Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 1): Zeus god of the bright sky (Cambridge, 1914)

Conclusions

it may be, or Persephone1, or Nemesis2. Sometimes she has lapsed
from the position of an earth-goddess or a vegetation-goddess into
that of a heroine—Semele3, or Europe4. But everywhere and
always, either patent or latent, the earth-mother is there as the
necessary correlative and consort of the sky-father.

Finally, the union of the sky-father with the earth-mother did
not remain unfruitful. In the Dorian states the twin sons of
Tynddreos, the ' Shatterer V were aptly affiliated to Zeus, and at
least as early as the seventh century B.C.6 were renamed the Dios-
kouroi7. But in the region occupied by the ancient Thraco-
Phrygian stock Zeus begat a son in his own image, Dionysos the
god of animal and vegetable life8, whose worship little by little
spread through the whole of Greece and everywhere inspired
fresh triumphs of religion, literature, and art. Not once, nor twice,
but many times in our survey of the Mediterranean lands—in the
Archipelago9,at Kyrene10, in Magna Graecia11, in Crete12,at Bdalbekvi,
and elsewhere—we have had occasion to notice the younger god
side by side with the older god, of whom he was in a sense the
second self.

The sky-god, the earth-goddess, and their offspring the life of
the world are thus already before us; but as yet in imperfect
outline. The more definite and detailed account of their inter-
relations we must reserve for another volume.

1 Supra pp. 392—399. 2 Supra pp. 272—285.

3 Supra pp. 155, 457 n. 5, 682 n. 1, 733, cp. schol. B //. 24. 615.

4 Stipra pp. 524—541.

5 H. Usener in the RJiein. Mus. 1898 liii. 340 ff. { — id. Kleine Schriften Leipzig—
Berlin 1913 iv. 270 f.), E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 1088, Walde Lat.
etym. Worterb. p. 642 s.v. 'tundo.'

6 Supra p. 142 n. 12. 7 Wide Lakon. JCulte p. 317 ff., E. Bethe loc. cit.
8 Supra pp. 390—400. 9 Supra p. 371 f.

10 Supra pp. 371—376. 11 Supra p. 372.

12 Supra pp. 644 ff., 708 ff. 13 Supra pp. 564—566.