Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,1): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Text and notes (Cambridge, 1925)

Apollon and Artemis 455

Lycian custom1 the metronymic Leto'ides, that his sister was a
barbaric goddess equated by the Greeks with their own Artemis,
that the birth of the twins was located at Araxa in Lykia2, that their
mother Leto bears a native name (the Lycian lada meaning 1 wife '3),
that the Delian Apollon was believed to winter in Lykia4, and that
the earliest cult-poetry of Delos was attributed to the Lycian Olen5.
Hence Wilamowitz concludes that Leto and her twins were essentially
Asiatic (Lato Asidtis was worshipped at Argos6), belonging by rights
to the Lycians in their original abode, that the cult of all three had
before the arrival of the Greeks in Asia Minor already spread to
Delos and Crete, and that it passed over from the islands to the main-
land of Greece, where Apollon usurped the position of this, that, and
the other older deity. M. P. Nilsson (1906)7 accepts in the main the
results reached by Wilamowitz and seeks to support them by certain
heortological considerations. He observes that in Greece, apart
from the great cult-centres of Delos, Delphoi, and Mount Ptoion,
the chief festivals of Apollon are precisely those in which the god
appears as an intruder3 ; that Apolline festivals are comparatively
rare on the Greek mainland, much more frequent in the islands and
in Asia Minor; that Apollon has a higher percentage of appellations
derived from place-names than any other god, his worship, as a
missionary cult, being widely disseminated, and his numerous
epiphanies suggesting that in many places he was invoked to quit

XvKrjyevrjs in the sense of 'born in Lykia.' For other interpretations see O. Hofer in
Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2174 f. and Frazer Pausanias ii. 195 f.

1 Hdt. 1. 173 with the note of J. Wells ad he. See further O. Benndorf—G. Niemann
Reisen in Lykien iind Karien Wien 1884 p. 73, Sir W. M. Ramsay The Cities and
Bishoprics of Phrygia Oxford 1895 i. 94 ff., G. Dottin Lis anciens penples de VEurope
Paris 1916 p. 109 f.

2 O. Benndorf—G. Niemann op. cit. p. 76 f. inscription no. 53 B, 9 ff. enrarbv (?) 5e
/cat ou iroWQiu XP^"^ | d\Aa rijs dep' (?) ijpLuiv yeveas ava\(pvov(j7]s rijs 6[eo\r6KOV 777s
Xatji'eoi^s] /j.op<f>as bixoioTvwels rrjs | Ar/rovs SiSvfxois (pwcrTTjpcnv | eirovpaviois iv 'A[pd]fots
Kvrideicriv, [ "Apre/xiv re /cat 'A7r6\\a;j>a, ev fxev | [flji^d/jots inrep&vw k.t.X. (fragments of an
epideictic speech, in lettering of the age of Commodus, dealing with the mythology and
ritual of Sidyma), cp. Quint. Smyrn. 11. 20 ff. (Neoptolemos slew Laodamas, whom Leto
bore to Zeus, breaking up with her hands the hard plain of Lykia as the throes of birth
came upon her). Gruppe Gr. Myth. Pel. p. 333 n. 2.

3 See e.g. H. Hirt Die Indogermanen Strassburg 1907 ii. 572 ff.

4 Verg. Aen. 4. 143 ff. with Serv. ad loc.

5 Hdt. 4. 35 (supra p. 452 n. 4), Paus. 5. 7. 8.

0 W. Vollgraff in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1908 xxxii. 236 ff. AartSt j 'Ao-[t]dr[t]5t Ai6<x-
K[o]po[i], 'AiroWwp, "Apra\fj.Ls, d.Tr[\]ave'i[s] deoi, ^[crjTTjcrav [fajoi', j k.t.X. This temple,
built in 303 B.C. to commemorate the departure of the Macedonian garrison, was doubtless
the one described by Paus. 1. 21. 8 f.

7 Nilsson Gr. Feste pp. 102—104.

8 Id. ib. p. 102 : 'so die Thargelien, die Karneen, die Hyakinthien, die Verfolgung
des Skephros in Tegea, die -Daphnephorien in Theben.'