DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14699#0251
Addenda
1191
ii. 1179 ff. Trajan and Zeus Philios at Pergamon. VV. H. Buckler 'Auguste, Zeus
Patroos' in the Rev. Philol. Troisieme Serie 1935 lxi. 177—188 adduces a series of official
Pergamene inscriptions (nine decrees and two letters) to show that the complete deification
of Augustus was reached through three successive phases: (1) from 27 b.c. to 3 b.c. he
was avTOKpdroip Katffap deov uios XeftaaTbs, and his highpriest 6 dpxtepedt 0e£s 'Vwfiris Kai
avTOKpdropos KaLaapos 8cou viov £e/3a<TToD; (2) from 2 b.c. to 14 a.d. Augustus was
avroKpdrwp Kataap $eov vibs Se/3a£rr6y, dpx^P^^s pUyiaros Kai ira.rrjp tt)s irarpldos Kai tov
<njp.Trai>Tos tQ>p avdpumuv ytvovs, and his highpriest 6 dpx^pcvs OedsPuip.-ris Kai auroKparopos
Kal<rapos 6(ov viov Lefiaarov dpxitptws p.eytaTov Kai warpbs t?)s irarpidos Kai tov cvp.irai'TOS
tG>v avtipwiroiv yivovs; (3) from 15 a.d. onwards (after his death on Aug. ig, 14 a.d. and
his consecration by the Senate on Sept. 17, 14 a.d.) Augustus became 6ebs 2e/3a<jTos
Kataap Zevs llarpipos avTOKpaTiop Kai dpx^pevs p.lytaTOS, irarrjp tt)s TrarpLbos Kai tov
o-fjp-iraPTos twv dvdptb-mev yfrovs, and Iris highpriest 6 dpx^p^i'S Ocas 'VwpLtjs Kai 8eov
2e/3aiTToO Kaio-apos Aids llarpiiov avTOKpdropos Kai dpxi6P^w' fieyio-TOV, iraTpbs r>)s iraTptbos
rai tov 0-vp.iravTos twv dvOpiiwup yhovs. Thus Augustus while alive was treated as (1) a
hero and (2) a demi-god, when dead was raised to the rank of (3) a god and identified
with Zeus Uarpwos. The documents relevant to this third stage are (a) Sir C. T. Newton
A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchukt London 1862—1863
ii. 2. 695—698 no. 6 pi. 87, G. Hirschfeld in The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions
in the British Museum London 1893 iv. 1. 63—65 no. 894; (/') J. Keil 'Zur Geschichte
der Hymnoden in der Provinz Asia' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst 1908 xi. 101 —107
(Odemish near Hypaipa); (c) Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 3187 (Smyrna). Cp. also (d) a
marble pedestal from Aphrodisias, which must have carried a statue of Zeus with the
features of Augustus, inscribed At'a WaTpuov | [2e/3]acrr6y Kalvapa (W. Kubitschek—
\V. Reichel in the Anz. d. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien Phil.-hist. Classe 1893 p. 103 no. 13);
and (e) a dedication from Dorylaeion [0e<5i Ze/fao-Tiii Kalaapi 6](e)ov iiiui Au llaTptb[i(at,
iraTpi ttjs tra]\[Tpidos Kai tov crOuiravlros dvdpuiwuv y£[vovs,] k.t.X. (I. Meliopoulos in the
Ath. Mitth. 1897 xxii. 480 f., Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 479). Mr Buckler
concludes his very noteworthy article on Augustus at Pergamon by a further suggestion:
'En y acceptant 1'epithete divine, Trajan imitait le plus illustre de ses predecesseurs;
n'aurait-il pas choisi celle de Zeus Philios, symbole de sa bienveillance, aim de marquer
le contraste avec les antiques splendeurs du Zeus Patroos ?'
ii. 1187 n. o fig. 990 Zeus Nimeios at Alexandreia. His wreath is probably of oak-
leaves, not silinon. Oak-wreath and aigis are characteristic of Zeus on Alexandrine
cameos (supra p. 537 f.).
P. Kabbadias in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1918 p. 192 f. fig. 39 publishes a dedication (no. 11)
from Epidauros : "Hpa 'Apyeta \ Ad Hepietw | iraTpiot[s] 6e\ois b iepotpdi'TTjs j Aioycvys
iepa]7roA?j(ras toD | Xwrrjpos rb | POA' Itos ( = 297 a.d., cp. Inscr. Gr. Pelop. i nos. 1001
and 1002).
ii. 1187 n. 4. D. M. Robinson at Olynthos found Bottiaean pottery of quasi-Aegean
character (A. W. Lawrence on Hdt. 8. 127. See G. E. Mylonas in D. M. Robinson
Excavations at Olynthus Baltimore 1933 v. 60—63 (Group iii, second half of s. vi to
beginning of s. v b.c.)).
ii. 1191 Olympic contests at Daphne. A bronze statuette (height 6 inches) now in the
British Museum shows a naked youth carrying a board (?) inscribed in relief ANTIOX-
EflN I THN ETTI I AA*NHI (Sir E. J. Forsdyke in The British Museum
Quarterly 1929—1930 iv. 70 f. pi. 44, d)—presumably a record of success in these sports.
ii. 1194 emperors wearing the aigis. J. Arneth Mouumeule des K. K. Miinz- und
Antiken-Cabinettes in Wien Wien 1849 P- 31 ^ P'- 2 an onyx engraved with Julian (?)
as a beardless Zeus. He wears an aigis and holds a sceptre in his raised right hand,
a thunderbolt in las lowered left. At his left side is a trophy with seated prisoner; at his
right side, an eagle. The legs of Zeus, the field, and the back of the whole gem are
covered with 'Gnostic' inscriptions.
ii. 1197 n. 3. To the bibliography of Antiocheia add E. S. Bouchier A short History
of Antioch 300 11. c.—A.D. 126S Oxford 1921 pp. 1—324.
ii. 1213 'Jupiter-columns.' M. P. Nilsson 'Zur Deutung der Juppitergigantensaulen'
in the Archiv f. Pel. 1925 xxiii. 182—184 argues from the wheel etc. that the god in
question was a Celtic deity (Taranis?).
ii. 1213 the Column of Mayence. On Quilling's views see also L. Deubner in the
Archivf. Pel. 1925 xxiii. 310 f.
ii. 1216 the omphalos found by F. Courby at Delphoi. C. Picard in the Revue de
Vhistoire des religions 1926 xciii. 85 n. 1 states that in the Rev. Arch. 1921 (not 1920)
i. 172 he did not regard Courby's omphalos as 'faux,' but holds that the inscription on it
1191
ii. 1179 ff. Trajan and Zeus Philios at Pergamon. VV. H. Buckler 'Auguste, Zeus
Patroos' in the Rev. Philol. Troisieme Serie 1935 lxi. 177—188 adduces a series of official
Pergamene inscriptions (nine decrees and two letters) to show that the complete deification
of Augustus was reached through three successive phases: (1) from 27 b.c. to 3 b.c. he
was avTOKpdroip Katffap deov uios XeftaaTbs, and his highpriest 6 dpxtepedt 0e£s 'Vwfiris Kai
avTOKpdropos KaLaapos 8cou viov £e/3a<TToD; (2) from 2 b.c. to 14 a.d. Augustus was
avroKpdrwp Kataap $eov vibs Se/3a£rr6y, dpx^P^^s pUyiaros Kai ira.rrjp tt)s irarpldos Kai tov
<njp.Trai>Tos tQ>p avdpumuv ytvovs, and his highpriest 6 dpx^pcvs OedsPuip.-ris Kai auroKparopos
Kal<rapos 6(ov viov Lefiaarov dpxitptws p.eytaTov Kai warpbs t?)s irarpidos Kai tov cvp.irai'TOS
tG>v avtipwiroiv yivovs; (3) from 15 a.d. onwards (after his death on Aug. ig, 14 a.d. and
his consecration by the Senate on Sept. 17, 14 a.d.) Augustus became 6ebs 2e/3a<jTos
Kataap Zevs llarpipos avTOKpaTiop Kai dpx^pevs p.lytaTOS, irarrjp tt)s TrarpLbos Kai tov
o-fjp-iraPTos twv dvdptb-mev yfrovs, and Iris highpriest 6 dpx^p^i'S Ocas 'VwpLtjs Kai 8eov
2e/3aiTToO Kaio-apos Aids llarpiiov avTOKpdropos Kai dpxi6P^w' fieyio-TOV, iraTpbs r>)s iraTptbos
rai tov 0-vp.iravTos twv dvOpiiwup yhovs. Thus Augustus while alive was treated as (1) a
hero and (2) a demi-god, when dead was raised to the rank of (3) a god and identified
with Zeus Uarpwos. The documents relevant to this third stage are (a) Sir C. T. Newton
A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchukt London 1862—1863
ii. 2. 695—698 no. 6 pi. 87, G. Hirschfeld in The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions
in the British Museum London 1893 iv. 1. 63—65 no. 894; (/') J. Keil 'Zur Geschichte
der Hymnoden in der Provinz Asia' in the Jahresh. d. oest. arch. Inst 1908 xi. 101 —107
(Odemish near Hypaipa); (c) Corp. inscr. Gr. ii no. 3187 (Smyrna). Cp. also (d) a
marble pedestal from Aphrodisias, which must have carried a statue of Zeus with the
features of Augustus, inscribed At'a WaTpuov | [2e/3]acrr6y Kalvapa (W. Kubitschek—
\V. Reichel in the Anz. d. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien Phil.-hist. Classe 1893 p. 103 no. 13);
and (e) a dedication from Dorylaeion [0e<5i Ze/fao-Tiii Kalaapi 6](e)ov iiiui Au llaTptb[i(at,
iraTpi ttjs tra]\[Tpidos Kai tov crOuiravlros dvdpuiwuv y£[vovs,] k.t.X. (I. Meliopoulos in the
Ath. Mitth. 1897 xxii. 480 f., Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. 479). Mr Buckler
concludes his very noteworthy article on Augustus at Pergamon by a further suggestion:
'En y acceptant 1'epithete divine, Trajan imitait le plus illustre de ses predecesseurs;
n'aurait-il pas choisi celle de Zeus Philios, symbole de sa bienveillance, aim de marquer
le contraste avec les antiques splendeurs du Zeus Patroos ?'
ii. 1187 n. o fig. 990 Zeus Nimeios at Alexandreia. His wreath is probably of oak-
leaves, not silinon. Oak-wreath and aigis are characteristic of Zeus on Alexandrine
cameos (supra p. 537 f.).
P. Kabbadias in the 'E0. 'Apx- 1918 p. 192 f. fig. 39 publishes a dedication (no. 11)
from Epidauros : "Hpa 'Apyeta \ Ad Hepietw | iraTpiot[s] 6e\ois b iepotpdi'TTjs j Aioycvys
iepa]7roA?j(ras toD | Xwrrjpos rb | POA' Itos ( = 297 a.d., cp. Inscr. Gr. Pelop. i nos. 1001
and 1002).
ii. 1187 n. 4. D. M. Robinson at Olynthos found Bottiaean pottery of quasi-Aegean
character (A. W. Lawrence on Hdt. 8. 127. See G. E. Mylonas in D. M. Robinson
Excavations at Olynthus Baltimore 1933 v. 60—63 (Group iii, second half of s. vi to
beginning of s. v b.c.)).
ii. 1191 Olympic contests at Daphne. A bronze statuette (height 6 inches) now in the
British Museum shows a naked youth carrying a board (?) inscribed in relief ANTIOX-
EflN I THN ETTI I AA*NHI (Sir E. J. Forsdyke in The British Museum
Quarterly 1929—1930 iv. 70 f. pi. 44, d)—presumably a record of success in these sports.
ii. 1194 emperors wearing the aigis. J. Arneth Mouumeule des K. K. Miinz- und
Antiken-Cabinettes in Wien Wien 1849 P- 31 ^ P'- 2 an onyx engraved with Julian (?)
as a beardless Zeus. He wears an aigis and holds a sceptre in his raised right hand,
a thunderbolt in las lowered left. At his left side is a trophy with seated prisoner; at his
right side, an eagle. The legs of Zeus, the field, and the back of the whole gem are
covered with 'Gnostic' inscriptions.
ii. 1197 n. 3. To the bibliography of Antiocheia add E. S. Bouchier A short History
of Antioch 300 11. c.—A.D. 126S Oxford 1921 pp. 1—324.
ii. 1213 'Jupiter-columns.' M. P. Nilsson 'Zur Deutung der Juppitergigantensaulen'
in the Archiv f. Pel. 1925 xxiii. 182—184 argues from the wheel etc. that the god in
question was a Celtic deity (Taranis?).
ii. 1213 the Column of Mayence. On Quilling's views see also L. Deubner in the
Archivf. Pel. 1925 xxiii. 310 f.
ii. 1216 the omphalos found by F. Courby at Delphoi. C. Picard in the Revue de
Vhistoire des religions 1926 xciii. 85 n. 1 states that in the Rev. Arch. 1921 (not 1920)
i. 172 he did not regard Courby's omphalos as 'faux,' but holds that the inscription on it