.t.X. This has been explained as a reference to the story of

360

360 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … the same shape on imperial coins of Alexandreia8. A handsome … 3 E. A. Wallis Budge The Gods of the Egyptians London 1904 ii. 376 f. … 6 Ptolemaios ap. Arrian. 3.3.5 states that two snakes guided the army of Alexander … 9 P. Kabbadias in the 'B0. 'A-px- 1893 p. 187 ff". pi. 12, … disk on his head, the whole set on an oblong base or

361

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 361 … this. The pantheistic type of Sarapis, as … represents Zeus with the rays of Helios, … in 1871 by J. Overbeck7. That admirable scholar argues at length8 … 6 Cp. the cult of ZeiV'HXios Scuttj/j (g. Plaumann Ptolemais in Oberdgypten (Leipz.

362

362 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … far back as the reign of Seti i (c. 1300 B.C.)3. This blunder has … rites at Athens in 333 B.C.6? In view of these circumstances it is … in the reign of Merenptah c. 1250 B.C. Egypt was invaded by … Similarly during the twentieth dynasty Rameses iii between 1200 … or else understand 'EWrjvlkov as edvLKov, 'gentile' : see G. Bernhardy ad loc. The latter

363

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 363 … forefathers of the historical Greeks, is fortunately beyond all question. … The thirsty sands oracular sent forth … 2 W. M. Flinders Petrie in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1890 xi. 271—277. The sherds of

364

364 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … the dove which went to Libye bade the Libyans make an oracle of Ammon ; … Herodotos, who—if any man—was acquainted with the facts, … She chose a ram (I tell the miracle)

365

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 365 … He makes the doves start from Thebes in Greece, not from Thebes … etc.5 Again, Amnion appears to have had a sacred grove on the … no. 4, Reinach Re~p. Stat. ii. 771, 8) published a bronze at Berlin, which according to him … The great Avimoneion is loosely connected with the Syrtis by Lucan. 4. 673, 10. 38,

366

366 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … If Zeus had an oak-cult of immemorial antiquity in the … of them by me in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 403 and in Folk-Lore 1904 xv. 295; but it . … 4 H. Dessau in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 751 f. They hold the oracle of Zeus … (pavri 8e irpoiToyovov Ya.pdfj.avTa \ At/Sues aux/x^pcDf' Tre8iwv dvaSvvra yXviceias Aids dirap- … to Schneidewin's cj. 'IdpfiavTa. But T. Zielinski in the Archiv f. Rel. 1906 ix. 42 n. 1

367

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 367 … The Libyans say that first-born Garamas … Silius' statements concerning the oaks of the Oasis ? … in the Oasis nowadays5. … 'A shepherd feeding his sheep in the marshes of Dodona stole the finest of … that the Fountain of the Sun is known locally as Ain el hammam, which he renders 'the … 8 The concluding sentence odev /ecu Xafiovras 8lkt]v ravrrjp eicrirpd^acrdai tt}s air avrou

368

368 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … been the original inventor of everything, a certain Hammon came from Africa … pool as ' the Fountain of the Sun' and assert that throughout the … 3 Gerhard Gr. Myth. p. 166 f. suggested rather vaguely that the ram-symbolism

369

Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god 369 … cos /ecu Trap' 'O^pco • rj /cat Kvaveycriv ^7r' 6<pptio~i veuae Kpovicov. To the same effect Eudok. … Yet Zeus Ndios and Zeus Amnion both gave oracles in verse. For those of the former … a spring at Teuthrone in Lakonike (Paus. 3. 25. 4). Other cognates are vdeo, vdfxa, … 4 Diod. 17. 50. This and the parallel passage in Curt. 4. 7. 20—22 are derived from

370

370 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … had a female partner worshipped at Olympia as Hera Ammonia* … it be urged that the original consort of Zeus at Dodona was Ge … 3 Paus. 5. 15. 11 with J. G. Frazer's n. ad loc. (iii. 584). On the association of Zeus

371

The youthful Ammon … (77) The youthful Ammon. … type of Ammon2. The same mature and youthful heads with a … from an Egyptian head-dress misunderstood (cp. the coin of Kyrene discussed by

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372 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … Alfaterna after c. 308 B.C. the younger without the … portant figure in the mythological history of Kyrene9, and he not … op. cit. p. 81 pi. 153, 99-—103, Garrucci op. cit. p. 138 pi. 104, 13, 25—27. The specimen

373

The youthful Ammon … represented with ram's horns. There is more to be said for the … ^y-qaaadai rod arparov. Perhaps, however, Theopompos merely meant that at Argos … arietem memoriae causa inter sidera fixum dicunt. The context is given supra p. 368.

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374 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … which combine the head of Amnion with that of a more or less … Dionysos7, others that he is linked to a second water-god, the … Barre locc. citt. the head of Ammon has a wreath of ivy and flowers, the other head

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The youthful Ammon … is balanced by a second female figure raising a phidle. The … 2 This identification is confirmed by an unpublished Apulian jug. at St Petersburg … Karneios), which represents a definitely Dionysiac scene. In the centre sits a young man … aldbastron (?). At her back is a fillet; and in the field are four partly yellow rosettes.

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376 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … In view of the foregoing evidence it would, I think, be unsafe

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The Oasis of Siwah … pillars and magic idols : the traveller who set eyes upon the idols … Musa marched his troops for seven days through the desert, but … in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1862 Phil.-hist. Classe p. 172 f.

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378 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … equality with their betters." This rule was an education in itself. The wife … The first Europaean to reach the Oasis of Siwah in modern … the same route as Alexander the Great, entered Siwah on March 9. … 1664, 1672, and 1673 A.D., praised the dates of Siba as the best (S. Ideler in the Fund- … 5 W. G. Browne Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria, from the year 1J92 … been commissioned to explore north Africa by the London Association for promoting

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The Oasis of Siwah … 3 G. A. Hoskins Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert London 1837. … 7 L. Robecchi-Bricchetti (1886) ' Notizie sull' oasi di Siuwah' in the Archivio per … H. Burchardt (1893) 'Uber den Besuch der Oase Siwah im Februar d. J.' in the … in the Geographical JournalLondon 1897 x. 597—608. … der Oase Siwe und nach Nubien unternommenen Reisen' in the Ber. sdchs. Gesellsch. d. … without feeling thirsty or drinking, travelled twice to the Oasis of Amnion on a diet of

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380 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … it was an accessible coast-towm6! In point of fact the Oasis is … 1 G. Rohlfs Drei Monate in der libyschen Wiiste p. 185 gives the position as deter-

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The Oasis of Siwah … and taken by certain priests of Ammon to Egypt as a gift for the … which K. A. Zittel identifies with the Cyprinodon dispar discovered … 6. 6. 39. The name has passed into the modern pharmacopoeia as ' sal ammoniac,'

382

382 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … wall still in excellent repair2. The … Ain el hammam to mean 'the Fountain … ?f y^'-^^^y^S:^ a' Agermi, containing the chief temple of … ^-^(^S^^^^^- Umma beida, ruins of the second temple of … To the north of Ain el hammam is … 4 The temperature of the water is constant—840 5W*J»-

383

The Oasis of Siwah … uncertain. In the middle of the precinct rose a mass of limestone

384

384 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … 2 Id. ib. Atlas pi. 7, 2—taken from the hill Gebel Drara-Enbrik, where the quarries

385

The Oasis of Siwah … subterranean corridors are now to be seen, though the people talk … the ground and fragments of perhaps two others. The outside of

386

386 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … good service by making an accurate survey of the rapidly dwindling … uraeus-snakes and vultures, representing Uatchit the goddess of

387

The Oasis of Siwah … G. Maspero The Struggle of the Nations London 1896 pp. 220 fig. (cp. id. p. 430), 767 fig.

388

388 The Ram and the Sun in Egypt … it Rohlfs found numerous hieroglyphs and reliefs. With the help

389

The Oasis of Siwah

390

3go The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … this remote spot was brought back in triumph to the Berlin

391

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 391 … on the same support (fig. 2gy)4; and a couple of bronze reliefs, … Napoli 1868 xvi pi. 9, r, Reinach Rep. Stat. ii. 477 no. 2, an example from Resina. The … 4 Eisele loc. cit. p. 248 (especially the bronze from Amiens published in the Rev.

392

3 9 2 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … But, just as the Egyptian ram-god Ammon had sacred snakes, … (to a scale of f-) in the Nationalmuseet at Copenhagen. In the centre stands Sabdzios … loc. cit. p. 251 f., and for the adders cp. Theophr. char. 16 /cat edv idy 8<pLv ev Trj oULa,

Plate 27

Zeus Sabdzios on a bronze relief at Copenhagen.

393

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 393 … ilia filiam reddidit liniamentis descriptam suis, at ex partu virginis tauri species {specie

394

394 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … proof of his words flung the severed parts into her lap. In reality … Hence too the practice of those who were initiated into the rites … the aetiological myth of the Sabdzios-c\i\t. The devotees of the … 2 Farnell Cults of Gk. States iii. 300 f. (of the PdWot): ' Even the self-mutilation … Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1545 n. 5 is content to explain the rite as primarily ' eine … (assimilation to the Amazonian goddess). Nor can we lay stress on the view of the … Cambridge 1910 p. 219. Apparently the relics were buried in the ground and stelai,

395

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 395 … Sabot because he was Sabos*. It is therefore hard to resist the … parallel from the legend of Ahalya in the Rdmdyanam : ' It is said in this passage that … views: (a) that the Sabot were called after Sabos, (b) that Sabos was called after the

396

396 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … perhaps with the shift from mother-kin to father-kin, the ritual had … On the snake as phallic see F. L. W. Schwartz Die altgriechische Schlangengottheiten'1

397

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 397 … 4 Dr F. B. Jevons in his able book An Introduction to the History of Religion London … stately and beautiful figures of Greek mythology, grew out of the same simple beliefs … shape. By his kind permission I have had a drawing (pi. xxviii) made from the original, … to a human figure in a cloak, with arms outstretched____In some of them the neck is

398

398 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … another snake, and twined about her with the so-called Heraclean … disguise he was cut to pieces by the knives of the Titans4. Else- … {Dion. 7. 309 ff.) that Zeus, when he wooed and won Semele at Thebes, became

399

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 399 … This squares with the Sabdzws-myth, in which the tauriform … 2 This made it easy for the systematisers to identify Dionysos, son of Zeus by … Attis is identified with the Phrygian Zeus by Psell. irepl tQv ovo/xdriov tiov 8ik&v … Ta aKpa tQv opiov JSidvvol iKakovv Tldirav tov Ala Kal "Attlv tov avrbv. The statement … Mythen undsein Kult Gieszen 1903 p. 112 n. 5. That the Phrygian Zeus too was IIa7ras … In the Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 79 I drew attention to these equations, and suggested

400

400 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … Finally Zeus Sabdzios came to be identified with the sun5. An … 5 P. Perdrizet in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1896 xx. 101 holds that Sabdzios as a sun-god … ixeaais rats rod 2a/3a£toi' reXerats). But Eisele loc. cit. p. 255 views the solar aspect of

401

The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia 401 … both the deity became a snake. The Libyan Zeus had his sacred … and begat a youthful Amnion most probably identified with the … from the palace at Knossos (fig. … eo universa patefiunt. Perhaps we may compare the story of Perdikkas in Hdt. 8. 137 f. … 5 The evidence is persuasively marshalled by Sir Arthur Evans in the Journ. Hell. … At Gortyna there appears to have been an annual festival (Ti(rvpoi), in which Zeus as

402

4-02 The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia … caresses with her hand the head of a great snake (fig. 299)2. … It is therefore just possible that at Gortyna Zeus was originally a ram-god. But? … 3 F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1879 v. 24. … 8 The examples of a 'Minoan' snake-goddess are listed by H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth.

403

The Golden or Purple Ram in Italy 403 … Persephone seated on a rock, as befits the daughter of a mountain- … iii. The Golden or Purple Ram of the Etruscans and … unusual colour portended universal prosperity to the emperor7. … golden colour, it increases plenty and great prosperity for the … a similar type at Gela; but his reference to Mionnet Descr. de med. ant. i. 236 is mistaken. … Westermann) the statement that sheep have wool of a golden colour.

404

404 The Golden or Purple Ram in Italy … But in the meadows of himself the ram … Scarlet shall clothe the lambs what time they graze1. … In the folk-tale of Cupid and Psyche the second task imposed … that wood, all along the banks of the river that flows past, with its lower waters … midday has assuaged the heat of the sun, and the cattle have settled down to

405

The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus 405 … 'Atreus, son of Pelops and king of the Peloponnese, once vowed that he … the Alkmaionis*} an Argive epic probably written in the sixth … 5 The lamb was brought to Argos by Ant[ops?] {Alcmaeon. frag. 6) or Hermes (Eur.

406

4-o6 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … Over and o'er its body hangs the hair, … Its owner reigns—the whole line's fortune follows it. … a silver bowl or cup enriched with a gold lamb in the centre of it3. … Thyestes passed on to Agamemnon4.' For an olpe by the painter … Schneidewin's opinion that Tzetzes is importing into the story of Atreus a statement that

407

The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus 407 … A little further on he speaks of Thyestes' tomb as 'the Rams3' … Note that a ram's head was a frequent design on thrones, e.g. that of Zeus on the … Cp. the black sheep, male and female, slain into a pit by Odysseus for Teiresias etc.

408

4_o8 The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus … the ram at an altar burning before a high pedestalled statue of

409

The Cattle of the Sun 409 … In the myth of Atreus possession of the golden lamb and … 3 Diod. 4. 73. On the Argive identification of Apollon Kdrneios with Zeus see supra … Later rationalists explained away the golden lamb and the reversal of the sun's course

410

4io The Cattle of the Sun … Phaethousa and Lampetie, two nymphs, whom Neaira bore to the … forced this view5. But are we prepared to interpret in the same … 7 Pind. Isth. 5 (6). 32 f., schol. ad loc. On the myth of Alkyoneus with the cattle of … 10 T. W. Allen and E. E. Sikes The Homeric Hymns London 1904 p. 67. … 12 Hdt. 9. 93 f. and ap. Eustath. in Od. p. 1717, 45 f. Konon the mythographer, who

411

The Cattle of the Sun 411

412

412 The Golden Lamb in Epeiros … he died, he divided his substance among his sons. The two elder sons lived a … clever as he was handsome, bent on pursuing the quest. He went therefore to … The king promised to do so, and repaired with the lamb to his daughter. … 2 'Avoi^re rdprapa fj-dprapa rrj$ 777s ! For the phrase Tdprapa rrjs yrjs cp. A. Passow

413

The Golden Lamb in Epeiros 413 … When they had prattled away for three days together, the herdsman came … Cambridge 1910 p. 98. The same word Tdprapa survives in Rhodes as a name for

414

414 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … Despite the king's precautions, Zeus Despite the king's precautions, a young

415

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 415 … sacrificed at the altar of Zeus. But in the nick of time Herakles … 2 Schol. Pind. Pyth. 4. 288. For the MSS. Arj/xcjTiKTjP (A17ixotikt]v Gott.) A. Boeckh … the same version. Eudok. viol. 954 blends this with the Sophoclean form of the myth.

416

4i6 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … shot Learchos, while Ino flung herself and Melikertes with her into the sea. … left their shares and fled. Athamas settled there, called the land Athamantia … salian tribe, of whom Athamas was the eponymous king, had … is offered in sacrifice5. Tacitus adds that the neighbouring tribes

417

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 417 … But, without attempting to determine the ethnology of this … pare the way before him13. Clearly Zeus had his share in the … 14 Other deities involved are Ares, Hermes, and Poseidon. The fleece was hung on

418

4i 8 The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos … fered much at the hands of would-be rationalists. The only really … 1 Dionysios of Mytilene, an Alexandrine grammarian of the second century B.C., in … was captured by the Kolchoi, Krios was sacrificed to the gods, and his skin, in … W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards Cambridge 1892

419

The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos 419 … development of the myth. Thus the analogy between Helle, who … According to Hermippos ap. Hyg. loc. cit., the constellation is the ram that once led … the boiling of Pelops in a caldron. Again, ij Qeris els Xe^-qra vdaros ^eovra evefiaXe tovs

420

But, if the myth of the golden lamb and that of the golden ram … ap. schol. Ap. Rhod. 4. 816). Lastly, a dedication found at El-Btirdj below Kala'at- … irarpbs Ne\reipov, rod airodewdevTos \ ev tQ \£(3t)ti 5l ov at oprai ay (av\Tai, eTricrKoiros Travrwv … 3 Gilbert Gr. Golterl. p. 148 thinks that the fleeces were worn on the mountain in

421

right in holding further that the golden ram came to symbolise the … 4 Philochoros ap. Athen. 645 A, Methodios ap. et. mag. p. 95, 1 ff. The last-named … dides in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1905—1906 xii. 20 ff. fig. 6 describes and illustrates the

422

The Fleece of Zeus … wears the golden fleece belonging a bear2, is called Chitone or 'She … with a procession. The skins of Artemis with a mimicry of bears, … probable that the skin was carried round in procession6. This

423

The Fleece of Zeus … skin, though used in a variety of ceremonies, was in every case the … Krijcitf) Att. ra 8e Kio8ia rovrwv cpvXdaaovcn, At'a (5m J. E.. Harrison, Atos T. Gaisford) … statement [Proleg. Gk. Rel.2 p. 24) : ' this fleece was by no means confined to the ritual of … but we can and ought to derive it from Atos, the adjective meaning ' of or ' belonging to … 7 F. Lenormant in the Contemporary Review 1880 ii. 137.

424

The Fleece of Zeus … in the Hamilton collection (fig. 306)2 has a somewhat similar … his right knee and seems about to catch a mouse in the presence

425

The Fleece of Zeus … mysteries as a pair of pendant panels4. In one we have the assem- … 2 2a/3dfios was sometimes confused with the ntipios ~2aj3au)6 {supra p. 234 n. 4: see … 5 F. Hauser in the Rom. Mitth. 1910 xxv. 288 n. 1 cp. h. Dem. 195 f. irp'iv y ore §17 … 8 I figure the example in the Louvre no. 4154 after G. P. Campana Antiche opere in

426

The Fleece of Zeus … plastica Roma 1842 p. 70 ff. pi. 17, reversing his design in accordance with the photograph … Diet. Ant. i. 1070 fig. 1311 perpetuate Campana's error. The lower part of Kore belongs … 4 Here again the best specimen in terra-cotta, that of the Museo delle Terme no. 4357

427

The Fleece of Zeus 427 … together with certain Athenian reliefs, coins, etc. preserves the … E. Caetani-Lovatelli in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di Roma 1879 vii. 5 ff. =ead. … 7 J. N. Svoronos in the 'E(f>. 'Ap%. tgn pp. 39—-52.

428

428 The Significance of the Ram … x. The Significance of the Ram in the cults of Zeus.

429

The Significance of the Ram 429 … The curious statement that the ram sleeps on its left side from the autumnal to the … callidiora 18, Plin. nat. hist. 10. 51). The tomb of Lai's at Corinth was surmounted … Hence the ram was associated with the deities of generation, Hermes, Aphrodite, … Conclusive is the fact that the phallos itself is sometimes made to terminate in a ram's … et Pomp, viii Musee Secret p. 1976°. pi. 46) and a bronze statuette of the pantheistic … This combination of ram with snake in the cults of Zeus (supra, pp. 358 ff., 390 ft.,

430

43 o The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … both desirable and possible in dealing with Zeus and the bull to … 428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the … 3 O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples trans. F. B. Jevons London … 43 o The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … both desirable and possible in dealing with Zeus and the bull to … 428) is likewise appropriate to a fertilising god [supra p. 396 n. 1). S. Reinach in the … 3 O. Schrader Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples trans. F. B. Jevons London

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / I: The bull and the sun in Egypt

431

The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 431 … Evidence of their divinity is forthcoming even in the predynastic … did not deserve, being minded to annoy the Egyptians, brought

432

432 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … in his tail8. Various marks brought him into connexion with the … 592 f. Miiller) and G. Maspero The Passing of the Empires London 1900 p. 246 n. 5) … 6 For XevKov rerpayiopov of the MSS. we should read, with Stein, \evKov tl TpLywvov. … 7 For eirl de t% yXtbcra-rj Kavdapov of the MSS. we should read, with Jablonski and Stein, … tt]i> ovpav Kal tt)v yXQaaav. Larcher cites from schol. Ptolem. tetrabibl. p. 2 the statement … 5. 8 f. (cp. 10. 5) states that the Egyptians regarded Apis as aeXrivrjs p.ei> renvov, r/X/ou de

433

The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 433 … upon the lucky man in whose herd he had been born. Sacred … a gilded cabin and conveyed as a god to the precinct of Hephaistos … of a single block of stone. Here bulls, bred for the purpose, were … 8 Diod. 1. 85 opwctf avrbv at yvvalKes Kara irpbawirov larafxevai /cat detKvijov<fii> avaav- … 10 Strab. 807. A description of the court-yard built for Apis by Psammetichos is given

434

434 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … tradition said that she was always found and destroyed on the self- … called bridal-chambers: if he entered the one, it was a good sign ; … the mathematician ap. Plin. nat. hisf. 5. 55, Phiala was the source of the Nile. … is indecisive. On the Apis-tombs of the "Lapainov (Strab. 807) of Sakkara see A. Mariette

435

The Bull and the Sun in Egypt 435 … linen (byssos), from which fact the town of Bousiris was supposed … 2 Ail. de nat. an. 11. xo. The Apis-cult, like the Mnevis-cult, was founded by king … e Plout. de Is. et Os. 29, cp. ib. 20, 43. At Memphis Apis was regarded as the

436

436 The Bull and the Sun in Egypt … an image of the sun opposing the movement of the universe3.' … The expression (ib. 21) imago so/is in adversam nmndi partem nitentis is rightly explained

437

styled the "living soul of Ra,"...and the "bull of the Mountain of … The Egyptians worshipped a black bull called Ononphis at a … Now the Greeks at an early date came into contact with all … 10 See e.g. Plout. de Is. et Os. 35 with the judicious remarks of P. D. Scott-Moncrieff … styled the "living soul of Ra,"...and the "bull of the Mountain of … The Egyptians worshipped a black bull called Ononphis at a … Now the Greeks at an early date came into contact with all … 10 See e.g. Plout. de Is. et Os. 35 with the judicious remarks of P. D. Scott-Moncrieff

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / II: Zeus, Io, and Epaphos

438

the obscure and presumably non-Greek1 name Bdkchos was in fact … Apis. The Greeks named him Epaphos* and brought him into … Cho. Your goddess turned the woman to a cow. … 2 The loan would be facilitated not only by the bovine form of the god and his … 7 Hesych. fianxov KKavdfxbv. Qoivmes. Cp. the Hebrew bak{h)a, 'he wept.' But

439

Cho. Argus, the child of Earth,—whom Hermes slew. … King. 'Tis called the "breese" by neighbours of the Nile. … King. How then was named the heifer's birth divine ? … This version of-the myth involves a sort of thrust and parry- … amour. Hera, not yet vanquished, sets Argos Panoptes, the 'All- … old, indeed primitive, materials. And we are, for the moment, … from other sources. They may at least help towards the recon-

440

forming the latter into a white2 cow and swearing that he had … 3 Hence the belief that lovers might perjure themselves with impunity (Hes. frag. 5 … black-figured amphora at Munich (Sieveking—Hackl Vasen- … 279 f.), a green jasper of which a replica in paste was in the … 7 Two other birds were brought into connexion with the myth. (1) lynx the 'wry- … 2. 89) or decorated the tail of her peacock with his eyes (Ov. met. 1. 722 f.), or the … At the Argive Heraion Hadrian dedicated a peacock of gold and shining stones (Paus. 2.

441

then sent the gad-fly to drive the cow far away. The cow, after … the third century B.C., adorns the golden basket of his Europe with … Zeus, and whether the colour of the said cow was white or black or … painted to imitate the tail of a peacock (Frazer Pausanias iii. 169). Sir Charles Waldstein … with the hdrpe (Ov. met. 1. 7 r7 f., Lucan. 9. 663 f., Val. Flacc. 4. 390), or by putting out … (probably to suit the name Tu>). … then sent the gad-fly to drive the cow far away. The cow, after … the third century B.C., adorns the golden basket of his Europe with … Zeus, and whether the colour of the said cow was white or black or … painted to imitate the tail of a peacock (Frazer Pausanias iii. 169). Sir Charles Waldstein … with the hdrpe (Ov. met. 1. 7 r7 f., Lucan. 9. 663 f., Val. Flacc. 4. 390), or by putting out … (probably to suit the name Tu>).

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / III: Priests and priestesses with animal names

442

the god, or his worshippers1, or both, were 'cows.' Similarly … commemorates an 'Aurelia Epaphro, who was colt of the two … e.g. in Crete in the cult of the chthonian Zagreus and the Kouretes and in the service of … Berlin 1895 ii. 485. O. Kern, however, in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 1014 infers the … 3 T. Macridy ' Un hieron d'Artemis IIwXu> a Thasos' in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. … 7rcoXos as a priestess or attendant of the goddesses. … 6 See G. A. Gerhard in the Archivf. Rel. 1904 vii. 520—523. … 8 Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.2 no. 739, r 7 f- tWos, who dates the inscription between

443

who were initiated into the leontikd or ' leonine' mysteries of … evidence from inscriptions etc. and arranges the initiates from lowest to highest in the … attended by a corax, a Perses, a miles, and a leo : the first and the last of these wear … Paus. 10. T2. 10, schol. Soph. Trach. 172. But the evidence is far from conclusive. … UeXeiddas.. .Xeyovcrt... .aaai yvpaiKQv irpLoras k.t.X. ; and the scholiast on Sophokles prefixes … Kai xL^cao"rvy k.t.X., J. T. Wood Discoveries at Ephesus London 1877 Append. 4. 2 … 7 Hesych. s.v. p.eXiaaai- at tt)s Arjfj.r}Tpos fxvo-Tides, Kallim. h. Ap. nof. A??ot d' ou/c

444

444 Hera and the Cow … the Iliad—for the word is never found in the Odyssey—occurs the … that boopis as an epithet of Hera had come down to the epic … quoting from a commentary on Pindar written by Didymos, who lived in the second half … :i //. 18. 4o'AAt77 re j3ounris the Nereid. In the late Homeric hymn 31. 2 the mother … 4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5 … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X). … 444 Hera and the Cow … the Iliad—for the word is never found in the Odyssey—occurs the … that boopis as an epithet of Hera had come down to the epic … quoting from a commentary on Pindar written by Didymos, who lived in the second half … :i //. 18. 4o'AAt77 re j3ounris the Nereid. In the late Homeric hymn 31. 2 the mother … 4 I/. 3. 144 Klymene, 7. 10 Phylomedousa. On Polottls in the sense of 'large-eyed5 … 7 For the analogous case of deb, yXavnGnn.? 'Adrjvrj see infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii (X).

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IV: Hera and the cow

445

Hera and the Cow 445 … whom the hymn is raised9,' and Akrata, 'She who is worshipped … 1 W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'2 London 1907 p. 310, … 6 Plout. symp. 3. 9. 2 makes Eu/3ota the sole nurse of Hera, cp. et. mag. p. 388, 54 ff. … fluv. 18. 3 KeivTaL de iroXkoi (sc. stones like beryls, which turn black when the man holding … 10 Paus. 2. 24. 1 states that on the way up to the akropolis of Argos there was a

446

446 Hera and the Cow … sanctuary of Hera 'A/cpcua, cp. Hesych. s.v. 'A/c/n'a. On the cult of Hera 'AKpaia at and … 5 C. Waldstein The Argive Heraeum Boston and New York 1905 ii. 201 ff. pi. 75, … 8 Pind. 01. 7. 83 0 t ev"Apyei %a\/cos 'iyvw viv. The schol. vet. ad loc. 152 a explains

447

all the citizens1. Was it as devotees of Hera Argeia that the Coan … Further details concerning the Argive cult may be gathered … rbv aywva, ijroL on iax^pos eariv, rj on %aXKoui' ottXov to ZiraOXov and the passages cited … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two … the very statues mentioned by Herodotos. On them see further Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de … all the citizens1. Was it as devotees of Hera Argeia that the Coan … Further details concerning the Argive cult may be gathered … rbv aywva, ijroL on iax^pos eariv, rj on %aXKoui' ottXov to ZiraOXov and the passages cited … 4 The French excavators of Delphoi found to the west of the Athenian Treasury two … the very statues mentioned by Herodotos. On them see further Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / V: Kleobis and Biton

448

for her to go to the temple except on an ox-car1 drawn by white … anointed themselves with oil, and stooped their necks to the yoke6. … an antiquary of Argos10. It was to the effect that once, when the … Returning to the joint performance of the two brothers, we note

449

also at Berlin (fig. 316)2, differs from it in several points. The … but how the subject was treated we do not know. The only repre- … human and animal figures. In the centre stands the temple with … 5 H. Dlitschke ' Kleobis und Biton ' in the Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1883 vii. 15.3—167 pi. 2.

450

souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … by the author of the Platonic -Axiochos2, by Plutarch3, and by … relate the Story, that the two Brothers finding the Oxen did not draw the Chariot fast … 6 Unless priority can be claimed for the Telegonia of Eugammon (Epic. Gr.frag. i. 57 … souls of the two lads. On the right we see them reunited to their … by the author of the Platonic -Axiochos2, by Plutarch3, and by … relate the Story, that the two Brothers finding the Oxen did not draw the Chariot fast … 6 Unless priority can be claimed for the Telegonia of Eugammon (Epic. Gr.frag. i. 57

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VI: Trophonios and Agamedes

451

The Proitides … image with cow's horns at Samos4, her probable cult-title 'She who … 13 Is this the ultimate significance of Kleobis and Biton acting as oxen to draw the car … The Proitides … image with cow's horns at Samos4, her probable cult-title 'She who … 13 Is this the ultimate significance of Kleobis and Biton acting as oxen to draw the car

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VII: The Proitides

452

The Proitides … ' Melampous, the son of Amythaon, effected many miracles by means of his … The fields; yet none pursued so base a love … thinks that the Proitides contrasted their own beauty with the ugliness of Hera's … 6 edvov avrrjv tQv iarpeitiv KapTrcoadfievos. If the text is sound, eSvov is used incorrectly

453

offence Hera1 sent upon them the delusion that they were cows : … Here, then, is a further trace of the attendants or priestesses of … It is usually assumed without any attempt at proof that Io was … girls were the /36es of Hera just as Athenian girls were the apuroi of Artemis. … J. Scaliger's correction of the last word to ' Upas (ii> "Apyei "Upas Knaack) has won … €k tQiv irepi HLpvvda devdpwu oyx^V TtfJ-wv evureavov (so the MSS. : evuearov cj. Kaibel) … offence Hera1 sent upon them the delusion that they were cows : … Here, then, is a further trace of the attendants or priestesses of … It is usually assumed without any attempt at proof that Io was … girls were the /36es of Hera just as Athenian girls were the apuroi of Artemis. … J. Scaliger's correction of the last word to ' Upas (ii> "Apyei "Upas Knaack) has won … €k tQiv irepi HLpvvda devdpwu oyx^V TtfJ-wv evureavov (so the MSS. : evuearov cj. Kaibel)

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / VIII: Hera and Io

454

described in all our sources as the priestess of Hera, never as a … eavrovs 'Apyeioou Traides ev eoprrf tlvl ■naifavTes airoKakovuiv k.t.X. The same form of the … A. Frickenhaus in Tiryns i. 19 ff. follows Wilamowitz in restoring KaXXidvr) as the … 18, alib. See W. Drexler in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 439 ff., supra p. 237 n. 1 (where the … 4 The comparison is at least as old as Hdt. 2. 41. … 7 On the Hellenistic Zeus ' HAtos see supra p. 186 ff. Isis was to the Greeks, though … 'ApyeioL ixvo~tik.G>s to ovop.a rrjs aeXrjvrjs rb atrbupvcpov 'Ico \£yovaiv etos dpri. The same

455

connect both Io and Hera with the moon. L. Ross pointed to a … belief on three main grounds—the similarity subsisting between … in the seventh century B.C. oriental influence transformed the … und Romer ii) Leipzig 1875, and in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2075, 2087 ff. The unsatis- … Maximus irepi Karapx&v 50 Keparjs ravpibirLbos and 509 TavpQnris avaaaa of the moon. … In Loukian. philops. 14 the moon brought down by magic appears first in the form of a

456

or riding on a steer1, or at least drawn in a chariot by white steers … 6V.2 no. 291, [3 7/7r6Ais rj'Apyeiwv | xpv<r(? aT€(P<^vV I Kai 8eco(p)odoKLa rod | Aids rod Ne/meiov … s Schol. Pind. Nem. p. 425 Boeckh. Zeus and Nemea appear together on the … 6 Hes. theog. 328 f. yovvoiaiv Karhaaae Ne/te«?s, irrj/ui' avdp&irois. The line was

457

Anaxagoras told the same tale1, and others followed suit2, so that … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … their god conceived as in bovine form or ministered to the wor- … Mt Opheltion. He tore and slew a shepherd of the district named Apaisantos. Hence … ei're 'ZeXrjvrj tis XeyotTo et're TLepae^burj ; G. Dindorf prints 2ejxeXr], the emendation of … <rcpaXX6[xevoL 8cbpoi<ji xopoifiaveos 'Io[3aKxov. That the l6f3aKxoi acted the part of 'I6(3<xkxos, … Anaxagoras told the same tale1, and others followed suit2, so that … The ancient systematisers of mythology recognized a variety of … their god conceived as in bovine form or ministered to the wor- … Mt Opheltion. He tore and slew a shepherd of the district named Apaisantos. Hence … ei're 'ZeXrjvrj tis XeyotTo et're TLepae^burj ; G. Dindorf prints 2ejxeXr], the emendation of … <rcpaXX6[xevoL 8cbpoi<ji xopoifiaveos 'Io[3aKxov. That the l6f3aKxoi acted the part of 'I6(3<xkxos,

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / IX: Zeus and Argos

458

mentions a priestly personage called the boukolikos1. His name … that may be, we are, I think, justified in inferring, from the analogy … seen that his name Argos 'the Glittering' is comparable with that … withstood and killed a Satyr, who was oppressing the Arcadians … off, by waiting till she fell asleep; and, lastly, he avenged the … 2 See S. Wide in the Ath. Mitth. 1894 xix. 249, Svoronos Ath. Natioualmus. … k\}j€t avdas, | ilo Bclkxcu, i'w Bct/c^cu, derives the name from the initial exclamation. And … 8 Argos introduced agriculture into the Argive land: he sent for wheat from Libye … or some one else, sent Argos to Libye and Sicily for the wheat that grew there unrecognised,

459

Argos was not, like Zeus, a bull, at least he wore a bull's hide. … 3 Miss J. E. Harrison in the Class. Ken. 1893 vii. 76, after H. D. Midler Mythologie … that Argos was the god, but that the god Argos arose out of the worshipper.' … other vases he wears other hides, the artistic being less conservative than the literary

461

eyed," Zeus, the AchaeansV This I take to mean that the Achaeans … 2 W. Vollgraff in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1909 xxxiii. 445 f. … Kai '^eAios 6s iravT e^opq.s,' supposing that the first quotation is the Euripidean tag parodied

462

that he interprets the title of Zeus Panoptes in a solar sense. … white cow12, it was perhaps because ' in Euboia almost all the cattle … 15 On the relation of the Euboean to the Argive myth see Gruppe Gr, Myth. Rel.

463

Coins of Euboia from the earliest times exhibit a variety of … 2 Prof. W. Ridgeway The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards … 6 Head Hist, num.2 p. 357 : 'The Bull or Cow is possibly connected with the cult of

464

464 The Myth of Pasiphae … x. The Myth of Pasiphae. . … her off across the sea to Crete, … reared the lads, how they, when they were full-grown, quarrelled … but was prevented. However, he asserted that he had received the kingdom … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm … 464 The Myth of Pasiphae … x. The Myth of Pasiphae. . … her off across the sea to Crete, … reared the lads, how they, when they were full-grown, quarrelled … but was prevented. However, he asserted that he had received the kingdom … 5 A wall-painting in a room of the Casa dei Vettii at Pompeii (Herrmann Denkm

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / X: The myth of Pasiphae

465

The Myth of Pasiphae 465 … accepted at least in part by De Ridder loc. cit., must rest upon the assumed connexion

466

466 The Myth of Pasiphae … therefore, with Sir Cecil Smith and others (T. Panofka in the Arch. Zeit. 1837 Anz.

467

The Bull and the Sun in Crete 467 … to take it as chief of his herd. The story goes that Pasi- … dedicated by Eurystheus to Hera. But Hera, loathing the gift because it … Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. 522 fig. 79. The coin has been thought to represent … The Bull and the Sun in Crete 467 … to take it as chief of his herd. The story goes that Pasi- … dedicated by Eurystheus to Hera. But Hera, loathing the gift because it … Harrison Myth. Mon. Anc. Ath. p. 522 fig. 79. The coin has been thought to represent

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XI: The bull and the sun in Crete

468

468 The Bull and the Sun in Crete … Phrygia, won a wrestling-match arranged by the king, and received … The cow went before him to the hill of the Phrygian Ate and there … 6 Apollod. 1. 9. 26. The editors print 6 TdXws, but the name was also accented … pi. 23)? On the Cretan Zeus as a sort of Adonis see supra p. i 57 n. 3.

469

The Cow and the Moon in Crete 469 … and on the spot where it lay down founded the city of Thebes ; but … for him everywhere and consulted the oracles about the right way to find him. … Trap' avrois (the Phrygians) yewpyLnbv fBovv &7roKTeLvy 77 (TKedos tu>v irepl yewpyiav KXeipy, … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … Rel. p. 816 n. 5). Glaukos' pursuit of the 'fly' … The Cow and the Moon in Crete 469 … and on the spot where it lay down founded the city of Thebes ; but … for him everywhere and consulted the oracles about the right way to find him. … Trap' avrois (the Phrygians) yewpyLnbv fBovv &7roKTeLvy 77 (TKedos tu>v irepl yewpyiav KXeipy, … 4 Cp. the /3ov(p6via at Athens (infra ch. ii § 9 (h) ii), the sacrifice of a calf dressed in … The first part of the story implies the custom of preserving the dead in honey … Rel. p. 816 n. 5). Glaukos' pursuit of the 'fly'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XII: The cow and the moon in Crete

470

47o The Cow and the Moon in Crete … ' Glaukos, son of Minos and Pasiphae, while playing at ball, fell into a big … to the oracle, began to enquire of his people what this portent might be. They … therefore, called his augurs together to explain the portent. When they were … bears him out4), the task set to test the powers of the seer was, not … 3 The text is uncertain. M. Schmidt prints: qui cum non invenirent, Polyidus

471

The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna 471 … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … 2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65, id. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1892 xvi. 254, Mon. d. Inst. … hazards the suggestion that we should read oIkigtt}v and explain it of an eponymous … Soping a comparison with the first element in Carthago and the story of the bull's hide … ovtw &e\<pol iSiws iK&\ovp). Dedications to the Kouretes as guardians of kine (Kw/jt/cu … The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna 471 … isle; but the coloration is here a matter of Ionian technique, not of … 2me Serie Paris 1901 p. 65, id. in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1892 xvi. 254, Mon. d. Inst. … hazards the suggestion that we should read oIkigtt}v and explain it of an eponymous … Soping a comparison with the first element in Carthago and the story of the bull's hide … ovtw &e\<pol iSiws iK&\ovp). Dedications to the Kouretes as guardians of kine (Kw/jt/cu

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIII: The sacred cattle of Gortyna

472

The Labyrinth at Knossos … evergreen oak or following the Gortynian cows3. … xiv. The Labyrinth at Knossos. … (i. 215 Bekker)) place the Cretan Labyrinth at Gortyna. … 10 H. R. Hall 'The Two Labyrinths' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905 xxv. 328. … more successful, and at a depth of from 20 to 25 feet recovered the upper parts of half a … besides many fragmentary wall-sculptures, including one which shows the king seated … Prof. J. L. Myres in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 134—136 has a restoration of the … The Labyrinth at Knossos … evergreen oak or following the Gortynian cows3. … xiv. The Labyrinth at Knossos. … (i. 215 Bekker)) place the Cretan Labyrinth at Gortyna. … 10 H. R. Hall 'The Two Labyrinths' in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905 xxv. 328. … more successful, and at a depth of from 20 to 25 feet recovered the upper parts of half a … besides many fragmentary wall-sculptures, including one which shows the king seated … Prof. J. L. Myres in Ann. Arch. Anthr. 1910 iii. 134—136 has a restoration of the

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIV: The labyrinth of Knossos

473

The Labyrinth at Knossos 473 … palaces as there were formerly nomes,' and states that the nomes … interpretations are put upon the construction of this edifice.

474

474 The Labyrinth at Knossos … 1 Diod. 1. 61, 1. 97, Plin. not. hist. 36. 84—86. The earliest writer that speaks of … 2 (1) Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. inf. no. E 84 a kylix from Vulci, of which the … Madrid p. rroff. no. 196 pis. 25—28 a kylix signed by the artist Aison, first published

475

The Labyrinth at Knossos 475 … pi. 3, a fragmentary skyphos from the Persian dibris showing Theseus beside the

476

The Labyrinth at Knossos … The same result is reached on Cretan soil. Coins of Knossos … two fragments of a skyphos showing (obverse) Theseus beside the Labyrinth and another … 3 O. Benndorf in the Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. Classe

477

The Labyrinth at Knossos 477 … the other hand, the swastika apart from its incuse corners (figs. 339, … 1 Cp. Roman mosaics, which represent the slaying of the Minotaur within a large … '2 A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1901—1902 viii. 103.

478

478 The Labyrinth at Knossos … Cretan art presuppose the swastika as the earliest ascertainable … is something like a consensus in favour of the view that it was a … 5 This suggestion was first made by Sir Arthur Evans in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath.

479

The Labyrinth at Knossos 479 … flights of steps or seats (18 on the east, 6 decreasing to 3 on the … A. E. Haigh The Attic Theatre*1 Oxford 1898 p. 137. … 3 I have here combined a plan of the ' Theatral Area' (based on that of A. J. Evans

480

480 The Labyrinth at Knossos … analogies between the Cretan Labyrinth and the ordinary Attic … in 1194 A.D., tells his old friend the prior of Hildesheim how … 2 On the TeTpaywvos %op6s of tragic, comic, and satyric plays, and its relation to the … 3 Diels in Pallat De fabula Ariadnaea Berolini 1891 interprets the clew as a rope-

Plate 29

The swastika-mosaic in the theatre at Athens.

481

The Labyrinth at Knossos 481 … The scholiast explains that Theseus, having escaped from the … in it meant to recall the windings of the Labyrinth. Lucian too … 2 Sir Arthur Evans loc. cit. p. 111 concludes 'that this first of theatres, the Stepped … 5 Eustath. in II. p. 1166, 17 ff. 6 Soph. At. 700. … fiwixbv eyeipo/j.evov KidapLcrfiov \ kijkXiov (hpxwavTo k.t.X. On the kratdr of Klitias and

482

482 The Labyrinth at Knossos … I have elsewhere (Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History oj … back are three cranes visible against the foliage of the willow. The inscription above is … the three sculptured faces show (a) Mercurius with caduceus, purse, etc. and his consort … tween the feet of Mercurius. Beneath runs the incomplete inscription

483

The Labyrinth at Knossos 483 … Ascanius and his Trojans3. This tradition, if sound, points to the … would be comparable with the Minotaur10, while the swastika be- … Miss Harrison in a letter to me dated June 14, 1912 makes the interesting suggestion … Here at least is a bona fide piece of folk-lore. … 10 The Cretan bull, ab initio a fertilising agent, would readily become a bovine river- … Prof. R. C Bosanquet draws my attention to the fact that in the temple of Apollon

484

4.84 The Labyrinth at Knossos … Finally the Labyrinth was taken over … One of the state robes of the Christian emperors prior to the ninth … where Hirt's cj. Samiits for codd. Lemnius certainly suits the clause : architecti fecere … see Durm Baukunst d. Etrusk!1 p. 140 ff.), were all buildings and merely attest the fact … 3 F. Prevost in the Rev. Arch. 1847—1848 ii. 664, 800 ff. pi. 78.

485

The Labyrinth at Knossos 485 … of grey and white marble, decorates the middle of the nave in … propalare. I am indebted for this and for several of the following references to a … 2 J. Durand in Didron Annales Archeologiques Paris 1857 xvii. 124^ with pi. The

486

486 The Labyrinth at Knossos … served a penitential purpose. One at Alkborough in Lincolnshire, … 2 E.g. there is one inside the west door of Ely cathedral; but it is of quite recent

487

The Labyrinth at Knossos 487 … 'At the maze (called there mazles) at Comberton, in Cambridgeshire, it has … was in danger of extinction ; but I have repeatedly seen the school- … 3 T. Wright The History and Topography of the County of Essex London 1835

488

4.88 The Labyrinth at Knossos … some 18 metres wide at Wisby on the island of Gothland (fig. 352)6 … Lapland the same custom obtains, though here the name most in … 2 A. H. Allcroft Earthwork of England London 1908 p. 602 n. 2. On the variants … 5 On Hallands Vadero, an island in the Kattegat, a maze of stones is called … along a trade-route (cp. the map in R. Forrer Keltische Numismatik der Rhein- mid

489

The Labyrinth at Knossos 489 … It would seem then that in Great Britain, Scandinavia, the north- … 4 Thus far at least we may frankly accept Dr Krause's results, without necessarily … p. 41 ff.) that the whole story of the Trojan War presupposes this northern myth, with … These speculations, which are set forth with much learning and ingenuity, are for the

490

The Minotaur … rinths occur. Hence we infer that in southern Europe the rustic … Further, it can hardly be accidental that the distribution of … In conclusion, it is clear that the Labyrinth, once the orchestra … will be admitted that in the chain connecting them hardly a link … In view of these results it would seem highly probable that the … designed to illustrate the distribution of Dolmens, and probable lines of the migrations of … The Minotaur … rinths occur. Hence we infer that in southern Europe the rustic … Further, it can hardly be accidental that the distribution of … In conclusion, it is clear that the Labyrinth, once the orchestra … will be admitted that in the chain connecting them hardly a link … In view of these results it would seem highly probable that the … designed to illustrate the distribution of Dolmens, and probable lines of the migrations of

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XV: The Minotaur

491

The Minotaur … how often with the decay of old faiths the serious rites and pageants of grown … 1 In 1890 Miss J. E. Harrison wrote : ' It seems possible that the man-bull form of … p. cxxvii). This view I supported and sought to strengthen in the Jonm. Hell. Stud. … 4 Frazer Golden Botigh?: The Dying God p. 77, cp. id.3 The Magic Art i. 312.

492

The Minotaur … leans upon a staff. A figure better adapted to express the solar … former as 'dark with roses2'; Timachidas, of the latter as made

493

The Minotaur … 2 Paus. 2. 31. 1. Rufin. recognit. 10. 21 makes Asterion the son of Iupiter by Idea … Enc. ii. 1785, J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115.

494

494 The Minotaur … Baumeister Denkm. iii. 1789 fig. 1873, A. S. Murray Designs from Greek Vases in the … Walters in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Vases iii. 73 notes: ' the mask of the Minotaur is edged

495

The Minotaur 4.95 … As to the Minotaur-dance, we have already seen that Cretan … J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115 connects the star, often found … no. 730), E. Pernice in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1897 xii. 29 fig. 21.

496

The Minotaur … dances. It is also noteworthy that a black-figured lekythos at … terror into others.' The researches of Messieurs Maspero and … misses it as ' a mere ^etiological myth to explain the Odyssean story of Proteus.'

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVI: The “minoan “ bullfights

497

Few features of the 'Minoan' civilisation are more striking … by A. Reichel1. This careful investigator thinks that the sport … of bull-baiting is found in the Thessalian taurokathdpsia4-. The … 1 A. Reichel 'Die Stierspiele in der kretisch-mykenischen Cultur' in the Ath. Mitth. … 4 The literary and monumental evidence of the TavpoK<xda\pt.a is collected by J. Baunack … bull by the horns, and rev. a bridled and … Thessaly etc. p. 25 ff. pis. 4, 12 f., 5, 1—4). Since a fourth-century drachm of the same

498

the Thessalian sport, in which the hunter is mounted and the bull … the cult with which it was connected or the meaning that attached … sume that the Cretan bull-sports stood … 3 Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 80 f. Farnell Cults of Gk. States iv. 25 : 'We have the evidence

499

represents an athlete in the act of turning his somersault over … In any case it seems probable that the religious value of the … have come from Priene, where we have already found the Labyrinth-pattern occurring … 4 A. Furtwangler in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 2201. Cp. Theseus and the Marathonian … Europe as holding the horn are collected by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit.

500

I think, afforded by a lenticular sardonyx found at Orvieto … of strength4. Any one who grasps the bull's … the marvellous realism of palaeolithic art6. The man is an archer … Religionen' in the Archivf. Rel. 1912 xv. 451 ff.

501

gymnasts treating the agrimi or Cretan wild-goat in the self-same … nourished Zeus as an infant in Crete, Amaltheia being either the … 6 The vase will be included in the forthcoming Catalogue by my friend Mr E. M. W.

502

dainties contained in the cornu copiae of Zeus. Pherekydes, the … the power of providing whatever one liked to eat or drink without stint or effort1.' … Paris 1811 pi. 125, 467, Reinach Rip. Vases ii. 327, 2) are inadequate. Behind the throne … A later version made the horn of plenty that which Herakles broke off from the … 3 For the transference of quality from the horns to that which touches them cp. the … 4 Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1425 n. 4 collects the evidence and adds a brief biblio- … 6 Mithras in the great Mithraic myth rides the bull, grasping it by the horns, to

Plate 31

TSeW-krater at Deepdene: Herakles in Olympos taking fruit

503

in contact with the bull by methods resembling those of the … 'There is here a sanctuary of Dionysos, and in winter a festival is held, at … which had a grove and temple of Plouton and … fig. 9, Head Hist, num? p. 888. The obverse of this coin has a bearded male head, … black-figured pinax from Marathon (Ath. Mitth. 1882 vii. 400 pi. 3f, Farnell op. at. v. 245 … Maenad and Silenos on either hand), a black-figured psykter at Deepdene (Dionysos … ; 4 Other examples of the title are collected by O. Hofer in Roscher Lex. ]\Iyth. iii.

504

ends his account of the cult as follows : … of the original) is linked to the bull's horn … by the halter a humped bull, which goes … UXovrodoTTi k.t.X. See O. Hofer in the Jahrb.f. Philol. u. Pcidag. 1894 cxlix. 262 and … the type as 'Herdsman (Eurytion?) driving bull into cavern'—a very improbable

505

clothing on a pillar in the gymnasium, are about to hoist the bull

506

would probably have called the men keratesseis or keraelkeh1. They … fusion. A red-figured vase at Saint Petersburg (fig. 369)2 shows … Sir Arthur Evans in his pioneer-work (1901) on the ' Mycenaean … the ritual horns, which in ' Minoan' cult-scenes are set in various … 2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg i. 385 f. no. 884 and in the Compte-rendic … would probably have called the men keratesseis or keraelkeh1. They … fusion. A red-figured vase at Saint Petersburg (fig. 369)2 shows … Sir Arthur Evans in his pioneer-work (1901) on the ' Mycenaean … the ritual horns, which in ' Minoan' cult-scenes are set in various … 2 Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg i. 385 f. no. 884 and in the Compte-rendic

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVII: Ritual horns

507

conventionalised article of ritual furniture derived from the actual … 2 R. Paribeni 'Corni di consecrazione nella prima eta del ferro europea' in the … A. Mosso The Datvn of Mediterranean civilisation London 1910 pp. 343—345 .

508

the Cretan type of horned altar (fig. 371)1 with one found at Oficio … It appears, then, that ritual horns were used at an early date, … find outlying regions that have not been repeatedly swept by the … red baked clay with horns painted white and remains of a metal tenon beneath, found at

509

brother photographed at Sheik Agoit's, not far from Bor, which … photographed in the Tain villages near Bor (figs. 375, 376). The … erection is, he says, a form of shrine known as buor made for the

510

the Dinka, is called after him ; his companions, who were for the most part his

511

area. Of course in classical times, though the term ' horned altar' … Thus the ritual horns of ' Minoan' art (fig. 37/)2 were stylised … fiwfibv tol Kepaovxov edeL/xaro rdvde 'SeXevKos. There may be a special point in the epithet … Coins give him the horn of a bull (B?'it. Mus. Cat. Coins Seleucid Kings of Syria p. 3 … Cp. the Thes. Ling. Lat. iv. 971, 7 ff. … 3 Detail of 'Dipylon' vase from the site of the Kynosarges gymnasium at Athens

512

writes: ' The temptation is strong to see in the table and triangle a horned altar, but the … by Ch. Tsountas At irpoiaTopiKcil aicpoiroXeis Aifxyviov /cat 2e<r/c\oi; Athens 1908 p. 222 ff. … 2 Detail of black-figured pyxis-lid or kylix-hd found at Cuma in 1908 (E. Gabrici in … p. 517 f. no. 3223, Mon. d. Inst, ii pi. 43, E. Braun in the Ann. d. Inst. 1837 ix. 198 ff.,

513

architectural akroteria. The climax of magnificence is reached in … the old usage. The keraton at Delos … Plutarch, from left horns9 or from right horns only10. Again, the … 6 From a red-figured kylix by Hieron at Berlin (Wien. Vorlegebl. A pi. 4). … Cp. the single horns of stone found in a neolithic pillar-precinct at Terlizzi in Apulia

514

The closest parallel to the Dinka bull-shrine is, however, to be … into the sixteenth century2. The fullest account of it is given by … pitched rags, and he is laid on a heap of thyme. The door and … The buried bull or bull-shrine, if we may so describe it, was in

515

thereby himself filled with the life of the divine beast. Moreover, … The foregoing method of … the Egyptian Book of the Dead … forms me that at Deir el … Serv. ad loc. rogabant enim deos ararum ansas tenentes. For other examples see the … 5 Mr H. R. Hall points out to me that Mr Somers Clarke {Proceedings of the Society

516

To the same cvcle of ideas belongs the Mithraic sacrifice of … 1 Figs- 389 and 390 are the front and back of a Mithraic altar-piece found in 1826 in … Fig- 389 = Front. (a) In a recess representing the cave Mithras slays the bull, … the cave are the twelve signs of the zodiac, from Aries to Pisces, (c) In the spandrels

517

shows four scenes separated by three cypresses : Mithras appearing out of the foliage of

518

reconstructed from his monuments1—was bidden by the raven, … advancing to seize the branches of a bush, of which the lower part is seen. … a pole. To right and left of the bull are two children in oriental dress and Phrygian … iron pivots. Hence the absence of decoration on the back of the frame. … 5' at fiiXiaaai. /cat i/a>xat 5' et's yeveaw lovcrai fiovyeveis, /cat /BovkX6ttos debs 6 ttjv

519

W. Robertson Smith1 long since pointed out that in the Semitic … inexact transcripts, had with the utmost acumen divined the true … 1 W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'1 London 1907 p. 205. … 4 H. C. Butler in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1900 iv. 434 b, W. K. Prentice ib. 1902 vi. … 7 So too G. Hoffmann in the Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie xi. 246, E. Littmann ap. … 8 So too E. Littmann ap. W. K. Prentice toe. cit. p. 118, M. Lidzbarski in the

520

Djebel Shekh Berekdt is a place called Burdj Bdkirhd, situated at … is rightly emphasised by W. Robertson Smith Lectures on the Religion of the Semites'1 … Among artificially-shaped stones we may notice several types—-the pillar, the pyramid, … at Tarentum in very early times (infra ch. ii § 3 (a) ii (5)). Cp. also an Apulian bell- … Zeus 2,Topiraos (A. S. Arvanitopoullos in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1906 p. 63 f. fig., K. A.

521

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … inscribed ZEY£|| □ O £ E I | A A N || A A M [A] | T H P in lettering of the first … (L. Stephani Parerga archaeologica St Petersburg 1851—1876 no. 18, F. Wieseler in the … bolt Herakles, who stands before him greedily eating the fruit that he ought to be … p. 39 pi. v (Apulian vase in Soane Museum), p. 39 f. fig. n (Campanian vase at Dresden), … Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 521 … inscribed ZEY£|| □ O £ E I | A A N || A A M [A] | T H P in lettering of the first … (L. Stephani Parerga archaeologica St Petersburg 1851—1876 no. 18, F. Wieseler in the … bolt Herakles, who stands before him greedily eating the fruit that he ought to be … p. 39 pi. v (Apulian vase in Soane Museum), p. 39 f. fig. n (Campanian vase at Dresden),

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XVIII: The marriage of the sun and the moon in Crete

522

522 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the daughter of Amyklas when fleeing from the embraces of Apollon … Fortunately for our understanding of the facts Pausanias, an … This is in all probability the truth of the matter. The statues of … 4 The manuscript reading Ylacpi-qs.. .Iia<pLy] was corrected by Camerarius to ILao-Mpdrjs... … 8 This view, which I put forward in the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 412, was adopted in

523

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 523 … decorated chamber of the royal palace at Sais, its head and neck … the splendid silver cow's head with golden horns and a gold-plated … 5 B. Staes Hepl ttjs xPV(Te0JS MvKrjvaiKUP rivwv koctfx-q/j.6,tuv in the 'E0. 'A/3%. 1907

524

524 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … regarded as moon-goddesses—the former through the influence of … 4 Frazer Golden Boughz: The Dying God p. 73. … this scholar went off on a wrong track, when he detected at Dodona the cult of a … Dr L. R. Farnell likewise concludes that Europe was 'the Cretan earth-goddess'

525

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 525 … are burnt on the Midsummer bonfire4. It is therefore noteworthy … concealed in the wreath, which was later regarded as the relic of a dead heroine. … 5 The schol. Pind. 01. 13. 56 gives various atria for the Hellotia of Athena Hellotis.

526

526 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … 1 Of many possible illustrations (listed by L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pet. … one, the ~Emope-hylix at Munich (Jahn Vasensamml. Miinchen p. 63 no. 208). This … Europa p. 44 f. pi. 7, Overbeck op. cit. p. 428 ff. Atlas pi. 6, 19). Since his day the vase … around and a worshipper kneeling on either side of her (W. H. Ward in the Am. Journ.

Plate 32

on a white-ground kylix at Munich.

527

Marriage of the Sim and Moon in Crete 527 … Zetis, ev Kvirpy, quot capita tot sententiae: see J. Alberti and M. Schmidt on the … Zevs) stands alone. Whether it preserves an older form of the myth, or is due to the … months' chase he was about to seize her, she plunged from a height into the sea; and, … Professor of Botany at Athens, who states that 'les feuilles des arbres...qui sont les … Mr Svoronos' view is attractive. In the Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 404 f. I accepted it … with places remote from Gortyna and was never consummated in a marriage-union at all.

528

528 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … being nowhere mentioned by any classical author, {c) Well-preserved specimens of the … regarded the tree as an ancient willow. In such a matter the opinion of an experienced

529

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 529 … Doubtless the local die-sinker knew what he was about, and … grow in damp marshy soil1 and probably flourished side by side at … 4 Supra p. 112 n. 3. Another account stated that Zeus was reared by the daughters … "Aparos • at£ leprj, tt]v fiiv re \6yos Ail p.a£bv ctt l<xxe^v ' ^rt\^Y« 5£ Kai otl

530

530 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … According to Hyg. fab. 139, Amaltheia as nurse of the infant Zeus in Crete hung his … tung.' In addition to the amphora at St Petersburg and … in 1. a vase, r. hand on breast; on L, approaching her out of the water, forepart of a bull; … Possibly the flower-basket of Europe was derived from a custom … 91 BOS. The word 9IB0S has been taken for a dialect form of

531

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 531 … conjecture that the very name ^Europe or Eiiropeia was a cult-title … p. 467). But the name occurs nowhere else, and no other magistrate ever inscribed … 1 A red-figured amphora of archaising style from the Campana collection, now at … 3 The nameQ3u/)a>7r?7 has been regarded by recent writers (1) as Pelasgian and there- … its real origin, was at one time understood or misunderstood by the Greeks as the

532

532 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the great bird with a glorious spread of wings is in full possession … The reverse of every coin shows the divine bull now moving across … 3 In my collection. Svoronos op. cit. i. 164 pi. 14, 3 (Loebbecke) is from the same dies. … 6 From a specimen in the McClean collection at Cambridge. … be conjectured that the famous olcrrpos (Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 266) was but Zeus in the … 12 Ants, bees, butterflies etc. were often regarded as the soul in insect form (Gruppe

533

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 533 … Fast-bound. For still the Colchians may not burn … An equal share with sky, for in the earth … Eurymedusae) filio), he may have become a fly in Crete. He would thus have been the … H. von Fritze op. cit. ii. 514 holds that, since inscriptions of Ilion mention 17 pods, the

534

534 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … the matter thus: 'In addition to the use of the genitive and the adjective, there is a rare … ('Kdrjvalwv 6 8yjp.os) is an undoubted instance of the use of the nominative in place of the … According to F. Solmsen in the Indogermanische Forschungen 1912 xxx. 31 ff., … 8 Mr W. Wroth, with whom I once had the advantage of discussing these coins,

535

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 535 … smooth Doric pillar, on the top of which stands another goddess in … 348 pi. 36, 8) at Tralleis attached to 'scenes in certain religious mysteries connected with … 1 Infra ch. i § 7 (d). Another version made Zeus consort with Antiope in the form … p. 542 n. 1) : see F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, a"Arch. Num. 1908

536

536 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete

537

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 537 … 10 W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verwandtes Leipzig 1890 pp. 95, 128ft and in the

538

538 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … reaches Phoinike7 and is identified with Astarte. The most im- … zu meiner Schrift iiber Selene und Verzvandtes Leipzig 1895 p. 32 f., and in the Lex. … the right. The types are so interpreted by W. H. Roscher Uber Selene und Verzvandtes' … who rejects the combinations of Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 251 ff.

539

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 539 … ' Tauros king" of Crete attacked the city of Tyre and, … Again, Phoenician and lunar elements are discernible in the … 'Boiotia used to be called Aonia from the Aones, who dwelt there. Its name … consult the god. The god bade him trouble no more about Europe but take as … 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Phoenicia p. cvii f. and p. 316 Index. I figure the reverse … 3 K. Hoeck Kreta Gottingen 1823 i. 93, 96 interprets the crescent-shaped veil of … 5 On the connexion of Europe with Kadmos see O. Crusius in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii.

540

54-0 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … 2 Paus. 9. 12. 1. Two Egyptising altars of Roman date, formerly in the Towneley … A relief in a tomb of the Roman period at Kom el Chougafa shows the Pharaoh offering … 5 Nonn. Dion. 4. 293 ff. is another attempt to hitch the supposed oracle into verse.

541

Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete 541 … Such as thou canst not miss. When first the horn … and to the Boeotian mountain Thourion2, is connected by Prof, von … of the mountain-mother5, whose name probably … of Kouretes as nurse of the infant Zeus (fig. 412)7. Here, as … 2 Flout, v. SulL 17 Qup yap 01 Qoiviices ttjv fiovv nakovcn. This is much nearer the … tor, Hebrew sor, which point to an original Semitic form tauru : the word appears to … H. Usener Gotternamen Bonn 1896 p. 41 f. observes that AUrvvva is the feminine form

542

542 Marriage of the Sun and Moon in Crete … (fig. 413)5. There can be little doubt that the die-sinker has … t) "KprepLLS. In Delos the festival of Britomartis followed immediately upon that of … 5 Drawn from a specimen in my collection. The only other specimen of this fine coin

543

Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 543 … dyadov • irapa tovto 5e iivLcpdeyfxa wvofxacrdca tt\v debv. Zeus is here apparently the … (cp. H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1868 xxiii. 342 and in his Gbtternamen Bonn 1896 … Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 543 … dyadov • irapa tovto 5e iivLcpdeyfxa wvofxacrdca tt\v debv. Zeus is here apparently the … (cp. H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1868 xxiii. 342 and in his Gbtternamen Bonn 1896

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XIX: Zeus and the Bovine figures of cretan mythology

544

544 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth … 307, Verg. culex 15, Solin. 11. 19) was derived from the Titaness Asteria or Asterie, … 46) and the Phoenician Herakles (Eudoxos of Knidos ap. Athen. 392 D, Cic. de nat. deor. … protr. 4. 49. 3 p. 312, 15 Stahlin. Cp. the statements that Pasiphaa, daughter of Atlas, … Caes. Germ. Araleap. 395, 24 ff. Eyssenhardt. See further L. Stephani in the Compte- … 9 The circle of rays surrounding the bull [supra p. 472 fig. 328) and Europe [supra

545

Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 545 … later the Zeus of Gortyna took on a solar complexion. If Europe … 3 That Zeus at Gortyna was a rain-god appears from Kallim. frag. ioof no. 37 - … neipcevov yevedXiois, | epya'^opcevov /3acrt\ets /cat OTep.p.aT-r)(popovvTas. \ tov 'AcrTepiov Tocyapovv

546

546 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth … with Europe, bestowed her upon the Cretan king Asterion* or

547

Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth 547 … 5 A fish-plate found at Elteghen in 1879 (L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu … pi. 32, 21 on which Zeus wears a himdtion and an eagle is added in the field.

548

548 Zeus and the Bull in Cretan Myth … elephants (fig. 418)3, in each case encircled by the same seven stars. … identifying them with the septem triones8, the 'seven stars' par … 4 Head Hist. num.x p. 384 'perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes.' … 7 J. N. Svoronos in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1894 xviii. 115 f. … 9 Gundel in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2858 ff., who attributes the connexion to

549

The Bull and the Sun in Syria 549 … The bull appears as a sacred animal in connexion with the … This was the case with Adad or Hadad, * king of the gods3' and … Others took the constellation to be Pasiphae's bull or the Marathonian bull (schol. Arat. … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 ff., M. Jastrow The Religion of Baby- … The Bull and the Sun in Syria 549 … The bull appears as a sacred animal in connexion with the … This was the case with Adad or Hadad, * king of the gods3' and … Others took the constellation to be Pasiphae's bull or the Marathonian bull (schol. Arat. … 4 Mar-Tu, the ideographic form of Amurru. See further A. T. Clay Amurru, the … R. Dussaud in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 2157 ff., M. Jastrow The Religion of Baby-

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XX: The bull and the sun in Syria

550

550 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Adados4.' The cult was now strengthened by the addition of the … The worship of Adad continued to spread westward, but from … 7 A. Hauvette-Besnault in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1882 vi. 487.

551

to Rome. In the grove of Furrina on the east side of the Ianiculum … Siscia7 in Pannonia, from the Latovici on the borders of Venetia8,

552

552 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … from saying, since it has nothing to do with the matter in hand. But that this … thunderbolt and corn-ears in its left—attributes which all indicate the combined … inscriptions the first three probably came from the sanctuary on the Ianiculum {supra … politan. j et Nemauso (on the left of this stone is the relief described and figured infra

553

sealed, and sent off, with nothing written on it. The priests, ignorant of the … I will explain what the Assyrians believe concerning the power of the sun. … It might be inferred from Macrobius' account that the deities … 3 Opinions are divided as to the value of this interpretation (W. Drexler ib. i. 1987 f., … 5 Bundles of rays resembling wings start from the shoulders of various Assyrian deities,

554

554 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Ba'albek, the seat of this remarkable cult, has seen many changes. … glimpses. In 297 A.D. Gelasinos the mime2 was suddenly con- … A. von Domaszewski in the Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 1897 xvi Korrespondenzblatt p. 172 … v. s. s. 1. m., P. Perdrizet in the Comptes rendus de FAcad, des inscr. et belles-lettres 1901 … 2 On the ugly connotation of the words /u^os, jXLjxds in the Hellenistic east see … this custom consult E. S. Hartland ' Concerning the rite at the temple of Mylitta' in the

555

dosios finally demolished2 the great temple of Zeus and built … subject to Arab rule till 1517, when the Turks gained possession of … 2 It had been already overthrown by earthquakes (O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. … Various attempts have been made to connect the word BaAa^t'ov with the name Balal … we have here the Greek fiaXavetov, which appears in Syriac as balana (cp. S. A. Cook … 5 Michael the Syrian trans. J. B. Chabot ii. 262 f., cited by R. Dussaud Notes de … in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 99—101, id. Fiihrer durch die

556

556 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Immediately behind the Propylaion lies a hexagonal court, once … 2 See especially R. Pococke A description of the East, and some other countries … 3 O. Puchstein in the /ahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 133—160 with … 4 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 88 f., id. Fiihrer … O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 154 n. 11. Id. ib. 1902 … 6 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1901 xvi. 139 f., id. Fiihrer

558

558 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … tree seen through the central gate-way of the Propylaion5. If that … (cp. infra fig. 427) rather than a cypress-tree. The god within held … the same legend. Cp. F. De Saulcy Numismatique de la terre sainte Paris 1874 pp. 12 f., … MH. Ib. p. 14 Otacilia, with the same legend. … 5 The tree is described as a cypress by Rasche Lex. Num. iv. 93, Suppl. ii. 1344 f., … Cypress-trees are not often associated with Zeus. But the temple of Zeus Ne'meios at

559

Beyond the hexagon was a large square court'2 with Corinthian … baldachin presumably covering a fountain-statue. The whole court, … yaarpiois Bast) /ecu tovs (pvrevdfrras KTjirovs 'Abwveiovs irpoaayopeueiv. The 'Aypovrjpos rj

560

560 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … unfluted Corinthian columns. Ten of these were visible at either

561

south still carry their entablature (fig. 424)1. The nads itself, except … a very broad pteron or ambulatory. The whole building is shown … 1 O. Puchstein & T. von Liipke op. cit. pi. 17. In the background appears the snow- … Ib. p. 291 Iulia Domna, 293 Philippus Senior, with the same legend.

562

562 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … moulding was never completed. On this rested the main face of … 1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 91 ff., id. Fuhre? … 2 Fig. 428 is reproduced from a drawing by D. Krencker in the fahrb. d. kais. deutsch.

563

and, as R. Wood pointed out2, earned for the temple that towered … alike seem to have argued that, the greater the god, the more … and breadth, and gives details as to the method of quarrying. The big stone, which … 5 On colossal statues etc. as a means of literally ' magnifying' the god see Folk-Lore

564

564 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … it is a peripteral temple with eight Corinthian columns on the … at the west end of the building. Nine steps led up to the chancel, … (fig. 432)3, it used to be assumed that this was the temple of Zeus,

565

the larger building being then regarded as that of Helios. But the … at an altar: of these persons one carries a roll of carpet, another a … (ib. no. 4475, 1 9eG> Batro%eixei) was the Grecised form of the Baal worshipped at

566

566 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … covered with shrubs rises a large temple with a flight of many steps … 6 Another possible explanation of the type would be to say that the die-sinker, in

567

Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull 567 … (/3) Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull. … Of these copies the more important may be passed in review7. … relief representing a god erect between two bulls (fig. 435)8. The … 2 RascheZ^r. Num. iv. 93 (cp. Suppl. ii. 1345) assumes that it is a temple of Hermes. … 5 Supra p. 554. This association perhaps has some bearing on the remarkable title … du Jupiter Heliopolitanus ' in the Comptes rendus de I'Acad.des iuscr. et belles-lettres 1901

568

568 The Bull and the Sun in Syria

569

lupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull 569 … in 1752 in the basin of the … Nemausus2. The latter god is … below it. The compartments of V1--■---:-----J … 1 Another limestone stele from the same district repeats this design (S. Ronzevalle … solvit {supra p. 552 n. 2) in letters belonging to the end of the second century. Cp. the … 3 Height of stile o-9om. F. Lenormant in the Gaz. Arch. 1876 ii. 78 ff. pi. 21

570

570 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … to light at Marseille in 1838 and is now in the Musee Calvet at … 1 O. Puchstein in the Jahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst. 1902 xvii. 102 f. fig., id.

571

Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull 571 … Real-Enc. ii. 2834 f., vii. 1174, infra n. 2) ; and that the lower part of the relief closely … Malakbel (R. Dussaud in the Rev. Arch. 1903 i. 374 = id. Notes de mythologie syrienne … the fourn. Hell. Stud. 1911 xxxi. 59 pi. 3, 8 has recognised … the lion's head with a ball, often radiate, emerging from its ^' ^

572

572 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … A bronze in the Joanneum at Graz (fig. 440)3 has the kdlathos … Religions Paris 1912 iv. 402—420 discusses the statue of an empress (?) as Isis or Isis

573

Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull 573 … of six or seven petals apiece. And on either side of the sheath is a

574

574 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … his chin is a short tenon for the attachment of a false beard. The … belonged to J. Loeytved of Beirut and is now in the Berlin collection (C. Clermont-

575

Iupiter Heliopolitanus and the Bull 575 … lion-heads. The sides of the figure are … porting or surrounding the solar disk.

576

576 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … 2 This was the view of W. Gurlitt loc. cit. p. 125 n. 9 and of F. Studniczka in the … no. 219: head turned slightly to left, and tufts of hair between the horns forming a sort … I figure a cylinder of sapphirine chalcedony from the ruins of Babylon, now in the

577

Adad or Ramman and the Bull 577 … was sometimes at least conceived as a bull6. … had come to be identified with the planet Venus. Adad—to … 4 My friend the Rev. Dr C. H. W. Johns kindly tells me that the association of … 6 I. Scheftelowitz 'Das Hornermotiv in den Religionen' in the Archiv f. Ret. 1912

578

578 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … into prominence, till in the Graeco-Roman period he was worshipped … says Dr Jastrow, 'the sun and lightning are regarded as correlated … rays caught in the clouds (Aristot. meteor. 2. 9. 369 b 12 f.) : see E. Zeller A Histof-y of

579

Adad or Ramman and the Bull 579 … man,' according to G. Maspero, 'embraced within him the elements … The same group of ideas—storm-god, sun-god, fertilising bull— … in the Beitrdge zur Assyrialogie Leipzig 1894 ii. 416 f. See also A. Jeremias Die baby-

580

580 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Endowed with strength, lord of the harvest lands ! … the opening words "the Bull to his sanctuary," where the bull … London 1911 pp. 18 ff., 67 ff. (after A. T. Clay 'Ellil, the god of Nippur' in The … 5 H. C. Rawlinson A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia

581

Adad or Ramman and the Bull 581 … statue of Adad, has been found near his temple at Ashur5. And … A. Dieterich9 supposed that this ascent of the mountain was a … 3 1 Kings 12. 28 ff. See further the learned dissertation of S. Bochart Hierozoicon … ipivwdep I vw^iBep depiroo^i." The cabalistic formula with which this extract ends is found

582

582 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Hierapolis by Seleukos Nikator, the founder of the Syrian dynasty3. … 1 Here are seated the cult-statues, to wit Hera and Zeus, whom they call by … Hebrew and Syriac, in a letter to me dated Nov. 21, 1911, hit upon the same solution, … 5 Loukian. de dea Syr. 14, Plin. nat. hist. 5. 81. Derketo is the Syrian Tar'ata, an … 8 Loukian. op. cit. 1. The author of the de dea Syria throughout speaks of the goddess … /xrjKos, though the editors of Lucian take it to mean v\pos, and certainly ib. 30 it bears the

583

Zeus (Adad) at Hierapolis 583 … at her, will be found to exhibit a variety of forms. The general effect is certainly … its name (the "lamp"-stone) from its nature3. By night there shines from it a … opposite and look at it, it looks at you ; as you shift your ground, its look … Deukalion, others again to Semiramis ; for on the top of it there is perched … tu iiovvqv TTjv Ovpavi-qv koctfxeovat. So I would restore the passage, which, as printed by … 3 On this stone see further E. Babelon loc. cit. p. 1465. It was found in the Indian

584

584 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … as at Heliopolis5, the partner of Atargatis was Adad identified with … comes out clearly in connexion with their oracular practices. The … Semiramis and all the kings of Assyria had the dove as their military standard—a doubtful … associated with Semiramis for two reasons. On the one hand, Semiramis was assimilated … tympanum in her right; and seated on a throne with a lion couching at either side of it … her right hand, a tympanum in her left, and seated on the back of a lion {Brit. Mus. Cat. … 6 This is the thesis of J. Garstang op. cit. pp. viii, n f., 17 n. 49, 27, 70 n. 43 .

585

Zeus (Adad) at Hierapolis 585 … 'When he is minded to deliver an oracle, he first stirs in his seat, and the … round in every direction and leaping from one to another. At last the chief- … This image of Apollon in the nave must be carefully dis- … The right hand holds erect a spear, and on it stands a small statuette of Victory.

586

586 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Beneath all is an eagle (fig. 448)4. The same … holding two wolves by the fore-legs and standing on an omphalos, which is sometimes … he has in common with the Zeus of Heliopolis and the Zeus of Hierapolis. … J. Garstang The Syrian Goddess London 19 [3 pp. 22 ff., 70 f. Frontisp. fig. 1 and

587

Zeus (Adad) at Hierapolis 587 … 4 See now J. Garstang The Syrian Goddess London 1913 pp. 23 ff., 73 n. 45, who … 6 Ib. pp. liv, 138 pi. 17,8 (struck in the time of Antoninus Pius).

588

588 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Several fragments of them remain on the east side, especially at the east gate ; … to 'Bambouch4.' . After describing the walls, gates, water-channel, … 4 R. Pococke A Description of the East, and Some other Countries London 1745 ii- 1.

589

Zeus (Adad) at Hierapolis 589 … in the report of his great expedition : within the city he noticed— … 'As a result of the Circassian occupation almost all the standing remains of … 4 Dr Hogarth notes further a much defaced limestone lion near the south-east angle

590

5go Zeus (Adad) at Dion, Rhosos, etc. … stands erect with a couple of humped bulls recumbent at his feet. … of Rhosos on the Gulf of Issos likewise represents a horned deity, … silver tetradrachm of Antiochos xii, now in the Dresden cabinet, … are extended, and the left holds a two-leaved ear of corn (fig. 452)5. … (F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschr. 1901 p. 13 f.) is the Zeus of Heliopolis {supra … A€IHN](jON I CEH (in the year 268 of the Pompeian era = 204 a.d.), Brit. Mas. … 4 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1898 xviii. 170 n. 9, citing A. L. Millin

591

(£) Characteristics of the Syrian Zeus (Adad). … 2 According to Loukian. de dea Syr. 17 ff., the temple at Hierapolis was rebuilt by … her madness. But she still loved him and enjoyed his company. Meantime the king … version (Prudent, peristeph. 10. 196 ff.), unmanned himself to escape the embraces of … and spends seven days on the top. Most persons say that he associates up there with the

592

592 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … figure cylinders of enamelled terra cotta, c. -50111 high, found at Erzingian and thought … as a bird, Semiramis again, Kombabos, Stratonike, Alexander, Sardanapallos. In the … the altar: more than 300 of them come to the sacrifice. All wear white garments and a

593

Akin to the Syrian Adad, though not identical with him, … A dead eunuch is buried in a peculiar fashion. His comrades carry him out to the … Another sacrifice is performed thus: they wreathe the victims and cast them alive from

594

594 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … duplicate of the first: id. ib. Berlin 1906 p. 19 f.), E. J. Davis ' On a New Hamathite

595

seen at Ivriz, where a singularly fertile glen runs far into the … which is carved before the face of the god, Professors Sayce and Jensen both find

596

596 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … a variable symbol—a pomegranate-flower, a bull's head, the fore- … the same deity enthroned with a lotos-sceptre and grouped in various … 2 For the coinage of Mazaios etc. I follow the classification recently proposed by

597

of Babylon under Alexander the Great, 331—328 B.C.1, Bctal-tars … In the third century B.C. he was known at Tarsos as Zeus … Among the commonest types of the later copper coins of Tarsos is that of Zeus … 4 Another Cilician god, Olymbros, who passed as being the brother of Sandas (Steph. … Gr. Sic. It. no. 991 a small marble stele found on the / … accessible cave on the mountain behind Anazarbos {Ana- J … And the debs Karaift&rrjs is coupled with Persephone in an inscription on the ' tomb of … the Rev. Arch. 1856 xiii. 361—370 pi. 290 f.). Other Zeus-types occur on the coinage

598

598 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … veiled and turreted); and it would seem reasonable to conclude that on the akropolis … See further A. von Domaszewski 'Zeus '0\u/3pios' in the Num. Zeitschr.ign pp. 10—12. … copiae in his left, on a base at Berlin which probably dates … 'Uber das Relief mit der Inschrift C. I. L. vi. 426 ' in the Sitzungsber. d. Akad. d. IViss, … in right, on an engraved gem at St Petersburg (L. Stephani in the Compte-rendu St. Pit. … 2 If Sandas at Ivriz had corn-ears, grapes and a plough {supra p. 594 f.), Zeus had

599

On the right stands Datames himself in chiton and himdtion raising … Ana must be the name of the naked god, and attempts have been … that ' I am Datames' would have been the normal commencement … onwards (figs. 462—46s)5 bears a much closer resemblance to the … 1 I have to thank my friend Mr N. McLean, Lecturer in Aramaic to the University … Aramaic no such use of a sonant n as would justify the transcription Tadnmti (Head … 2. 413 ff., G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc. p. lxxx, Head Hist. … Phenicie Paris 1846 p. 20, viz. that Sardanapalos represented by the Greek artist as an … 6 In the rock-carvings of Iasily Kaya near Boghaz-Keui the Hittite son-god stands on

600

6oo The Bull and the Sun in Syria … thus differs widely from the Grecised representation of him as … Certain coins struck at Tarsos by the Seleucid kings of Syria … (figs. 465, 466)6. This erection has been thought to represent the … d'une bete ' in the Revue de Part ancien et moderne 1910 p. 419, H. G. Spearing The … double-axe in his left, while a short dagger hangs by his belt (J. Garstang The Land … 5 I take this gesture to be expressive of power. In the Old Testament a ' stretched … the pyre' etc.). Mr G. F. Hill in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia, etc.

601

Dion Chrysostomos, the only author who mentions this pyre, does … —be they heroes or gods—often visit the states that they have founded, though … Dr Frazer has conjectured that ' at this festival, as at the festival … p. lxxxvi speaks with more reserve ('either a permanent monument, or the pyre' etc.). … to a proof, that a practice of burning a deity, and especially Melcarth, in effigy or in the … the McClean collection.

602

bo2 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … exhibit on the pyramid a symbol resembling the three-petalled … 2 For the pyre of Zeus Strdtios as shown on coins of Amaseia see the Class. Rev. 1904 … p. 717. The attribution of these anepigraphic coins is doubtful. Most numismatists now … p. 96 pi. 16, 3, Anson Num. Gr. v pi. 4, 122, Head Hist, num.'1 p. 717. Cp. the plant-

603

The significance of the pyramid as a cult-object is uncertain. … Cat. Coins ii. 58 r no. 3), which is perhaps equivalent to the type of Mount Argaios on … Auravdav was a false reading for ~2dv8av due to dittography (AI = the AI of yvwplfcaOai). … 6 Corp. inscr. Gr. iii no. 4538 (a rock-cut inscription from the grotto of Pah at … 8 H. Usener in the Strena Helbigiana Lipsiae 1900 p. 315 ff., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel.

604

604 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … into the Graeco-Roman age. He seems to have been originally … 1840 ii. 490, 634) to W. Wright {The Empire of the Hitiites2 London 1886 pp. 181, 186 … 8 The most complete monograph on Iupiter Dolichenus is A. H. Kan De Iovis … pi. 29, 9—11, J. Garstang The Land of the Hitiites London 1910 p. 214 pi. 65 f. with

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the father-deity has at his side a bull1, which as his alter ego wears … the same high head-dress as he does. On a Hittite cylinder at … et en Occident Paris 1847 pi. 35, 2, H. Winckler in the Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen

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606 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … accompanied by the divine attendant (sukallu) stands before the god, who carries a … 2 So H. Prinz in the Ath. Mitth. 1910 xxxv. 169 n. 2 {supra p. 526 n. 2).

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the wind. … under the influence of Iulia Domna, his Syrian wife. Caracalla,

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608 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … and decorated the whole chapel2. On the Aventine too there was … In accordance with a behest of Iupiter Dolichenus, Best and Greatest, the … 3 The Notitia regionum urbis xiv (written between 334 and 357 a.d.) and the Curio- … ti Cp. W. Larfeld Handbuch der griechischen Epigraphik Leipzig 1907 i. 436 ff. The

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well-loved brother, and the safety of the priests, the candidates, and the … M. Aurelius Oenopio Onesimus {by the sign of Acacius) notary, and Septimius … place j and Aurelms Severus the veteran, curator of the temple; and Aurelius … To Iupiter Doliche7itis, Best and Greatest, the Eternal, and to the Sun, the … 2 An inscription on a statue of Apollo, now at Charlottenhof near Potsdam but doubt- … = Wilmanns Ex. inscr. Lat. no. 92, i=Dessau Inscr. Lat. set. no. 4318). The title

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6io The Bull and the Sun in Syria … etc. Probably Dessau no. 4320, like Dessau no. 4319, came from the Dolocemim on the … 3 O. Marucchi in the Bull. Comm. Arch. Comun. di Roma 1886 p. 136 ff. pi. 5, … sace[rd(os)] | Iovis Dolich[eni] | v. s. 1. 1. [m.]. The inscription was found in the Castra

611

DolicJienus, Best and Greatest,' and of ' Iuno the Queen' respec- … a device already familiar to us4 he is shown standing on the back of … This type occurs sometimes in the round5. For example, about … sua d. d. Since Iuno Regina had a temple of her own on the Aventine (H. Jordan—

612

612 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … How such statuettes were erected and what was the general … presumably the M. Aur. Apollinaris, a decurio of Mursella, who dedicated two altars,

614

614 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … Best and Greatest^: the most perfect … Iupiter, who stands as usual on his bull (fig. 484)3. The statue (H),

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his right hand uplifts a double-axe; his left holds the remains of a … The national museum at Pesth possesses a pair, which either

616

616 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … club and Minerva with her helmet and lance. Above the main … Budapest 1873 p. 11 f. pi. 5, whence it is reproduced by A. von Domaszewski in the

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to it, in a separate panel as before, are busts of the Sun with a … temple, to either side of which is a legionary standard surmounted … one uplifts his right hand ; the other holds in it a flower-shaped … a palm-branch in her left hand. But the statement appears to be a … globe or disk in his left. This god stood originally behind the … G. Loeschcke 'Bemerkungen zu den Weihgeschenken an Juppiter Dolichenus' in the … unknown origin now at Vienna, which shows a bearded god wearing a kdlathos and

618

618 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … edges of the front-plate2, exhibits a crescent, containing a horned … R. Munsterberg he. eit. p. 231 f. pi. 7 (the best publication).

619

the foregoing, was found in 1895 on the Roman frontier at Aalen … twisted tines, each of which is tipped with an arrow-head. The … Seidl's illustration being inexact (Wernicke loc. cit. p. 54 n.), I have reproduced the

620

620 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … rest busts of the Moon and the Sun : the former wears a crescent; … lost6. The back of this plate too is decorated with a raised rib7. … in Campania have for their reverse type the forepart of a man-headed bull, on the … 2 Cp. e.g. the many varieties of Bronze-Age daggers, swords, spear-heads etc.

621

the half-worked barbs of the first Heddernheim plate, the raised … sheathed with bronze. And we have already surmised that the

622

622 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … nation of frailty with force. We note, however, that the lilies— … This belief, probably indigenous in the Mediterranean area, … 3 The Muses, mountain-deities {supra p. 104 n. 2), are KpLvo<XTe<pavoL (Auson. epist. … 7 Perrot—Chipiez Hist, de r Art vi. 783 pi. 19, 5, Sir A. J. Evans in the Ann. Brit. … 10 Paus. 5. 22. 5. The manuscripts in general read eTrlneiTai bk avrco /cat eVt rfj … The Due de Luynes in the Nouv. Ann. 1836 i. 391 compared the Talleyrand Zeus of

623

thunderbolt in his left, and a wreath of lilies on his head1. The … to the south of the grave-precinct at Mykenai a goddess seated on … the Louvre {Arch. Zeit. 1875 xxxii pi. 9), whose diadem is composed of palmettes … pi. 2, 20, ii. 9f., Sir A.J. Evans in the Journ. Hell. Stud. 1901 xxi. 107 f. fig. 4 (en- … TaXXia. at%tioi> ydp irore ffvfxiraaav ItprjT7]v Karaaxovros, et's erepovs rbirovs dTrtp/dfovTO, … Another Cretan virgin that suddenly vanished was Britomartis, who escaped the

624

624 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … 1 For a critical review of the evidence see e.g. Farnell Cults of Gk. States i. 181 ff., … The coins of Elis mentioned in notes 3 and 4 must be studied in connexion with the … Miinztaf. 2, 6 ff. and 14 ff., id. Gr. Tlastik4 i. 509 ff., P. Gardner in the Num. Chron. … argues well in support of the view that the aarepiuv was, like the darepiov of Krateuas, … loc, Paus. 9. 25. 2, Diod. 4. 9. See also the painting by Jacopo Robusti il Tintoretto … 11. 730, 2), and that by Peter Paul Rubens designed in 1637 for the Torre de la Parada

625

it as the flower of the planet Zeus. For example, Konstantinos … Its surface, as do flowers in the fields1. … The globe of Aphrodite had the glint … Thus many-coloured was the sky's robe seen. … The golden Helios was a crimson rose3; … Such was the flower-bed that adorned the sky; … And flowers pied the flashing of the stars4. … in the infinite meadows of heaven, | Blossomed the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the … figured a terra-cotta disk, which represents the head of Helios emerging from the petals … 'Ep/j.rjs %dX/cy /cat ipvdpoddvu}, ^eXy}vr] 8e va\cp /cat vapKLcrcrui. The interlinear glosses

626

626 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … the customs and cults of the Roman Empire. In particular, there … derived from his temple at Heddernheim, have been published by … etz>at tov re cLdrjpov /cat tov '^jp/xrjv tt\v irefATTTijv "Apeos tt\v e/e tov KpdfiaTos dvw/xaXov re … includes the vegetables, minerals, and animals appropriate to the seven planets. Of

627

K. Zangemeister and E. Gerhard. Of these, three are in the Gold … plates already described3. The same design comes out yet more

628

628 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … shoulder. At his feet is an eagle … these medallions the upper two are connected with the temple. … the plate with the help of Mr F. H. Marshall, I made out a few more letters, viz. (a) on

629

metals—a fact which leads us to remark on the frequency of the

630

630 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … modus)2 and no less than sixteen other persons of the same gentile … Several dedications append to the name of this deity the … est Valerii, Papirii. Quint, inst. or. 11. 2. 31 also alludes to the origin of the name. … (Ital. *ausoni) to the root *aues-, ' to shine,' seen in aurora etc. (Walde op. cit. p. 57). … p. 57 no. 60 (Pfiinz: a bronze tablet found near the camp of the first cohort of the

631

and implies chalybeate springs is insufficiently supported by the … A clue to the meaning of the words is, I venture to think, … iron6. Whether he was justified in thus identifying the Chalybes … Timotheos too at the court of Archelaos sang of 'earth-born … apytipov ecrri yeve6\r]. On the ancient variants e£ 'AXotttjs, it, 'AX6/3t?s, e£ 'AXvfiwv, e/c

632

632 The Bull and the Sun in Syria … 3 Terrestrial iron perhaps stood in some relation to celestial iron. H. R. Hall The … 5 Aristot. mir. ausc. 26. The Chalybes seem to be connected with gold as well as … Wissowa Real-Enc. vii. 1954), it is possible that we should assume another island of the

633

The Significance of the Bull 633 … Hel(iopolitano)—a cult-title known to occur at Carnuntum {Corp. inscr. Lat. iii Suppl. … altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in- … = t£ Hdveiri (?) tx dvearaae Sw/cu5t?s. Mr H. B. Walters suggests that the deity may be … 10 Talds, 'the Sun' {supra p. 468 n. 7), becomes Zeus Talaios or Tallaios {infra … The Significance of the Bull 633 … Hel(iopolitano)—a cult-title known to occur at Carnuntum {Corp. inscr. Lat. iii Suppl. … altar from Carvoran {supra p. 552 n. 3), used as a trough in a stable at Thirl wall, perhaps … 5 Supra p. 435 n. 6. A bronze statuette of Apis from a Greek site in the Delta is in- … = t£ Hdveiri (?) tx dvearaae Sw/cu5t?s. Mr H. B. Walters suggests that the deity may be … 10 Talds, 'the Sun' {supra p. 468 n. 7), becomes Zeus Talaios or Tallaios {infra

Chapter I: Zeus as god of the bright sky / § 6: Zeus in relation to the Sun / (g): The sun and the bull / XXI: The significance of the bull in the cults of Zeus

634