DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14696#0480
Artemis and the Oak
of the goddess, and so settled at Miletos1. We need not attach
back to the first or second century B.C.; for it occurs on an Ephesian amulet of terra cotta
in the Museum at Syracuse (L. Stephani ' Ueberein Ephesisches Amulett' in the Melanges
gre'co-romains tires dn Bulletin historico-philologique de P Academie Impiriale des Sciences
de St.-Pe'tersbourg St.-Petersbourg 1855 i. 1—5 with pi. =my fig. 314. The inscription,
plausibly described by Stephani as 'E<^<rta ypa.fxfj.ara (collected by C. Wessely Ephesia
Grammata aus Papyrusrollen, Inschriften, Gemmen etc. Wien 1886 pp. 1—38 and by R.
Heim ' Incantamenta magica graeca latina' in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. Suppl. 1893 xix.
525(1. See also E. Kuhnert in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2771 ff., Ltibker Reallex.8
p. 332), is in part deciphered by C. F. Graefe, who (ap. Stephani loc. cit. p. 4 n.*) would
read the first words as A'TEA/I •t'AOS lEPON, i.e. "Apre/xi, (paos lepbv, and the last as
airapxr}. The original, of which this is a blundered copy, appears to have been a hexa-
meter invocation beginning with "Apre/xi, (puis iepbv, and ending with some such phrase as
&afxvafxevr)i 5exov 0eoaX/ce' (?) a.7rapxvv)- Again, the breasts of the goddess were multiplied
at some date prior to the period 159—133 B.C. (B. V. Head On the chronological sequence
of the coins of Ephesus London 1880 p. 63 pi. 4, 11, Brit. A/us. Cat. Coins Ionia p. 63
no. 144, D. G. Hogarth op. cit. p. 323) to emphasise her nutrient motherhood (cp. Eolk-
Lore KJ04 xv. 282). I cannot, however, agree with Mr D. G. Hogarth (op. cit. p. 3236°.)
that the whole type current in Roman times was descended from that of the rrbrvia d-qpQiv,
whose curled wings became successively heart-shaped, piriform, oval, circular, and whose
lions, degraded into meaningless lines, were finally duplicated as attendant stags.
The cult-statue at Ephesos, attributed to Endoios (c. 550 B.C.), was said to be of ebony
or, according to one witness, of vine-wood (Plin. uat. hist. 16. 2 [3 de simulacro ipso
deae ambigitur. ceteri ex hebeno esse tradunt, Mucianus iii cos. ex iis, qui proxime viso
eo scripsere, vitigineum et numquam mutatum septies restitute templo, hanc materiam
elegisse Endoeon, etc.). But the original Amazonian image, erected (prjyip vir' evirpe/xvip
(supra p. 405 n. 3), was probably itself made of oak, which would blacken as the centuries
passed till it became indistinguishable from ebony. On some statuettes of the type known
to the Greeks as TroXvpLaaros and to the Romans as multimammia (Hieron. in Paul, ad
Ephes. prolog, (xxvi. 441 Migne)) the necklace of acorns attains considerable importance
(e.g. C. Menetreius op. cit.2 p. 10 pi. on right = my fig. 315 'Apud March. Vine. Iusti-
nianum'). It is even possible that the pendent acorns first suggested the pendent
breasts.
1 Schol. Kallim. h. Zeus 77 N^Xe^s 6 KbSpov awoiKlav 9efj.evos airb 'Adrfvuiv £\ct/3e
XprjapLOV iyetpai ^bavov rrj 'Apre/xibi airb TrayKapiruv £v\wv. Kai Srj ■wore eoprrjs reXov/xevrfS
rrj 'Apr4/j.idL iv rrj Xitlovt] (ian 5e orj/xos 'ArriKrjs) airekdwv evpe bpvv iraLLiroXvv /cat dia<fiopov
^Xovaav ripT-qfxevov (r)pT7)ixF.vr)v cod. M. A. Meineke cj. dirriprrifxiuov) Kapirbv. /cat e/c
tovtov (A. Meineke cj. ra-urrfs) iiroiyfaev d^aA/xa rrj deq., /cat ovtw LierwKrjaev (fxeTipKLcrev
cod. E., followed by O. Schneider) iv MiXi}t^. citto rod byj/xov odv £<rxe TV" bvofxaaiav r\
"Apre/xis. 7) ort TLKTOfxevwv tCjv fipecpCov aveTideaav ra ifxaTia rrj 'Aprepubi.. The existence of
a deme Chitone is very questionable (Welcker Gr. Gotterl. i. 575 n. 27, A. Milchhofer
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2335). But Artemis bore the title Xtrw^t; (Kallim.
h. Zeus 77 f., Steph. Byz. s.v. Xltuvt], cp. s.v. 'Bp/ittij'), or XtrwWa (Parmenon of
Byzantion and Epicharmos frag. 127 Kaibel ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Xtrci^?;, cp. Hesych. s.v.
Kt6Wea), probably at Athens (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 2 no. 778 A, 16 xiTwvda with U.
Koehler's n. ad loc), certainly at Miletos (Kallim. h. Artem. 225 f.) and Syracuse
(Athen. 629 e) : see further T. Schreiber in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 572 f., K. Wernicke
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1381 f., 1401 f., O. Jessen id. iii. 2335, Farnell Cults
of Gk. States ii. 444, 568, Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 242 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 369 n. 2,
1272 n. 7, 1295 n. 1. The epithet Xltwvt), Xirojvla, popularly derived from x'™*7, was in
all likelihood a pre-Greek appellative. I incline to suspect that the word thus Grecised
meant originally ' the Hittite' (cp. the forms Khatti, A'heta, He/h, etc. : H. R. Hall The
Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 327). Be that as it may, the scholiast
on Kallimachos does not definitely state whether the oak hung with fruitage was growing
of the goddess, and so settled at Miletos1. We need not attach
back to the first or second century B.C.; for it occurs on an Ephesian amulet of terra cotta
in the Museum at Syracuse (L. Stephani ' Ueberein Ephesisches Amulett' in the Melanges
gre'co-romains tires dn Bulletin historico-philologique de P Academie Impiriale des Sciences
de St.-Pe'tersbourg St.-Petersbourg 1855 i. 1—5 with pi. =my fig. 314. The inscription,
plausibly described by Stephani as 'E<^<rta ypa.fxfj.ara (collected by C. Wessely Ephesia
Grammata aus Papyrusrollen, Inschriften, Gemmen etc. Wien 1886 pp. 1—38 and by R.
Heim ' Incantamenta magica graeca latina' in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. Suppl. 1893 xix.
525(1. See also E. Kuhnert in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2771 ff., Ltibker Reallex.8
p. 332), is in part deciphered by C. F. Graefe, who (ap. Stephani loc. cit. p. 4 n.*) would
read the first words as A'TEA/I •t'AOS lEPON, i.e. "Apre/xi, (paos lepbv, and the last as
airapxr}. The original, of which this is a blundered copy, appears to have been a hexa-
meter invocation beginning with "Apre/xi, (puis iepbv, and ending with some such phrase as
&afxvafxevr)i 5exov 0eoaX/ce' (?) a.7rapxvv)- Again, the breasts of the goddess were multiplied
at some date prior to the period 159—133 B.C. (B. V. Head On the chronological sequence
of the coins of Ephesus London 1880 p. 63 pi. 4, 11, Brit. A/us. Cat. Coins Ionia p. 63
no. 144, D. G. Hogarth op. cit. p. 323) to emphasise her nutrient motherhood (cp. Eolk-
Lore KJ04 xv. 282). I cannot, however, agree with Mr D. G. Hogarth (op. cit. p. 3236°.)
that the whole type current in Roman times was descended from that of the rrbrvia d-qpQiv,
whose curled wings became successively heart-shaped, piriform, oval, circular, and whose
lions, degraded into meaningless lines, were finally duplicated as attendant stags.
The cult-statue at Ephesos, attributed to Endoios (c. 550 B.C.), was said to be of ebony
or, according to one witness, of vine-wood (Plin. uat. hist. 16. 2 [3 de simulacro ipso
deae ambigitur. ceteri ex hebeno esse tradunt, Mucianus iii cos. ex iis, qui proxime viso
eo scripsere, vitigineum et numquam mutatum septies restitute templo, hanc materiam
elegisse Endoeon, etc.). But the original Amazonian image, erected (prjyip vir' evirpe/xvip
(supra p. 405 n. 3), was probably itself made of oak, which would blacken as the centuries
passed till it became indistinguishable from ebony. On some statuettes of the type known
to the Greeks as TroXvpLaaros and to the Romans as multimammia (Hieron. in Paul, ad
Ephes. prolog, (xxvi. 441 Migne)) the necklace of acorns attains considerable importance
(e.g. C. Menetreius op. cit.2 p. 10 pi. on right = my fig. 315 'Apud March. Vine. Iusti-
nianum'). It is even possible that the pendent acorns first suggested the pendent
breasts.
1 Schol. Kallim. h. Zeus 77 N^Xe^s 6 KbSpov awoiKlav 9efj.evos airb 'Adrfvuiv £\ct/3e
XprjapLOV iyetpai ^bavov rrj 'Apre/xibi airb TrayKapiruv £v\wv. Kai Srj ■wore eoprrjs reXov/xevrfS
rrj 'Apr4/j.idL iv rrj Xitlovt] (ian 5e orj/xos 'ArriKrjs) airekdwv evpe bpvv iraLLiroXvv /cat dia<fiopov
^Xovaav ripT-qfxevov (r)pT7)ixF.vr)v cod. M. A. Meineke cj. dirriprrifxiuov) Kapirbv. /cat e/c
tovtov (A. Meineke cj. ra-urrfs) iiroiyfaev d^aA/xa rrj deq., /cat ovtw LierwKrjaev (fxeTipKLcrev
cod. E., followed by O. Schneider) iv MiXi}t^. citto rod byj/xov odv £<rxe TV" bvofxaaiav r\
"Apre/xis. 7) ort TLKTOfxevwv tCjv fipecpCov aveTideaav ra ifxaTia rrj 'Aprepubi.. The existence of
a deme Chitone is very questionable (Welcker Gr. Gotterl. i. 575 n. 27, A. Milchhofer
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. iii. 2335). But Artemis bore the title Xtrw^t; (Kallim.
h. Zeus 77 f., Steph. Byz. s.v. Xltuvt], cp. s.v. 'Bp/ittij'), or XtrwWa (Parmenon of
Byzantion and Epicharmos frag. 127 Kaibel ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Xtrci^?;, cp. Hesych. s.v.
Kt6Wea), probably at Athens (Corp. inscr. Att. ii. 2 no. 778 A, 16 xiTwvda with U.
Koehler's n. ad loc), certainly at Miletos (Kallim. h. Artem. 225 f.) and Syracuse
(Athen. 629 e) : see further T. Schreiber in Roscher Lex. Myth. i. 572 f., K. Wernicke
in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. ii. 1381 f., 1401 f., O. Jessen id. iii. 2335, Farnell Cults
of Gk. States ii. 444, 568, Nilsson Gr. Feste p. 242 f., Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 369 n. 2,
1272 n. 7, 1295 n. 1. The epithet Xltwvt), Xirojvla, popularly derived from x'™*7, was in
all likelihood a pre-Greek appellative. I incline to suspect that the word thus Grecised
meant originally ' the Hittite' (cp. the forms Khatti, A'heta, He/h, etc. : H. R. Hall The
Ancient History of the Near East London 1913 p. 327). Be that as it may, the scholiast
on Kallimachos does not definitely state whether the oak hung with fruitage was growing