Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Ianus and Iupiter on coins 331

(77) Ianus and Iupiter on coins.

It is, moreover, borne out by numismatic evidence. The Roman
as from c. 338 B.C. onwards1, both in its original form as a pound of
bronze (figs. 216—218)2 and in its subsequent reductions (figs. 219—
230)3, had for obverse design the head of Ianus, while the corre-
sponding semis, both early (figs. 231, 232)4 and late (figs. 233—236)5,
had that of Iupiter. Similarly in the Romano-Campanian series of
the half-century c. 290 to c. 240 B.C. silver didrachms (figs. 237—
239)6 and drachms, struck at Capua (?) in the name of Rome7,
showed a beardless head of Ianus on the obverse, and on the
reverse Iupiter with thunderbolt and sceptre in a four-horse chariot
driven by Victory. Thus within and without Rome itself Ianus was
associated with Iupiter as senior with junior deity.

J. J. Scaliger cj. promerito, F. Lindemann cj. promeritoni, E. Bahrens cj. promedion
(=promelion)) praecipuum, praeter caeleros meritum aut promedium, hoc est participat
(E. Thewrewk de Ponor cj. participatum, J. J. Scaliger cj. participem, C. O. Miiller cj.
pro fiopicp hoc est particula); ut (aut cod. W.) pro indiviso dicimus. I take promerios to
be cognate with the Greek irpbfj.os and the Umbrian promum ( = Latin primum) : for the
suffix cp. G. Goetz Corpus glossariorum Latinorum Lipsiae 1888 ii. 124, 34 Luctrius,
levs, and such names as Numerius, Valerius.

Mr J. Whatmough, whom I consulted on the matter, proposes leu as vocative
(dieu>Ieu>Iou>Iu-piter) and would be rid of rhotacism. On this showing the original
(corrupted in Varro's text by Grecism and rhotacism) might have run :

io, leu Loidosie, io.

omnia vera da patula, Camese.

Ianos Ian es; duenos Ceros es,

cluenos Ianos,

vel vetesom promesios recom.

1 See now H. A. Grueber in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i p. xix ff.

2 Fig. 216 is from a specimen in my collection (weight 265-35 grammes). Figs. 217
and 218 are from specimens in the Fitzwilliam Museum (weights 256*75 and 25575 grammes
respectively).

3 Fig. 2i9 = E. J. Haeberlin Aes grave Frankfurt a. M. 1910 p. 105 Tafelband pi.
43, 7 (weight 134-98 grammes). Fig. 220 = Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i. 17 pi. 10, 2
(weight io6-594 grammes). Fig. 221 is from a specimen in the Fitzwilliam Museum
(weight 76*15 grammes). Fig. 222 = Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i. 18 pi. 10, 3
(weight 67 "456 grammes). Figs. 223—230 are from specimens of mine (weights 53'15,
35-8, 18-36, 12-66, 1-1*64, 8-13 and 11-75, 12*69 grammes).

4 Fig. 231 is from a specimen of mine (weight 139-65 grammes). Fig. 232 is from one
in the Fitzwilliam Museum (weight 112'9 grammes).

5 Figs. 233—236 are from specimens in my collection (weights 17-76, 16-14, 7'42> 3*4
grammes). Cp. Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. i. u8 pi. 10, 4 (weight 45*877 grammes),
id. i. 31 pi. 12, 10 (weight 20-412 grammes), id. i. 54 pi. 16, 3 (weight 14-645 grammes),
id. i. 96 pi. 22, 4 (weight 10-692 grammes), id. i. 152 pi. 28, 7 (weight 7-841 grammes),
id. i. 300 pi. 37, 9 (weight 6-221 grammes).

6 Figs. 237—239 are from specimens in my collection (weights 6*51, 6-15, 5*98
grammes).

7 H. A. Grueber in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Rom. Coins Rep. ii. 116 ff. See also G. F.
Hill Historical Roman Coins London 1909 pp. 25, 35.