Evans, Arthur J.
The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 4,2): Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii [...]
— London, 1935
Zitieren dieser Seite
Bitte zitieren Sie diese Seite, indem Sie folgende Adresse (URL)/folgende DOI benutzen:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.1118#0224
DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.1118#0224
Titelblatt
III
THE
…
JEIGN MEMBER OK THE R.ACAD. OF THE I.1NCEI, OF THE BAVARIAN, R.DANISH, SWWDISH, AND ATHENS ACADS.
…
III-L.M. II; LATE HOARDS OF SEALINGS; DEPOSITS OF
…
WITH EPILOGUE ON THE DISCOVERY OF ' RING OF
V
§ ioo. The ' Camp-Stool' Fresco of the North-West Sanctuary Hall
…
design of seated Goddess, in this case, loo, probably receiving libations; Offertory
…
influences; Similar vestments seen in ' Palanquin Fresco'; Other ritual parallels;
…
Greece; Importance of Palestinian Dove Cult a Late Classical phenomenon; The
…
example from Knossos district; The 'Naked Goddess' on Cylinders—derived from
Contents
VI
§ 103. The Minoan Genii and their Relation to the Egyptian Hippo-
…
with details of Egyptian astral scenes ; The ( Daemon Seals ' of Knossos ; Genii as
…
the Minoan Tonsure and Evidences of Hair-Offering . . 468
…
Syrian Goddess; Dedications of locks of hair in Temple of Carian Zeus Panamaros;
…
Knossos; Early Nilotic sculptural influences—proto-dynastic ivories imitated in a
…
sided disks —precursors of lentoid type; Lentoids in vogue by M. M. HI—the
VII
adaptation of Oriental type; Actual import of Babylonian cylinders in M. M. la;
…
cylinders, &c.; Compared with Minoan; Minoan tumbling in bull sports; Egyptian
…
the hands of Minoan artists.
…
the indigenous types ; First appearance of Lion on primitive Cretan seals under
…
Wounded quarry types—talismanic value to hunters; Artistic designs succeed the
…
Grave bead-seal; Comparison with Assyrian reliefs and tradition in Greek Art.
VIII
from Nimrud; Minoan outpost at Ras-Shamra ; Cow and calf on Archaic Greek coin
…
the ' Lentoid ' Class of Designs.......569
…
Goddess, as Diktynna, pursuing stag with bow; The fallow deer represented in
…
§ 108. The Late Palatial Deposits of Clay Seal Impressions at
…
belonging to Great Transitional Age of intaglio work—M. M. III-L. M. la; Late
…
chambers; The Upper West Magazines; Stored grains and 'Granary' tablets pre-
IX
work bands on ' Medallion'' pithoi, lis bearing on steatite examples found in
…
pithoi in position—accommodation for 3S0 in W. Magazines ; Estimate of total oil
…
The sign {rvXavTav) on tablets, coupled with 'ingot'—60with one-eighth deducted:
…
§ 110. First Discovery of Large Hoards of Clay Tablets in Advanced.
…
Discovery of hoards of clay tablets (associated sealings, already described); At the
…
element in B—papyrus wand and uraeus ; Official and priestly emblems ' throne and
…
tion of tablets—Aristides 'the Unjust'; The Grammarian at work—conventions
…
names; Signs indicative of children ; The name-groups—with and without 'man'
X
Correspondence of names in Classes A and B ; Linguistic unity—extends to
…
§ 112. Knossian Script Bin Mainland Greece— the Theban Evidence;
…
Non-occurrence of inscribed tablets in post-palatial deposits; Painted inscription on
…
Keftiu' propagate their script on Cilician side? Relics there of an L. M.III
…
in Hittite fashion.
…
Evidences of Minoan trade and settlement at Minet-el-Beida and Ras-Shamra—
…
Ras-Shamra Tombs; Mouthpiece of faience 'rhyton' from Assur of L. M. Iff
XI
Military aspects of New Dynasty—the Shield Fresco ; Significant break in the history
…
Yoke and Collar; Wheels—in relation to Minoan roads ; Four-wheeled vehicle on
…
Official—Cup-bearer's symbol; Whip sign ; First appearance of wheeled vehicles in
…
regions ; Its appearance in Aegean area ; Good example of B on Thisbe bead-seal;
…
of Chariot on Tablets—its general diffusion ; Intrusion of a Syro-Kgyptian form in
…
Sea-transport of the thoroughbred horse; Large sealing showing horse on ship; Minoan
…
8,640 arrows; The bronze 'arrow-plates'—their Mainland diffusion ; Plates inserted
…
of crystal hilt found near; Royal Officer's name on ' Sword Tablet'; Tablet referring to
XII
§ n6.A. The Latest Palatial Age of Knossos (L.M. Xb-L.M. II).
…
with lotus relief from 'Queen's Megaron'—parallel in limestone at Orchomenos;
…
execution of'buds'; Flat versions of such designs part of L.M. \b decoration in
…
largely maintained ; Great extension of Processional frescoes in earlier phase of New
…
Did 'Minos II' use black mercenaries there?; Great scheme of renovation in
…
Chiaroscuro; Wingless Griffin—an unique appearance; The Gypsum Throne—
…
of fresco copies; Service quarters in basement Section—Woman's seat at entrance ;
…
All these relics M. M. Ill^ date; Throne of State to be sought in Domestic
XIII
a scene of initial rites;. The purple gypsum font—holy-water sprinklers; 'Lustral
…
Evidences of conflagration during gale from South-West; No sudden break in the
…
Goddess reposing on these in Palace Sealing; The Minoan Prototype of Plagia
…
The Signet-ring of Minos in Greek legend; Theseus recovers ring with Amphitrite's
…
§ 117. Epilogue: Part III. Discovery of Temple Tomb :■ Upper Shrine
…
Discovery near by of Temple Tomb ; Upper Structures—Column-base and Horns
…
similar blocks in. Early Minoan Ossuaries, accompanied by other objects of early
XIV
L. M. In-; Much rough rebuilding of structure at this epoch ; Basement entrance
…
nexions of Monument with ( High Priest's House' and, by the Great South Road,
…
bones (explaining the toy vases); Skeletons originally on floor or in coffins ; Pit for
…
showing 'Sanctuary Hall' with which the 'Camp-stool Frescoes' were connected . 380
…
Fig. 710. Plan of Central Section of West Wing of the Palace showing Distribution of
…
Fig. 752. Plan of Inner Chamber and Fore Hall of Royal Tomb of Isopata, near
…
Fig. 754. Smaller Built Sepulchral Chamber Tomb I, at Isopata, with Opening in
…
opening from Pillar Crypt, the Rock-cut Sepulchral Chamber (Piet de Jong) . ■ 979
XV
(In Pocket at End of Volume)
…
Fig. 663. Characteristic Signs of the Linear Class A omitted in B . . 683
…
Marbled Dado : ' Room of the Throne .... Facing yio
XVI
constructed in M.M. Ill shutting off Magazine 1-3, but subsequently
…
No. 2 compared with Basket-type from Kordofan ; d, Pithoi in Magazine
…
„ LXII. Tablet inscribed on both Faces with Lists cf Men, the ' Man' Sign being
…
„LXVII, a,b. Frescoes from Mansion at Amnisos, the Eastern Haven of Knossos, tro
…
LXIX. a. Inscribed Stirrup Vase, Eleusis: from the Excavations ot •
The 'Camp-Stool' Fresco of the North-West Sanctuary Hall
379
() ioo. The 'Camp-Stool' Fresco of the North-West Sanctuary
…
stucco design of seated Goddess, in this case, loo, probably receiving libations ;
…
select in
381
features, the name of the ' Camp-Stool Fresco ' has been given, are the
…
lyillg basement Magazines and on either side of it, about a metre above the Stool
…
and white horizontal stripes. The upper of these bands consisted of at least
…
too, Revised Plan C in pocket at end of Part I since been redrawn by his son in accordance
383
The other fresco band, of which parts are here restored, shows a
…
Judging from the evidence supplied by the second band (32 cm. in width),
384a
THE 'CAMP-STOOL FRESCO'
…
ments occurred in the ' House of the Frescoes V
…
in the case of the blue ground be-
…
Fresco Zonks, the Background of the Upper,
…
■ Besides the fragments shown on the
385
In one case only, to be referred to below—the fragment PI. XXXI, h—the
…
glimpses of in the Miniature Fresco of considerably earlier date depicting
…
She is wearing a kind of scarf bunched up behind and tied in what
…
' See L>. ofM., iii, 46 seqq., Coloured Pis. XVI, XVII.
386
Men iii
…
D of the companion group, differ from the ' Sacral Knots ' of the femaie
…
the forepart of a
…
Part of Male Personage clad in Short-sleeved
387
In three cases (a, c, and d) we have direct evidence that the figures were use of
…
folding-seat. On a clay sealing from the
…
So, too, on the great Tiryns ring described below, the Goddess is seated
…
to the folding-seat of c. What can only
388
The
…
TO THE OTHER (For nit? 0UTHS> 0NE HOLDING OUT ' LOVING CUP '
…
-ti- *~****** *L a,a SwSSTiiS^the fact
390
in vogue in the last palatial Age of Knossos and in the ensuintf
…
material. There is here depicted (see Fig. 325) the forearm of another male
…
- Experience of the remains of fresco frag-
391
a well-known XVIIIth-Dynasty type of alabastron, of which copies in
…
5 These at once recall the two Trvdpeves of
…
Vapheio type ' ? In that case the resemblance
392
THE CHALICE OF THE MINOAN GODDESS
…
What is specially interesting to note in this connexion is that a vessel
…
series of scenes of a sacramental nature in which chalices that may, as we
393
May not the
…
by ministrants in
…
eventually led to its discovery. Owing to this, indeed, the term ' Ring of
…
or Vapheio Bead-Seal with Basin in similar
Long-robed priestly and Royal
397
Oriental influences ; Similar vestments seen in ' Palanquin Fresco ' ; Other
…
Importance of Palestinian Dove Cult a Rate Classical phenomenon; 'The
398
in flu-
…
compared with the ' Camp-Stool1 Frescoes.
…
offered to the Goddess (see Fig. 331, P- 393
…
■ than the close ot
399
this line of access has itself greatly gained in importance from the recent Other
…
figures—there, too, of both sexes—seen in the ' Procession .Fresco', and
…
The earliest glimpse that we obtain of those who held dominion
400
Earlier heads on clay seal impressions from the ' Hieroglyphic Deposit'__one of
…
traiture belong indeed to the first epoch of intensive contact with the land
…
'Young In some respects a close parallel to this is presented by the small
401
ordinary Minoan men, the latter figure showing the puttee-like leg-gear.
…
The Minoan Goddess herself was nothing if not fashionable. She
…
the appendage visible as actually representing
…
Pt. I, Suppl. PL XVII ; for the vase see
…
G See P. of M., iii, p. 477 seqq.
402
chryselephantine figure described above, in which she takes the charier
…
dess in
…
before them'. The evidence already sup-
…
at least within the lower limits of the First
…
further examples of the Goddess in similar
…
Fie. 385. ' Acquired by me in Athens in I93r :
403
a standing figure of the Goddess wearing a kind of curved tiara between
…
...... ... . Long robes of the same
…
the lyre, he would naturally
…
radeship with Apollo) as a double of the Kit liar oedos.' -
404
admitted that these gaberdine-like robes, such as on the Tiryns rina and
…
Variant illustrations of these long vestments have been' given in con-
…
But, as already pointed out,2 the costume of these ' Camp-Stool' figures
…
nevertheless a highly suggestive circumstance that, of the seven specimens
405
The intaglio is cut on a green jasper bead-seal representing a thick
…
the neck is somewhat elongated, the bill, so far from
…
taglio showing Youth- pigeon. What is decisive, however, is the careful
…
The association of the Minoan Goddess on her celestial side with the Early
406
of the ' Terra-cotta Shrine' belonging to the Second Middle Minoan Perin 1
…
It is all part of the Mirage orientals. The idea of an early connexion
…
* Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem
…
Semiramis in Roscher's Lexikon, v.
407
physically described as proto-Armenoid and well represented by the Hittite
…
Minoan ideas regarding the Dove Goddess. The bird perched on the
…
ture for igu: The Early Inhabitants of
…
vincing identification of the later [ Jewish'
…
3 Seager, Explorations in the Island of
…
5 A set of such vessels was found in Tomb 13
…
5 In my jVyc. Tree and Pillar Worship
408
the table of offerings.
…
Cylinder found in Greece.
…
offering a bird—here reasonably identified with a dove —to the Ooc
409
SYRO-HITTITE CYLINDER FOUND NEAR ATHENS
…
Before the dove is a
…
with is the actual re-
…
lazuli cylinder found at Vari, South of Athens, and here reproduced in Fig.
…
sonage, standing- on a crouched beast. The spiral border—so characteristic
410
Analogies for Dove Goddess of the Cylinders supplied by Hittite Reliefs.
…
u. Puchstein, Reisen in Kkinaskn, &*c, Chantre, Mission en Cappadocie,'2l-'%-&'-i ■ ''
…
(Ferak ed-din, South of the Cappadocian that in that case the Goddess wears a con
411
THE ROCK-DOVE 411
…
ab autupio by Cyprus and the Minoan World, only appears to have paies-
…
paratively late date. The evidence of recent excavations in the earlier Cult
…
urbes ■' The rocky nooks about Dodona make'it
…
This—noted as ' common in sea caves '—
412
Oracle of the Libyan Oasis—as 'black'.1 In later Classical days, indeed
…
The red jasper lentoid seal from the Vapheio Tomb (Fig. 341)3 pre-
…
passes under the guardian monster's
…
sembles those of the painted stucco
…
the seal-types described above5 with
…
become ' snow-white' (iiiveis alis), so as to with the Paphian cult, that in the Homeric
…
ix, 394, e) speaks of them as first met with on ignorance is betrayed of the persistent dov
…
an Italian farm [De lie Rustica, iii. 7) sup-
413
the 'Snake frames', the Goddess herself appears between two guardian
…
Three figures hold single axes of the single-bladed Syrian form, all
…
of the men's dresses of die Thisbe series
415
a special type of axe, the evolution of which can be traced back in Egypt
…
to the first Egyptian Dynasty : and, later on, a compromise was made with
…
the Collection of University College, London,
…
7, PL III, 3.
…
regards the axe as of Syrian fabric.
416
aTw! iZT Y fi'ldS mUCh m°re remote antecedents in Sumerian
…
x D .. I & ' M- l a Pe"od and the A$je of Hammurabi.
417
while that with the lion and ram must be referred to an epoch approaching
…
the Fourth Millennium B.C. The Chaldaean form with a many-spiked butt
…
blade was transported, apparently by Phoenician agencies, to the Adriatic
…
in a main degree from Cyprus, now in the course of Minoan colonization,
…
(from Nihavan). found near Castelnuovo (Novi) in the Gulf of
…
tang, The Hittite Empire, p. 86, and PI. XIV). 5 For figures, of both sexes and apparently
…
Protohistoric Congress inLondon, 1932. (See G In the Ashmolean Museum.
418
form in his attack on the gorilla-like pair (Fig. 34(j).1
…
reproduced in Fig.
…
Its appearance in the Tomb is of great interest, since we may fairly
…
tation of the scenes on this bowl in Iinggerie
…
Perijllus (in Geogr. Gr. Minores, i, >3' l*'\6
419
here in Fig. 318, brings out even more fully his character as a warrior
…
Priest-king in Chariot holding Spear.
…
itself be regarded as ultimately derived from the same Oriental quarter \ and
…
prince in
Discovery in the "Initiatory Area" of lapis-lazuli cylinder with early chaldaean connexions
422
I 102. Discovery in the 'Initiatory Area' of Lapis-lazuli Cylinder
…
teristics ; Cypro-Minoan Cylinders—example from Knossos district; The
…
Cyprus anci ;n tile i011g j-Qbed priestly and royal personages of the seal-stones, are
…
The Syro-Egyptian alabaster vase in the form of a pregnant woman
…
Chal- well beyond the Age of Hammurabi, and it has been already shown that s
423
of a pard, the ' rhytons' in the shape of bulls and bulls' heads with their
…
deeper than the M. M. Ilia; stratum, in the 'Initiatory
…
observed that .the style ol' the mythological
…
valuable to the engraver as supplying an
424
the old Tiamat, with its lion's head and horned projection. Left of this '
…
The prominence here of the lower zone, the broad treatment of its
…
If we accept Kugler's chronology based on the astronomic evi
425
which fixes the accession of Hammurabi as c. 2123 B.C.,1 this would Itsap-
…
To a quite different category, connected with the ' Syro-Hittite ' group Cypro-
…
und Sterndienst in Babel, ii. Theil, i. Heft.) conquered Cyprus has no real basis).
426
seen on Ramesside chariot-horses, and it is taken over on the L. M. Ill
…
Fig. 331. Cylinder of Cypro-Minoan Style from Astrakous, East of Knossos.
…
The Naked Goddess.
427
already connected with the Cult of the Dove. (See Fig. 353 at end of
…
primitive stock that may be traced through Western Asia to the further
…
was taken over through contact with the Amurru of the ' Western Land '.It
…
This effigy, vaguely identified with the consorts of Marduk and A dad,
…
small images of a naked female figure, executed both in clay and stone, which
…
p- 566 seqq. Dr. G. Contenau, in his mono- Fig. 13 [Primitive Clay Images ami their
The minoan genii and their relation to chapter
430
I 103. The Minoan Genii and their Relation to the Egyptian Hippo
…
in Minoan sense; Characteristics and attributes of Hippopotamus Goddess__
…
of Egyptian astral scenes ; The 'Daemon Seals' of Knossos ; Genii as carriers
…
The The sacramental scenes of which we have a record in the ' Camp-sto
…
by the Minoan Genii, who play an important part in the religious icon
431
A o-ood idea of this class of subject will be given by the photographic
…
beck, Kunstmythologie, iii. 6S3 seqq. : Tsoun-
…
s Antike Gemman, iii, p. 41 : ' Gleichwohl
…
material relating to the Genii in his Minoan
432
432 THE MINOAN GENII AND MASKED VOTARIES
…
The exceptional impression produced by the daemons on the frao-m
…
the Minoan demons with their animal legs.
…
to explain the peculiar character of their dorsal crests and appendages
…
1 A. B. Cook, Animal Warship in the
433
THE HIPPOPOTAMUS GODDESS 433
…
This is not to say that the Genii as seen in the early Cretan seals are Gen"
434
THE HIPPOPOTAMUS GODDESS TA-URT
…
the
…
Crocodile on back ; />, carrying it in hand.
…
instance, of the general correspon-
…
35S, a, though in that case the upper
…
Aegyptidcarum, Ft. I, p. 124, Fig. 2: the
…
iTc- .■:.' ; crocodile, in the other a kid. I he due
435
indebtedness of the Minoan design indeed might have been still more
…
were essentially rooted in that of the Hippopotamus Goddess, has only AfJ?'
…
" From an impression taken in Pome by
…
/.U.S., xxi (1901), p. r6g. The astral
436
astral element in the Minoan Genii lias received—as shown below—some
…
3 This view is favourably regarded by the
…
1 The relative position of stars ol
437
THE 'OX-LEG
…
deity, acquired later a more malignant character. Under the New Kingdom
…
is the office of Isis' (or
…
300. The Ox Sign ok Set, ciiainei:
…
Fig. 361. The'Bull' and 'Ox-haunch' Sign ofSet( = ' Great Bear') as chained
438
i te in the New Kingdom the Hippo-
…
Egyptian scimitar i, f,,,' IVe name ^'"M, also applied to the familiar
439
TA-URT ON SCARAB FOUND IN M. M. I TOMB 439
…
Horns is seen aiming his spear at it in Fig. 362. Often the sign is bordered
…
I accepted the view taken by Dr. H. R. Hall
…
his observations on The Civilization of Greece
440
Flvst actual evidence of the reaction of this type on Minoan Art. The laro-A
…
Ge'niT" 'hat fr°ni t'ie ' Temple Repositories ' at Knossos, dating- from the close of
…
with becomes common about the mature L. M. I epoch.1 It is very characteristic
…
thetic' of L. M. I b, where it is of frequent appearance. Thus the representative
…
Minoan Genii in the ' Daemon Seals' of the Palace Hoard.
441
daemon is portrayed between two stars, in this case carrying a stag.
…
in a deposit at the
…
from the ' Room of the Archives' off the same staircase.
…
Lion with Animals' Legs in front;
…
spiral band.1 The mane of the animals, whose heads certainly resemble fresco.1'10
…
iii, p. 683, Fig. 3; A. B. Cook, /.U.S.,
442
those of asses, is prolonged in a shaggy appendage, with chevron decoration >
…
ing in this manner two
…
lions—heroic trophies of the chase—their fore-parts hanging down.3
…
suggested a connexion with the animal-headed
…
clearly derive from the Babylonian class illus-
…
Gr. Kunstmythologie, iii, 683, ftc; cook,
…
Furtw, Berlin Cat., No. 13- The design is
443
combines something of the boar and lion and a bristling mane, guides a bull
…
found in Crete.
…
clude, by the same engraver, was later acquired by me at Athens from its
…
At the sale of a portion of the Mayer
444
protruding tongue, and with one hind-leg drawn back, is essentially of the
…
On the other hand, the upraised tail of the
…
these intaglios itself fits in well with the approxi-
…
already noted, into a chalice before the sacral horns and nursling palm
…
1 P. of M., iii, p. 1S2 seqq.
…
■'' P. of M., iii, p. 314 seqq.
445
To understand the function of the Minoan Genii as waterers and pro- Talis-
…
stones themselves on which these representations appear. They were in be:ui'
…
In the present case it will be seen that the vessels borne by these m.m.iii
…
greenish fai'ence; were found in Melian tombs Cf.. too, Nos. 40 and 46 for similar types of
…
specimens are in the Collection of the British from that site, one apparently a conventional-
446
(for hunters), fish, and octopods or sepias, ships, pillared structures, and the
…
Vegeta- The talismanic class of seal-stones with which we are here concerned,
…
by a conical cover. Examples of both types are given in Fig. 370, a, b, c*- the
…
A cornelian lentoid with two upright branches on either side of the
447
The widespread use of this form of vessel for some simple popular rite
…
Dionysos—the Wine God—whose special relation to Ariadne marks him as
…
manic' gems. These are the one-handled ewers, also of metallic shape,
…
I have also seen an early gem of the
448
added, as usual with Cretan adaptations of Egyptian forms. In spite of
…
the Syrian side at a time when the use of spouts was only of exceptional
…
Cretan parallel is supplied by the tea-pot-like
…
at Girapetra (liierapytna) in 1S94.
…
■' For the connexion with the vegetable
449
Finally, the most frequent of all this group is the single-handled ewer, Single-
…
It is this type of ewer that we now find in the hands of the Minoan
…
too fanciful to interpret the flying
450
style of the motive seen on the other face of the stone—a bull struck by a
…
in a similar opposition on the impressed glass plaques (Figs. 379, 380).
…
precious metals. Vases closely analogous both to these and to the asso-
…
On the above group of 'talismanic' seal-stones we have collective
451
fluid may often have been simply water. The ideas of sympathetic magic
…
On the tablets of Ras-Shamra (where many of the actual jars to hold
…
xiii (1932), p. 13. this is obviously the same tree-like version of
452
Seals' brought out during the excavation of 1901, and temporarily reserve 1
…
Here we see a seated figure on what appears to be a wooden seat of the
…
Genii in jj„ j-jjg neac|s 0f households or communities in a rustic ritual. On the
…
which we are here concerned, the imagery appears in a more developed
453
seen, from the serviceable Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt, now appear as
…
the Vapheio 1 orab' a Crfte
…
On the cornelian amygdaloid, Fig. 377, retrospective light is thrown on
…
Cypro-Minoan sphragistic Art. Cf., too, the
454
GENII IN WATER-BRINGING RITES
…
profile of which something has been already said—in front of the horns.2
…
A further parallel is supplied by the impressed glass plaque (Fig. 379, a)
…
of the design, but see my corrected view and
…
« Near the ' Cyclopean 1 omb . Bt ' d
455
the Knossos district, unfortunately a good deal rubbed, lion-headed Genii
…
379, A, from the same tomb as Fig-. 379, a, the
…
; '' a Duumvir of the neighbouring Colonia of Scupi,
…
sacred cairn—in place of the altar blocks on the other. The similar heaps,
…
UpaKTiKa, 189(1, pp. 29-31). The subjects
456
Perhaps the best record of these
…
From the repetition, moreover, of the
…
with the libation ewers in ritual
…
to the XlVlh century B.C.). The fellow hy-
…
Chipiez, L'Art dans I'AntiquUi, iii, PP- 7?*
457
has a special interest in relation to our present subject. Its handles (see
…
type, with one paw raised and the other lowered, facing an elongated central
458
of the sacred reptile is in fact so shown on some Egyptian examples-
…
found in
…
More definite evidence is supplied by the cylinder, Fig. 3S3, which was
460
figure of the Minoan Genius, otherwise illustrates the processional an 1
…
Minoan To the ritual episodes above illustrated in which these daemonic
…
ministers creations are presented to us as pouring libations in connexion with certain
…
Palace group of frescoes, but with an inconsistent adjunct in the shape
…
and pp. r47, 14S, Fig. 5. The length of the cVc. p. 9, Fig. 9.
461
opened down the front and showing- a descending double band—a quite
…
On the platform above this frieze
462
she herself is set.1 It may be said that in this case the Genius stands
…
slaying j|-s bee-hive tomb. These included a series of the finest L. M. I b ' amphoras',
…
attacking a lion is a variant of that depicted on the gold bead-seal from the
…
1 See above, p. 169, and Figs. 130, 181, separate publication, The Ring of Nestor: A
…
&), the Goddess and attendant lions are to- Antike Gen/men, ii, 9. PI. II; 14- 'lbefyPe
463
The same geste is recorded on the Mycenae seal, but we now know that
…
or less contemporary work, hardly later than the close of the First Late
…
The assistance rendered to the lion-slaying hero in the above scene Analogy
…
In view of these connexions, it seems to be certainly worth recalling"
464
Minoan Herakles, aided by the Genius, drives his blade into the ]' >
…
influence Goddess is identified with Isis or Hathor, the natural guardian of the child
…
Valley. of this Goddess or of Wazet, with whom she was assimilated, on the Minoan
465
croup—a certain coalescence with the Nilotic Cult of Mother and Son
…
set in a bronze ring, which was one of the earliest known Minoan gems. It
…
Pl.GH8,andp. 195. The Genii ('esseri misti')
…
misdrawing. In Prof. A. B. Cook's Animal
466
in an Etruscan tomb at Orvieto. Rossbach rightly recognized the lee '
…
An intaglio in rock
…
tongues. The rendering of animals with protruding between two Youth-
…
The legs of the monsters here are abnormally attenuated. It was this,
…
5 Overbeck, Kunslmythologie, iii, 683 seqq.;
…
wangler (A.G., iii, p.38) curiously misintert«
Fresh discovey of a chryselephantine
468
hair in Temple of Carian Zeus Panamafos; Cretan connexions of his Cult—a
…
under an adolescent aspect. As interpreted below, it throws at the same
471
flat-footed instead of on tiptoe, must in both cases be added the base-
…
393)—has the appearance 01 being considerably larger.
…
Buttocks I1). larger. I he girth round the loins oi the present speci-
…
especially those of the back (see Fig. 396). The harder set features and maturer
472
RAIMENT IN FORM OF GOLD'PLATES.
…
Yet the evidence of the gold
…
In the case of the boy-God de-
…
without the gold loin 11
473
The two gold loin-coverings; however, are well preserved, and are
…
As already noticed, however, the features of the face and cut ot the
474
though the character of the loin covering still shows that the personage he
…
Cf. P. o/M., iii, pp. 33°
475
But an even greater, contrast is presented by the hair. While that of
…
but—as will be. seen from the en-
…
It must be inferred that we have here to do with the custom of the
476
Primitive are still to be found among primitive races the World over.1 The h '
…
The God, consulted as to the propitiation necessary to avert his
…
' See on this, especially G. A. Wilken, Das from the top of the head, and that the cutting
…
sclienoger, p. 77. son Smith, The Religion of the Semites, P- J- '
…
'" The Tibetans think-that the soul issues Smith, of. cit., p. 325, note r.
477
VOTIVE HAIR-OFFERINGS IN ANCIENT GREECE 477
…
recorded to Poseidon and Dionysos, to Nymphs and Heroes, and over the
…
*A/3arT(K. The explanation there given of
…
the
…
as -AoV-apoi' Bpa-r-qptor, the other lock as
478
Iii view of the fundamental affinities of pre-Hellenic Crete with rl
…
hair in
…
Hair-offering in Temple of Zeus Panamaros : Cretan Affinities of Cult.
…
1 Lucian, Dc Syria Deo, c. 6o. In the
…
' At times, the very poor cut mere
479
the blocks dedicating the hair to Zeus Panamaros, often coupled with his
…
It is of special interest to note, as confirming the Minoan relations of God of
…
1 This was first pointed out by C. J. Ball, Carian God and his consort with the earlier
480
Steatite Ex Votes in the form of plaited locks from Knossian Sh ■
…
of the Kephisos there was a statue of a youth shearing his hair to o
…
1 Paus. i. 37. 3, and cf. //. xxiii. 141 seqq. and p. 32, who compares the EP'°"' ie0/„gia
…
Sculptures, i, 98). Cf. Millingen, Ancient Gracca, iii, c. 20. It is possible t ^'^g
481
probably be accepted as conclusive evidence of the practice of setting up reprcsen-
…
in Mi-
…
plied by the Keeper of Greek and Roman 1 P. of M., iii, p. 419 seqq.
Retrospect of minoan bead-seals an signet- rings
484
imitated in a more natural manner ; Sculptured style common to stone vases and
…
Lentoids in vogue by M. M. Ill—the Zakro seal impressions ; Lentoid types:
…
shaped or 'amygdaloid' bead-seals; Transitional M. M. III-L. M. 7 a
…
tion of Oriental type; Actual import of Babylonian cylinders in M. M. 7a;
…
tumbling in bull sports; Egyptian female acrobats ; Male tumblers of'//«'j
…
Klytcmneslra by Orestes; Historical records at the hands of Minoan at
485
figures developed, not only into the finely cut hieroglyphic signs, but, from
…
designs in
…
Crete by an antiquary there, and in the follow-
486a
Early The presence of abundant deposits of green and partly tran=l„„
…
ivories Egypt1 from the late prehistoric and used as pieces in games (Fig. IOC),
…
■■ See P. of M.,u, Ft. I, p. 55, Fig. 26. No. 103, with side view. The ^.^g,.
487
NATURAL ELEMENT IN EARLY SCULPTURES 487
…
its jackal affinities contrast with the nobler stock represented by the vases and
…
appears on the M. M. II a seal illustrated below.- There, too, we recognize
…
appearance in Egypt by the Age of Menes these Cretan animal sculptures
…
known for beads. The three- and four-sided seals—their originally thick-set
…
■M., ii, Pt. 1, p. 48 seqq. and Fig. 23 above Onuphrios—the sole source of such relics at
…
Crete, may well have been one of the scattered Figs. 86, 87.
488
in
…
fore-prts js connrmed by the discovery of a specimen in silver
…
About the close of the M. M. II<5 phase a funda-
…
tvoe. . <> J r, \ 4 The UpP
…
'Signet'; near
…
' We see on the handle an elo"^d Syria,i
489
seals of the same flat-sided
…
are the successors of a
…
are finally assimilated to the true lentoid form by transitional stages.
…
near gortvna,
…
duced in Fig. 418*).
…
pattern closely akin to the central
…
pot from the North West
…
in another way, a part
490
490 LENTOID TYPES—FROM THE END OF M. M
…
presenting the
…
TheZakro earlier.examples of which maybe safely attributed to the M. M. Ill Period,
…
type in
…
to be found either in the Ancient or the Modern World. An any
…
of a peacock butterfly, such as we see in a triple coil on a seal imp
491
The. eyes on this themselves approach the symbol of the all-seeing divinity,
…
Fantasy apart, designs of this class often reveal the truest sympathy with Lentoid
…
Unfortunately, owing largely to the rarity of contemporary tombs, we
…
allotted to votaries. The modelling of the intaglio Fl<>- 425- Dark Steatite Len-
…
bability, be regarded as an early work of the Third
…
A beautiful and in many ways remarkable piece, from its naturalistic
…
Doro Levi, Le Crctulc di JIagia Triada Mr. R. B. Seager. the surface is slightly
492
intaglio in an opaque green stone found near Mirabello East of Candia It
…
lines—in search of food. A third, behind, with
…
will question the selective felicity and power of
…
fowl: M. M.III-L. M.In: brings the essential features into strong relief. The
…
rus Sprays: L.M. II-III
…
the simplicity of the composition. The wing feathers are not defined, u
…
.scene presented by the muv .....— - .
…
In this case, Fig. 427, we see a group of three wild ducks on ^
…
front, rise three papyrus sprays—one weighed down by two of the ' ^
493
tion and is well dated by examples from the last palatial deposits of clay
…
becoming predominant, as is well shown by the Vapheio deposit.3 As L.M.\b.
…
the form occurs on a larger scale among Sumerian relics of a date approach-
…
"- See, too, Fig. 55S, p. 577. loid of the 'talismanic class', and the others
…
Tomb illustrated by Tsountas, 'E<j>. 'Apx< '889, type that now comes into vogue or the amygda-
494
M.M.III-
…
Its field was particularly adapted for scenes in which animals
…
class already discussed,1 belonging to the
…
pared above with those of the fresco (Fig.
…
pasture here reproduced in Fig. 430.3 To it,
…
of stone that was the special vehicle of the
…
thirty-eight intaglios of the Vapheio deposit,
…
ot the talismanic series—obviously to be L0ID. Skaros Fish.
495
regarded as a specimen that had survived in use—is of the true almond-
…
The earlier amygdaloid type practically dies out about
…
As, for instance, on those showing the
…
; a very degraded version of the lion's
496
agrimi, still reflects the bold execution of the best period of the M'
…
The Cylinder Type: Early Reflection and Later Imitation in Minoan
…
At the
…
The floral design recalls D. G. Hogarth,
…
below from the Hagios Onuphnoii*■-
497
beoinnirig of the Age of Palaces, however (M. M. I a)—as part of a
…
attempt to take over the Oriental
…
a trophy of the chase. The whole is set in a field of conventional papyrus,
…
in
…
copied in
…
In the case of the gold-mounted lapis-
…
" See p. 446 seqq. The style of the bull's
498
to the manufacture, by the Minoan settlers themselves, of local classe
…
of Minoan Crete that the
…
been given in Section 102 above, including a faience cylinder of Syro-Hittite
…
Harbour cylinder style, but of details traditional with the Cretan seal-engravers.
…
There follows a man-stag, with the head and upper part of his body bent
…
fils, from an impression obtained by me at the
…
in both works the group is wrongly described as
…
the West Porch at Knossos (Knossos, Rep >
499
THE 'FLATTENED CYLINDER' TYPE
…
of this form outside the Island, either on the
…
to be the only near parallels to be found
…
By M. M. II, however, the existence of
…
actual example in banded agate,5 with hieroglyphs of the same class on one
…
in House A at Kato Zakro.
…
in the British Museum Collection, which
…
" Knossos, P. of-M., iii, p. 21, Fig. 11, there
500
temporary execution, with similar long horns, is the agrimi leaping over roc.
…
of more or less contemporary date, shows a fisherman in exceptional loin
…
covered—as were small reliefs on vases in the same material—with thin ^
501
THE 'TUMBLER' GEM FROM KNOSSOS
…
Masterpieces on Flat Cylinders: the Bull caught at Cistern.
…
bead-seal of first-rate interest. The first of these was found by a native
…
the bull
…
1 See above, P. of-M:, iii, p. 124, Eig. 75.
…
The fractured specimen showing a Genius
503
broadening observable in the upper part of the crests answers to a
…
manship.'2 This class of cylinder is quite distinct from the well-known
…
Pt. I, p. 51, Fig. 24, a. For the later type
…
of the material Petrie, Scarabs and Cylinders
…
him to the Ashmolean Museum (op. cit., p. 36,2).!
504
in a flowery field (Fig. 443 and Suppl. PI. LIV*,/). The figures.as will be seen
…
the acrobatic
…
The flowers, set
…
a central one shoots up between the tumblers' heads.
…
Tumbler in Lower Register.
…
as seen in Fig-
505
Fig. 44S, with a few supplementary touches, the Table prepared on the basis
…
in the Greek conception of the monster as seen on the coins of Knossos.1
…
indeed, that the rude horned personage on the Nilotic AND Star on Black
…
of Sumerian cylinders, which later took shape in the
…
(facing p. 358). The derivation of Early
506
j-eun group, otherwise the elongated three-sided form is unique amongst Nilotic
…
This prism seal, like the cylinders with similar figures, must in fact be
…
compact.three-sided class, but some of them also preserving the button snap •
…
It is possible, indeed, after the lapse of many years, to repeat
…
the
507
be referred, like the others, to some surviving indigenous element in the
…
1 Tumblers are seen in connexion with bull
…
= P. of M., i, p. 694, Fig. Sit (cf. iii, p. 21S,
…
of the Turin Museum (Maspero, Egypte) in
508
of Set, the fore-legs of which terminate in iiraci. Tumbling performances
…
in pre-
…
On the
…
XII a. On the ivory knife handle the figure of
509
BEAST FABLES IN ANTIQUITY
…
actually to illustrate, in a skilfully epitomized shape, a homely fable of
…
The concluding part of the dialogue and the
…
folk wisdom, may well have had an early vogue. The beast actors of the Ur
…
Mu'#(,j Aicrw-ou, cxliii(iS42 edition, p. 120). the lyre. On a clay fragment from Dschocha is
510
50S ILLUSTRATION OF FABLE : THE GOAT AND THE DOG
…
set with the blades of swords.1
…
flat cylin- fiat cylinder class—a very beautiful bluish-white translucent agate, from the
…
s Compare my observations in P. of M., ii, B It was acquired by me at Atne ^
…
' See Athenaeus' account (Lib. iv. c. 3) of them clearly Cretan in character an sea|s_-
…
Karanos, where women acrobats make their collected on the spot by a native
511
unique among the finger-rings of both the Ancient and the Modern World.
…
1 ' ' Bezel(M.M.III):Sphouk-
…
Although, as shown above, it seems possible to trace the origin of the
…
where the insects are called 'grasshoppers'.
…
"■ See P: of M., iii, p. 139 seqq. and Fig.
…
tioned that ' the hole is too small for it to go
512
phase or the initial stage of L. M. I. Such are those represented by certain clav
…
of this kind, and show that they were already in vogue in the great transi-
…
the rings them-
…
koned the well-known example from Mycenae, where the Goddess of the
…
- See especially P. ofM., iii, pp. 142, 143
…
' P. ofM., iii, p. r46 seqq-,
513
It has been suggested in a former Section of this Work that the pugilistic
…
combat are certainly depicted (Fig. 456).2 A bowman in the act of aiming
…
seen, in a peculiar personal
…
as in the case of gold flat
…
the Sphin:
…
* See P. of M., iii, p. 125, Fig. 78.
514
is shown attacking a Hon, no clue has been left as to the personage depicted
…
in a remarkable way with the
…
the Thisb£ Treasure supply,
…
iii, Fig. 80; a (facing p. 126). The type was
…
baseless criticism of the chariot do 3
515
GENUINENESS OF THE THISBE JEWELS 5,5
…
that it is difficult not to recognize here an actual record of it by the Minoan
…
The remarkable character of the latter subject, coupled with those pre-
…
"- Their genuineness was independently con- could a forger have known of the Boeotian
…
" See above, pp. 451, 452, and p. 452, n. 1 : did he acquire the subtle knowledge that the
516
The most gifted forger could hardly be credited with powers of secoi I
…
Fig. 'ItiO. Back View of Bead-seals and Ring from Thisbe Find showing the Effects^oi i
…
Boar, g,' Elongated ' Bead-seal : 'Oedipus and Sphinx '. /;, Do.' Oedipus and Laios ' in Uj-^
…
The objects said to have been found with the jewels—a nun
…
'flat cylinders'required a slightly earlier style? amygdaloid types the grooving anc
517
ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY IN MINOAN ART 517
…
Omue ignotum pro false is itself a dangerous motto in the Minoan field.
…
If, as there seems to be good reason for supposing, the scene depicted
…
illustrated by the siege scene on the silver ' rhylon', itself in keeping with Minoan 5
…
1 he beads seem to have fallen faee clown- appears in the LXX as 'Ay^is and 'Ayxous. An
Indigenous sphragistic tradition
519
pared; Lion leaping on quarry—outgrowth of the indigenous types; First
…
It is important to observe that—apart from the influence of larger Sphra-
…
was proper to the seals themselves. Crete.
…
great utility in helping us to ascertain how far they are to be regarded as the
…
I his must not, indeed, leave out of count the consideration that, at the
520
Primitive back of the primitive prototypes themselves, foreign influences from beyoi 1
…
Egyptian been already shown that the'double sickle' motive and certain revere J
…
types of lion and even some antithetic human subjects stand in relation t
…
in a crouched attitude which, on
…
of steatite of the closing Early
…
b, c)} Although the intermediate stages are wanting, it is clear tha ^
…
« Ii., p. i*o, Fig. 89. The'.equmeami
521
of M. M. III-L. M. I date. A reconstitution
…
Early Minoan seals. Such we may recosniize in the repeated designs of Egyptian
…
(E-.1t: III), showing i, Potter moulding Large
…
other designs the vessel is set within the oven. Of exceptional interest,
…
p. 102. These fragments belonged to the
…
of them in good condition. Hogarth calls
522
a game of draughts on a table in front (Fig. 404, i, 2). Beneath r
…
III-L.M. la): H. Triada.
…
465, a). The crossed dogs (Fig. 464, 3)
…
The pots play a prominent part in
…
(Fig. 466) in the same way as we see potters on other early bead-seals
…
. 13). The same operation
…
di Haghia Triada e di Zakro (Ammario della out, but the lion's legs are n0 J he some'
523
a pole as trophies of the chase.
…
is supplied by the somewhat later intaglio illustrated above,3 from Rethym-
…
on the
…
are given of the type (frequent on such seals)
…
in my collection show the transition to the
524
Some account has been already given of the special type of circular bei I
…
bles the ordinary lentoid
…
matite specimen of this kind from Eastern Crete, Fig. 471, the collared hound
…
an altar base.3 Though somewhat worn, the fine style of this intaglio
…
at Piskokephali in Siteia in 1S9S, the leap-
525
Indication of Minoan Origin of the Well-known Type Depicting Lion
…
weight has an obvious relation to the better-known design in which the outgrowth
…
by its occurrence on the flat-sided crystal lentoid, must go back at least to
…
As ot xpvo-eoi JoVres 6 /j-lv Xde veftpbv airdy- (a-dyxyiv) the young stag with his fore-paws is
…
As noted, op. at:, p. 2S2, the ascertained hold on the quarry. 1). B. Monro {Odyssey,
526
types in
…
the Delta, Mena's Conquest of Lower Egypt may have led to a settlement f
…
from East Crete. On another side of this
…
< The earliest example of such reiw
…
and cf. P. ofM., iii, pp. ■ 53. '54 and s"
527
The coursing lion of Fig. i.7'2 may itself be regarded as the forerunner Lion on
…
From the mature L. M. I epoch onwards the fully developed scheme of Fully
…
1 See P. of M., i, p. 715, Fig. 537. of the 'flat cylinder' type (//'., p. 9, Fig. 8),
…
F'g- "2. has his hind feet still on the ground. The same
…
A. E., P.ingo/'JVestor,6>'c.,'p. 9, Fig. 9, and from the Vapheio Tomb (,'£</>. 'Ap,\'-i 1SS9,
528
As already observed, this type of the lion seizing his prey has beei
…
looks, indeed, as if it had been a special achievement of the Cretan seal-
…
Surprising as it may seem, considerable researches into the copious
…
hind-legs resting on the ground and with the head of the carnivore turnec
…
No. 114. The alternative method "»",
…
' In these researches I am glad to acknow-
…
the front of a stag's neck from ov<
529
the carnivore seizes the throat of his victim to drink his life-blood, as
…
on the ground,
…
the early mace-
…
ditions go, of setting the lion full on the bull, the cylinder type is in the
…
indeed, be said that in
…
' Sec C. L. Woolley, Ur Excavations, PL 96,
530
On an Assyrian cylinder' of much later date, where the lion's body '
…
long, but the lion still rests on the ground (Fig. 477). This cylinder belongs
…
are reduced. In his later paper on A jasper
531
lion's body rests on the ground. The lion itself wears a harness and
…
Fourteenth-Century date, but the work, both in its strength as well as in
…
It is clear that exceptional examples exist among Minoan designs, both in
…
But there can be no doubt that the more characteristic Minoan form of
532a
by hunting dogs. The original object of their chase had been the naf
…
among the select gems photo-
…
idea of the details. It is necessary
…
From the palmation, here
…
which the lion grips the neck of
…
engraved, is seen in the intag
…
n the lentoid (Fig
…
a lion and a lioness grip the neck of a horned sheep.*
533
Much the same scheme recurs on a strongly incised amygdaloid
…
Of the taking over of the seal-types
…
branch of Art of which one centre at least may be found in the Minoan
…
1 In my Collection, from Central Crete.
…
' The relief of a warrior (p. 804. Fig. 782)
…
This is not mentioned in the text, but, as has
534
L.M.III*.
…
had also existed on the Cilician Coast, to which, indeed, the Hi
…
resulted in the discovery of
…
near Tarsus, showing Lion springing on Bull.
…
according to the true Minoan tradition.1 This type—to which the term
…
It is a far cry from such rude reminiscences of the old Cretan type as
…
seal impression (Fig. 4S6)—belonging, it may be presumed, to the Ke-
…
of Ashur itself of the detached upper part of a ' rhyton of U -VJ-
…
and had demonstrated the practical identity
535
formed of faience of the Cypro-Minoan class,1 and a vessel in the shape of
…
That the lion and bull type was taken over by the Phoenicians in a Minoan
…
U923), P- 1 seqq. and cf. Hall, The Civiliza-
…
Faience in Mesopotamia, q'he woman's bead
…
' See P. of M., iii, pp. 473, 474 and my
536
(incomplete) is in the air. The whole is vigorously engraved in a some 1
…
tury date2 the design of a lion seizing a bull
…
from a tomb of the Greek cemetery of
…
than the close of the
…
' Acquired by me in 1890-(with vases and
…
the gateway sculpture); C. Macdonald, ^
537
LIONS SEIZING BULLS IN EARLY RELIEFS AT ATHENS 537
…
A record of the source of the relief is pre- on recent discoveries on the Akropolis at
…
E.g. lb., xvi, p. 487, 4SS. In ib., xvii, a pale green, which also distinguishes his hoofs
…
R. Heberdey, Allattische J'orosskulptur on the elongated bull, here prone. The Geneva
…
sculptures in poros stone, see, too, E. Buschor, s See /'. of M., iii, p. r 74, Fig. 118.
538
538 FRAGMENT OF LION GROUP IN STUCCO RELIEF
…
—life size—part of the mane of a
…
does it correspond with the lioness
…
perforation was visible in the plaster for
…
s The identification with a bull is ac«P
…
fragments from the S.L. 1
541
succeed the merely magical; Stricken calf trying to extract arrow; Similar
…
traced to the more primitive class of Cretan bead-seals, dating well back
…
' See P. „f M,, i, pp. 672, 673. The "■ lb., p. 673, fig. 492, a-e.
542
the
…
served, the chief aim was artistic effect. An M. M. 11—111 lentoid of the early
…
MM. II-III.
…
often set forth by themselves on the talismanic series pass into the ^
543
fisherman holding up his catch,1 or, as seen in the fine gem depicting the
…
A particular refinement marks the artistic transformation of the simple Stricken
…
Fig. 490. Calf with Arrow in
…
Here a calf, with horns just sprouting, singled out, we may suppose, from the
…
be regarded as a real masterpiece. The firm, sure touch that is here dis-
…
Gillieron, fils. This and the gems, Figs. 420,
544
young animal itself, mark this gem as belonging to the great Ao-e. It wo ij
…
That this or slightly variant types of the same design had a certain
…
fared to epoch onwards, which had been rendered familiar by the Minoan extension
…
Knossos in the ' lewel Fresco' area, under stratieraphic conditions pom o
…
- B.M. Cat. Engraved Gems, &c. (H. B. lot cit, but. like the other, is in fact a ca
546
or arrow. The scheme of the wounded animal is here simply m.l
…
shown an almost exactly similar attitude in the case of a dog (Fio-. 506V
…
In the above cases, illustrated by Figs. 500-503 b, the wounded animal
…
torted scheme, is that in which a
…
knees giving under the paralysing
…
5 From a cast in my possession.
547
The wounded lion scheme above described is also adapted on lentoid Wounded
…
found near Rethymnos,1 the lion turns
…
model, is seen below. Such subjects, in
…
In comparing, as it is impossible not to do, these Minoan glyptic episodes Compari-
…
haematite lentoid from Crete, formerly in the J P. of it., i, p. 6S5 seqq.
…
(seenbyme)onacornelianlentoidfromSpana. single example of such action among the
548
with arrows, nor, indeed, has the paralysing effect of the perforation of tl
…
tempt of the great
…
suited the sensational
…
jaws, is practically identical, though there is neither arrow in his s ^
…
1 A.E. Collection, formerly Greville. the same position on scarabs o - 0f
549
CRETE THE SOURCE : NO MAINLAND ANTECEDENT
…
Minoan masterpieces evolved step by step from humbler origins on the Cretan
…
earlier than the beginning of the First Late Minoan Period.1 Like the
550
Mainland some qu'te unrelated specimens of Helladic seals ] of the rudest fabric
…
The culture reflected in the designs on the intaglios from the Peloporm
…
Behind all this there is nothing but a blank on the soil of Hellas itself.
…
later date, we may fairly call ' Mycenaean' Greece. On the sar
551
have equally fitted heroic names to the warriors of the scene of combat on
…
1 P. of M. iii, Fig. 80 (facing p. 126).
552
Assyrian parallels from Nimrud; Minoan outpost at Ras Hamra; Cow
…
The
…
Motive of the Animal suckling its Young.
…
Of these faience groups, that of the
…
The Cow and Calf. ■
…
tories, ofthe cow licking the hindquarters of her cal
553
realistic prototype for a long series of traditional designs. The motive AsaMi-
…
1 Found at Chersonesos, East ofCandia: once
…
PL III, 10; P. and C, vi, PI. XV, 15 &c. A
…
"in agate lentoid in the Berlin Museum (Furtw. Cat., PI. I, No. 24). Said to have
…
been found in Continental Greece {Text, p. 4).
554
of the ' impaled triangle' symbol is seen in the field, and this recur
…
motive—which is not Chaldaean—taken over in conventional EgyP™n
…
- Illustrative materials regarding the Cow PL VII, second register)- In the latter examp^
…
in Anion Task, pp. 124-6. Moret (cited by Thureau-Dangin' ™D),msl),
555
holds a pail and cup for her refreshment. In later Syro-Phoenician Art we ^ed
…
particular may be noted the similarity presented by the loose-limbed young
…
XVII), and cf. Clermont-Ganneau, Sccaux et Minoan models are the exquisite reliefs of the
…
M. Thureau-Dangin, in his excellent * See P. of M., i, p. 510 seqq.
556
the lineal successors of the fragmentary remains of similar
…
the North-West Palace. These an
…
: generally attributed to the brilliant
…
of the ivory stags are also repress
557
eiently.show how closely the Nimrud ivories representing the Cow and Calf
…
'the Cypriote nor the Syrian ivories of this class happen to contain an
…
It was, perhaps, owing to the idea of divine protection and sustenance Cow and
…
" For one of these, said to be from Kurion, dence following the death of Periander of
…
where Meister's reading (p. 543) is ' Zo-vo-te- p. 103, and PI. D, 2). Others with the
…
Head, f-L J\r., p. 3 2 5, assigns the early staters
558
if f«aV well be asked whether-over and above the traditional usage of the
…
not also have played a part at least in the more elaborate versions of the
…
the
…
Seeh.! °W deei'' the daPP^S Of which are dead)
559
ited (Fig. 521). Horns are here added to the doe's head in the same way
…
It is curious that this motive of the maned Maned
…
also repeated in the lion
…
artist seems to have felt a difficulty in attributing too maternal an attitude
…
(E<j>. 'Apx-, iSSS, PL X, 32, and p. 17S). The
560
Among the set pieces of this branch of genre designs a ver., i .
…
motive goes back at least to the early part of the First Late Minoan Period,
…
(Fig. 524),;l and the other of Spartan basalt from
…
When, about the end of the Eighth Century,
…
As a coin-type we see this action of the bull
…
licking its hinder hoof revived in a literal shape on silver statei
…
3 In the British Museum {Cat., Pt. ii, 70).
…
occurrence in Corinthia, and is also found
…
usually the decorativ
…
in which the head is simply ben
561
A. somewhat parallel design is that in which the bovine animal raises Bull
…
52S) - and of its colony Dikaia on the Thermaic lyPe-
…
NosE2ot L^Sta t0 be explained by the direct copying of Minoan
…
Such an actual revival seems to be in the same way indicated by some
562
still further towards its thigh as if irritated by the bite of a fly, Fig. 529, a.
…
marks a speciality of the numismatic Art of Hellenic Crete and for which,
…
is repeated I,! ■ "JT6 in S°me resPects alli^ to that above described
…
design of the ?*--
563
As will be seen from the section, the clay nodule shows a projection
…
character. The running" spiral already, as we have seen, appears on facades
…
It is significant of a definite cultural advance in Crete and the Minoan vogueof
564
Fig. 532. 'The Prize Ox': Restored
…
a cattle show, in which the owner complacently gazes on his prize ox,
…
tr*rfn ^ fnding bGhind the animal-like the Minoan Genius o
565
The cattle piece (Fig. 537) consists of two lowing oxen. Purely bucolic
…
associations seem actually to have formed part of the decoration on the
…
tion, may be thought to depend on some work of the greater Art, is a group
…
lh.it on the left appears to be a much
…
3 This specimen was bought by me in
566
566 THE 'COUCHANT OXEN' TYPE
…
illustrated in Fig. 539, and it is further to be noted that in these and other
…
shown in Fig. 538. In some cases the stepped
…
that though the insertion of this ' double
…
have come under my personal observation, the remaining exampe
…
owed its wide diffusion to the existence of a well-known work of the
…
the Morea (Berlin Cat., No. 49 ")■
Hunting and other animal types on Late
569
Influence of Oriental Cylinder Schemes and Evolution of the
…
with bozo; The fallow deer represented in Minoan Art; Stag-hunting in
…
Among-st animal types on signets already illustrated in this work the Cretan
…
a huge animal of this kind, while in the
570
beside, apparently, a trough, and a swastika sign in the field above t h
…
of the close of the Palace Period, Fie. 544, c, where a horned sheep is
…
2 In the Canclia Museum, St. Xanthudides,
…
8 For the intermediate links see J>. of M.,
571
offertory ram, and the motive reappears on cylinders of the late ' Cypro-
…
a 'flat' cylinder (Fig. 546) found on or near the site of Lyktos.3 In
…
In the absence of special indications it is often a moot point where Domestic
…
Minoan seals on the prism seals of the Early Minoan Age. When, as on
572
a somewhat later prism of the hieroglyphic class, we see the animal c
…
with the upper
…
near the Argive
…
Section ioi above, stands, knife in hand, about to make an incision i
…
- D. Levi, Crelule, on p. 43, Fig. 98: The
…
Cluxpclk, PI. I, 6, and p. 2. The base
573
of the same kind.1 There are
…
tables. The animal is depicted as already
…
On the other hand we have also to deal Hunting
…
the Vapheio Tomb 2 the hunter checks a
…
being laid beneath a canopy of rocks (Fig. 551). In this case the design of
…
the huntsman is much inferior to the spirited representation of the animal
…
Keller, Tier ,,. Pflamxnbilder, p. no, the
574
Pal.aikastro, showing the fore-part of a boar charging over rocky oTO
…
palatial walls. The Tiryns fresco,2 indeed, proves that boar-hunting subjects
…
from the Third Shaft Grave at Mycenae,6 show a warrior attacking a
…
the lion stands bolt upright on h*
…
hind legs, the hero who stabs it appears in an identical guise.
…
■ See P. o/M., iii, opp. p. 17s, Fig. 123 a,
…
Fig. Si. A contorted design of a bull of the
…
>P.ofM, iii, p. "5 1*^nia(/i
575
grasps the
…
Spearman in Peaked
…
tacks a lion in
…
of exactly the
…
ing from the
…
pears on the
…
describes the helmet as being provided with
576
which turns on the pursuers—an incident that, as pointed out
…
weapons of similar ancient types, are forced to wage against the Ki
…
archer those of this painting in metals were actually drawn on by Minoan seal
…
"ydonia (Fig. 556), found on or near the site of Kydonia,2 presents a scene of two
…
An acute observation made by Dr. Rodenwaldt3 with regard to the
…
Hums- The Cretan hunter on the agate lentoid from Mirabello,4 reproc lie
…
David of the Cabinet des M&lailles. It is * See, too, above, p. 492> and g'
577
of Central Crete1—the ' elongated ' amygdaloid form of which is parallel with
…
Of the use of the bow to bring down the wild-goat pursued by a hound, Minoah
…
perpetuated by the later Diktynna, whether her quarry be in this case wild-
578
impression from the late Palatial 'Archives Deposit' at Knossos,3 Fio- 5m
…
"- See my Ring of Nestor, cVc, p. 22, where n. 1. The only object from Mycenae t a
…
5 See below, p. 609, Fig 597 n/. 'rhyton'. The form of the vessel thus ansi
…
' See on this Imhoof-Blumer und Keller. ■ On the Tiryns fresco these are ^
…
Third Shaft Grave at Mycenae is, indeed, star symbols on the Hathorrc c ^
579
THE FALLOW DEER
…
the Fourth Mycenae Shaft Grave—as is shown
…
hunting in
…
Fig. 564. Royal Male Personage hunting Stag in
580
Lady the lily-crown class who are seen driving chariots of the late Knossi
…
1 R..Earibeni,/2Sara/ago di$■intodiHaghia ' In this case, however, the ears be^'B
…
one case a pair of Griffins is substituted for horizontal, while the true greyhoun ^
…
and Pig. 40. Dr. Rodenwaldt (p. 108) noted 8 The modern Greek greyhounds
582
even see a similar subject to that of the fresco.1 The groom__here i
…
of them of a peaceful and picturesque character akin to that of the ca
583
of the ' elongated amygdaloid ' type (Fig. 570) from Central Crete,1 they are
…
as we have seen, as the subjects of
…
goat in his Jaws. Green Jasper :
…
Fig. 572* he holds the whole animal up, like a monster retriever, as also on
…
" See above, p: 532, Fig. -181. It is there ■ In the British Museum (Cat., 1926, PI. I,
…
j>e a local find. There is a triple, trailing object 28, and p. 86. The idea of carrying off of the
584
as actually serving a divine behest and carrying the quarry in a rna
…
The general conclusion arrived at in Section 106 a above, that the
…
that in certain cases there are undoubted examples of reaction 01 cy 1
…
p. 6 (1926). The 'sacral knot' too (fully 21, from drawing by St. Elme '^'j,, from
…
1 See above, p. 443 and Figs. 368, a, b. The beavd may here be regal
585
it is this version that we recognize in the gold signet-ring (Fig. 574)
…
symmetrical group of a huge horned sheep (which except for the charac-
…
in Figs. 576, 577, a Kriosphinx with a ram's head facing, two lions' bodies
…
See above, pp. 453, 454, Fig. 378. PL III, 24). The design is accompanied
…
' J-D. Beazley, The Lewes House Collection " A sard also from a Chamber Tomb;
…
' See A.E., Myc. Tree and Pillar Cult, PL III, 23 ; P. et C, vi, PL XVI, 20.
586
Here we seem to see a deliberate attempt to deceive the eve a
…
Many of the later animal schemes such as the crossing" animals, some-
…
Minoan class, such as the crossed hounds on
…
PI. LV, d). The complement to this scene is shown in rig
587
On another lentoid gem two lions are seen, one seated left, the other
…
Fig. 580. Two Lions fighting for the
588
a kind of horror vacui which made him seek to fill the entire surface of the
…
with Globule in Centre.
…
kindred Nilotic theme of the Cat and Duck is reduced to the closely packed
…
Figures of animals coiled or contorted so as to fit the circular field are
The late palatial deposits of clay seal impression at Knossos
591
{ 10S. The Late Palatial Deposits or Clay Seal Impressions
…
Inferior quality of clay and baking; Mostly preserved, with documents, in
…
In the summary review of Minoan seal-engravings given above, some- Long
…
wvenes ot large deposits of clay seal impressions, in an important house oi M.M.1II-
592
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATER SEALINGS
…
wWhIocu- Palace officials themselves that, whereas in the days of the ' Middle Palace',
593
one cause of this was the use of materials more perishable than parchment
…
damaging effects in the case of such easily friable objects as these im- pitation.
…
Deposits of Seal Impressions in S.W. Basement.
…
may be here referred to as Deposit A, was brought to light in two basement matrix
594
section represented above by the ' South-North Corridor'.1 In the base-
…
Lapi- It is worth noticing that in another small basement immediately South-
…
of ,, evidences of its use as a lapidary's workshop in the Re-occupation Period.
…
date. Here, besides a great variety of peg-like objects in white ' marble ana
595
THE LAPIDARY'S WORKSHOP
…
the cutting out and drilling of the bead
…
Fig. 589. Lentoid Bead-seals in
…
ar>d a section of a conventional palm-tree. In
596
596 DEPOSIT B IN CENTRAL SHRINE
…
tion owing to the collapse of the floor of the room above. On its Eastern
…
and the whole was subsequently drawn by - .//;., i, p. 154 seqq.
597
THE 'ARCHIVES DEPOSIT' 597
…
kind into the space overlying the balustrade of the ' Queen's Bath
…
Other similar remains were found, beyond the neighbouring Service
…
clay, larger than the ordinary sealings,
…
packages.2 They were traversed internally Cord. The Upper Face of this bore
…
0 one another and the inscription and * See above, p. 395, Fig. 331.
598
of the inscribed clay disks. Two sealings, here found presenting a sym-
…
of the same Deposit, had, at the same time, been precipitated into the
…
in all cases the same, being supplied by that of the final catastrophe of the
599
DEPOSIT OF SEAL IMPRESSIONS IN LITTLE PALACE 599
…
offices bordering the great ' East Hall' * above.
…
Like the preceding, this ' Little Palace Deposit' bears every evidence
600
indeed, though separated by the North and East walls of the Shrine
…
were found near
…
from the same area (Fig. 594) clearly belongs
…
by the close of M. M. III. Curiously enough,
…
terrace of the slope immediately to the back
601
In both representations we are carried back to a very different style
…
the old tradition.
…
Besides smaller groups of sealings, such as, for instance, occurred in Isolated
…
those of the Deposits above described. All these Deposits—with the
…
SUMMARY CATALOGUE OF LATE PALATIAL SEAL IMPRESSIONS IN
…
2. The ' Young Minotaur'(2 specimens). (3., p. 763, Fig. 491.)
…
7- Crouched lion, from abraded lentoid, apparently the same as that used for 'Armoury '.
…
r°. Couchant oxen, heads in opposite directions. (See above p. 566, Figs. 539. 540, &c.)
602
n, Man leaning on fence surveying bull. {See above p. 564, Fig. 532, 'At the
…
13. Half of large clay impression showing water-fowl, and reeds restored in Fig. 597 b, e,
…
shield. {P. of M.} iii,
…
broken. (See P. o/M., iii, loc. cit.)
603
iS. Pillar, horizontally placed above two animals in reversed positions.
…
26. Two lions confronted, in half-crouched positions, with bull's head between their heads.
…
33. Two lions seated, looking in opposite directions. (Several.)
…
41. Two oxen walking in opposite directions, one with head lowered; behind each
…
Part of contorted figure of bull, with shield, and apparently sacral knot in field.
604
57. Two Agri7?tis standing in reversed positions.
…
66. Variant of the same.
…
2. Goddess holding necks of two lions (one restored in Fig. 597 a, c), who stand back to
…
6. Horned sheep before spirally fluted column : Minoan shield in field. (See P. of M., iii,
…
9. Recumbent ox to left with head turned away from the spectator.
…
16. Lion in contracted position. (Cf. p. 58s, Fig. 583.)
605
20. Wild-goat in contracted position with head turned towards hind-legs.
…
2. Cornice, supported on columns on which is the design of two confronted lions, their
…
3. Half-seated figure, apparently of Goddess, stretching out her arms towards the leg of
…
Two collared dogs in opposed positions, with heads turned back and forefeet resting
…
n. Facing head with two barley-corns in field. (Haifa clay impression from an almost
…
r4. Part of man-bull in contorted position.
…
19. Man standing in front of large head of couchant ox, hind-quarters of lion behind
…
22. Man leaping on forepart of bull: in field i\, sacral knot and shield.
606
to fill the field.
…
37. Collared bitch and two puppies, one in field above. (Lentoid form complete.)
…
40. Two fish in reversed positions.
…
42. &c. A large number of fragments of animals, many of them in groups.
607
al' oold beads. Although it is often difficult to ascertain the original
…
dimensions. What has been above described as the 'lentoid' class of
…
Not to speak of the clay ' matrix', which must have been used as a Impres-
…
substitute for an actual signet,1 it is clear from the shape of the field and gold
610
sealing (D, 5) he holds out his hands above the lions' heads, as on a oem
…
In this and similar schemes the place of the divinity between the
…
Of singular interest is the fragmentary seal impression, Fig. 597 a, i, from
…
3 Both intaglios are in my own Collection.
613
MINOAN SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND
…
In the case of
…
though, except for the
…
in stone a special creation of some intrusive Northern genius on that side
…
senting the Minoan Goddess : their Feet on a Double
614
and execution. Its association with the incurved altar-bases itself or
…
round a central rosette,, suggests an appropriate pattern for the ceiling
615
Among the everyday types of seal impressions, that reproduced in Fig.
…
1 -P. of M., iii, p. 11; and Fig. 67. See, ' lb., Fig. 534.
616
Graffito Some of the clay seal impressions, both from the above-mentioned
…
of tablets, presented a further evidence of connexion in the shape of graffito
Later phase of West Magazines
619
from upper chambers; The Upper West Magazines; Stored grains and
…
work bands on ' Medallion' pithoi / Its bearing on steatite examples found in
…
basketry ; Evidence of about 200 pithoi in position—accommodation for fSo
…
The sign {jakavrov) on tablets, coupled with ' ingot'—60 with one-eighth
…
In addition to the considerable hoards of clay sealings found in the Inscribed
620
tatedwith All these remains had been in a similar manner precipitated from an
…
" The
…
Fig. C05. Revised Plan of Upper Palace Section above Part of West Magazines and the
621
EVIDENCE OF GRAIN STORAGE IN UPPER MAGAZINES 6:
…
as to the nature of
…
regarding the ma-
…
area of the Long-
…
Candia, much .interested in Cretan antiquities.
…
destroyed at the Fire on the occasion of the
622
622 THE'GRANARY'TABLETS: VARIOUS CEREAL SIGNS
…
in E.
…
The ' Granary ' Tablets : Cereal Signs and Remains.
…
1 There were burnt remains as of a superficial envelope above the cores of the grains as
623
III
…
III /ll
…
floor were found a series of tablets (Fig. 609, a) l accompanied by the pictorial
…
1 Haussoullier (B. de Con: Hell., 1S80, by sifting. They have not, however, in any case
624
The
…
the covering takes a rounded form (Fig. 608, e,fyg). Often there is
…
be compared with the wicker-work structures,
…
In connexion with this bifid vege-
…
in schemes referred to above, the
625
ideographic figures relating to cereals. In some cases, moreover, this is
…
the ' Staff of life ',2 and its name
…
a parallel ideographic figure representing an ear of corn on a stalk. In
626
character of the syllabary in Class B.
…
Sealing arranged in
…
is made probable by the recurrence of what seem to be corns of this cereal
…
in the upper filling
…
of barley in the
…
one side (a) Germinating Barley Corn, and on the other (/')
629
style, restored in Fig. 620 a from fragments found in
…
here the sprays on the
…
are un-classical, but the
…
that the Minoans also
…
ltnin the walls, was, for the sake of dryness, preserved in upper chambers,
…
2 P. o/M., iii, pp. 277-9, F'os- iS6> IS?
630
is a natural conclusion, and agrees with the evidence at hand. The ba -1
…
It has been shown above that the Magazines of the West Palace
…
arrangement they were made with broad openings convenient to admit the
…
and the separate entrances of the chambers themselves narrowed, while at
…
Larger Oil, however, continued to be stored, though the jars for which there
631
in the case of the others, gypsum slabs-
…
with Area East, including Pillar Rooms and Temple Repositories.
632
.below—was poured into these, and subsequently ' skimmed ' for storage in
…
zines. arrangement. There was no question now of allocating any of the space
…
predomi- M. M. Ill enclave were done away with, and free access restored from the
…
ficial Magazines IV—XI11, so far as their doorways had been narrowed, were in
633
There can be little doubt, indeed, that this widespread disaster—due in the
…
These ' Medallion ' pithoi, indeed, the typical circular bosses of which Survival
…
indeed, as we have seen, were impressed with signets showing the 'facade' pWioi.
…
of this vessel led to the discovery that the plaster floor surrounding a part atei °01'
…
height by that amount. A remarkable feature of this pit/ws is the appear-
634
65 cm. below the rim. These
…
the giant, ' knobbed pithoi'
…
than that of the tallest of
…
instead of the three zones
…
those of the earlier class,
…
be set the fact that there
635
was no trace of the usual M. M. Ill lilac-brown wash, nor of the white
…
20-25 centimetres beneath that on which the great store-jars were found at zinesfrom
…
The jars presenting the medallions thus appear—per saltum—side
…
' Medallions '. The whole build of this fiil/ios and its degraded decoration °"„,vthSj
…
sidian or volcanic glass, with only one ex- earlier floor. The general shape with the four
636
lion' the hatched decoration of its horizontal bands. These are in each
…
pattern are, indeed, frequent on the later fiitlioi of the Magazines, and the
637
The repeated 'herring-bone' bands on the late ' Medallion' pit/ios
…
of oreen Cretan steatite had, at one time, reposed on an early floor of the
638
the predominant late type
…
upright class — the fabric
…
the closing phase (b) of
…
impression of the facade
640
a fair conclusion that, apart from some repainting in the latest days of the
…
designs in
…
decoration of the #4» cnnt-nl! W, : phaSe traceab e in the
…
- See P. „/,)/., |i Pt n --»°- In these cases the leafy band is above
642
The plant designs on the most decorative of our pitlioi, Fig. 629 T
…
nized in the pendant loops seen in bold
…
the Zafer Papoura Cemetery, Fig. 630.°
…
s No. 17. The height of this jar is 1-24
…
metre and the outer width of its upper margin
644
circles. The 'her-
…
stone vases. The
…
The Comparative Table, Fig. (532, shows a selection of the rim profiles
645
implemented ;n 2 by a bifid ridge below. B, exemplifying the ' Medallion'
…
Side by side with this normal type there is another distinct series, the Bottle-
…
rim, which gives them a bottle-like appearance. The outer margin of the
…
Weight 1-28 metre; outer vim 47 cm. in of 42 cm. (Its base is 25 cm. in diameter.)
646
and the Upper Nile—receptacles of basket-work of much the same shape
…
as the store-jars with which we are concerned are used as milk churns,
647
for suspension the bottom in this case is rounded off, and decorative tassels
…
Numbers and Arrangement of Pithqi; Total Capacity of Oil Storage in
…
existence of 1 5 i pitkoi standing m their places at the time of excavation, as ascer-
…
Balfour. Such vessels were provided with where the plait-work is certainly copied from
648
Nos. III-V for about
…
pillios in
…
As many as 420 pilhoi may thus have been stored in this area, thouo-h
…
In order-to preserve, in situ, the important remains of a column-base and
…
the equivalent of two cylinders. One of these
650
Remains area of the Eastern section of the Palace, in the epoch—L. M. II__that
…
Octopus from a rope. Upon both of its sub-triangular faces is an octopus in relief,
…
matches that on a series of 'Palace Style' amphoras of the best period,
…
J As for instance in Mag. IX (Fig. 633, ' The object is S cm. wide at top gradwuo
651
Lustra! Basin of the 'Room of the Throne'—where the coils are inter-
…
is still somewhat early in
…
weight, and the tentacles
…
ment in any Minoan olla
…
WITH Two OCTOPODS IN RELIEF.
…
free tradition is still observed in L. M. I !>
…
used in
652
of the Babylonian talent representing 60 minas of about 490 grammes. The
…
Equiva- evidence was approximately repeated in a series of copper ingots. Nineteen
653
were considerable deposits of these in its Treasuries is itself made evident by
…
facilitate porterage, had a widespread currency in the Ancient World beyond borne by
…
the late palatial period. The typical shape was a disk, with sides in some shaped
…
may in each case stand for ten of the units, represented here by four of the to Egyp-
…
The weight, as corrected to its full original volume,3 scales 1,567-47 grammes.
…
2 See below, p. 805 and Fig. 784 original contour and the weight of this restored
…
chipped or partially defective weights I have reduced to a simple proportion sum. As the
654
(c. 1,008 grains). The unit thus arrived at represents 5 Egyptian o-0ld
…
Fig. 638. Graduated Stone Weights from Knossos in shape ov Flat Disks.
…
I must again refer tomy Minoan Weights and "■ Op. cit., p. 345. The original weight (as
655
Finally, the small flat weight of coarse alabaster found above the floor-
…
example of the same form
…
the side to enable them to stand—was found on a floor of a basement
…
5 Obtained by me in 1897.
…
For the Egyptian gold units and corre-
…
■Some Egyptian weights in Prof Petrie's
656
room on the South front of the Palace. It lay beneath a wall of tl
…
Inscribed designed for libations or other offerings, found in a field North of the
…
the present example may be said to show the most archaic characteristics.
657
pen claws of a crane's leg.1 So, too, except for the ball-like object grasped
…
called attention to the
…
conventionally rendered, are repeated in the
658
The conclusion that the ' drop ' sign in its variant forms originated in
…
It would appear that on the offertory bowl from Knossos the 'balance'
…
Triada, where in each case the ' balance' sign appears, unconnected with
…
1 Both tablets relate to vegetable products. On Fig. 644,1. 3, we see the ' olive tree sign ,
659
nhaoi of the preceding Age1), there appear two attendant figures respec-
…
Beneath the horses
…
tian hieroglyph the
…
from the days of
…
Excavations.
…
Nilsson who first published this vase in his
…
should have been so far carried away by his Hieropolis than the Aegean lands. The
660
defined hook rises from the beam of the balance. A loop is seen in tli
…
The ' Scales' or ' Balance' Sign (-raXavTov) on Tablets : coupled
…
the talent weight of the ingots specially connects them. This character, as
…
including a fractional sum such as i|. On an example from Papoura, near
661
attached to a form of y 1 and followed by an uncertain sign. The amount
…
Fragmentary Tablets from Knossos showing the 'Ingot'
…
"■ See P. of M., iii, pp. 148-52; and cf.
…
and handle were found in Tomb III.
662
is exactly equal to one-eighth of the former sum. This figure might express
…
A round stone weight found in a house at Zakro,2 and contemporary
…
weight in the Petrie Collection. The sign reappears in the
…
of the 'banner' sign.
663
comparison that they supply to the Zakro weight, Fig. 650 a, b. The lesser
…
the 'Banner' and Equivalents in Lesser Values.
…
tiones hum. litt, iv. 4) that the M sign repre-
…
The first is a non-existent and altogether mis-
664
as well as alone and, in both cases, before
…
runners in the shape of small, more or less
…
however, in this case has
…
a Phoenician shekel of the average weight of about 14-616 grammes (235-6
…
and Oriental standards (Fig. 652, 6, c), had been already found in a tomb at
…
The true Minoan mediums of currency seem rather
First Discovery of large hoards of clay tablets in advanced Linear Script (B)ts
666
§ i io. First Discovery of Large Hoards of Ci.ay Tablets in Advanced
…
At the time unparalleled phenomenon; The first hoards brought to light in
…
advanced; Rgyplianizing element in B—papyrus wand and uraeus,- Official
…
Already, in describing the sealings from the late Palatial deposits dealt
667
The emergence of such a mass of clay records in a highly advanced At the
…
groups of signs presented to the Ashmolean
…
Pt. II, 1S95. For the account of the inscribed
668
imagination kindled, though for the time this fragmentary relic could only
…
When, however, in the spring of 1900—after six years of fruitless
…
were also lists with the ' man ' and ' woman
669
these had been preserved were also found, in this case together with bronze
…
the arrow si°n, standing in connexion with remains of chests here found
…
In this case pieces of the plaster floor of the tipper chamber in which Mostly
…
proof of their upper story location was afforded by the burnt condition of fl°ors■
…
closet, illustrated by the 'Chariot Tablet' deposit, a phenomenon of a contrary in base-
…
contained them, having been probably set on shelves on the back wall of remains
671
TABLETS FOUND IN ORIGINAL FILE
…
arrangement (Fig. (>55). From the fragments of decayed gypsum with
…
The wliole or part of this sign is visible scored with an inner line at both extremities,
672
672 FINDS OF MINOAN SCRIPT IN CLASSICAL TIMES
…
There is solid evidence leading to the conclusion that the first discovery
…
tablets at the Grecians and the Trojans', to quote the title of its earliest English
…
be found in my Scripta Minoa, vol. i, p. 106 * JJ. ofM., i, pp. 632-4, and Figs. 470, 471.
673
TABLETS FOUND AT KNOSSOS IN NERO'S TIME 673
…
was that 'apart from unnecessary verbiage and Latin, but independent of it. Both versions in
…
(as against those who regarded the work as ' See P. of M., ii, Pt. I, p. 313 seqq.; and
674
of old lead sheeting—easily confounded with tin. The precipitation of a
…
Fig. Go7 a, b, c. Tablets of Elongated Forms seen fkom the side.
…
Broader varieties (like Fig. 657, c) are also found, divided along the
675
approach in outline a regular rectangle, in the latter case about 14 cm.
…
with special reference to the inner economy of the great Palace and the
…
the documents themselves, appearing often in a pictorial form on the margin
…
A general account of Class A has already been partially attempted in Retro-
676
the Hiero-
…
Synopsis For the sake of comparison it has been thought well to reproduce here
…
tions lineaires). In his excellent analysis of
…
accept M. Chapouthier's view that the Hiero-
…
by me in Scripta Minoa, i, p. 12, Fig. 6, repre-
…
Fig. 5), in the deposit near the tablets at
678
Fig. 660, a supplementary list of 14.additional signs and, in Fig. 661, some
…
anchor. The bent arm sign, No. 4, will be shown to have an offertory
…
like the 'land' or 'mountain' sign of the and Fig. 661, 7, to be identified with a loom,
679
that exclusively distinguish Class A has already received some notice in this
…
in Fig. 662 a selection already made/ largely concerning the 'hand and
…
3 In Ibid., ii, Pt. I, pp. 248, 249, and Fig.
680
This habit, which gives the tablets of Class A a rather crabbed
…
One consequence of this late duration was the reaction of certain charac-
…
Triada the cultivation of saffron,2 of olives,3 and apparently other trees good toi
…
significant of large business transactions, there is also, as in B, a reference
681
by the tablets of Class A with those of the later Knossian series, a specimen
…
The Table, Fig. 0G3 A, B, c, (opp. p. 684 below), together with the Synopsis
…
be used with a phonetic value as syllables or even letters, as well as in a
…
signs on inventories which stand in a special connexion with numerals, and
…
exploration), made a study of the materials in
…
of his on the Cretan script have also appeared.
…
coffins, with or near to weapons.
682
of these lias already received illustration in relation to the grain stores of
…
callyused. forms represented in the above Table, are 73 in number, but of these eight
…
Compari- A glance at the comparisons between the two signaries supplied by
…
new signs. Questions may arise in individual instances, but it may be said that 50
…
are now omitted. Typical examples of these are given in Fig. 003, and it will
683
used in the later script, is occasionally found in place of the other in Class A.
…
Fig. 663. Characteristic Signs of the Linear Class A omitted in B
…
Fig. 664. Characteristic Signs that make their first Appearance in the Linear Class B.
…
Although Class B covers a somewhat later period and illustrates in Classes A
…
cannot be regarded as simply a later outgrowth of A. It is on the whole m
…
prototype. In one or two cases, indeed, such as notably in the ' flying bird ',
684a
names in
…
two groups. The numeration, as
…
right strokes. In both cases the
…
When we come to analyse the signs, 73 in number, given in the Table,
…
forms,3 which go back to what may be called the primitive linear class
684b
1.18 III
685
HIERATIC AND EGYPTIANIZING ELEMENT IN CLASS B 6S5
…
of Priest-kings, the hieratic element in Class B is well marked. Egyptian
…
Fig. 667. Evolution of the 'Sacral Ivy Leak'.
…
ciation. It has been already demonstrated l that the ' leaf' sign with an inner symbol
…
' P. of A/., ii, Pt. II, pp. 4S4, 4S5 seqq. and Fig. 21)0 (repeated in Fig. 607).
686
THE 'THRONE AND SCEPTRE' SIGN
…
The single
…
Fig. G68. T Sign, showing Contamination by Uraeus Type in Class B.
…
The Throne and Sceptre.
687
THE 'THRONE AND SCEPTRE' SIGN
…
sign. The throne, [j, is high-backed (N0.27), like that in the ceremonial
…
the sceptre as a sign of king-
…
mula is also twice repeated on the edge of 604.
688
THE HORNED HEAD-PIECE
…
from the B series (No. 49), deserves special consideration in this connexion. This
…
In its most primitive aspect, of which we can trace the clear survival
…
' Made with the kind permission of Monsieur
689
The form of this document, a clay
…
FORM OCCURRING IN THE SAME SlGN-GROUPS
…
maintained in P. of M., i, p. 175—'votive
690
classical examples. The near
…
A feature of this design, the two strings for tying on the head-piece curling
…
2 Schuchhardt, Schliemaim's Excavations,
…
4 It seems possible that the dashes on the
693
are 84 and 11 =95, while in the lower—following a small sign-group that may
…
a b. Here the total of the numbers indicating the round sum is contained
…
from its general appearance, has been here described as the 'banner' sign.
…
A striking example of addition sums is afforded by the large tablet,
Tablets of the Linear Script
694
I in. Tablets of the Linear Script B (continued): Meticulous
…
Methodical disposition of. tablets—Arislides ' the Unjust'; The Grammarian
…
children; The name-groups—with and without ' man' or ' woman' sign ;
…
The evidence, supplied by these clay documents, of conventions due to
695
clear by the pictographic de-
…
The whole surface was Tablets
…
Assuming that the arrangement in the small lacuna was symmetrical with the rest of
696
As restored, the inscription would read as follows :
…
outline of greater width than height.1 Among those presenting the linear
…
Business Methods and Meticulous Arrangement of the Records.
…
evidence of the subject of the inscription is forthcoming, but the ' saffron'
697
counter-marking of the impressions themselves with graffito signatures, and—
…
Methodical Disposition of Tablets: Aristides the 'Unjust'.
…
left the excavations. On looking through the inscriptions of the stolen
…
the 'Un-
698
Meticulous bureaucratic methods such as the above reflect a legalized
…
The great bulk of the clay documents, as already stated, are of a
…
indication of numbers. The characters representing persons of the male or
699
sign as a terminal at the end of each of the last four li
…
found at the end of names marked both by the male and female ngure.
700
But the overwhelming proportion of the tablets relate to inventories
…
To the signs that apparently have a phonetic as well as a purely ideo-
…
The first place in the group may be claimed for the human figures, of
…
"■ A similar' costume, but with a longer ' In No. 1433. Ct'., too, No. 604. In three
701
IN CEREAL CROUP;
…
The inclusion of this sym- 'Throne'
…
the sign of superinten-
…
against the opinion, some-
…
Large Tablet dealing with Male Persons in Three Groups.
702
the total number of persons contained in the Section—3 r in the first, 2- in
…
The second heading (in line 12) is shorter. After one missing word it
…
The fact that in all three cases these headings end in the ' man sign
704
An interesting grammatical detail is also noticeable in these headings
…
That an individual concerned with the third heading occupied some
…
Contrast with this an early Greek inscription—with all the advantages of
706
of I at the end of male-names is also notable elsewhere: the group ?7p
…
a li c type found in the hieroglyphic class (Fig.
…
o.n Tablets, />, c). by the ' man' sign, including the legible
…
lithfistof Of inscriptions connected with the ' female' sign (No. B. 75 of Table
…
numbers referring to more than one person. Thus the group p^g, which
…
' This tablet formed part of an important and a fragment of another presenting the
707
rs alone with the 'woman' sign on other tablets with a single cipher,
…
may infer that it was originally repeated in seven other places. It is note-
708
in the second list of the tablet.1 Here we may infer that it applied
…
The addition formula here ■j"Kf is an abbreviation of that on the laro-p
…
It is specially to be noted that in the addition sums seen on this tablet—
…
two other groups 9R|, and Qfa , indicative of separate categories.2 On the
…
' Lines 8, 10, 11. ' In Table(opp. p. 6S4),Fig.666 a, No. B S.
709
On the other hand, the £ of the second formula can be shown to have Feminine
…
horizontal stroke at the base, repro-
…
followed by numbers, as if standing in place
…
A detailed examination of the sisfn-groups on tablets clearly ' labelled ' Tl,e
710
With and The female examples, as shown in I'm'. 693 is, are not so abundant an t-l-,*.
…
It will be seen that a disproportionately large number of the Knossian
711
ANIMAL SIGNS IN NAME-GROUPS 711
…
to Class B correspond in whole or part with examples taken from Class A,
…
= See above, p. 684, Fig. 065. ' Distinguished from the initial group by
713
PICTORIAL SIGNS OF PHONETIC VALUE IN GROUPS 713
…
The 'goat', of the group (-^ (, recalls the frequent appearances of the Hitikc
…
tablets, (-^flft, ft^fl, ^Y and Y^fl' folIowed by the saffron sign.
…
Recognizable signs such as the 'lily', '"|\ and the 'leaf, Cp, also occur
…
" See Sayce's epoch-making interpretation ' According to the late Dr. A. E. Cowley
…
Bib. Arch., vii, Pt. II (1SS1), p. 297, and cf. 58), the bull or ox head occurs as the first
714
7i4 EVIDENCE OF DECLENSION IN FEMALE NAMES
…
raa, and the like, it is to be noted that, in ' ^ '
…
Ill a date from Knossos,2 it is again found, apparently in a name-group
…
Terminal An examination of the names followed respectively by the male and
…
before the ' man' sign, J.
…
lowed by the ' woman' sign,
…
III
715
NAME-GROUP OF CLASS A FOUND IN 'MELOS' 7I5
…
It is, further, of considerable interest to find that, in repeated instances, Evidence
…
Of special importance is a collocation of signs—the T and handled cup Name-
…
the characteristic female suffix 0 coupled in the same way (see Fig. 696).
…
proprietorship—on the base of a
716
tions in
…
The ultimate dependence of both the Minoan linear classes on the
…
and sym- above in the case
…
combined in the
…
CONNECTED WITH THE 'SUPERIN-
…
with the olive -
…
The Comparative Table {il>.; p. 643, Fie
717
The conven-
…
the olive-tree in
…
Olive-tree in
…
belonging to the hieroglyphic class (Fig. 701).l These, as shown on a
718
the export of oil from Minoan Crete to Egypt. The item on the present
…
It is clear that, throughout the whole of the Palace period,1 one of the
…
her fugitive marriage—to be recovered later from the flames of Ilion ?
…
1 For the earlier period compare the seal-
…
Plate IV. On the saffron in Minoan Art see
…
5 Ibid., iii, p. 71 seqq., and Coloured Plate
720
is demonstrated above.1 So, too, in / we see it following ^, the terminal of
…
That saffron culture should have played a prominent part in the
…
In that case the intermediary source may well be sought in the language
…
3 For the Saffron in Minoan Art, see now, ra tfrepovra r^v k/wkov. Cf. Dioscorides i- 25.
721
SAFFRON CULTURE IN MINOAN CRETE 721
…
That Crete itself was well suited to the growth of the saffron plant—
…
WITH ll\\ III
…
as in 81 we see a plot of land, presumably of standard size such as an' acre'
…
Knossos in Pisidia.
722
graphs, and some attempt has been made to distinguish the various kind
…
The group of ideographic signs shown in Fig. 706 are clearly inter-
…
grouped together in a series of exceptionally long tablets of which complete
723
That B 90 and B 91 are horned cattle maybe fairly concluded* In the Homed
…
ventionally set—as B 92, 93—011 an upright stem, ^r\ B 91 on the other
…
both classes of animal being traditionally grouped together under the single
724
found in relation to numbers. Two closely allied signs, however, occur
…
and these seem to be essentially of the phonetic class. They are only found
725
in this position and as a regular phonogram in word-groups. The ' impaled'
…
In addition to the ordinary characters, capable of being used as phono- Pictorial
…
series illustrated below. To this class, too, belong the arms and armour,
726
the meaning of these quasi-pictorial figures.
…
in Fig. 709. Of these the last (g)—before numbers amounting to 18—
727
The important finds of vessels of various shapes and materials in the Deposit
…
formity of some of these vases and of others held by the ' Cup-bearer' showing
…
These include two unfinished 'amphoras' of native alabaster from the
…
the tributary vessels from the Tomb of Men- ' lb., Pt. II, p. 527 seqq. and Figs. 330,
728
the remains of a whole series of ritual vessels '—including one of native
…
What may be called the core of the deposit was, itself, found, about a metre
…
(cf. P. of M-, ii. p. S09). point out the evident relation of the hoard
729
IN CONNEXION WITH CENTRAL SANCTUARY HALL 729
…
Sanctuary. The basement space in the upper
…
space was originally covered above by the
…
to the borders of the area where the ' Chariot
…
of gold and inlaid silver carried by the tribute
…
shown from the Tomb of User-Amon) and
730
THE'VASE TABLETS'
…
The bull's-head ' rhytons' with which this ' Vapheio ' type of cup is
…
found in the South House.2
…
The second group recalls the
731
THE 'VASE TABLETS
…
conical shape, upon which the ' double-axe'
…
Tablet Deposit. we see tw0 0f the elements *f (in its com-
732
marked, as on the handled bowl, a, with the W—a frequently recurring siwri on
…
marked by what has been called above the ' drop' sign, associated with
…
That in these cases we have to do
…
It is interesting to note that the
733
THE DEPOSIT OF 'STIRRUP VASE' TABLETS
…
Tablets from another deposit on the Northern border of the building
…
of this type. The deposit referred to, however,
…
the Central Court of the Palace.
Knossian Script B in Mainland Greece
737
S 112. KiNOSSIAN SCKIPT B IN MAINLAND GREECE—THE TllEEAN EVIDENCE;
…
Non-occurrence of inscribed tablets in post-palatial deposits; Painted
…
Short interval between fall of the Kuossian Palace and Tell-el-Amarna
…
tion partly suggested by characters of script B ; Found in Shrine of tradi-
…
boustrophedon, in Hittite fashion.
738
that such records may eventually occur. Nevertheless, the fact
…
other Cretan site, oflater date than the time of the great Catastrophe.
…
In disturbed earth low down within the light-well of the Hall of
…
motives of the mature
…
The inscribed vessel clearly dates from the early phase of the In-
739
f the B series.1 Whether another sign-group preceded this must remain
…
Schliemann's or Tsountas' excavations at
…
by the German excavations at Tiryns,6
…
The Inscribed ' Stirrup Vases' of the
…
But the finds thus held in suspense
…
Vases' in
…
D There is only a brief mention of these in
…
xli, Archaeology in Greece, 1919-1921, p. 273).
741
two-handled vase, themselves show a distinct echo of the Knossian school
…
Archaeological Society in reserving me the task, it is possible here for the
…
1 See, for instance, the part of a painted and on November 22, 1932, to the Hellenic
…
panied me, copied the inscriptions under my
742
Archaeological Institute at Athens, in sending me photographs of th0
…
The class of material on which these inscriptions are found is itself
…
curiously limited. In all cases, including the somewhat abnormal sign-group
…
purplish or reddish brown surface on which the signs and decorative details
…
on the late palatial tablets of Knossos. There, as already shown,1 we find
743
Tiryns and the House of Kadmos. Here we see an identical usage, taken
…
The 'wheel' sign ^ (No. 24, a, B) also seen at Tiryns (Fig. 725 £■) and
…
this and the 'arrow' sign, /t*—also
…
'27. Single Signs on the Theban
744
The in- much more perfect, and in several cases they presented a series of three
…
pots from tour sign-groups, including in one instance (P ig. 724 a, I) thirteen characters
…
inscribed 'stirrup vases', some of them repeating the same sign-oroun
…
there are not more than forty groups and a few odd signs in all available
…
Class B is truly remarkable. This identity is moreover established in
…
rowed a phenomenon which, as we shall see, also recurs in the case of the Cypro-
…
Fig. 724, <5, No. 20, also suggests composite forms of the earlier Script.
…
1 'Apx- AcAtioi', T931-2, ]laj)ij.pri)jj.at p. 23, by incomplete examples. The equivalent
746
Mainland This divergence from Class A is the more remarkable when we rni»;,i
…
the antecedent stages of the Mainland Minoan branch. Its best artisti
…
Proba- inseparable cultural unit. It is surely inadmissible to suppose that the mere
…
known'" cu'tural realm of what to the other was the highest mark of its progress on
747
ceramic evidence that the Minoan cultural domain, after being split in two lateKnos-
…
spray is seen (Fig. 729, a) associated with, a derivative form of the ' two Cs'
748
constant recurrence on the painted pottery belonging to the closino- phase
…
tion in
…
In all these cases, as in contemporary examples from Cyprus and,
749
the last Palatial Age at Knossos had resulted in a certain assimilation to
…
What has been said above supplies cumulative proof that the ceramic
750
The inscriptions of the Mainland offshoot of Class B, the. history of
…
palatial prototypes as equally to entail the conclusion that they were
…
The groups themselves—consisting, as in the other case, from two to
751
KNOSSIAN PERSONAL NAMES IN MAINLAND SCRIPT 751
…
termination, we may fairly conclude that it is a variant of the same personal
…
A from Tiryns is repeated in an identical form on two Knossian
752
on the large tablet from Knossos containing the lists of men. The terminal
…
to the early Religion, and ' papas' as a sacerdotal term has survived to
…
of the very limited number recorded—on the ' stirrup vases ' of the Boeotian
…
Indigenous Signs taken over in Exceptional Cases.
…
They may, indeed, be looked on as direct evidence of the former diffusion
…
;l For the special diffusion of such names
753
f this earlier form of the linear Script in what is known as ' Mycenaean'
…
vith that of the Minoan culture as a whole. Among- these signs are f\ and
…
sounds of the language as brought over, and which had perhaps been better
…
As has been already said, the occurrence of more or less pictorial signs The
754
THE 'GRIDIRON' SIGN
…
bars—in one case provided with a handle. It may be suggested that th"
…
Script in
…
in Mainland Centres.
755
f the Fourteenth Century B.C., there is no place either at Mycenae or at
…
It would be unsafe to bring down the inscriptions of the Mainland Class
…
side Cyprus, the Hellenic successors to the Minoan and Mycenaean heritage
…
been recently made use of to support the view that not only did the Greek
…
Among the important discoveries recently made by Professor Axel jVra™d,
…
here as a 'thunderbolt' or Kepavms. This late shrine had in fact still
756
The whole face, except the eyes and mouth, is painted white according
…
Objects found in 'Sub-Mycenaean' Shrine at Asine :
…
of the adder-mark. The prominent chin is characteristic of such figures,
…
2 A. J. B. Wace, U.S.A., xxv, PI. XI, /;, i, I. ' Found, many years since, near the Aq«"
757
The ' tattoo ' marks (Fig'. 738 /;, c) on cheek and nose of the head from
…
$ JFm, the only part on
…
my copy, reproduced, with one-third reduction, in Fig. 740. The notes below
…
of the same decorative motif that appears on the rim farther on (see
758
758 THE MINOAN SCRIPT IN CYPRUS
…
Cyprus, therefore well be looked for there, and, indeed, is traceable in at least one of
…
at times used as a symbol. of the .suggestions made in his Table, op.c ■»
759
cylinder in the Louvre," and another in the Cesnola Collection.4 To these
…
tomb of the same
…
From my tracing of this, Fig. 741, a, it will be seen that the first four
…
1 B.M. Excavs. in Cyprus, p. 27, Figs. 58-
…
goes the only associated objects were Late
…
had effaced the upper angle of the triangular
…
R. Dussaud, Les Civilisations prehelle- completion as shown in Fig. 711 b.
760
distinctive terminals of the groups identified above as representing m ■
…
that, out of the twelve different characters fairly well defined, nine may be
…
1 See above, p. 714. Persson in his paper on Some Inscribed Ten"'
…
graphic facsimiles of casts were kindly supplied them in position. These objects, mce 1
761
Class A, one of the best defined characters that is here found, No. 1, is
…
here given with signs of the Cypriote Greek Syllabary that first emerges
…
3 The Sanctuary Site of Petsofa (B.S.A., ix)
763
It must always, indeed, be borne in mind that Cyprus itself had its indepen- dements
…
on Early Steatite the Hagia Paraskevi Cemetery,1 the inscription on which linear
…
the existence ol early linear signs parallel with that A°? ,
…
Minoan Contact with opposite Cilician Coast: How far did the 'Men of
764
the actual originals of the handiwork of the ' Men of Keftiu ', but of the'
…
It is true that in the case of certain animal ' rhytons', like those in the
…
"- See P. of M., ii, Pt. II, pp. 65S, 659 and been given by Mons. H. de Genouillac in his
…
5 For this ceramic class, which in its
765
Minoan element. It may be also noted that the bulls' heads themselves of
…
from Ain-Tab,1 and fit in with the naturalistic tradition visible in faience
766
the length of the other—was compelled, En order to reach what is now the no
…
the rock)1 walls were said to have approached so close that-- ti'l Ibrahim
…
Of very early Aegean relations with the Pontic coasts we have more
…
■ Notably the diffusion of the silver ' kan-
767
Halys,' that once ringed round the very centre of die old Hittite power.
…
1 The Halyzonian allies of Troy in //. ii.
…
at one time transferred to work the Ak Dagh
768
That direct Minoan contact with the Hittite world had hi fact b
…
signs.'2 The object has since passed,
769
■rued. The inscription is written boustrophMon fashion. The known direc- ££"
…
1 of the ' cup ' in what seems to be the first sign-group indicates that the in Hittite
…
points to the second line running from left to right. But this divergence
…
Again we are confronted with a singular parallelism in the epigraphic
Supplementary of preceding
770
5n'3- Supplementary to Preceding: The Minoan Remains at Ras
…
settlement in North Syria; 'King Kasios'; Cuneiform Alphabet of local.
…
built tomb at Isopata; Minoan types of vessel associated with Ras-Shamra
771
TOMBS OF RAS-SHAMRA COMPARED WITH ISOPATA 77!
…
Structural Identity of the Corbelled Tombs of Minet-el-Beida and Ras-
…
with high corbelled vaults more or less ' lanceolate' in section. But a '"
…
Schaeffer, Syria, xiv (1933), Pt. ii, p. 105 seqq. el-Beida et de Ras-Shamra (ro2o), Syria, x,
…
Ischtar-Tempel in Ass/or, or in Farbige Keramih Einar Gjerstad {Summary of Swedish Excava-
…
{J. H. S., xlvitt, 1928), p. 64 seqq., who makes structure of the great tomb, with dromos and
772
such a measure of conformity in actual detail as to afford convincing evi
…
offerings to the thirsty
…
the name of 'Royal
…
at Isopata. The Sixth,
…
in the form of female
…
(Tomb VI) at Kas-Shamra.
773
paralleled at Ras-Shamra.
…
near Knossos. The Main Chamber shows an Opening in the Masonry backed by the
…
in Royal
774
774 BLIHD OPENINGS IN STRUCTURE OF ISOPATA TOMB
…
Ser.es, and contained vases of the finest ' Palace style'.
775
PARALLEL VAULTS AT ISOPATA AND RAS-SHAMRA 775
…
A low door-like opening was in fact visible in the masonry of the entrance
776
776 MINOAN TYPES OF VESSEL IN RAS-SHAMRA TOMBS
…
reappear in the West of the Island
…
in Back Wall like Tomb 1 or Isopata.
…
Shamra
777
MINOAN COMPARISONS OF RAS-SHAMRA VESSELS 777
…
Treasury,2 at Knossos (see Fig. 760, c), while an analogy for the projecting
…
Otherwise known as the' StoneVase Room'.
778
added, more Credo?1 (cf. Fig. 759 a). That this alabaster type in a slivhtlv
…
served in the Cairo Museum
…
in Cairo Museum.
…
Id., iii, pp. 402, 403, and Fig. 267 : reproduced
…
the Director of Cairo Museum.
779
piece of evidence from the last quarter of the Sixteenth Century B.C. and
…
Alabastron and Stand, a, of the XIIth Dynasty ; b, Egyptian Clay Form, Buhen ;
…
Among the faience relics from Ashur is the separate mouth-piece of
780
offertory vessels of the Central Sanctuary at Knossos presenting 0n its bod/
…
lire Limestone, Knossos ; c, the whole Vessel.
…
than the middle of the Fifteenth Cen-
781
MINOAN TRADITIONS IN NORTH SYRIA 78]
…
The actual settlement of men of Minoan stock on the coastal strip
…
in cunei-
…
cited in this connexion by Professor Dussaud
…
the Double Axe—would have appealed to
…
is the Poem of Alei'n-Baal which was pub-
782
782 CUNEIFORM ALPHABET OF RAS-SHAMRA
…
cuneiform methods or the grouping of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Per contra it is
…
much distorted bowls. In the intentional deformation and the actual
Deposits of tablets depicting chariots
785
Military aspects of New Dynasty—the Shield Fresco; Significant break
…
depicted; Pole and characteristic support, Yoke and Collar;. Wheels,—in
…
—Cup-bearer's symbol; Whip sign; First appearance of wheeled vehicles in
…
sites; Diffusion of Type B in Hittite regions; Its appearance in Aegean
…
its general diffusion ; Intrusion of a Syro- Egyptian form in Cyprus; Sardonyx
…
considerations developed below bring it nearer the advent of a new dynasty.
…
nasty : the
786
786 THE 'CHARIOT TABLETS'
…
Tablets'. building, unfortunately very imperfectly preserved, known as the ' Armoury .
789
the chariots depicted, such as the cross-lines visible on its flank in a,ea.ndg,
…
The rich deposit from the Armoury greatly supplements our knowledge Body and
…
Scliliemami, Mycenae, p. 86, Fig. 141 (cf. Schuchhardt, Sc/diemann's Excavations, p. 176,
791
and therefore of a date more or less corresponding to that of the Knossian
…
tablets. It will be seen that the body and pole, as a separate item, much
…
Some account is given below3 of the origins and connexions of the
793
THE WHEELS
…
1 voo-ue at Knossos during the last Palatial period.
…
But it is evident from the activity of the Wheelwright Department of
795
THE CHARIOT WHEELS ON TABLETS
…
but the amounts on nine fairly complete tablets give an average of about 73
…
with the ' throne and sceptre ',' and it is a noteworthy circumstance that in
…
|jT'k B- Oniy >n the case of the third in
796
ill which the hinder pair were solid and of larger size, existed at a sUoilfi
…
as in con-
…
It will be seen that in all cases the wheels
…
during the same period the Syrian enemies of
797
LATER INCREASE IN NUMBER OF SPOKES
…
six eioht, and even nine spokes, occur in the contemporary deposits of Italy spokes'
…
The ' Saw' on the ' Chariot Tablets' as Carpenter's Sign.
…
pret. It goes back by easy stages, however, to the picto-
…
Hawes) from a tomb near Kavusi (Am. J. A.,
…
In Italy they already appear in the late
…
A duck-shaped vessel of clay belonging to the
…
a barrow at Glasinatz in Bosnia, belonging to
…
' The primitive type is not given in Petrie's
798
found in the Late Minoan deposits both at Knossos and Hagta Tnada
…
below to be the conventionalized derivative of the horse's head 2 (Fig. 771, 0,
…
as constructs for h,s benefit. With regard to the < corslet; or ■ cuirass'
799
THE HORSE'S HEAD AND ITS DERIVATIVES
…
vary a good deal in execution, but as a rule the characteristic outline is hit
…
found in the ' Men's Hall' at Mycenae;' another from the stag-hunting
…
The later Cypriote syllabary offers fo-Io as
…
for comparison. For the Old Cretan word
…
1 The two concluding signs of this group
800
before the hinder part of the wheelless framework of a chariot on tl
…
The tablet with
…
ed for use in harness.
…
ventional shape in
801
Some of the characteristic stages in this process of evolution are given Horse's
…
Preceding the above conventionalized horse's head sign, and the
…
3 Eg' A*r NZand V I- in laigo
…
B In my hand-list Nos. 50 ^ seqq., 59, 417,
802
connects it with the ordinary 'flock' sign °f, specifically, representing
…
early pictorial form the shape of the grains is preserved (Fig. 777) ; these
…
PL III, Fig. 32 and PL VII, Fig. 87 (repro-
803
The ' Corslet' or ' Breast-plate'.
…
some of the types given on the tablets on Fig. 7(53, and the
…
Examples of the corslets worn by the Egyptian soldiers
…
though the cui-
…
fastened at the side. The hori-
804
seen differ from the Egyptian in the gradual ex-
…
with a short sword, the
…
time. In any case we may
…
of the highly elaborate breast-plate, in this case
805
to the Iliad, sent to Agamemnon when
…
than to the Minoan home-lands.
…
that the gold and kyanos bands were inlaid
…
warrants for the supply of certain
…
plate, Sometimes, apparently in place
806
a good surplus for the armourer's work. In some cases the ' cuirass' '
…
Ideographic Signs on the ' Corslet': Badge of the Royal Cup-bearer.
…
vessels. The ' Cup' sign
807
horses and stables occupied a high position. As Mariscalcus in its Latin-
…
784, a), refers to the actual
…
two thongs on the Avdu
…
First Appearance of Wheeled Vehicles in Crete.
…
cles in
808
808 APPEARANCE OF WHEELED VEHICLES IN CRETE
…
way truck in
…
the wave of
…
consequence of Sargon's Conquest of the 'Western Land'. It was three
…
platform, is the earliest known Egyptian form. By Amenhotep I's time,
809
axle being probably fixed), and cross-bars suggestive of four spokes. The
…
In the primitive
…
veniently referred to as Type A—seems to have been in general use in the
…
of Type A, with Rod inserted to illustrate the Pole
…
30. A full account of the discoveries at Kish
810
period covered by the earliest Mesopotamia!! strata. A good idea of one
…
~ The short horizontal lines above are
…
antiquities in the British Museum (where the
811
It is certain that the chariots that Egypt borrowed early in the XVIIIth
…
tenons with projecting hubs through which comes the axle end'—the axle
…
Here, as in other cases, there is no clear evidence of a further structural
812
the point where it arches forward, is seen to have been almost as earlv
…
Chariots with Pole rising up in front of Box and lashed to its Top
…
ered in a very frag-
…
of the larger section
…
Fragment of ' Stela of the Vultures ' showing
…
Clialdee, i, PI. iii Ms, E. r, and the further
…
In his otherwise useful Restitution Arclieo-
813
Happily, Mr. Woolley's excavations at Ur have since brought out a
…
That this B type of chariot with the initial section of the pole linked
…
Tell Asmar anil Khafaje: the first season's
…
rightly called attention (ii., p. 97) to the
…
astonishing likeness to the Ur sculpture.
814
drawn by the harnessed Dragon, show the pole arching up from the front
…
tia, now in the
…
cylinder from a Sargonid grave at Ur has Orientate, iii, pp. ri'30, 1131, Figs. 744) 745'
…
with Poles attached in Sumerian
815
the accompaniment of 8-spoked
…
Spread of Chariot Type B to the Aegean Area.
…
chariot form Type B go back considerably earlier than the Ramesside 0°xypeB
…
at least to the first half of the Fifteenth Century B.C.
…
and material, from the Vapheio Tomb,3 shows a more rudely executed
…
p. ri, cites another similar intaglio from the
816
version of the same arrangement. It serves to date the Knossian intao-r
…
p. 495, where this'elongated'evolution of the xliv, 1925, and Macmillans), p. 27 seqq. a
…
"- See above, pp. 513-15, and Fig. 457 a, l>, ' The absolute correspondence of the you
817
suo-o-estive parallel in the case of the engraved gold beads of the Third Triplet of
…
heroic subjects in the case of bead necklaces, some of the intaglios being
…
with some version of the saga in which Orestes
…
ment in outside controversy has been imposed
…
the supposed falsity of the gold bead with the
…
on me as a condition of progress with this tion of the whole find. A simple statement
…
prevented my dealing with adverse criticism till suffice. The very existence of Chariot-type
818
chariot of the Ur relief. From this point the two elements that now co
…
been quite unknown to him. Since, then, the
…
is quite true, as he states, that the girth is here
…
The appearance of part of the outline of the
…
them—such as the minute holes worn in the
819
structure of some of the early Sumerian chariots and recurs again on those
…
the pole to the chariot-box was the attachment of its fore-end to the
820
The form of chariot here classified as C seems
…
special interest, since the spear-
…
99. Spear-holding Personage in Car
821
The form of chariot, however, that is usual on these Palace tablets differs «Dual'
…
bar,1 like an arrow shaft in a drawn bow, Fig. 800, b. Sometimes there
…
Henceforward, at Knossos itself and, apparently, in Mainland Greece, its
…
1 See p. 7S8, Fig. 763 a, above. / shows pretation recalls the view, disproved by actual
822
we notice the intrusion on that side of a special Syro-Egyptian adaptatiri
…
form in
…
Minoan form may have been suggested by the elegant curve of the light
…
3 The spot where the rock-tomb was found
…
A bad impression exists in the Candia Museum
…
Grottoes'. For this discovery, see, too, Ring of photograph of a cast of the bad impression
823
f the Dorian peak settlement of Lyktos. The principal person, seated
…
cumstance ? The apparently human character of the personage holding
…
A. E., A Mycenaean Military Road in
Armature in the Last Palatial Age
826
§ 115. Armature in the Last Palatial Age, Continued: Sea-trans.
…
arrows; The bronze ' arroia-plates'—their Mainland diffusion ; Plates
…
Tablets'; Part of crystal hilt found near ; Royal Officer's name on 'Sword
…
cultural contents uniform ; No racial distinction in Tomb groups; Arms
…
Coming Clearly an armada of chariots, whether for war or the chase, was
827
East Mediterranean rulers. But this further entailed the introduction of brcd
…
An interesting" record of their transport, here reproduced in Fig. SOS, showing
…
with Tablets of Class B in N.
…
Another large clay sealing, presenting the middle section of a similar Minoan
828
THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE
…
The vessels may now be supplemented by the design on a recently
…
fractured at both ends, but the steering gear
…
another at the bows. The broad sail also
…
idea of the rigging. In the case of the
…
from the Hagia Triada
…
Athens dealer in 1933. The stone is of hard
829
knotted tufts. To a certain extent it finds an Egyptian parallel in the
…
These knots of hair are well illustrated on the painted fragment showing
…
At Mycenae, where the surface tint has not been darkened by the
…
PL XIV, p. no, Triada (PI. iii, Mm. Ant, xix).
830
Tiryns we see the same. On the sarcophagus the horse, as, elsewhere on
…
the impression that at this period the art of riding- was known either in
…
- In contemporary Egypt riding was hardly raised above the horse's back. On the
831
INTRODUCTION OF HORSES IN MAINLAND GREECE 831
…
The cuirasses that appear beside the chariots of the' tablets may be Warlike
…
v- 37T- ° Fig. 812 is based on a section of the fine
…
* For the Minoan gallop, see P. of M., vol. i,
832
Here there is no question of the artificial knotting of the hair such as w
…
Fig. 812. Galloping Horses in Low Relief on Sword-blade from Fifth Shaft
…
association with harness there are no indications of the horses being even
…
Amongst these, a group from which selections are given in Fig. Slo,
…
of Cretan wild-goats on contemporary intaglio types. These objects are, in
833
till has a wide Asiatic range to Persia and the Indian borders.1 In
…
now mainly confined to the White Mountains, though it is still
…
Fig. 813. Tablets showing Horns of Cretan Wild-goat, used for Bows or the
…
bering omitted.) In the test, p. 165 seqq., the
834
THE CRETAN WILD-GOAT
…
(Fig. 813, b and d) the horn sign is preceded by a compound figure already
…
this is the case, we are almost bound to infer
…
goatherd's flock on the steep of Dikta, near
…
10 to 14 ft. would be difficult to fence in, and
835
the
…
Tl is°craftsman constructed, polished, and tipped with gold the composite
…
It is probable that at Knossos individuals who had succeeded in
…
the length of a couple of average size 10 For the 'composite' type of bow, see
836
This is the form of bow used by the Cretan hillmen till quite mo i
…
mentsre- the wooden chests containing them, something has already been said in
…
"„„..... had been contained in wooden chests with bronze
…
floor. The sealings were of the usual three-sided
…
has yet been supplied, at Knossos or elsewhere, by similar remains. In
…
quiver, sword, and hunting knife, are worn by a The sealings in each case showed the
837
this the remains of the bronze plates that had formed the central part of the
…
arrow-heads and one broken specimen of flint, all of the stemless kind.
…
Of the numbers some idea can be formed by a clay tablet belonging to
…
1 sountas and.Manatt, The Mycenaean Agc, being omitted. They are, moreover, in-
838
838 THE 'ARROW-PLATES'
…
That this class of arrow-plate was already coming into use in the mature
…
Tsountas, At TrpoioropiKat «Kpo7ro'/W AtyUTj- a'pit-cave'. The only painted vessel, about
…
71, 84, 161, 165). In Crete, as already shown the upper part of its body—resembles in form
…
accompanied with the ' proto-Libyan ' bow on 5 L. Savignoni, Scavi e scofcr/c nella iiecro
…
graber, Atlas, PI. CI, 536-40. It has been 1909), p. 202, who compares the specimen
839
INSERTED IN HARDENED WOOD SHAFT
…
arrow-heads with a stem or tang between the barbs are
…
implied by the name here given to them, they only supplied the points and
…
»Pa.t from this, the idea that this form of
…
third hole, perhaps a pair, near its point.
840
On the other hand, the two small holes visible just above the fork of the ba 1
…
if the name of ' Hunter's Grave' may still be fitly given to the poorly
…
Tablet re- dart appears on a tablet (Fig. 819) found in the same ' Armoury' deposit as
…
intrusion, but it has the appearance of be- exceptionally large.
…
3 A. E., Tomb of the Double Axes, «•>
841
f 11 vin°" the pictorial figure of the weapon seem to be s "=42. It appears
…
described above, were brought to light in a
…
On a miniature fragment of the same Spears
…
later days of the Palace carries on his
…
Some account of Minoan spear-heads has been given by me in my little
…
5 The Shaft Graves and Beehive Tombs of
842
Types of Bronze Spear-heads in Vogue at Knossos in the Last Palace
…
heads. blade, are already seen in a fully developed form in Grave XX at Mochlos!
…
Fig. 82). Bronze Spear-heads from Grave XX, Mochlos : M. M. III.
…
The
843
THE GOLDEN RING OF HECTOR'S SPEAR-HEAD 843
…
The ring as a constructive part of the bronze spear-heads for holding-
…
the divided ends of a wooden shaft, in
844
sTprar'-11 ^'le *°rm °^ sPear" or lance-head most typical of the closing Pa]ati l
…
the two is 34-4 centimetres in length (13-3 inches) and its socket is surrounded
845
Sword-types of the Closing Palatial Age: Foils or Rapiers
…
and ' cruciform' forms, the first two can be shown to have an antecedent
…
of Middle Empire tradition to date from the earlier phase of M.M. III.
…
Droken away. With it (b) were parts of the blade of another foil.
…
carries back this rapier type to at least the close of the Seventeenth
846
The fullest illustration of these round-shouldered short tanged sword
…
same class, with sharply defined median ribs, were abundant in the Mycenae
…
Dr. Marinalos. For the axes found, see above,
…
3 A. E., Tomb of the Double Axes, p. 3,
…
xxv, pp. 366, 367. Formerly in the Athens
847
> of the entrance columns of the ' Klytemnestra' Tomb,1 is also applied to a
…
In the tomb No. 44, of the ' Shaft Grave' type, at Zafer Papoura, what
…
93 cm. (c. 365 in.). The association of a long and a short sword was usual
…
connects the fragment with one of the fluted s Karo, Schachtgriiber, Atlas, PI. LXXX,
848
In this case, too, the Cretan evidence enables us to trace the origin of
…
to the earlier phase a
…
inlaid specimens from Mycenae—presenting the engraved designs of a
…
for the inlaid dagger-blades from Mycenae see
…
op. at, PI. LXXXII, No. 725- In tlie TeX''
849
THE 'HORNED' SWORD TYPE AT KNOSSOS 849
…
be placed within the lower limits
…
the fully developed horns, is
…
a good example was found in the ' Tomb of the Tripod Hearth' at Zafer
…
sword with the galloping horses (see p. 832,
…
* The objects, which were acquired some
850
WS AND DAGGERS IN TOMBS
…
Fig. 832. Objects found in Base of Destroyed Chamber Tomb, Knossos : a, b, Spear-heads
…
Papoura, belonging to about the close of the Palace period > (Fig. S34. a, 6, c).
851
THE 'CRUCIFORM' SWORD DISTINCTLY CRETAN 851
…
pre-eminently Cretan and specially characteristic of the late Palatial
…
cedent in what seems to have been the typical dagger of the L. M. 1 a
…
1,1 length. See, too, the useful dissertation of * P. of M, i. p. yrS, Fig. 541, a, b.
852
are well established, contained in a chamber tomb of what has been termer!
…
jewels in the shape of argonauts
…
that represents the incipient
…
The pale faience of the hilt-blade itself answers to the Palace fabric,
…
cal suggestiveness when we recall the cumulative proof to which attention
…
For the other see p. 321, Fig. 262 above,
…
Dr. Mackenzie recognized the Knossian fabric
…
"- Tsountas' statements about this and the
853
THE 'SWORD TABLETS' 853
…
(with pommel), No. 42, p. 59 seqq., 1. 58 cm., s The form of the ' man' sign on this
854
were found from a store-room immediately above, overlooking the Sour]
…
cal terminus a quo for the 'Sword
…
mediately above the original
…
form' Type (restored) found near Deposit of ewer with spiraliform decora-
…
plate (Fig. 837). Enough of this was preserved—including the double raised
856
to the
…
Illustrative specimens of these tablets are given in Fig. 888. Thouo-1
…
The sword-forms presented by the tablets of this Deposit fall into two
857
The approach to the leaf-shaped form of blade, distinctly perceptible
…
L. M. II, though the Chamber Tomb in which it occurred had been plun-
…
the ' sword tablets ' themselves.3
…
Such stores of arms that may have rested within the Palace at the
…
Compare, especially, Fig. 838 i,c. of the Minoan Civilization '. Some of the tab-
…
'In Scrifila-Minoa, i, p. 55, I had been
…
in a decadent or careless style, but there
858
858 VARIETY IN TOMB FORMS BUT UNITY OF CULTURE
…
Knossos in its last days presented an abnormal variety of types. Apart
…
superposed in the Zafer Papoura Cemetery on the Northern border of the
…
Such might well have been expected, but the detailed evidence of the
…
No racial jyi;noarl civilization. No distinction can really be drawn in the tomb groups
…
posited in
…
i, pp. 522, 523. The unfavourable action of on which occasions the more valuable ret
…
throughout in the Zafer Papoura Cemetery
…
were often abstracted. About half of the
859
j ^ea\ of this material has been lost. The characteristic 'cruciform'
…
heads, an amount of military equipment that certainly contrasts with the
…
tant in
860
86o THE 'CHIEFTAIN'S GRAVE' AND ITS CONTENTS
…
quite unrivalled—the only evidence of the
…
the most princely group of weapons was
…
a bronze mirror-plate, the ivory handle of which (like the plates of the
861
exceptionally decorated, together with the gold collar—all indicative of his
…
necklace, his long and his short sword. That gold necklaces, like the
862
'THE CHIEFTAIN'S GRAVE'
…
king of the fresco is seen to have worn a lily collar matching his crown x
…
Fig. 844. The 'Chie
…
A beaded necklace with similar armlets is worn by the 'Young Prince'
…
1 lb., ii, l't. II, p. 775 seqq., and Fig. 508. p. 324, Fig. r, a), containing the fine ' I'd""
863
beads had escaped the plunderer.1 The fine'Pal c t.
…
Of the two swords from the 'Chieftains Grave' the 'horned' sword Co,d
…
1 Tomb of the Double Axes, &c, p. 45, and 2 See below, p. S91, Fig. 871
864
in length.1
…
the round shouldered type,
…
PI. LXXX, No. 266.) The
…
Graves such as op.at., PI.XCV, No. 905, are decidedly short. The fully developed 'horns
865
the Shaft Grave No. 44 of the same cemetery,
…
showing a roll moulding beneath the sharply
…
Here, to the right, with rocks above and
…
n the casing of the handle above, in1 the same rocky country but
866
end of the
…
the hindquarters of
…
the coup de grace.
…
features in its move-
…
the eoat and the hind
…
by the large rivet-
…
~l™£llT Pan ° thC midrib of the »»lide are reproduced and
867
THE MINOAN HELMETS
…
arms is natural, since the early
…
helmets of this kind adorned with horns supplied the origin of a Cretan linear
…
Mallia,1 going back to the earliest phase of M. M. Ill, Fig. 853, a, b,c. These,
…
ridges, curved indications of similar tusks. The same type is seen, better
868
illustrated, on a relief from the large silver vase of the Fourth Shaft Grav
…
similar type is seen on the painted goblet from
…
38. (In Fig. 857 above, the lower band of the
…
Fig. 27, where the figure was mistaken for a
…
'' A. E., Tomb of the Double Axes,
869
'mmediately succeeding the fall of the Palace—of a series of such plates
…
the Fourth Shaft Grave at Mycenae, of which two
…
Boar-hunting itself, as we see from the en- Sections of BoarsTusks,
…
degenerate version of the same type was found
…
Exams, in Cyprus, p. 9, and PI. ii, No. 1340).
The Latest Palatial Age of Knossos (L.M. Ib-L.M. II)
872
<Sii6a. The Latest Palatial Age of Knossos (L. M. I tf-L. M. IN
…
' Queen's Megaron'—parallel in limestone at Orchomenos ; Similar lotus and
…
of ' buds'; Flat versions of such designs part of L. M. I b decoration in
…
frescoes in earlier phase of New Palace; Their Egyptian derivation and
…
of renovation in Palace—intrusion of ' Throne-room System'; Incipient
…
Seismic As in the case of most of the Minoan Periods, the starting-point of this
874
reduced by about a third in width, but the old line of the ' South Corridor'
…
Survival Together with a good deal of the fabric of this restored M. M m/>
…
Portico, and those, belonging mainly to agonistic scenes, from the East Hall.
…
latest ruin. Reliefs from two decorative ceilings in the same material,
…
spiral ceilings, with their ' rosettes', derived from the conventional facing lotus
…
Empire models. The fact that these works were in both cases associated with
…
Ceiling A fully developed L. M. I a character must be attributed to the
…
Parallel corresponds with a well-known class, the classical example of which is the
…
Similar flat seems on the whole to mark a later stage. Such fresco bands have
…
patterns and the later discoveries described by Roclenwaldt.1 The remains, there
875
from the Early Palace, are closely paralleled at Mycenae l and again by i„ the
…
Fig. 864. Ceiling Fragment in Relief : Painted
…
Stucco in the Flat, N.W. Heap, Rnossos.
…
Tsountas' excavations, in the Nauplia Museum.
…
pared with the Tiryns fragments that from
876
Typical it seems impossible to find a parallel elsewhere. In both cases the outer
…
Fig. 800. Section of Painted Stucco Frieze (in
…
represent the ends of papyrus shoots. These 'buds', shown in Fig. S68, a, b}
…
artisans belonging to the same guild of decorators who executed works
877
ROSETTES AND TRIGLYPHS NOW EXECUTED IN FLAT 877
…
also now replaced by similar friezes painted on the flat. A conspicuous
…
The allied triglyph and half-rosette band
…
through the last Palatial Age.
878
In the case of the basement rooms and passages of the ' Domesti
…
Seismic F°r measuring the extent of this catastrophe, which, like those that
879
identical with that of the Porch leading up West from the Central Court to
…
fio-ure representative of L. M. la. It would seem that the pit was at this
…
ii, Pt. II, pp. 810-13. I' would seem a logical effected somewhat later in the adjoining area
…
Court on that side, which is shown by con- has, doubtless, destroyed important links in
…
have been some stepped approach on this side pottery was in a layer below the ' Sword
880
ficant exception of the zone marked by the original South Corridor that
…
ism with sn'owu by the wholesale adoption, in the initial stage of the New Palace, of
…
p. 803 and notes 1 and 2)—may have found evidence as to the M. M. Ill b date of those
881
e imuj;i__o'oes back to the second decade of the Sixteenth Century B.C.,
…
colouring, designed in usum mortuoriim, and paralleled in this respect by
…
in Palestine.6 On the other hand, the motive of Minoan shields linked
…
1 P. ofM., ii, Pt. II, pp. 736-S. • P. of Jlf., iii, p. 312, Fig. 200 (from
…
' SzeP.ofM;, iii, p. 310, Fig. 198 a, and cf. (It., Fig. 2ot; Phylakopi,PI. XXXI? 5) shows
882
dadoes in
…
in Syrian
…
Signs of Religious Influences, Egyptian and Syrian, on the ' New Era ':
…
and Oriental, which up to a certain point no doubt were common to the
…
gems, some of which—like one found in the passage behind the ' Room of
…
roe. But it is only now that the fashion
883
,.i e Throne' l—bear Syro-Egyptian axes. In the probably contemporary
…
main divisions. Its mature stage is signalized by the radical implantation of Age: two
…
Regime—and as probably corresponding ceramically with the perfected evo- Room
…
and the presence of certain elements—particularly visible in the documents New
884
' Palace Style' in vase-painting were simply evolved out of those of the
…
Centra- a.s already observed, the clearest evidence of a change in administra-
…
to the initial stage of the Palace as now remodelled, within which, indeed.
885
ivr M HI«L. M.'I a tradition. The new Script itself bears a more advanced
…
to have been a regular 'Armoury', and the great 'Shield Fresco' of the
…
Nor was it the other Insular communities alone to whom these military
887
iieo-ro bands were actually employed in Minoan military enterprises on the
…
Inf.JT. S., xlvi (1926), p. in, Mr. Wace blue glass (like the impressed glass plates with
888
WORK OF RENOVATION IN PALACE
…
in Palace.
…
of the
…
East
…
as here defined, and fairly accurately corresponding with the Fifteenth
…
That some later stage of this, indeed, was still in course of execution—
889
THE ARGONAUT FRIEZE 889
…
fallen on the floor of this Upper Corridor, sinking with it below its
…
designs, white, blue, and red, with white 'eyes', representing the suckers, 'rn«e'-
891
THE ARGONAUT FRIEZE
…
the
…
Fig. 871. Section of ' Argonaut Frieze ', with Reeds in Background (3),
893
bench along tLe South wall of the Ante-room of the 'Room of the Throne',
…
seen as here the
…
the latest relics found
…
1 See, too, A.. E., Tomb of the Double Axes,
…
- P. ofM., iii, p. 3S5, Fig. 250.
894
but an idea of the original effect is given in Fig. 873, from a sketch bv
…
Spot of the'Animal visible on Upper Patch of Plaster.
…
had been here executed at three different epochs, the first no doubt con-
896
£*?% , seem to have been the actual dado slabs in mottled, highly polished marhlp
…
M. M. Ill Period (a), is the actual section of the painted stucco dado known
…
The ' Sculptor's Workshop '.
897
(about 27 inches) in height, and 2-5 metres, or 6 feet S'-f inches, in circuity- fSJEa.
…
That the great stone 'amphora' was in fact still in the hands of its smaller
898
Workshop' lay the little store-roo
…
feldspar crystals that at Knossos, as in Mainland Greece, was so much in
Last Palatial Age. The 'Room of the Throne'
901
5 116 is. Last Palatial Age. ' The Room or the Throne' and
…
{ate ■ Traces of bull-sport frescoes in Ante-room opening into 'Room of
…
unique appearance; The Gypsum Throne—traces of coloured designs;
…
re-used for Gallery of fresco copies '• Service quarters in basement Section—
…
Illh date; Throne of State to be sought in Domestic Quarter ; Ritual aspects
…
break in the Culture itself; Cumulative effect of seismic menace—Site deserted
902a
a wholesale invasion of new elements. The earlier basement system on
…
worked into the later systems. The doorway
…
with a rough plan, omitting the characteristic
903
time, under the existing conditions, had exploration advanced a few steps
…
probability that the remains of the frescoes could have been preserved, or
904
in the well-defined form in which it frequently recurs on the earliest ba
…
the North Side of the ' Room of the Throne ' beyond.
…
between this corner-piece of the old facade line and its continuation on the
905
1 vel1 (see Eig- s79 and Suppl. PL LXIII), and their slabs had, as in other
…
copy of a wooden original, and its form and decoration bound up with the
…
the remaining" surface of the rubble core of the wall being coated with thick
…
Interesting evidence also came to light that this finish to the two wall-
907
Here, only about a foot below the rough herbage, there began to come
…
Basin ': at the Angle, Base of Wooden Column.
908
Above this basin, on three sides, the surrounding wall-sections were covered
…
A view of a large part of the ' Room of the Throne ', and a section of
…
kind to be seen at Pompeii—there a millennium and a half later in date.
…
stor6"over (c- ^ &); ^ut '' must ^e realized that its ground floor section formed in
…
Relics Tj. js clear that; various precious relics were, as described in detail,
…
tared precipitated from this upper ' Loggia ' into the ' Lustral Basin ' below at the
910a
THE GRIFFIN FRIEZES
…
the ' Procession Fresco '-1 Each of these wall-sections is broken in the
…
Direct relationship and contemporaneity between the ' Griffin Frieze
913
THE WINGLESS GRIFFIN
…
with a beak that appears in a processional series
…
the Prehistoric Cemetery of Saghel-el-Baglieh.
914
THE WINGLESS GRIFFIN
…
This milder aspect is further enhanced by the peacock's plumes and rich
…
Fig. 888, h. » p. 0f'M., iii, p. r54, and see Coloured
917
THE GYPSUM THRONE
…
metres above the seat, the height of which is 48 cm. (c. 1 ft. yl in.)—slightly
…
covered with an elaborate painted design may be gathered by the appear-
918
wash were also found on the front and
…
Though not actually pointed, this arch, cut into the
…
A remarkable feature of the arch itself is the
…
sitter, had necessarily a somewhat weakening effect on the curved sec 1
919
good examples of these in relief combine to
…
ti . •. i , , -, throne in
…
is given in Fig. 893. Since,
…
place it with the wooden
…
Side of the Throne.
…
of the well-known Minoan
…
For the history
920
and the fore-feet of the two lions of the Mycenae gateway. A striking
…
The Inner Sanctuary.
…
The 'Room of the Throne' in Relation to the Surrounding' Structures.
922
from the Central Court and specially devoted to ceremonial usao-e by ti
…
a few steps to an entrance, which must be here postulated, to the room
…
the
924
upper 'loggia', as conjecturally restored for the better preservation of the
…
of fresco designs from the site that could not be replaced—as has been feasible
925
THE 'SERVICE' SECTION
…
It is interesting to note that on the threshold of the doorway leading Stone
…
found the clay impression with the axe-holding,
…
was the dolphin badge of sea power. The figure.is
926
by a person in a standing position. The two quadrants of the column drum
…
The gallery leads to a small room of considerable interest, which
927
designed for some kind of manual work performed by the female occupant
…
of the stone seat. The fact that the surface of the table was formed of
…
Along the inner wall of the room ran a kind of dais rising in a double
928
Deposit of Precious Relics precipitated into and about the ' Lustra!
…
Mustral objects found dispersed among the earth, charcoal, and rubble debris within
…
relics were one and all of much earlier date than the Throne-room system
930
like the others, had doubtless been overlaid on the bright blue kyanos
…
'ba?k,J the surface of caskets made to contain other precious possessions Tl
…
Other crystal objects evidently belonged to the class of personal
…
bushed There can be little doubt that, as in other similar cases, the relief had been
…
p. 503, Fig. 227. A crystal knob from the Gillieron's drawing). Dr. Kara (Text, p. 2S4)
…
under side, apparently in that case intended 3 See lb., vol.iii, p. 410,log- 272rt/',and'''''
931
STAL FABRICS IN PALACE ATELIERS
…
longed to the Throne Room
…
Clearly the Palace ate-
…
characteristic of a much later Age. It is in fact a cameo, execu=d, it
932
of the
…
of which the
…
Of the art of carving small cameos in relief in this material a much earlie
…
or oval, but the
…
From the archaeological point of view it is of interest to observe that t ie
…
"■ An example consisting of a single curve to the close of M.M. III.
933
TRIDACNA SHELL IN MALACHITE
…
A conventionalized and reduced version of the Tridacna shell itself
…
appears as a colouring material of the Minoan painter.4
…
* See above, P. ofM., iii, p. 305, and Noel
934
Niche in What must be regarded as an integral part of the same Treasure
…
these was also found a good deal of gold-foil, the segregated position in which
935
Ritual Aspect of the ' Room of the Throne' and its Ante-chamber.
…
section above described must by no means be regarded as the lhrone besought
…
souoht against the North wall of the inner compartment of the ' Hall of the
…
The arrangement, visible in both sections, of a high central seat of honour !n,e
…
The benches round, which seem to have been occupied by members of some chamber,
…
See P. of M., iii, p. 333 seqq., and pp. 336, were throne and bench, with another rock-cut
936
THE PURPLE GYPSUM FONT
…
room—out of its place, and blocking the way—was found a massive basin
…
the open space provided by the
…
Evidently, however, it has the
…
New light has been shed on such lustral functions by the evidence
…
' See P. o/M., iii, p. 25 seqq.
937
noil0' their principal emblems on the denarius of Julius Caesar, here
…
ing THE PONTIFICIAL EMBLEMS—
938
in course
…
out of the ' alabastra', that
…
in the area round. The
…
was found in situ just to left
…
The curious specimen from Sedment, p. 268,
940
light on the floor of the chamber, not far from the ' alabastra ' tempori '1
…
these in
…
clude from the position of these that it had been thrown on to the
…
green, with narrow horizontal bars of a darker tint. On the lower
…
- It is of course, well established that the
941
iations of the pattern showing a central rosette, though belonging to
…
Tell-el-Amarna the marks are
…
for Inlaying from ' Room of the
…
were made when the material was 5",ossian
…
' Room of the Throne ' and Phaestos.
943
shock, there are direct indications that the actual overthrow (which could
…
hardly have been so severe as some of the foregoing), was greatly aggravated
…
' From iis Westerly touch .(Arab. Gharb): Tripoli was the 'West' land.
945
rid had proved unappeasable on the site of Knossos. The soothsayers site
…
porary setback in the more exposed Mainland regions. Even in its
…
was transferred on a smaller scale to Tiryns, and the gift-holding votaries &c.
…
all these Mainland sites during the epoch that immediately succeeded the sites.'
…
developed linear script, a ceramic invasion from the same quarter makes ™pu"dse
Epilogue: Part I. The Royal signet-ring
947
S 117- Epilogue: Part I. The Royal Signet-ring.
…
• The Riu«' of Minos'; Subject, the migration of Goddess to new abode over-
…
South of the Palace, about a kilometre from the ' Caravanserai' on Discovery
…
up his father's midday meal, noticed a bright object on the tilled earth
…
balanced mind, and no exact account of its as practised by the original priestly and royal
…
favourite answer to inquirers was that he had ! P. 145 seqq., and cf. A. E., The Ring of
948a
fou„d ^ti^tz^:i:lT rthe spot'the pyios r^ ™s
…
%. 454), the Minoan ring-type originated' T?Z? ^ Sma"er Size of the S,obl,,eS °"
…
m0uld'nS of the hoops wasaltogetherdecadet gb"y htot '" *** *an the other.
949
the ' Tomb of Nestor'. From the earliest pottery with which this
…
we may discern three separate religious scenes, two above, and the other,
…
The'King
…
account of the,' Ring of Minos' in Eos (xxxiii;
…
Ringes kunstvoll und in der Manier der
950
g50 THE 'RING OF MINOS'
…
,,., , x, , SubJect of the Sigtret Design.
…
overseas. 1" the intaglio itself the t-hJL • • V gecl somewhat over 4 diameters.
951
In the first of these, in the order here proposed, we see a somewhat Sacred
…
may recognize as the same Goddess arrived in her
…
this sacramental act the divinity of the seated person-
952
hand as if saluting the sanctuary from which she departs (Fig. 9]g\r
…
animal's head which forms the prow
…
Seager, Explorations in the Island of Mochlos,
…
-' P. of M., iii, p. 96, Fig. S4,
953
the Classical Hippocamp have long been recognized and are well illus-
…
Caledonian seas unknown to the
…
Acfulh, PI. ij (seej l00j g gauer, in Roscher /oyros a jivpU jS6o-ku dyacnwos 'A^it/h't?? (Od.
954
and very probably from the harbour town of Knossos.1 Here the Goddess
…
one hand on the wrist of his flounced consort
…
the gold signet-ring from Tiryns (Fig. 926).:1 ' "' "
…
before us there three separate scenes, in the resting on Edge of Altar-base,
…
bility is not excluded that the naked female
955
f'me with the purely natural pose and action, is unparalleled among Minoan shrine-
…
the present signet most likely to strike the observer's eye is the convention vention
…
by other Minoan works 111 which the rocky surface of the ground is repro- of rocks,
…
presenting an archer 'proceeding to mount a rocky steep', found to the
…
See //;., i, pp. 312-14, and Fig. 232. the surface of the pellucid Aegean shallows,
Epilogue: Part II.
957
The Signet-ring of Minos in Greek legend; Theseus recovers ring with
…
of an episode connected with a signet-ring of Minos, and of the interment
…
to the signet-ring of Minos.1
…
himself to be a son of Poseidon, Minos, the offspring of the Cretan Zeus— legend.
…
it formerly rented on the account given by from a fapyrus in the British Museum, 1S97,
958
Theseus 901s Vase', by Kleitias and Ergotimos. On none of the vase paintings
…
subject for illustration, but no object referred to in the whole story has
…
5 See on this, S. Wide in Theseus und der directly at variance with the probabilities ot
959
IVT cenae. The 'Shield of Achilles' preserves the memory both of Minoan
…
Crete with Sicily—which has found another remarkable illustration in the Tomb of
…
The statement that the Phoenicians had not invented letters but had Cretan
…
serious consideration till nearly two thousand clay documents in an advanced *X D'°"
Epilogue: Part III. Discovery of the Temple Tomb
962a
yii7- Epilogue: Part III. Discovery of Temple Tomb : Upper Shrine
…
pottery, &c.; Discovery near by of Temple Tomb; Upper Structures__
…
Full evidence supplied of timber floor supports ; The Pillar Crypt below and
…
tian type; Derivatives of similar blocks in Early Miuoan Ossuaries, accom-
…
Clue afforded by the Signet-ring.
…
Discovery Trenches dug along the borders of the lower slope of the headland
963
The fifth rock-cutting, however, brought to light a dozen paces or so Presumed
…
in connexion with it.
…
been left in the pit.
964
vessels of two classes belonging- to the mature L. M. I a phase (Fig. 927 bis]
…
hue occurred in the deposit such as are often associated in Egypt with
965
I lon"in"' to wall construction. The spot indicated was some thirty
…
masonry of the side walls which eventually, m the completest manner, Column-
…
by its North-Eastern corner, at a slightly higher level than the, adjoining
…
would have been approached by three steps. As was brought out by the Entrance
…
with an inner staircase leading down to the basement floor, and on the other roof
967
sides a mean thickness of at least a metre, and along the back, of a metre
…
The rough interior face of the «aus structure showed a painted
968
' Lady of the Sea'. Unfortunately owing to the denudation and drift caused
…
evidence x he evidence regardino- the hM«, i r
…
both of the great main beams re,rinn , ai™igement and calibre
970
recovered from the clear-cut sockets visible at two levels in the surroundino-
…
the beams and rafters above halls and pillar-rooms in the Palace itself as
971
THE PILLAR CRYPT
973
SEPULCHRAL CHAMBER CUT IN THE ROCK 973
…
about a metre and a half in length between it and the continuation AVest of roc^
…
It was impossible to doubt that we had here hit on the counterpart to in Sicily.
…
Here, too, was a ' double tomb'—half sepulchre, half sanctuary.3 The
…
'he axe on the pillar may have also been p. 3S6, and p. 389, Fig. 223.
974
974 EXCAVATIONS OF ROCK-CUT CHAMBER FROM ABOVE
…
against the walls of the rock chamber which proved to be cased in fine
976
Plain clay the occurrence of many sherds and even a series of vessels, either whole
…
bored for nveting to the body of the vase I I * '' ^ Wkh holeS
977
ented in the Robbers' Cache, also occurred in the vault (Fig. 928).
…
,„cr oart contained, as appears to have been the case in some of the mclutlln-
…
The Sepulchral Chamber as a Ritual Pillar Crypt.
…
accessible to votaries it is impossible to say. The 'Saints' Graves' of
978
978 THE ROCK-CUT CHAMBER—ITSELF A SHRINE
…
brou^^-fls d;e r°^Ut Chamber t0 the UPP- Sanctuary is well
980
The type of stone vessel here seen, Fig. 939—presumably used
…
derived from analogous cult objects in use in predynastic Egypt. (See
…
heirloom was found in the S. House (L. M. I).
…
XXXI. Now in the Ashmolean Museum.
…
Fragments of the so-called ' salt and pepper'
981
ends, there is no direct evidence of the borings that characterise the ends
…
what may be regarded as a derivative class found in parallel Nilotic and
…
blocks in
982
It will be seen from Fig. 940, c, that a parallel type in clay from
…
a direct dependence on that source.3 The specimen
…
exemplified on the site of Knossos, of a vessel that may have largely owed
…
wiihother Nilotic type here represented. As shown in Fig. 941, and pointed out above,5
…
from the 'beehive' form of the ossuaries themselves—the natural conclusion
…
of later date, may be traced in the 'eight-
…
shown at Knossos itself by the occurrence on
983
house beneath the pavement of the Central Court at Knossos supply, Other
…
misconceptions regarding both the extent and meaning of the evidence stone
…
Early Religious Connexions with the Delta.
…
See P. ofM., iii, p. 47 r, Fig. 328.
984
Gifts of the Pharaohs and the Priest-kings: Knossos Chief Find-spot
…
- This was done at the time of the founda-
…
86, and Figs. 54, and 55i a, />). The other
985
able from those discovered in the tomb of King- Sneferu of the IVth
…
especially when we have to deal with a whole series—dates from the epoch
…
1 A classification of the early stone vessels
…
in Crete and Babylonia. His great knowledge
…
generally with those set forth in this Work. It
…
Prehistoric stone vessels in Egypt and
…
dynastic Egypt the lower part of a porphyry
…
ing. The same kind of porphyry, with some-
…
As explained above, the general indebted-
Epilogue: Part IV.
988
' High Priests House' and, by the Great South Road, to Town and Palace;
…
of mixed A rmeuoid and ' Mediterranean' type and child's bones [explaining the
…
Evidences of a Great Catastrophe towards the Close of L. M. I a:
…
end of part of this Section. The occasion of the original plundering of this royal
990
ggo PART OF PILLAR CRYPT WALLED IN FOR BURIAL
…
ofi-e- was not the same motive ior removing the remains of those who mioht
…
pillar us demonstrates that such a destruction of the ' Temple Tomb' as originally
…
Associ- There being no elements among" the fallen remains later than
991
Open Space left for access to the Rock Chamber. ^
…
Among the evidences ot desirucuo r1pnnsit within these were of stmc-
992
Chamber above. Certain features in the basement structure as brought to
…
Mia"™ "' 's ^me> however, to turn from the Pillar Crypt—shown in Fig. 934
…
similar slabs at the foot of a flight of limestone stairs.
…
S.ma" Immediately beyond the doorway leading to this private staircase the
993
- vav as well as that to the left of the nearer doorway leading from the
…
the three-pillared basement of
…
illustrated by the discovery of pin'or
…
curred in the Inner Hall (Fig.
…
gard to the locking system of
…
themselves as to the control of
…
ference that the little Magazine
…
' I»; iii, pp. 12, 13, and Fig. G.
995
HOW DID THE GUARDIAN LOCK UP THE BUILDING? 995
…
tators on the Roof Terrace. The
…
Fig. 917. Socket for Inner Bar in
…
This sepulchral monument as a whole stood in very direct connexion Exterior
996
with Harbour Town of Knossos beyond. A paved section of the Great South
…
House present high-road, which itself runs close behind the Pavilion that formed
998
paved area stepping up to the roof terrace, on the West side of which three
…
and Lines of Access thence, above and below. (See Complete Plan in Pocket at end
…
The entrance platform was at the same time prolonged East in a kind
999
The convenient coign of vantage offered by this rock-cut entrance
…
To reach the basement section that seems specially to stand in relation The
…
in the South wall of the Court near that end
1000
to be found in the whole building. There was no apparent remains of the
…
Fig. 951. The Pavilion, as restored, seen from the West, with 'Bridge' of
…
use of for ceremonial rites and sports, both at the time of burials within the
1001
probable that funeral games were held in this area, of the kind
…
The Eastern basement section of the Monument is given in Fig. 952,
1004
for ritual functions. But the sepulchral chamber excavated in the original
…
the deposit of some good L. M. I b pottery,1 this rock-cut inner pillar crypt
…
had been a good deal disturbed, but they are shown in a collective form in
…
An ivory comb, Fig. 955, with the teeth broken off, recalls a class of
1005
Mainland Greece. The prominence in the middle of the back contains
…
fouijd in the Chamber Tombs, excavated by
…
and cf. p. 210.) The much damaged gold comb
…
(p. 210) objects, indeed, that the former
1006
part of the gracefully interlocked coils of two lizards. The back of the
…
the lizards' scales. In this case the teeth did not, as in Fig. 955, form part
…
This object supplies a singular illustration of the inventive skill of
1007
f ce the" three C's' motive typical of the L. M. II ' Palace Style' in an Jesselof
…
shown behind this, by the central
…
be an intrusion from the vessels
…
another that had apparently belonged to the deposit are shown in Fig.
1008
TOY' VESSELS IN LATER BURIAL
…
the contents of a L. M. Ilia
…
larger vases, in company with
…
responds with the evidence
…
Human Of human remains in actual relation to the pit only two or three
1010
The bones proved to consist of the greater part of a skull, and some
…
the toy
…
1 Dr. Buxton further observes: 'He must cultural, probably due to the type of bread
1011
of the young child.
…
had been used for the ritual fumigation of the burial chamber.
…
vases of various forms in the Knossos cemeteries* and elsewhere, and ti°" *
…
1 A. E., The Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos
…
amined a fragment of the material at the time)
…
* Good examples are supplied by the
1012a
the later burial within the rock vault, the smaller (Fig. 902 top) shows
…
The larger and more stately example (Fig. 962 below), which was about 6
1013
,,,. find associated with the thickets behind the Griffin Fresco (PI. XXXV, c) sprays
…
from the beginning of the
1014
belonging to the closing phase of the Third Middle Minoan Period. In
…
It was doubtless believed that the brilliant hues of the incense vessel
…
small of other pillar crypts it would naturally connect itself with the Goddess on
…
It is therefore of great interest to record that, along the Eastern border
1015
of the roof terrace of the Temple Tomb, numerous small jugs of the same
…
had served the same
…
perhaps in the South-
…
which the reptiles
…
It is clear that the late burial and associated deposit within the vault
1016
highly probable. On. the whole it seems natural to infer that the persons
…
IIIn: a that of L. M. Ill a. These occurred in two main groups, by the Entrance
…
handles, stemless bowls also two-hanclled, cups, and stemmed goblets. The
…
sidenible VVe have here evidence that the funereal ritual illustrated by these
Supplementary plates LIII-LXIX
seal
576 SPEARMAN AND ARCHER ATTACKING LION
which turns on the pursuers—an incident that, as pointed out
resembles scenes in the real war which African natives, armed onl ■ • 1
weapons of similar ancient types, are forced to wage against the Ki
Beasts.1
Spear- There is, indeed, direct evidence that such fuller comoosftinnc
man and , r ,...... , , 1,1 as
archer those of this painting in metals were actually drawn on by Minoan seal
attacking engravers within their narrower limits. A 'flat cylinder' of red Inc.
lion on & J l cu jasper
"ydonia (Fig. 556), found on or near the site of Kydonia,2 presents a scene of two
warriors—a spearman with an 8-shaped Minoan shield slung on his shoulder
and an archer who draws his bow in a half-kneeling attitude—attacking
a lion standing erect like the preceding. Except that in this case the
shield is slung in front of the first figure instead of behind his back, we
may here certainly recognize a reflection of the first two figures of the
attacking force as seen in the completed form of the design supplied by
the dagger-blade. The rocky slope under the spearman's feet and the
little eminences on each side of the lion's leg seen on the intaglio are
absent from the engrailed design of the dagger-blade, but are quite in
keeping" with this class of work. They may ultimately point to a still more
picturesquely developed illustration of the same once existing in a fresco
painting on a palace wall.
An acute observation made by Dr. Rodenwaldt3 with regard to the
Tiryns frescoes of considerably later date tends to show that this inlaying
technique in metal-work had reacted on the larger Art. In the case, for
instance, of the boar's body there seen the lighter band below it graduall)
narrows towards the hindquarters in the characteristic fashion observable
in the case of the lions, gazelles, and other animals of the inlaid dagger-
blades.
Huntsman stabbing Agrimi.
Hums- The Cretan hunter on the agate lentoid from Mirabello,4 reproc lie
"tabbing in F'g- 55S> deals with the uprearing and truly monstrous agnna *
Agrimi. a tllrust from his short sword or dirk, much as the lion-hunters in simi ^
scenes. On the boldly-cut agate from Hagia Pelagia, on the Nortn
' See P. o/M, iii, pp. r22, I23. pp. i^if^2, and Fig. =45- The Sl°nC
'- This, like the preceding, Fig. 555, is from obtained at Canea. _ . ,24.
a cast kindly supplied me by Monsieur A. 3 Tiryns, ii, p. 127, ancl c1' %-0 42S.
David of the Cabinet des M&lailles. It is * See, too, above, p. 492> and g'
also published by Dr. Doro Levi, op. at.,
576 SPEARMAN AND ARCHER ATTACKING LION
which turns on the pursuers—an incident that, as pointed out
resembles scenes in the real war which African natives, armed onl ■ • 1
weapons of similar ancient types, are forced to wage against the Ki
Beasts.1
Spear- There is, indeed, direct evidence that such fuller comoosftinnc
man and , r ,...... , , 1,1 as
archer those of this painting in metals were actually drawn on by Minoan seal
attacking engravers within their narrower limits. A 'flat cylinder' of red Inc.
lion on & J l cu jasper
"ydonia (Fig. 556), found on or near the site of Kydonia,2 presents a scene of two
warriors—a spearman with an 8-shaped Minoan shield slung on his shoulder
and an archer who draws his bow in a half-kneeling attitude—attacking
a lion standing erect like the preceding. Except that in this case the
shield is slung in front of the first figure instead of behind his back, we
may here certainly recognize a reflection of the first two figures of the
attacking force as seen in the completed form of the design supplied by
the dagger-blade. The rocky slope under the spearman's feet and the
little eminences on each side of the lion's leg seen on the intaglio are
absent from the engrailed design of the dagger-blade, but are quite in
keeping" with this class of work. They may ultimately point to a still more
picturesquely developed illustration of the same once existing in a fresco
painting on a palace wall.
An acute observation made by Dr. Rodenwaldt3 with regard to the
Tiryns frescoes of considerably later date tends to show that this inlaying
technique in metal-work had reacted on the larger Art. In the case, for
instance, of the boar's body there seen the lighter band below it graduall)
narrows towards the hindquarters in the characteristic fashion observable
in the case of the lions, gazelles, and other animals of the inlaid dagger-
blades.
Huntsman stabbing Agrimi.
Hums- The Cretan hunter on the agate lentoid from Mirabello,4 reproc lie
"tabbing in F'g- 55S> deals with the uprearing and truly monstrous agnna *
Agrimi. a tllrust from his short sword or dirk, much as the lion-hunters in simi ^
scenes. On the boldly-cut agate from Hagia Pelagia, on the Nortn
' See P. o/M, iii, pp. r22, I23. pp. i^if^2, and Fig. =45- The Sl°nC
'- This, like the preceding, Fig. 555, is from obtained at Canea. _ . ,24.
a cast kindly supplied me by Monsieur A. 3 Tiryns, ii, p. 127, ancl c1' %-0 42S.
David of the Cabinet des M&lailles. It is * See, too, above, p. 492> and g'
also published by Dr. Doro Levi, op. at.,