Evans, Arthur J.
The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 4,2): Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii [...]
— London, 1935
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Contents
VI
§ 103. The Minoan Genii and their Relation to the Egyptian Hippo-
…
more natural manner; Sculptured style common to stone vases and seals—Owl type ;
VII
sketch of three water-fowl; Nilotic suggestions of water-fowl motives—later versions
…
Sphragistic tradition indigenous to Crete; Early Nilotic and Egyptian prototypes at
…
Wounded quarry types—talismanic value to hunters; Artistic designs succeed the
…
Animal suckling young; Wild-goat and kids; Cow and calf—Egyptian version
VIII
from Nimrud; Minoan outpost at Ras-Shamra ; Cow and calf on Archaic Greek coin
…
laid out for sacrifice ; Hunting of wild boars—use of net; Huntsman spearing boar;
IX
of Millet beer; Appearance on lentoid signet; Barley sign—ears moulded on jugs,
…
' Minos ! as a bureaucratic organizer as well as law-giver—Corroboration of Greek
X
Correspondence of names in Classes A and B ; Linguistic unity—extends to
…
§ j 13. Supplementary to Prfcfding : The Minoan Remains at Ras-
…
supplied by smaller built tomb at Isopata; Minoan types of vessel associated with
XIII
a scene of initial rites;. The purple gypsum font—holy-water sprinklers; 'Lustral
…
§ it;. Epilogue: Part II. Legendary and Literary Tradition re-
…
of rock ceiling painted kyanos blue; Plain clay vessels within, M. M. Ill i>, but
…
connexion with Delta; Knossos solitary Cretan find-spot of early imported
…
Traces of Catastrophe to Monument at end of L. M. I a—evidence of Earthquake
XIV
L. M. In-; Much rough rebuilding of structure at this epoch ; Basement entrance
…
Fig. S77. Ground Plan of Block containing Throne Room System and Service Suite
…
Fig. 938 Section of West Part of Temple Tomb showing Sanctuary above and below,
XV
(In Pocket at End of Volume)
…
Fig. 734. Comparative Table showing correspondence of Mainland Name-groups with
…
LIST OF COLOURED PLATES
…
., XXX'V. a and b, 1, 2, Ceremonial Incense Burner, from Rock-cut Burial Vault
XVI
LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY PLATES
…
„ LVIII. Pithos horn Magazine VI of a Late Type showing Incised 'Adder-mark'
…
,, LXI. Long Magazines XI, XII, with Single Lines of Pithoi, closely packed as
…
c i, c 1. Fresco Fragments showing Reeds with Striated Sprays of Knossian
…
„ LXVIII. Bronze Long-swords, about a metre in length, of M. M. Ill b date. !■''
…
LXIX. a. Inscribed Stirrup Vase, Eleusis: from the Excavations ot •
The 'Camp-Stool' Fresco of the North-West Sanctuary Hall
379
() ioo. The 'Camp-Stool' Fresco of the North-West Sanctuary
…
Fragmentary condition of remains ; Evidence of double bands; Alternating
…
' P. of M.,
381
use. These painted stucco remains, to which, from their most characteristic
…
lyillg basement Magazines and on either side of it, about a metre above the Stool
…
broad bands, divided from one another by a border consisting of black, red,
383
REMAINS OF 'CAMP-STOOL FRESCO'
…
band of equal width had been executed beneath this, set below on a similar
384a
THE 'CAMP-STOOL FRESCO'
…
of that earlier class of wall paintings, of which such a rich series of frag-
…
in the case of the blue ground be-
384b
ie of
386
robes of
…
D of the companion group, differ from the ' Sacral Knots ' of the femaie
…
Part of Male Personage clad in Short-sleeved
387
USE OF CAMP-STOOLS
…
In three cases (a, c, and d) we have direct evidence that the figures were use of
…
to the folding-seat of c. What can only
389
THE 'LOVING CUP' WITH ITS SACRAMENTAL ASPECTS 389
…
Balkan countries—in which brotherhood of a binding nature between two
390
'ALABASTRON'-LIKE CHALICE OF GOLD
…
to confirm this conclusion. But a minute examination of the details of
…
- Experience of the remains of fresco frag-
391
a well-known XVIIIth-Dynasty type of alabastron, of which copies in
…
118 and 854, p. 14S. The pedestal of No.
…
5 These at once recall the two Trvdpeves of
…
r this type, Thera (Santorin), is in the Athens
…
Vapheio type ' ? In that case the resemblance
392
THE CHALICE OF THE MINOAN GODDESS
…
of the same chalice-like form, with a triple ring clearly marked, is seen in
…
the liquid contents of the cup
…
series of scenes of a sacramental nature in which chalices that may, as we
…
Georgia (Fig. 328). On a short pin rising
…
cenae, COMPARED WITH ( CuP OF NeSTOr'.
393
ALABASTRON-LIKE CHALICE ON TIRYNS SIGNET
…
On the Ti-
…
of drink-offerings
…
eventually led to its discovery. Owing to this, indeed, the term ' Ring of
…
Juice of
394
394 PAINTED STUCCO FRAGMENT OF SEATED GODDESS
…
One of these bunches
…
of the Goddess, who
…
the vine branches.
…
with some kind of
395
31. Offertory Scene on Clay Matrix
…
bility, recognize a figure of
…
already filled. An analogy to the first alternative is afforded by the Tiryns
…
An interesting example is supplied by the scene on the remarkable
…
stopped, and in this case the sacred nature of the contents are indicated by
…
on Seat
Long-robed priestly and Royal
398
relation to the hierarchical system in vogue in the Palace in the last epoch
…
■ than the close ot
399
WHITE-STOLED PRIESTS OF 'PALANQUIN FRESCO'
…
Fig. 332 a, b. Fragments of ' Palanquin Fresco' showing White-stoled
400
4oo EARLY REPRESENTATIONS OF PRIEST-KINGS
…
'Young In some respects a close parallel to this is presented by the small
401
MINOAN GODDESS AND GOD NORMALLY ATTIRED 401
…
attire of
…
influence.
…
the appendage visible as actually representing
…
' See P. of M., i, p. 708, Fig. 532, and cf.
402
402 GABERD1NED ATTIRE SIGN OF SYRIAN INFLUENCE
…
of God-
…
' Gaberdined' Attire—Sign of New Syrian
…
2 From A. E., Myc. Tree and Pillar Cull,
404
LONG-ROBED PERSONAGES ON SEALS
…
admitted that these gaberdine-like robes, such as on the Tiryns rina and
…
and
…
Seal Types with Long-robed Personages : Priest-kings and Princes.
405
The intaglio is cut on a green jasper bead-seal representing a thick
…
offering to a divinity, and there can be little doubt
…
taglio showing Youth- pigeon. What is decisive, however, is the careful
…
Fundamental Affinity of Minoan Dove Cult with Syro-Anatolian.
…
from the Palace site1 and the bowl with a flying dove moulded in it from with dove,
406
406 DOVE CULT OLD ANATOLIAN AND MINOAN
…
of the ' Terra-cotta Shrine' belonging to the Second Middle Minoan Perin 1
…
and his Art-
…
« So high an authority as the late L. » •
407
physically described as proto-Armenoid and well represented by the Hittite
…
of Cy-
…
ture for igu: The Early Inhabitants of
…
vincing identification of the later [ Jewish'
…
5 A set of such vessels was found in Tomb 13
…
p. 283 seqq., and Figs. 1S1-6.
408
CYPRIAN AND SYRIAN DOVE-CULT
…
ally find the best intervening links
…
showing Dove perched on Shrine.
…
Another cylinder from Salamis1 fits on very closely to this s
409
a cylinder bought at Aleppo l (see below, Fig. 34S d, p. 42 1), and presumably
…
group. On this a
…
of offerings upon
…
with is the actual re-
410
4io DOVE GODDESS ON HITTITE RELIEFS
…
the bird on the altar occurs at Yarre on the PI. XLVI.I, and p. 151, where he is uncer a
…
(Ferak ed-din, South of the Cappadocian that in that case the Goddess wears a con
411
THE ROCK-DOVE 411
…
ab autupio by Cyprus and the Minoan World, only appears to have paies-
…
paratively late date. The evidence of recent excavations in the earlier Cult
…
urbes ■' The rocky nooks about Dodona make'it
412
Oracle of the Libyan Oasis—as 'black'.1 In later Classical days, indeed
…
The red jasper lentoid seal from the Vapheio Tomb (Fig. 341)3 pre-
…
passes under the guardian monster's
…
Fig. 341. Sacerdotal Figure leadinc In that case, too, the monsters stand on
…
1 Herodotus ii. 55 makes two ' black doves' saxatik—clearly rock-doves—and foundroost-
…
plies an interesting record of a succeeding p. 167; Furtwangler, Antike Gemwen
413
the 'Snake frames', the Goddess herself appears between two guardian
…
In the last two instances the religious side of
…
Personages holding Single Axes of Syro-Egyptian Type.
…
" Compare the tasselled fringes of some
…
axe of
415
EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF SYRIAN AXE
…
to the first Egyptian Dynasty : and, later on, a compromise was made with
…
and CLXI (Xllth Dyn.). See, too, Wilkin-
…
8 Petrie, British School of Archaeology in
…
as obviously of Middle Kingdom date. Pie
417
while that with the lion and ram must be referred to an epoch approaching
…
Oriental form, going back, like its animal decoration, to Sumerian models of likl= that
…
1 R. Dussaud, Syria xi (1930), p. 268 seqq men from a hoard of bronze axes of this type,
…
2 A good illustrative specimen was found by Cattaro is in the Ashmolean Museum.
…
pareditwiththatoftbeBoghazKeuirelief(yli'kr. examples of this type on hieroglyphic seals
418
Axe of
…
418 SYRIAN AXE HELD BY HUNTER ON PALESTINE BOWL
…
and
…
gold cups and other
…
enfold the haft in
…
tation of the scenes on this bowl in Iinggerie
…
Helbig {Bull, dell'Inst, &x., v, 117-31, and
…
n the
…
and PI. X, 1. Its breadth (horizontally)
…
The 'gorilla skins' were hung up "'
419
WARRIOR PRINCES ON VAPHEIO SEALS
…
Fig. 347. Bronze Axe of
…
Warrior Prince in Chariot on Vapheio Seal-stone.
Discovery in the "Initiatory Area" of lapis-lazuli cylinder with early chaldaean connexions
422
I 102. Discovery in the 'Initiatory Area' of Lapis-lazuli Cylinder
…
Syriauizing influences via Cyprus and Cilicia; Syro-Hitlite Cylinders ■
423
LAPIS-LAZULI CYLINDER OF SUMERIAN TRADITION 423
…
Palace
…
deeper than the M. M. Ilia; stratum, in the 'Initiatory
…
types on
…
observed that .the style ol' the mythological
…
'' Where a design is continuous, as on
424
424 LAPIS-LAZULI CYLINDER FROM PALACE SITE
…
Fig. 350. Early Cylinder of Lapis-lazuli : Development of Designs.
425
which fixes the accession of Hammurabi as c. 2123 B.C.,1 this would Itsap-
…
To a quite different category, connected with the ' Syro-Hittite ' group Cypro-
426
seen on Ramesside chariot-horses, and it is taken over on the L. M. Ill
…
M. V. Nikolsky, Arch. Congress of Moscow,
…
and espe-
427
already connected with the Cult of the Dove. (See Fig. 353 at end of
…
p- 566 seqq. Dr. G. Contenau, in his mono- Fig. 13 [Primitive Clay Images ami their
The minoan genii and their relation to chapter
430
I 103. The Minoan Genii and their Relation to the Egyptian Hippo
…
Frescoes' already described, where human votaries of both sexes are con-
431
MINOAN GENII AND HIPPOPOTAMUS GODDESS 431
…
Hippopotamus Goddess Ta-urt regarded as Source of Minoan Genii:
…
seqq., and p. So. Compare, too, Helbig,
…
tas, "&/>. 'Apx-, 1887, p. 162 seqq., and PI. X, r.
…
Views of
…
material relating to the Genii in his Minoan
432
432 THE MINOAN GENII AND MASKED VOTARIES
…
skins of
…
The exceptional impression produced by the daemons on the frao-m
…
wear animal masks on their heads. Such,
…
to explain the peculiar character of their dorsal crests and appendages
…
1 A. B. Cook, Animal Warship in the
…
» Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, I, r • * •
433
THE HIPPOPOTAMUS GODDESS 433
…
This is not to say that the Genii as seen in the early Cretan seals are Gen"
434
THE HIPPOPOTAMUS GODDESS TA-URT
…
the
…
Crocodile on back ; />, carrying it in hand.
…
instance, of the general correspon-
…
iTc- .■:.' ; crocodile, in the other a kid. I he due
435
indebtedness of the Minoan design indeed might have been still more
…
Parallelism between Genii and Ta-urt extends to her Astral
…
An/, d. Kunst, pp. 54, 55, Fig. 44, c. The
436
'OX-LEG' SIGN AND 'GREAT BEAR'
…
sign of
…
astral element in the Minoan Genii lias received—as shown below—some
…
1 The relative position of stars ol
437
THE 'OX-LEG
…
deity, acquired later a more malignant character. Under the New Kingdom
…
of Isis,
…
Fig. 361. The'Bull' and 'Ox-haunch' Sign ofSet( = ' Great Bear') as chained
438
4l8 ASTRONOMICAL SCENE ON CEILING.
…
notamus Goddess thus appears in a ser.es of ______
…
n0owdW itstostSe \ ^ °' "leaSt controUirift *« ' °^g ' sign of Set,
439
TA-URT ON SCARAB FOUND IN M. M. I TOMB 439
…
' Xanthudides., Vaulted Tombs of Mesari,
…
doubt correctly—as of Egyptian fabric. (See
440
440 ASTRAL RELATIONS OF TA:URT
…
Hippopotamus Goddess are repeatedly associated with the 'antithetic'
…
thetic' of L. M. I b, where it is of frequent appearance. Thus the representative
441
REFLECTED BY VERSIONS OF MINOAN GENII 4
…
in a deposit at the
…
seals of
…
showing Minoan Genius and Man-
…
schnittene Steine, PI. I, 12, and p. 3); A. G.,
…
- Many of these were found in a very
442
GENII AS CARRIERS OF ANIMALS
…
on which a daemon of
…
carrying certain objects is supported by the design on a cornelian bead-seal
…
carrying Lions on Pole.
…
seqq.; and Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Re-
…
■' See above, p. 435, Fig. 358, I). On a
…
Furtw, Berlin Cat., No. 13- The design is
443
At times they ate depicted as guiding or leading animals. On a Bull mid
…
by his horns, while in front is what looks like the conventional head of a
…
3 For photographic reproductions of Figs.
…
At the sale of a portion of the Mayer
444
REMINISCENCE OF 'VAPHEIO' SCENES
…
protruding tongue, and with one hind-leg drawn back, is essentially of the
…
■'' P. of M., iii, p. 314 seqq.
445
Relation of Genii ewer-bearing to ' Talismanic' Class of Seal-stones.
…
fact, largely worn as charms to secure certain material benefits of more than libation
446
(for hunters), fish, and octopods or sepias, ships, pillared structures, and the
…
Vegeta- The talismanic class of seal-stones with which we are here concerned,
…
An important place among them is taken by a kind of pedestalled
…
A cornelian lentoid with two upright branches on either side of the
…
1 This circumstance greatly assisted me in similar type is found on one face of a three-si
447
'KANTHAROS' TYPE OF LIBATION VESSEL
…
Dionysos—the Wine God—whose special relation to Ariadne marks him as
…
' B.M. Cat., Crete and Aegean Islands
…
-of pale steatite
449
BEAKED EWERS ON TALISMANIC BEAD-SEALS
…
Fig. 373. a-c, ' Beaked ; Ewers on Bead-seals.
…
too fanciful to interpret the flying
…
1 B.M. Cat. Engraved Gems, a-c. (H. B. Walters), PI. 22 a and p. 3.
450
style of the motive seen on the other face of the stone—a bull struck by a
…
in a similar opposition on the impressed glass plaques (Figs. 379, 380).
…
and
451
fluid may often have been simply water. The ideas of sympathetic magic
…
Eight years after the discovery of this Thisbe bead-seal the examina-
…
xiii (1932), p. 13. this is obviously the same tree-like version of
452
Seals' brought out during the excavation of 1901, and temporarily reserve 1
…
Genii in jj„ j-jjg neac|s 0f households or communities in a rustic ritual. On the
453
seen, from the serviceable Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt, now appear as
…
the Minoanfresco painters, \J i/Ml *i{\\ '"
…
Genii on
…
green steatite conoid from Cyprus of rough
…
fabric, Milchhofer, op. cit., p. 6S, 46, /;. The of this gem type in Tree and Pillar Cult, pp.
454
An important feature in this design is the fact that the two Genii ]
…
of Beren-
…
Genii pouring Libations : a, on Tripod Cauldrons set over Shafts ; b, over Altar
…
A further parallel is supplied by the impressed glass plaque (Fig. 379, a)
…
« Near the ' Cyclopean 1 omb . Bt ' d
455
tripod cauldron set over a baetylic column. On a dark steatite lentoid from
…
and on
…
note 6, and Fig. i 4, and cf. Tsountas,
…
N. of the Akropolis.
456
456 EWER-BEARING GENII ON BRONZE HYDRiA
…
From the repetition, moreover, of the
…
with the libation ewers in ritual
…
5 M.Markides./i.S./i, xviii, PI. VIII, and
…
Handle of Bronze 'ByokU
458
MINOAN GENIUS ON CYLINDER SEALS
…
on hae-
…
Ta-urt and the Minoan Genius on Cylinder Seals.
…
1 Reproduced from Perrot et Chipiez, it is there described as ' a hawk', but the
459
scene is not completed as in the case of the Tifyns signet by a seated God-
…
garb and the naked
…
good deal of coale-
…
and
…
of Cypro-
460
46o GENII MINISTERING TO GODDESS ON TIRYNS SIGNET
…
Scene of Offering on Great Tiryns Signet.
…
H God. sacrec' objects—trees and baetylic columns, cairns and altar-blocks—must be
…
The Goddess, grasping a pedestalled chalice, more fully ilhistra e
462
462 GENIUS GUARDIAN OF LION-SLAYING HERO
…
slaying j|-s bee-hive tomb. These included a series of the finest L. M. I b ' amphoras',
…
excellent cast from which Monsieur E. Gil- bc.dt.,F\g. 79.) On one of the Thisbc
463
The same geste is recorded on the Mycenae seal, but we now know that
…
Fig. 388. Warrior stabbing Lion on
464
464 EARLY NILOTIC INFLUENCE ON MINOAN RELIGION
…
Valley. of this Goddess or of Wazet, with whom she was assimilated, on the Minoan
465
MINOAN GENII AS SUPPORTERS OF YOUNG MALE GOD 465
…
18S5. The Heads are here made by the Copyist to resemble
…
Pl.GH8,andp. 195. The Genii ('esseri misti')
466
in an Etruscan tomb at Orvieto. Rossbach rightly recognized the lee '
…
apparently raises his hands to be licked by their long pia jgj Genius
…
tongues is a recurring trait of the Minoan engravers ; „„, /„i\
…
2 Dr. A. H. Smith, Director of the British
…
and cf. p. 65, where they are compared «*
…
cf. J.H.S., 1897, PI. Ill, 5 and p. 6S. Fur-
Fresh discovey of a chryselephantine
468
I 104. Fresh Discovery of a Chryselephantine Image oe Boy-God-
…
under an adolescent aspect. As interpreted below, it throws at the same
…
"■ See above, p. 29, Fig. 14. of on tiptoe.
471
NEW CHRYSELEPHANTINE FIGURE OF BOY-GOD 471
…
393)—has the appearance 01 being considerably larger.
…
Buttocks I1). larger. I he girth round the loins oi the present speci-
…
especially those of the back (see Fig. 396). The harder set features and maturer
473
ont and Back Loin-plates of Youthful
…
in each of their upper
…
hole behind, in the hollow formed in the belt,
…
As already noticed, however, the features of the face and cut ot the
474
though the character of the loin covering still shows that the personage he
…
seems then to have been the dominant ethnic ele-
…
1 See P. of It.,
475
TONSURE AND SIGNS OF BIRETTA
…
of ritual
…
OF Btretta, re-
…
It must be inferred that we have here to do with the custom of the
476
4-6 WIDESPREAD CUSTOM OF HAIR-OFFERINGS
…
Ueber'das Hdarofifer wideinige andere Trauer- tribe of Travancore, cut off the top-*
…
"- Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, p. 399 seqq., c See, too, Wilken, loi- at-t and ' ,^.
…
sclienoger, p. 77. son Smith, The Religion of the Semites, P- J- '
…
"■ 'Summos, ait ille, capillos'. meriting on Lev. xix. 27. Cf. K°
477
comrade's hands.1 So, too, Orestes, as Aeschylos tells us,2 offered at the
…
*A/3arT(K. The explanation there given of
…
off of
…
as -AoV-apoi' Bpa-r-qptor, the other lock as
478
Iii view of the fundamental affinities of pre-Hellenic Crete with rl
…
tions of
…
' At times, the very poor cut mere
479
AND TO ZEUS PANAMAROS : GOD OF DOUBLE AXE 479
…
11111 see Sachau, Ausgraliungen in Sendjirli, i, The dedication—[All] fTANHMEPln—here
…
of the material, has rightly pointed out (pp. EYTYXflZ.
480
Steatite Ex Votes in the form of plaited locks from Knossian Sh ■
…
tationsof recorded also in a glyptic shape. Pausanias relates that on the 1 ?
…
Fig. 403. Votive Monument with Plaited Locks of Boys dedicated to
…
of the Kephisos there was a statue of a youth shearing his hair to o
…
Unedited Monuments, Series 2, PI. XVI, 2, case the occasion of the boys a.
481
AFFIX OF PLAITED LOCKS FROM KNOSSIAN SHRINE 481
…
Fig. 404 at b. Votive Affix of Plaited Locks in Steatite: in Sanctuary Deposit
…
is also illustrated in the article Coma of
…
and
Retrospect of minoan bead-seals an signet- rings
484
jj 105. Retrospect of Minoan Bead-seals and Signet-^mgs : Typk,
…
imitated in a more natural manner ; Sculptured style common to stone vases and
…
examples; Gold-plated specimen from Palaikastro ; Gold beads of this form
485
GREAT HOARDS OF CLAY SEAL IMPRESSIONS
…
and
…
of seal-
…
1 In attempting, for the first time, a sum-
…
Athens a certain number of early stones (some
486a
486 EARLY NILOTIC AND PROTO-DYNASTIC MODELS
…
sculptural soapstone in East Crete greatly promoted the development of this miniatur
…
ivories Egypt1 from the late prehistoric and used as pieces in games (Fig. IOC),
…
a globular vase and coupled with a loop pattern of Early Minoan afifini )'•
486b
Form of Owl. Mesara.
487
The conspicuous skill of the earlier Nilotic ivory carvers in portraying E. M.
…
adopted by historic Egypt—at times with Libyan names—and this breed
…
" See below, p. 523, Fig. 469, and cf. P. of To my own knowledge specimens from Hagios
…
' This seal, obtained by me from Southern * See especially P. of M., i, p. 1 17 seqq.,
488
Disuse of
…
' Signet Type of Seal, due to Hittite Influences.
…
fore-prts js connrmed by the discovery of a specimen in silver
…
lentoid An intaglio of this kind, showing- a very natural figure of a hornec s
…
ance of
…
and rock
…
' We see on the handle an elo"^d Syria,i
489
'FLAT-SIDED' DISKS—PRECURSORS OF LENTOIDS
…
its filling of upright bars joined together by
…
are finally assimilated to the true lentoid form by transitional stages.
…
of Yellow Steatite
…
The Lentoid Type.
…
of the incised design
…
Fig. 419/«'.t. Head of Dervish
490
490 LENTOID TYPES—FROM THE END OF M. M
…
presenting the
…
Fig. 422. Sealing of Lentoid „ ,n qe1l-
…
These are more fancy free than any other class of intaglio ces -
…
1 See above, p. 21S, Fig. 167 4. < p. of M., i, p. 7°5. F'S' D'9' ''
491
CALF'S HEAD ON LENTOID INTAGLIO
…
share of sacrificial offerings such as is usually
…
itselt is extremely line, and it must, with great pro- BELr,0.
…
Doro Levi, Le Crctulc di JIagia Triada Mr. R. B. Seager. the surface is slightly
…
Group of
492
492 LENTOID TYPES-GROUP OF THREE WATER FOWl
…
lines—in search of food. A third, behind, with
…
executed with a firm hand and with great sureness
…
the simplicity of the composition. The wing feathers are not defined, u
…
.scene presented by the muv .....— - .
…
In this case, Fig. 427, we see a group of three wild ducks on ^
…
front, rise three papyrus sprays—one weighed down by two of the ' ^
…
1 Given me by Dr. Joseph Hatzidakis in 1899. Cf. P. of M., iii, P- tl6> l'l&'
493
LATER HISTORY OF LENTOID TYPES
…
the form occurs on a larger scale among Sumerian relics of a date approach-
…
"- See, too, Fig. 55S, p. 577. loid of the 'talismanic class', and the others
…
Tomb illustrated by Tsountas, 'E<j>. 'Apx< '889, type that now comes into vogue or the amygda-
…
of a M: M. Ill three-sided form, another is
494
picted at full gallop, as on some fine seal
…
instantaneous sketch of a flying-fish, com-
…
too, we must set down the hunting scene
…
of stone that was the special vehicle of the
…
of Cretan Goats.
495
regarded as a specimen that had survived in use—is of the true almond-
…
'Elongated' Amygdaloid Type of Bead-seal.
…
As, for instance, on those showing the
…
■ See P. of M. ii, Pt. I, p. 75, Fig. 34 e.
496
496 EARLY CYLINDERS AND LATER MINOAN TYPES
…
Fig. 434. Cornelian Cylinder of ' Talis*
…
tions of
…
The Cylinder Type: Early Reflection and Later Imitation in Minoan
…
At the
…
1 Ilion(h. Gotze),p. 447,and cf. Schliemann,
…
of Mesara (Transl. Droop), Pis. VIII, XIII,
…
below from the Hagios Onuphnoii*■-
…
and i°7i
498
action of
…
on
…
of Minoan Crete that the
…
Examples of such have
…
Harbour cylinder style, but of details traditional with the Cretan seal-engravers.
…
There follows a man-stag, with the head and upper part of his body bent
…
1 See A. E., iljc. Tree and Pillar Worship,
…
1 man-bull' or Minotaur is seen on a
499
THE 'FLATTENED CYLINDER' TYPE
…
of this form outside the Island, either on the
…
(E. M. 11 DM. M. I a), and another from
…
impression from Zakro, presenting hieroglyphic signs of Class B,4and by an
…
■'' The face of tins with the hieroglyphs was
…
in the British Museum Collection, which
500
EXAMPLES OF 'FLATTENED CYLINDERS'
…
horns, pursued by a clog over scale-like rocks.1 Of finer style, thouo-h of co
…
by me from Rethymnos, and here
…
Knossos (NW. of Sit:
…
covered—as were small reliefs on vases in the same material—with thin ^
501
THE 'TUMBLER' GEM FROM KNOSSOS
…
Recent discoveries have produced two fresh examples of this class of
…
the bull
…
1 See above, P. of-M:, iii, p. 124, Eig. 75.
…
The fractured specimen showing a Genius
503
EARLY NILOTIC CYLINDERS AND PRISM-SEAL
…
This comparison, indeed, leads us a step further. The tumbling- figure
…
given—of better work-
…
And on
…
Further Discoveries of Cretan Script (f.IF.S.
…
(I0°6), p. 30 seqq., and for a full conspectus
…
"' Further Discoveries of Cretan and Aegean
504
TUMBLERS ON MINOAN SEAL-STONES
…
ally rendered, and
…
of the acrobatic scene given in Fig. 443. The legs of the tumblers, m tus
…
Their
…
This is the double crest curving bw
505
Fig. 44S, with a few supplementary touches, the Table prepared on the basis
…
black lentoid from Knossos,2 above a star (Fig. 449), and
…
p. 2 seqq., and cf. Plates.
…
and prism
…
1 See, too, P. of M., i, p. 359 and Fi
506
504 TUMBLING FIGURES—NILOTIC AND MINOAN
…
HUMAN AND ANIfAAL TYPES
…
Fig. 448. Comparative Table of Early Nilotic and Minoan Types.
507
be referred, like the others, to some surviving indigenous element in the
…
of Bull
…
and
…
"o- 34. In no. 35 a female figure of a
508
506 TUMBLING TYPES, 'NILOTIC MINOAN AND EGYPT
…
type on
…
450. Tumblers on Grey Marble
…
On the
…
! P. of M., ii, Pt. I, p. 27, and Suppl. PI.
…
catalogue of acquisitions it is (very ^
509
der of Blue Chalcedony,
…
actually to illustrate, in a skilfully epitomized shape, a homely fable of
510
50S ILLUSTRATION OF FABLE : THE GOAT AND THE DOG
…
There is a wide difference between such a setting and the flower-topped
…
- As at Luxor and Deir el Bahri. o-at.) ^er
511
unique among the finger-rings of both the Ancient and the Modern World.
…
Although, as shown above, it seems possible to trace the origin of the
…
of Transi-
…
dides, Vaulted Tombs of Mesara (Transl.
512
WARLIKE SCENES ON MINOAN SIGNETS
…
RING SHOWING SCENES OF COMBAT.
…
phase or the initial stage of L. M. I. Such are those represented by certain clav
…
of this kind, and show that they were already in vogue in the great transi-
…
on grounds of style,
…
and Fig. 93.
…
, and Fi|
513
ELONGATED OVAL' CLASS OF GOLD BEAD-SEALS
…
to have been produced by a signet of this early class, episodes of actual signets.
…
relation to their owners, a
…
seals of
…
the Sphin:
…
* See P. of M., iii, p. 125, Fig. 78.
514
4 TRAGEDY OF ATREUS' HOUSE ON THISBE BEAD
…
scenes of
…
of Kly-
…
the Thisb£ Treasure supply,
…
(J.N.S., xxxii), pp. 2S3, 2S4 ; and cf. P. ofM.s
516
5i6 SIGNS OF IMPACT ON BACKS OF JEWELS
…
'flat cylinders'required a slightly earlier style? amygdaloid types the grooving anc
517
ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY IN MINOAN ART 517
…
Omue ignotum pro false is itself a dangerous motto in the Minoan field.
…
If, as there seems to be good reason for supposing, the scene depicted
…
1 he beads seem to have fallen faee clown- appears in the LXX as 'Ay^is and 'Ayxous. An
…
Seelii/tgof 'Nestor, e>£, pp. 40, 47. Achish form of a contemporary king of Ekron.
Indigenous sphragistic tradition
519
{ ic6a. Indigenous SphragistiC Tradition: Lion and Bull Type
…
Sphragistic tradition indigenous lo Crete; Early Nilotic and Egyptian
…
was proper to the seals themselves. Crete.
…
I his must not, indeed, leave out of count the consideration that, at the
520
Primitive back of the primitive prototypes themselves, foreign influences from beyoi 1
…
Egyptian been already shown that the'double sickle' motive and certain revere J
…
of steatite of the closing Early
…
1 See JJ. of M., i, p. 122 seqq., and Figs.
521
of M. M. III-L. M. I date. A reconstitution
…
the potters of both sexes—whose crafty was already of pre-eminent im-
…
Fig. 464. Three-sided Seal-stone of Steatite
…
and Piece on E. M. Ill Ivory
…
other designs the vessel is set within the oven. Of exceptional interest,
…
p. 102. These fragments belonged to the
…
and p. 79. Five specimens were found, none
522
TRUSSED DOGS AND LIONS
…
carrying Lions on Pole.
…
. 13). The same operation
…
di Haghia Triada e di Zakro (Ammario della out, but the lion's legs are n0 J he some'
523
Fin". 468, is here repeated, on which a Minoan Genius bears two lions on
…
is supplied by the somewhat later intaglio illustrated above,3 from Rethym-
…
of wild-
…
* See P. o/M., i, p. 275, Fig. 204, <: On
524
Lentoid of Flat-sided
…
524 HOUNDS SPRINGING ON WILD-GOAT AND STAG
…
not infrequent on bead-
…
See P. of M., i, pp. 275,276, Fig. 204, a,
…
" This, too, was the time when the use of
525
Indication of Minoan Origin of the Well-known Type Depicting Lion
…
r ..... on quarry
…
at a distinctly later epoch, which can scarcely be earlier than the initial phase
…
Early Appearance of the Lion both in Relief and Intaglio in
…
Xm'> obviously an impossible one. Paws and claws
…
a fibula thus decorated could have existed in we have not any kind of 'strangling' but the
526
LION TYPE ON CRETAN SEALS
…
the Delta, Mena's Conquest of Lower Egypt may have led to a settlement f
…
In all these cases, however, the lion, though perhaps retainino- sonle
…
- On a four-sided bead-seal of green jasper
…
< The earliest example of such reiw
527
MINOAN TYPE OF LION LEAPING ON QUARRY 527
…
From the mature L. M. I epoch onwards the fully developed scheme of Fully
…
;: //'., i, p. 716, Fig. 539, d. feature is repeated on the line onyx lentoid
528
ORIENTAL VERSION OF LION SEIZING PREY
…
Influence
…
Oriental Group of Lion seizing Quarry contrasted with
…
looks, indeed, as if it had been a special achievement of the Cretan seal-
…
Surprising as it may seem, considerable researches into the copious
…
No. 114. The alternative method "»",
…
Fig. 474. Inlay of
…
ledge the kind assistance of the representa-
529
on Early Sumerian Cup.
…
where, as on
…
the engraved design on
…
the whole series of early
…
Late Assyrian Cylindki
…
type on
…
No. 2, Cat. no. 4. L. W. King, History of
…
PI. XI, Fig. 172, and p. 50 (Mission Arch de
530
On an Assyrian cylinder' of much later date, where the lion's body '
…
long, but the lion still rests on the ground (Fig. 477). This cylinder belongs
531
LION LEAPING ON QUARRY
…
Fourteenth-Century date, but the work, both in its strength as well as in
…
intaglio and small relief, in which the lion makes his onslaught on the quarry
…
on
532a
532 M1N0AN TYPE OF LION LEAPING ON QUARRY
…
among the select gems photo-
…
idea of the details. It is necessary
…
of a corundum point.
…
which the lion grips the neck of
…
engraved, is seen in the intag
…
n the lentoid (Fig
533
CYPRIOT & SYRIAN EXAMPLES OF MINOAN ORIGIN
…
Much the same scheme recurs on a strongly incised amygdaloid
…
Of the taking over of the seal-types
…
Fig. 484. Lion springing on Bull ;
…
on Syrian
…
= Cf., too, the lion on a Phaestos gem,
…
402 and 872 u, and see pp. 31, 32. From
…
This is not mentioned in the text, but, as has
…
where it was associated with a scarab of
534
type of
…
It is becoming clear that parallel Colonial outposts of Minoan <
…
on As-
…
of Ashur itself of the detached upper part of a ' rhyton of U -VJ-
…
and had demonstrated the practical identity
535
formed of faience of the Cypro-Minoan class,1 and a vessel in the shape of
…
That the lion and bull type was taken over by the Phoenicians in a Minoan
…
detachable form of ' rhyton' top that appears
…
U923), P- 1 seqq. and cf. Hall, The Civiliza-
…
was found in the Temple of Ishtar of the time
…
of King Flpaal, c. 360 B.C.), his successors.
537
LIONS SEIZING BULLS IN EARLY RELIEFS AT ATHENS 537
…
style, in which two lions take part.6 This work is the very embodiment of Athens,
…
grecque et romaine, i, p. 112. 7 Letter of A. E. to Manchester Guardian
…
R. Heberdey, Allattische J'orosskulptur on the elongated bull, here prone. The Geneva
538
Traces of
…
does it correspond with the lioness
…
would quite agree, however, with the shaggy fore-quarters of an agriim,
…
Lion's Head and Mane and Part of another
…
fragments from the S.L. 1
540
o CLASSICAL GREEK SURVIVAL OF MINOAN TYPE
…
Fig. 491. Lion seizing Stag on Thisbe Gold Signet (f). c. 1500 B.C.
…
Fig. 492. Didrachm of Velia
541
succeed the merely magical; Stricken calf trying to extract arrow; Similar
…
Eastern Crete), is specially valuable. A plain heart-shaped bead of gold—a recurring
542
the
…
served, the chief aim was artistic effect. An M. M. 11—111 lentoid of the early
…
often set forth by themselves on the talismanic series pass into the ^
543
fisherman holding up his catch,1 or, as seen in the fine gem depicting the
…
A particular refinement marks the artistic transformation of the simple Stricken
…
Here a calf, with horns just sprouting, singled out, we may suppose, from the
…
Gillieron, fils. This and the gems, Figs. 420,
544
young animal itself, mark this gem as belonging to the great Ao-e. It wo ij
…
That this or slightly variant types of the same design had a certain
…
trans-' t0 an indigenous quarry transferred to the lion, from the First Late Minoan
…
- B.M. Cat. Engraved Gems, &c. (H. B. lot cit, but. like the other, is in fact a ca
545
the lethal shaft from his jaw.1 On somesealings of the same series the subject
…
■ Levi, op cit., p. 32, Fig: 6S. 33, and p. 199.
546
or arrow. The scheme of the wounded animal is here simply m.l
…
lion on
…
Wounded Lion on Shaft Grave Bead-seal.
547
The wounded lion scheme above described is also adapted on lentoid Wounded
…
which the resulting pose is preserved,
…
Comparison with Assyrian Representations of Wounded Lions.
…
(seenbyme)onacornelianlentoidfromSpana. single example of such action among the
548
Nimrud : Palace of
…
suited the sensational
…
1 A.E. Collection, formerly Greville. the same position on scarabs o - 0f
549
CRETE THE SOURCE : NO MAINLAND ANTECEDENT
…
Minoan masterpieces evolved step by step from humbler origins on the Cretan
…
This latter phenomenon is itself only in keeping with the negative
…
lio'ht in that area. Although such objects being of durable materials and of Absence
550
Mainland some qu'te unrelated specimens of Helladic seals ] of the rudest fabric
…
The culture reflected in the designs on the intaglios from the Peloporm
…
later date, we may fairly call ' Mycenaean' Greece. On the sar
551
BUT LATER INDICATIONS OF GROWTH OF MAINLAND 551
…
tions of a
…
1 P. of M. iii, Fig. 80 (facing p. 126).
…
and two others from the Vapheio Tomb
…
Fig. 511 bis. Combat Scene on Gold Signet. Grave IV, Mycenae.
552
Animal suckling young; Wild-goat and kids ; Cow and calf—EnUi
…
and kids
…
The Cow and Calf. ■
…
tories, ofthe cow licking the hindquarters of her cal
…
A, p. 511, Kg-387, and P-
553
On w^
…
Beazley, Cat., 1920, no. 5, p. 2 and PI. 1). The
…
PL III, 10; P. and C, vi, PI. XV, 15 &c. A
…
"in agate lentoid in the Berlin Museum (Furtw. Cat., PI. I, No. 24). Said to have
…
licated Design of Cow
554
554 COW AND CALF MOTIVE
…
t10. The sketch last referred to, though a little more lively, belongs to a time
…
' See below, p. 559, Fig. 522*. of Beni Hasan(P. E. Newberry, BeniBasml^
…
toft p. 264 and notes; and Thureau-Dangin <Jra»«»<7r,p.45oE(mamn>als)5.1' • ^
555
ARSLAN TASH AND NIMRtJD IVORIES COMPARED 555
…
the parallel religious attributions, a correspondence with the Cretan bovine
…
particular may be noted the similarity presented by the loose-limbed young
…
M. Thureau-Dangin, in his excellent * See P. of M., i, p. 510 seqq.
556
556 COW AND CALF: KNOSSOS, ARSLAN TASH, Nl
…
Fig. 517. Head of Similar
…
ment of Ivory Relief, Niiffito.
…
Arslan Tash. They are dea yjns of vario«s
557
SYRO-PHOENICIAN, CYPRIOTE, AND IONIAN TYPES 557
…
Head, f-L J\r., p. 3 2 5, assigns the early staters
558
558 MINOAN COW AND CALF MOTIVE ON GREEK COINS
…
Fig. 520. Greek Coins with Cow and Calf Type, Vth-IVth Century, b.c. : a, b, Mace-
…
applied to a whole group of Minoan animals i
…
Seeh.! °W deei'' the daPP^S Of which are dead)
…
and Text, p. 59, Fig. 15, who remai
559
ited (Fig. 521). Horns are here added to the doe's head in the same way
…
It is curious that this motive of the maned Maned
…
to the great beast. Here, in one instance, the lion's facing head and neck
…
(E<j>. 'Apx-, iSSS, PL X, 32, and p. 17S). The
560
Among the set pieces of this branch of genre designs a ver., i .
…
on Coin-
…
have had at least a suggestive influence on certain
…
licking its hinder hoof revived in a literal shape on silver statei
…
- Of cornelian with gold mounting, Tsountas,
…
of a pale areen 01 )
…
anciemie, PI. XIV, r2 and PL XV (<jert),pes
561
MOTIVE OF COW SCRATCHING HEAD
…
A. somewhat parallel design is that in which the bovine animal raises Bull
…
late sixth-century silver pieces 01 Eretna (rig. on Coin-
…
Back of Head : Calf below.
562
still further towards its thigh as if irritated by the bite of a fly, Fig. 529, a.
…
Fig. 529 a, b, c. Silver Staters of Gortyna, Vth Century, b.c.
…
marks a speciality of the numismatic Art of Hellenic Crete and for which,
…
of Knossos (FiJ 530T % """^ °f the ' R°>'al Tomb ■ at Isopata, Nor*
…
ing on a Minoan seal-stone is afforded by th
…
;n of the skaros fish on Fig. 430, p.
564
564 BUCOLIC SCENES ON MINOAN SIGNETS
…
Fig. 532. 'The Prize Ox': Restored
…
a cattle show, in which the owner complacently gazes on his prize ox,
565
The cattle piece (Fig. 537) consists of two lowing oxen. Purely bucolic
…
associations seem actually to have formed part of the decoration on the
…
■«'0 spears—stands (between two oxen of
…
Athens, but was said to be of Cretan proven-
566
566 THE 'COUCHANT OXEN' TYPE
…
of monu-
…
Fig. 539. Two Oxen on 'Gradu-
…
shown in Fig. 538. In some cases the stepped
…
the Candia district—one of the recumbent
…
that though the insertion of this ' double
…
owed its wide diffusion to the existence of a well-known work of the
…
PI. X, 9, 10 (replicas of same design). P. and
Hunting and other animal types on Late
569
S 107. Hunting and other Animal Types on Late Minoan Seals:
…
sisting of a simple kilt, is seen lassoing
…
1 Seei>. of M., i, pp. 684-5 (from which
570
beside, apparently, a trough, and a swastika sign in the field above t h
…
of the close of the Palace Period, Fie. 544, c, where a horned sheep is
…
2 In the Canclia Museum, St. Xanthudides,
571
ILLUSTRATIONS OF CRETAN HORNED SHEEP
…
Fig. 546. Horned Sheep on
…
a 'flat' cylinder (Fig. 546) found on or near the site of Lyktos.3 In
…
sentations of boars or pigs, such as are already a favourite motive of
572
WILD AND DOMESTICATED SWINE
…
sealing from Hagia Triada (Fig. 54S),2 beneath figures of two lar<re swj a
…
on the other side
…
Group of three
…
the lower abdomen of a huge boar—evidently already slaughtered place
…
his neck (a proof that he had been already sacrificed), is laid on a
…
Cluxpclk, PI. I, 6, and p. 2. The base
573
SACRIFICE AND HUNTING OF BOARS
…
Haruspicial Incision on Boar laid
…
infrequent. On a chalcedony lentoid from
…
the huntsman is much inferior to the spirited representation of the animal
…
Keller, Tier ,,. Pflamxnbilder, p. no, the
…
■' A.E., Ring of Nestor, 6W., p. 3:
574
Pal.aikastro, showing the fore-part of a boar charging over rocky oTO
…
palatial walls. The Tiryns fresco,2 indeed, proves that boar-hunting subjects
…
Other kindred types already illustrated, such as that on a beac-se.
…
hind legs, the hero who stabs it appears in an identical guise.
…
Fig. 55, PI. XIII and p. 126, No.
…
of Kye
575
LION-HUNTING SCENE ON GEMS AND DAGGER-BLADE 575
…
stroke. On a
…
Spear and Shield and Archer
…
the same erect
…
pears on the
…
aspect of
…
describes the helmet as being provided with
576
576 SPEARMAN AND ARCHER ATTACKING LION
…
man and , r ,...... , , 1,1 as
…
Hums- The Cretan hunter on the agate lentoid from Mirabello,4 reproc lie
…
' See P. o/M, iii, pp. r22, I23. pp. i^if^2, and Fig. =45- The Sl°nC
…
David of the Cabinet des M&lailles. It is * See, too, above, p. 492> and g'
577
HUNTING OF WILD-GOATS AND DEER
…
Agrimj. Elongated Amygdaloid of Agate:
…
Of the use of the bow to bring down the wild-goat pursued by a hound, Minoah
…
Stag with Bow of Asiatic Type. Gold Bead-
…
perpetuated by the later Diktynna, whether her quarry be in this case wild-
578
impression from the late Palatial 'Archives Deposit' at Knossos,3 Fio- 5m
…
dam) spotted and broad-horned—is the only one well-ascertained in Minoan
…
the figure represented Diktynna. mouth and that it was not, therefore, .
…
Ring of Nestor, &-v.,(Macmillans), 1925, p. ro). L. M. Ill Ceramic Art.
579
THE FALLOW DEER
…
islands, seems to have had a more Easterly and Southern range,
…
Fig. 563, a, b. Heads of
…
Deer had existed in Crete from very early times, and it is natural to
580
53o MINOAN GREYHOUNDS AND SACRAL CONNEXION
…
1 R..Earibeni,/2Sara/ago di$■intodiHaghia ' In this case, however, the ears be^'B
…
' Rodenwaldt, Tiryns, ii, PI. XII, p. 97 seqq. dealing with an unusual form of ear. ^ ^
582
582 PROMINENCE OF LION MOTIVES
…
seals. stance that pari passu with the popularity of the King of Beasts on signet
…
so far alert that they gaze in opposite directions. On a haematite beac-
583
of the ' elongated amygdaloid ' type (Fig. 570) from Central Crete,1 they are
…
Athens3—the lion, in a half-standing position, grips a bull by the neck. In
…
Fig. 572* he holds the whole animal up, like a monster retriever, as also on
…
" See above, p: 532, Fig. -181. It is there ■ In the British Museum (Cat., 1926, PI. I,
584
tions of
…
esh and
…
characteristic shape, of indigenous Cretan origin, does not exclude tne
…
indeed, both by their hind-legs. Or, again, Gilgamesh is associa
…
Fig- 154; Tsountas and Manatt, Myc. Age,
585
ANTITHETIC SCHEME AND 'LIONS' GATE' MOTIVE 585
…
two bodies have a single head. A variation of this is supplied by another fine ' Lions'
…
and four wings,' and a double-bodied lion in the same guise s
…
op. at., p. 66, No. T64. from a chamber-tomb of Mycenae (Tsountas,
…
See above, pp. 453, 454, Fig. 378. PL III, 24). The design is accompanied
…
' J-D. Beazley, The Lewes House Collection " A sard also from a Chamber Tomb;
586
Here we seem to see a deliberate attempt to deceive the eve a
…
Many of the later animal schemes such as the crossing" animals, some-
…
A striking version of such more or less
…
throat (Fio-. 579 and Suppj-
…
2 J. D. Beazley, Lewes House Collection of
The late palatial deposits of clay seal impression at Knossos
592
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATER SEALINGS
…
1 See below, pp. 616, 617. near the border of the Southern Terrace of
593
one cause of this was the use of materials more perishable than parchment
…
One of these—as usual consisting largely of broken specimens—which J.'|ay'K
…
ground floor—though of an upper terrace also found. It was here that a clay seal im- tK>"'
594
section represented above by the ' South-North Corridor'.1 In the base-
…
date. Here, besides a great variety of peg-like objects in white ' marble ana
…
' lb., p. 770 seqq., and cf. above p. 2'4-
597
THE 'ARCHIVES DEPOSIT' 597
…
It is of interest to observe that the impressions of the 'clay matrix'
…
0 one another and the inscription and * See above, p. 395, Fig. 331.
598
59S FRAGMENT OF SYRO-HITTITE SEALING
…
Another considerable group of sealings, forming an integral part
599
DEPOSIT OF SEAL IMPRESSIONS IN LITTLE PALACE 599
…
Closely bordering the Northern offshoots of this Deposit is another— Deposit
600
indeed, though separated by the North and East walls of the Shrine
…
Little Palace (M. M. Ill), (f)
…
by the close of M. M. III. Curiously enough,
601
SEALINGS FOUND WITH TABLETS OF CLASS B 601
…
those of the Deposits above described. All these Deposits—with the
…
r. Clay matrix of signet-ring. (See p. 395, Fig. 331 above, and P. of M., ii, Pt. II,
…
cylinder'.) See, too, 'Archives Deposit', No. 3S, and P. of.M., ii, Pt. II, p. 765,
602
602 CATALOGUE OF LATE PALATIAL SEAL IMPRESSIONS
…
13. Half of large clay impression showing water-fowl, and reeds restored in Fig. 597 b, e,
…
r5, &c. Numerous fragments of hunting scenes, cattle-pieces, &c.
…
clad figure of Goddess
…
shield. {P. of M.} iii,
…
and part oi countermark, uy
…
7. Goddess standing right, raising her hands to .lower jaws of guardian lions.
…
:"i 12.' Two.'sacral knots' antithetically set on each side of a palm-tree. (Amygdaloid type.)
603
CATALOGUE OF LATE PALATIAL SEAL IMPRESSIONS 603
…
19. Fore-arm and hand holding sacred lily spray. (Fig. 597 a,/)
…
26. Two lions confronted, in half-crouched positions, with bull's head between their heads.
…
34. Forepart of Hon, facing, seizing animal's back. (Several.)
…
40. Head of horned sheep, surrounded by spray and superposed on a cross-barred object.
…
a palm-tree and small shoot between. (Fig. 597 b, ?n.) Perhaps from gold bead
…
passes across his upper arm. Countermarked apparently by variant of $> sign,
…
Part of contorted figure of bull, with shield, and apparently sacral knot in field.
…
Two pairs of antithetically grouped oxen. (Lentoid.) (Fig. 597 n, c.)
604
604 CATALOGUE OF LATE PALATIAL SEAL IMPRESSIONS
…
54. Bull standing right and looking back ; branch of tree above his hind-quarters.
…
56. Agrimh with trees and foliage. (Numerous varieties.)
…
63. Part of school of dolphins. (Earlier fabric.)
…
r. Several impressions from the clay matrix representing the seated Goddess. (As A. 1
…
4. Male figure—probably young God or Minoan Herakles—his hands placed on two
…
5. Young God laying his outstretched arms over heads of two heraldically confronted
…
6. Horned sheep before spirally fluted column : Minoan shield in field. (See P. of M., iii,
…
9. Recumbent ox to left with head turned away from the spectator.
…
12. Two oxen symmetrically arranged in 'coiled' positions : good example of 'lentoid
…
18. Upper part of palm-tree.
605
CATALOGUE OF LATE PALATIAL SEAL IMPRESSIONS 605
…
24. Part of what seems to have been a design of two conjoined birds.
…
3. Half-seated figure, apparently of Goddess, stretching out her arms towards the leg of
…
Female adorant before two foreparts of horned sheep.
…
identical seal with a single barley-corn and the additional feature of a back part
…
r4. Part of man-bull in contorted position.
606
606 CATALOGUE OF LATE PALATIAL SEAL IMPRESSIONS
…
27. Lion springing on stag's head.
…
to fill the field.
…
34. Numerous fragments of cattle pieces.
…
37. Collared bitch and two puppies, one in field above. (Lentoid form complete.)
…
42. &c. A large number of fragments of animals, many of them in groups.
607
IMPRESSIONS OF GOLD SIGNETS 607
…
Impressions of Gold Signets and others with Religious Motives.
…
Un a, 6, again, female adorants, in procession, repeat the same gesture. Goddess
…
whom we may recognize her youthful consort or offspring. On another
610
6io SUBJECTS ILLUSTRATING CENTRAL PALACE CULT
…
Equivalence 01' Goddess and Baetylic Column.
…
lief of
…
Fragmentary Seal Impressions showing Sculptural Group of Lions' Gate
…
: P. 467, Fig. 392. Fig. 39, and pp. 66, 67, Fig. 44.
611
SCULPTURAL GROUP OF LIONS' GATE TYPE 611
…
self stood between them. The lions here, perhaps facing the spectator like
…
Hogarth, Zakro Settlings, p. 87, Fig. 28 variant example of which is given by Dr. Doro
…
Origins of
…
portals of
613
MINOAN SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND
…
in view of the obstinate adherence of some
…
Fig. GOO. Tympanum Relief of Gateway. Mycenae
…
able and recently published Homer and
614
DOUBLE AXE AND ROSETTE GROUP
…
quency of
…
Fig. 601. Ceiling Pattern restored from Decorative Group of Double Axes
…
Decorative Double-Axe Group suggestive of Ceiling Pattern.
615
Miscellaneous Motives: Cattle Pieces and Typical ' Lentoid' Schemes.
…
The surviving vogue of bull-grappling scenes is attested by k and n
…
as already recorded, reduced to pulp by a sudden storm of heavy rain.
…
quency of
…
and
616
SEALINGS OF ARMOURY CHESTS
…
marks on
…
or ' Armoury Deposit' roughly impressed with Lion Seal and
…
■ See Scrip/a Minoa, i, p. 163 seqq., and PI. IV a, b.
Later phase of West Magazines
620
countermarked by graffito signs of this form of script. (See Fig. 604 a b)
…
SUMAINS OF TAP^ZZA PAVEMENT '■.-■-'
…
Fig. C05. Revised Plan of Upper Palace Section above Part of West Magazines and the
621
EVIDENCE OF GRAIN STORAGE IN UPPER MAGAZINES 6:
…
as to the nature of
…
regarding the ma-
…
destroyed at the Fire on the occasion of the
622
622 THE'GRANARY'TABLETS: VARIOUS CEREAL SIGNS
…
grains of
…
bonized Grain of
…
made in the same basement
623
INVENTORIES OF GRAIN STORES
…
on
…
Fig. G09. Clay Tablets of the Linear Class B with Inventories presenting
624
The
…
ance on
…
the covering takes a rounded form (Fig. 608, e,fyg). Often there is
…
indeed, as an independent element on
…
large lentoid gem of green jasper, in a
…
in schemes referred to above, the
626
626 BARLEY CORNS ON SEAL IMPRESSIONS
…
of Clay Sealing
…
ley Corn on Sealing.
…
Fig. 616. Grains on
…
is made probable by the recurrence of what seem to be corns of this cereal
…
Fig 617. Sealing from Hieroglyphic Deposit showing on
627
BARLEY SPRAYS ON IUGS
…
on M. M. Ilia Vase.
…
1 Xanthudides, Vaulted Tombs of Mesara
…
P. of If., i, pp. 414, 4'5. and Kg- 2M ": b-
629
OAT-LIKE SPRAYS ON JUG
…
West of the Palace.
…
that the Minoans also
…
'e Palace. That a smaller amount of such stores, for which place was found
630
63o PHASES OF WEST MAGAZINES
…
Section passed through three distinct periods.1 According to the orioinal
631
in the case of the others, gypsum slabs-
…
These cists are marked as B in the Plan (Hid., opp. p. 452) as distinguished from the
632
632 OIL STORAGE OF WEST MAGAZINES
…
PJ^m a somewhat higher level, something like a reversion to their original
…
most cases again widened out to the full width of the store-chambers. The
633
SURVIVAL OF 'MEDALLION' PITHOI 633
…
0 _ ' the later
…
See ibid.', ii, Pt. I, p. 297, Fig. 173. Ashmolean Museum; presented to me by the
634
covered TO 15E STANDING ON EARLIER FLOOR LEVEL.
…
not compare with that of
…
be set the fact that there
635
'MEDALLION' PITHOI OF WEST MAGAZINES 635
…
The jars presenting the medallions thus appear—per saltum—side
636
636 PLAIT-WORK BANDS ON 'MEDALLION' TYPES
…
Decoration (Imitation of
…
Fig. 62o a. Base of Pithos 12 of Magazine V
…
Pithos showing Degradation of
…
on them a
637
LATE MINOAN PITHOI OF NORMAL CLASS 637
…
not only among Mainland ' Helladic ' forms, but among the late Bronze and
…
foliated zone below, reproduced in Fig. 625, b. in the upper zone.
640
64o INFLUENCE OF PAINTED DESIGNS ON PITHOI
…
Fig. G28. Prrnos (No. 10 of Magazine Y)
…
decoration of the #4» cnnt-nl! W, : phaSe traceab e in the
…
- See P. „/,)/., |i Pt n --»°- In these cases the leafy band is above
642
642 INFLUENCE OF PAINTED DESIGNS ON PITHOI
…
and ' Adder Mark'.
…
s No. 17. The height of this jar is 1-24
…
metre and the outer width of its upper margin
…
stirrup-vase should be referred to the borders
644
PROFILES OF PITHOI
…
C TYPICAL LATE PALACE PITHOI (lM.IB-LM.I|)
…
bands of this nor-
…
pear on M; M. Ilia
645
implemented ;n 2 by a bifid ridge below. B, exemplifying the ' Medallion'
…
ic is numbered i in Fig. 633. Its divergent from those of the normal pithoi of
647
NUMBERS AND ARRANGEMENT OF PITHOI 647
…
Here an interesting feature in the fabric is the strengthening of the
…
Including bases found in position, evidence was forthcoming of the NinAer
…
Balfour. Such vessels were provided with where the plait-work is certainly copied from
648
648 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PITHOI AND OIL STORAGE
…
of oil
…
making 290 in all, while in each of the longest group, Nos. XI-XIII, where
…
The Magazines themselves were therefore constructed to contain about
…
it is not necessary to suppose that the full number of jars was reached at
…
over of
…
"■ P. of 3d., ii, Pt. I, p. SS.
650
65o DISCOVERY OF PALACE WEIGHT
…
Octopus from a rope. Upon both of its sub-triangular faces is an octopus in relief,
…
J As for instance in Mag. IX (Fig. 633, ' The object is S cm. wide at top gradwuo
…
pp. 42, 43, and cf. my Minoan Weights and
651
Lustra! Basin of the 'Room of the Throne'—where the coils are inter-
…
arm passes behind the
…
the frequent repetition
…
popular article of diet,
…
seen on the 'flatcylinder'
…
connexion with the local
…
Fig. 635. Standard Talent Weight of Purple Gypsum
…
' P.of.M., Li,Pt. I, p. 227, Fig. 130, and cf.
…
Fig. 312 e (Gournia) and d (Palaikastro). On
652
652 COPPER INGOTS AND 'INGOT' SIGNS ON TABLETS
…
Ingot Signs on Tablets of Class ]
…
finds arc recorded at Palaikastro and Mochlos.
653
were considerable deposits of these in its Treasuries is itself made evident by
…
facilitate porterage, had a widespread currency in the Ancient World beyond borne by
…
The weight, as corrected to its full original volume,3 scales 1,567-47 grammes.
…
chipped or partially defective weights I have reduced to a simple proportion sum. As the
654
Divided by 24, this gives a unit of almost exactly 65-5 grammes
…
6-5 grammes, the half being often used for calculation—the drachm as
…
I must again refer tomy Minoan Weights and "■ Op. cit., p. 345. The original weight (as
655
OX-HEAD AND ' SPHENDONOID ' WEIGHTS
…
representing 8 kedets. of 9-2025
…
Fig. 640. Sphendonoii-. of lhe weH-]<nown ' sphen-
…
bullets slightly cut away on
…
'' p. 665, at end of Section.
…
weight of
…
For the Egyptian gold units and corre-
…
6 Weigall, op. tit., p. 387, No. 7076 and
656
'BALANCE' SIGN ON EARLY LIBATION BOWL
…
Fig. 641. Inscribed Libation Bowl of Basic
…
Inscribed designed for libations or other offerings, found in a field North of the
657
OFFERTORY SIGNS ON LIBATION VESSELS 657
…
Fig. 643. Part of an Inscription of Class A on
…
A. E., Scripta Minoa, i, p. 1S3, No. 7. cation closely corresponds with that of the
…
conventionally rendered, are repeated in the
658
658 'SCALES' OR ' BALANCE \ SIGN OF STEWARDSHIP
…
native of
…
It would appear that on the offertory bowl from Knossos the 'balance'
659
'SCALES' AS SIGN OF STEWARDSHIP
…
from the days of
…
Homer and Mycenae (Fig. 56) from a photo-
…
should have been so far carried away by his Hieropolis than the Aegean lands. The
…
in order to determine the fate of the com-
660
'SCALES' OR 'BALANCE' SIGN ON TABLETS
…
sign on
…
Fig. 648. Tablet from Papoura on
…
Hasan, Part IV, PI. xxvii, Fig. 3 and p. 9. ' P. ofM., i, p. 619 (Fig. 455, a).
661
•SCALES' OR 'BALANCE' SIGN ON TABLETS 661
…
Fragmentary Tablets from Knossos showing the 'Ingot'
…
on tablets.
…
of Class A. (See P. ofM., i, p. 645, Fig 478 ;
…
and handle were found in Tomb III.
662
INGOT' SIGN AS MARK OF VALUE
…
marks of
…
A round stone weight found in a house at Zakro,2 and contemporary
…
higher amounts up to 34. (No. 7S5 of hand- »uraerical relation of the two units show
663
INGOT' SIGNS ON TABLETS
…
Fig. 051. Tablet of Class B, Knossos, showing 'Ingot' Signs superposed on
…
personal name) and, again, as an indication of
…
The first is a non-existent and altogether mis-
First Discovery of large hoards of clay tablets in advanced Linear Script (B)ts
666
of Hoards
…
§ i io. First Discovery of Large Hoards of Ci.ay Tablets in Advanced
…
In describing the clay sealings, a series of examples have been noted
667
FIRST DISCOVERY OF HOARDS OF TABLETS 667
…
form of linear script was the more striking at the time of the excavations unparal-
668
FIRST DISCOVERY OF HOARDS OF TABLETS
…
and
…
First Discovery of Hoards of Clay Tablets on Site of Knossos.
…
great variety of possessions, the objectsdepicted
669
STORAGE ON UPPER FLOORS 669
…
loop handles. Here, too, as with many other hoards, occurred a series of
…
many specimens, some being actually reduced to cinders. The same was
671
I ittle Palace, were imperfectly sun-baked bricks. With the aid of a plaster
…
arrangement (Fig. (>55). From the fragments of decayed gypsum with
672
tablet of
…
tablets at the Grecians and the Trojans', to quote the title of its earliest English
…
be found in my Scripta Minoa, vol. i, p. 106 * JJ. ofM., i, pp. 632-4, and Figs. 470, 471.
673
version by John Lydgate, has been shown from the Tebtunis papyri to have in Nero's
…
this, had opened it in search for treasure, found instead documents of ' lime-
…
to interpret them. When Nero commanded something must be clone, and
…
2 See Ferdinand Noack, Philologies, 61er W. Ramsay Smith's Diet, of Biography, Sec.
…
EicXoy^ loTopuor, and Cedrenus (Eleventh
674
674 FORMS OF TABLETS OF CLASS B
…
of Linear
…
Fig. Go7 a, b, c. Tablets of Elongated Forms seen fkom the side.
…
Broader varieties (like Fig. 657, c) are also found, divided along the
675
TYPICAL TABLETS OF LINEAR CLASS B
…
with special reference to the inner economy of the great Palace and the
…
varied possessions of its lords. These, indeed, are copiously illustrated by
…
&c' 3 See, especially, P. of M., i, pp. 636, 637.
676
SYNOPSIS OF SIGNARY OF CLASS A
…
It is interesting to observe that both at Palaikastro1 and at Mallia8
…
tions lineaires). In his excellent analysis of
…
accept M. Chapouthier's view that the Hiero-
…
Fig. 5), in the deposit near the tablets at
680
6So OVERLAPPING OF CLASSES A AND B
…
Triada the cultivation of saffron,2 of olives,3 and apparently other trees good toi
682
682 COMPARISONS BETWEEN CLASSES A AND B
…
callyused. forms represented in the above Table, are 73 in number, but of these eight
…
types at least, though often divergent in style, are common to the two
…
Thus L, which is certainly an alternative form of £]■ anc' 's exclusively
683
COMPARISONS BETWEEN CLASSES A AND B 683
…
Fig. 663. Characteristic Signs of the Linear Class A omitted in B
…
Although Class B covers a somewhat later period and illustrates in Classes A
…
in many ways than the other. Though it contains one character, j~, No. 31, ofB.
684a
ANALYSIS OF SIGNS OF CLASS B
…
two groups. The numeration, as
…
right strokes. In both cases the
…
Fig. 665. Comparative Examples of Name-
…
Analysis of Signs of Class B,
685
HIERATIC AND EGYPTIANIZING ELEMENT IN CLASS B 6S5
…
Hieratic and Egyptianizing Element.
…
Fig. 667. Evolution of the 'Sacral Ivy Leak'.
…
clearly traditional forms going back to the hieroglyphic stage, *f and the R tions
…
ciation. It has been already demonstrated l that the ' leaf' sign with an inner symbol
686
THE 'THRONE AND SCEPTRE' SIGN
…
The single
…
The 'double-axe' sign, y and 'P, common to Class A, is of purely
…
and
687
THE 'THRONE AND SCEPTRE' SIGN
…
' Throne and Sceptre ' Sign of Class B
…
As a symbol of royalty it is
…
surely indicates a roval owner. In a series of cases the formula fj'A
…
:' It is thus found at the beginning of my
688
THE HORNED HEAD-PIECE
…
In its most primitive aspect, of which we can trace the clear survival
…
' Made with the kind permission of Monsieur
689
The form of this document, a clay
…
Fig. 672. 'Horned Helmet' Sign and
…
These examples, which stand at the head of the comparative series Hittite
…
within sight of the pictographic origins of the type. Of the wide diffusion parallels,
…
sign is copied from a class of objects variously
Tablets of the Linear Script
694
I in. Tablets of the Linear Script B (continued): Meticulous
…
tion of Greek tradition; Elaborate business methods; Inventories docketed '■
695
clear by the pictographic de-
…
The whole surface was Tablets
…
Assuming that the arrangement in the small lacuna was symmetrical with the rest of
697
METHODICAL DISPOSITION OF TABLETS
…
Fig. 682. (7, Tablet with [ Banner ' Sign and =U repeated, b, Inscribed Edge of Tablet.
…
the 'Un-
698
LARGE TABLET OF EXCEPTIONAL CLASS
…
way, adopted by both Classes A and B. This has been already exem-
…
an actual enactment of the great Law-giver.
…
indication of numbers. The characters representing persons of the male or
699
LARGE TABLET OF EXCEPTIONAL CLASS 699
…
found at the end of names marked both by the male and female ngure.
700
700 FIGURES AND IDEOGRAM OF SUPERINTENDENCE
…
flounced skirt, is also reflected in compound cases it follows T and is perhaps used ideo-
701
'THRONE' AND 'SUPERINTENDENCE' SIGNS
…
OVERSEER OF CROPS
…
Fig. 685. Signs of Super-
…
Theodoric, Oswald, and
…
against the opinion, some-
702
702 LARGE TABLET CONTAINING LISTS OF MEN
…
The third heading (in line 20) is also brief, but is completely preserved.
…
The fact that in all three cases these headings end in the ' man sign
704
The sign-groups are in each case separated by a very small upright mark
…
in its heading and the prefatory formulas of its paragraphs; in their clear
706
of I at the end of male-names is also notable elsewhere: the group ?7p
…
a li c type found in the hieroglyphic class (Fig.
…
S™' "S ArHA,C T*,m™N: An examination of i 36 groups followed
…
numbers referring to more than one person. Thus the group p^g, which
…
' This tablet formed part of an important and a fragment of another presenting the
707
TABLET REFERRING TO WOMEN AND CHILDREN 707
…
Fig. 689. Tablet of 14 Liner containing two Lists of Women and, apparently,
…
I he ' woman' sign is traceable thirty-eight times on this tablet, and we
708
SIGN-GROUPS INDICATIVE OF CHILDREN
…
Fig. 690. Tablet with Signs indicating Women, and apparently, Children of Both
…
- In 1. 6 the second sign of the latter formula In earlier examples it has 4 ' posts ' (see J ■ J
709
CONSTANT RECURRENCE OF NAME-GROUPS
…
Fig. 691. Signs of Feminine import :
…
horizontal stroke at the base, repro-
…
A detailed examination of the sisfn-groups on tablets clearly ' labelled ' Tl,e
710
7io NAME-GROUPS: 'MAN' AND 'WOMAN' SIGN
…
• man' or male, partly owing to the fact that there are longer list ot persons to which the
…
Fig. 693 A. Name-groups of Linear Scrii't B associated with ' Man ' Sign.
…
It will be seen that a disproportionately large number of the Knossian
711
these, too, represent the names of individuals, personally referred to in
…
by itself on a tablet with a phonetic value representing the object that the
…
694, a, b, is also often found in such groups. Among the combinations of ^ced:
…
See above, p. 706. examples of the sign.
…
seqq. and Table XIV, pp. 232, 233, A. 58-S4. ' No. 972 of my hand-list.
713
PICTORIAL SIGNS OF PHONETIC VALUE IN GROUPS 713
…
The 'goat', of the group (-^ (, recalls the frequent appearances of the Hitikc
…
A bird, possibly intended for a goose, occurs in the name-group \A 'f,
…
Sripta Minoa, p. 207, No. 64. 3 See especially P. of M., i, p. 6 seqq.
…
Hittites, 18S6. Markasu) and would therefore represent M.
714
7i4 EVIDENCE OF DECLENSION IN FEMALE NAMES
…
raa, and the like, it is to be noted that, in ' ^ '
…
(Fig. 095,(5). Such nautical combinations mark the personal names of a
…
Terminal Signs of Name-groups : Male and Female.
…
derance of particular terminal
…
lowed by the ' woman' sign,
…
1 For this ' ship ' sign compared with its equivalent of Class A, see P. of M., ii, Pt. I, p- 23°'
…
Fig. 696. Evidence of Declension in Female
716
716 EVIDENCE OF LINGUISTIC DIFFUSION AND SURVIVAL
…
combined in the
…
OF OLIVE GROVES
…
CONNECTED WITH THE 'SUPERIN-
…
of the B signary
…
with the olive -
…
The Comparative Table {il>.; p. 643, Fie
717
trees—of which
…
the olive-tree in
…
and ship:
…
Fig. 701. Spray indicative of
…
Fig. 702. Seal Impression of ( Hieroglyphic ' Class,
718
the export of oil from Minoan Crete to Egypt. The item on the present
…
It is clear that, throughout the whole of the Palace period,1 one of the
…
her fugitive marriage—to be recovered later from the flames of Ilion ?
…
Fig. 703. ( Saffron ' Sign and
…
Inst., 1933), pp. 7-9 and Fig. 4. The plant
…
that the ancestral stock is to be found in
…
1 Ibid., pp. 625, 626 and Fig. 463, 1. 2>
719
the tablets of Class B presenting this sign, shown in Fig. 704, three interest-
…
' In repeated eases (e.g. Fig. 704, ,) it is coupled with J, the feminine
721
jon the later inscriptions of which have still preserved the patronymic
…
Fig. 705. Ideographic Signs connected with Agriculture and Cereals.
722
CEREAL GROUP OF SIGNS
…
Herds. related and can only be regarded as referring to cattle, including horned
…
sheep, goats, swine (Nos. 90-92), and horses (No. 93). All four are
723
SIGNS RELATING TO FLOCKS AND HERDS
…
ventionally set—as B 92, 93—011 an upright stem, ^r\ B 91 on the other
…
both classes of animal being traditionally grouped together under the single
724
724 TABLETS RELATING TO FLOCKS AND HERDS, ETC.
…
Fig. 707 a, ^, c. Tablets relating to Flocks and Herds, Swine and Horses.
…
As is natural, the numbers of swine mentioned in single tablets are less
725
A series of characters is specially prefixed to numbers. (See Fig. 708.)
…
Fig. T08. Signarv of Linear Class B. ' Banner ' and other Signs used
…
in this position and as a regular phonogram in word-groups. The ' impaled'
…
Pictorial Figures of Uncertain Meaning.
…
See above, p. 663 and Fig. tio 1.
727
PICTORIAL FIGURES SHOWING FORMS OF VESSELS 727
…
- Cf. lb., ii, Pt. II, p. 736 seqq. See, too, s lb., ii, Pt. 1, p. 380 and Fig. 212.
…
kheper'ra-scnb (ib., p. 746, Fig. 482). 331 from the 'Little Palace'.
728
DEPOSIT OF 'VASE TABLETS'
…
the remains of a whole series of ritual vessels '—including one of native
730
THE'VASE TABLETS'
…
712. Tablet with two sets of Vessels :
…
signs, not found elsewhere, and
…
Ladle, and Jug on ' Vase Tablets '.
732
marked, as on the handled bowl, a, with the W—a frequently recurring siwri on
…
among other features, by the somewhat
733
THE DEPOSIT OF 'STIRRUP VASE' TABLETS
…
Tablets from another deposit on the Northern border of the building
…
of this type. The deposit referred to, however,
…
of De-
Knossian Script B in Mainland Greece
738
738 PAINTED INSCRIPTION ON L. M. Ill SHERD, KNOSSOS
…
on any
…
Painted L. M. Ill Sherd with Sign-group of Class B from Palace Site.
…
found the dark on light
739
INSCRIBED'STIRRUP VASES'OF'HOUSE OF K ADM OS' 739
…
Mycenae, existed in the Museum at
…
But the finds thus held in suspense
…
1 See Table, Fig. 666 a (opp. p. 684). * Two of these fragments, however, were
…
' House of
…
' The A at the end of this inscription recurs
…
and see Scrifta Minoa, i, p. 57, Fig. 31.
741
INSCRIPTIONS ON THEBAN 'STIRRUP VASES'
…
Fig. 724 b. Painted Inscriptions on Clay ' Stirrup Vases ' from Store-room of
…
A preliminary account of these inscrip-
…
panied me, copied the inscriptions under my
…
decay, parts of several signs had disappeared.
742
and My-
…
Archaeological Institute at Athens, in sending me photographs of th0
…
725. Sign-groups and Single Signs on 'Stirrup Vases' from Tiryns (7/.),
…
acter on
…
some of the Re-occupation pottery at Knossos. Restored drawings of two
743
Tiryns and the House of Kadmos. Here we see an identical usage, taken
…
The 'wheel' sign ^ (No. 24, a, B) also seen at Tiryns (Fig. 725 £■) and
…
this and the 'arrow' sign, /t*—also
…
'27. Single Signs on the Theban
744
744 COMPARISONS OF MAINLAND SCRIPT WITH CLASS
…
'ihebes. jn gj^ t|le Xheban deposit supplied twenty-eight different examples of
…
lines. The signs again are typically Class B: ^ and Q, better than the Theban
…
a series of forms typical of this later Script, and which do not occur
…
Solitary Of signs peculiar to Class A, ^ and its possible variant ([ alone appear—
…
included in this evidently very incomplete series of Mainland signs. These,
746
746 PRESUMED EXISTENCE OF CLASS A ON MAINLAND
…
the antecedent stages of the Mainland Minoan branch. Its best artisti
…
Proba- inseparable cultural unit. It is surely inadmissible to suppose that the mere
…
Class A crossing ot a comparatively narrow arm ot sea deprived one half of this
…
It follows that, according to every presumption, the script, of which we
747
PARALLELISM OF SCRIPT AND VASE DECORATION 747
…
It is this ceramic class that characterizes the archaeological stratum to
748
74S MYCENAEAN AND KNOSSIAN VASE DECORATION
…
of Painted Bowl
…
In all these cases, as in contemporary examples from Cyprus and,
749
KNOSSIAN TRADITION OF TELL-EL-AMARNA 749
…
What has been said above supplies cumulative proof that the ceramic
751
1 be reasonably interpreted in the same way as personal names or titles.
…
SIGN GROUPS ON
…
SIGN GROUPS ON
…
Fig. 734. Comparative Table showing Correspondence of Mainland Name-Groups with
752
752 EVIDENCES OF IDENTITY OF MAINLAND LANGUAGE
…
the same
…
As has been already noted—though, as a whole, the Mainland signary
…
or two signs belonging to this group are clearly survivals of Class A.
…
;l For the special diffusion of such names
753
f this earlier form of the linear Script in what is known as ' Mycenaean'
…
employed was possibly due to their peculiar fitness to represent certain
…
As has been already said, the occurrence of more or less pictorial signs The
754
THE 'GRIDIRON' SIGN
…
of St. Laurence.
…
cance of
…
Historical Significance of Diffusion of Late Palace Script of Knossos
755
SUGGESTION OF SIGNS OF SCRIPT B ON ASINE JAR 755
…
preserved, in its rudest form, the same cult as that of the Goddess of the
756
The whole face, except the eyes and mouth, is painted white according
…
characteristic swelling, and by the 'Granary' type of two-handled bowl.2
…
2 A. J. B. Wace, U.S.A., xxv, PI. XI, /;, i, I. ' Found, many years since, near the Aq«"
757
GRAFFITI ON JAR WITH SUGGESTIONS OF SCRIPT 757
…
IM fairly exact idea of
…
Signs of
…
on Asine
…
Section of Rim of Asine Tar definite signs may
…
my copy, reproduced, with one-third reduction, in Fig. 740. The notes below
…
Section of Rim of Asine Jar showing Various Figures, some reflecting
758
758 THE MINOAN SCRIPT IN CYPRUS
…
at times used as a symbol. of the .suggestions made in his Table, op.c ■»
759
confined to inscriptions on clay balls from Enkomi, or Old Salamis1
…
741. a, Inscription on Limestone Fragment, Enkomi
…
tomb of the same
…
on Sherd.
…
goes the only associated objects were Late
…
had effaced the upper angle of the triangular
…
"'lues, p. 43r,,Fig. 320. " See above, p. 5S1, Fig. 5b'S, and cf. p.
760
76o COMPARISON WITH SIGNS OF MINOAN SCRIPT
…
Fig. 7J3. Copies ok Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions, a-e, On Clay-balls ; f, g, Cylinders.
761
Class A, one of the best defined characters that is here found, No. 1, is
…
of Cypri-
…
3 The Sanctuary Site of Petsofa (B.S.A., ix)
763
oible residuum of signs that have no obvious connexion with Minoan forms. ^""J,
…
'(Hj r Jj Although little, as yet, is known of this, a single Traces of
…
on Early Steatite the Hagia Paraskevi Cemetery,1 the inscription on which linear
…
the existence ol early linear signs parallel with that A°? ,
…
Minoan Contact with opposite Cilician Coast: How far did the 'Men of
765
SACRAL IVY SPRAY ON HITTITE POTTERY
…
'4G. Comparative Examples illustrating Evolution of ( Sacral Ivy ' Motive,
…
the Ashmolean Museum.
…
' For the old routes leading North and
766
766 MINOAN DECORATION ON AMISOS VASES
…
Minoan 'Sacral Ivy' and 'Oats' Motive coupled with Geometric 'Cappadocian'
…
■ Notably the diffusion of the silver ' kan-
767
MINOAN DESIGNS ON H1TTITE POTTERY
…
Part of Jug depicting Cereal, identified
…
reminded me of this type.
768
tion of
…
linear Script B of Knossos. (§)
…
appears to be a small figure of a
…
- An O-like incision appears on the lower days. In his MS. description it appears as a
769
MINOAN INSCRIPTION ON AMISOS RAM
…
1 of the ' cup ' in what seems to be the first sign-group indicates that the in Hittite
…
Fig. 750. Analysis of Inscription showing its Boustrophedon arrangement.
…
Again we are confronted with a singular parallelism in the epigraphic
…
Armenien, 6W., ii, pp. 583-9, and Fig.). Its
Supplementary of preceding
770
5n'3- Supplementary to Preceding: The Minoan Remains at Ras
…
built tomb at Isopata; Minoan types of vessel associated with Ras-Shamra
…
of Class B.
…
Evi- Here opens the little, almost land-locked cove, still called, as in
771
TOMBS OF RAS-SHAMRA COMPARED WITH ISOPATA 77!
…
and Plates XI, XII. p. 29T, n. 2. So far as corbelled keel vaulting
…
Ischtar-Tempel in Ass/or, or in Farbige Keramih Einar Gjerstad {Summary of Swedish Excava-
…
{J. H. S., xlvitt, 1928), p. 64 seqq., who makes structure of the great tomb, with dromos and
…
* For the Isopata Tomb see A. E., The Pre- in Cyprus.
772
rr- CORBELLED VAULTS AND BLIND OPENINGS OF TOMBS
…
the name of 'Royal
…
The best preserved example of the structure was presented by another
773
STRUCTURAL PARALLELS OF ROYAL TOMB, ISOPATA
…
Fig. 752. Plan1 of Inner Chamber and Fore Hall of Royal Tomb of Isopata,
…
Tomb of
…
on virgin
774
774 BLIHD OPENINGS IN STRUCTURE OF ISOPATA TOMB
…
Ser.es, and contained vases of the finest ' Palace style'.
775
PARALLEL VAULTS AT ISOPATA AND RAS-SHAMRA 775
…
A low door-like opening was in fact visible in the masonry of the entrance
776
776 MINOAN TYPES OF VESSEL IN RAS-SHAMRA TOMBS
…
types of
…
Minoan Types of Vessel associated with Ras-Shamra Tombs.
778
778 PEDESTALLED ALABASTER VASE OF MINOAN TYPE
…
Fig. 758 b. Inscription on
…
graved with the cartouche of Queen Hatshepsut (Fig. 758 <5).3 Its form
…
the Director of Cairo Museum.
780
of a veined limestone, of marble-like aspect (Fig. 760, c), found amongst th
…
Fig. 760. a, Separate Faience Mouth-piece of ' Rhyton ', Ashur ; i, similar of Marble-
781
flutino- as Fig. 7.60, c, and termed, above, a 'blossom bowl', occurred at
…
A remarkable tradition, moreover, which in spite of its late date is too
…
' SeeT3. ofM., ii, Pt. I, p. 3ro, and Fig. 181.
…
ists there. Machos was the father of Kasos
…
is the Poem of Alei'n-Baal which was pub-
782
782 CUNEIFORM ALPHABET OF RAS-SHAMRA
…
Minoan silver, but a few of gold.2 These included jewellery, a bent ingot bar, ana
…
That the language expressed by these signs is 2 The discovery is described by Proiesso
Deposits of tablets depicting chariots
785
Deposits of Tauluts depicting Chariots : Minoan Types of
…
Fresco ' winding clown from story to story along the descending walls of its
786
786 THE 'CHARIOT TABLETS'
…
in history reason to believe to have been a new and aggressive dynasty about the
…
Tablets'. building, unfortunately very imperfectly preserved, known as the ' Armoury .
787
CHARIOT TYPES AND FORMULAS ON TABLETS 787
…
See A. E., Report, Knossos, 1900 (B.S.A., vi), p. 29 and pp. 57, 58 (Fig. 12).
791
PARTS OF CHARIOTS
…
Fig. 765. Manufacture of Egyptian Chariot on Theban Relief, c. 1450 u.c.
…
addition to these, two small curving objects in front of the yoke which may
793
THE WHEELS
795
THE CHARIOT WHEELS ON TABLETS
…
but the amounts on nine fairly complete tablets give an average of about 73
…
with the ' throne and sceptre ',' and it is a noteworthy circumstance that in
…
|jT'k B- Oniy >n the case of the third in
796
vehicle on
…
Egypt and
…
Tablet of Tylissos, showing
…
and other
…
Four-spoked Type of Minoan Wheels.
…
six and eight spokes to their wheels. It seems that from this time on-
797
LATER INCREASE IN NUMBER OF SPOKES
…
The ' Saw' on the ' Chariot Tablets' as Carpenter's Sign.
…
pret. It goes back by easy stages, however, to the picto-
…
class (Fig. 770, b) which is fully represented in the Cretan
…
=S2 and T. xxv, 508.
…
8 a). A similar wheeled vessel of bronze from
798
bronze saws-some of extraordinary length and with collared handles '-
…
below to be the conventionalized derivative of the horse's head 2 (Fig. 771, 0,
…
as constructs for h,s benefit. With regard to the < corslet; or ■ cuirass'
799
THE HORSE'S HEAD AND ITS DERIVATIVES
…
vary a good deal in execution, but as a rule the characteristic outline is hit
…
! See below, p. 829 and Fig. 811.
…
1 The two concluding signs of this group
800
before the hinder part of the wheelless framework of a chariot on tl
…
Conventionalized 'Horse' Signs and
…
herds and flocks of
…
their pastures.
…
ant of the intervening
802
802 'FODDER' SIGN AND 'CORN ON THRESHING FLOOR'
…
early pictorial form the shape of the grains is preserved (Fig. 777) ; these
…
of Egyptian
…
of Sign.
…
in the same way by a ring of stones set on
803
CORSLETS OR BREAST-PLATES ON 'CHARIOT TABLETS' 803
…
Fig. 779. Fragment of Painted Stucco showing
…
fastened at the side. The hori-
804
with Corslet and
…
Rameses II's time.1 Here, too, the cuirass shows
…
with a short sword, the
…
below, to which the metal
…
Relief of Enkomi Mirror
805
CORSLETS ON TABLETS OF 'KNIGHTS' EQUIPMENT 805
…
tin, with inlaid bands of gold and
…
than to the Minoan home-lands.
…
Fig. 784. a, End of Normal 'Chariot
…
stripes (otfioi) of ' black' kyanos, 12 of gold
…
again, we see the cuirass omitted and
807
'WHIP' SIGN ON 'CHARIOT TABLETS'
…
~--^y/ "" I 7 I / Deen a Person of conse-
…
ed-)> P- 54S. Sons of Rameses II and III
808
808 APPEARANCE OF WHEELED VEHICLES IN CRETE
…
commentary on
…
consequence of Sargon's Conquest of the 'Western Land'. It was three
812
812 'STELA OF VULTURES' AND SUMERIAN CHARIOT
…
Chariots with Pole rising up in front of Box and lashed to its Top
…
the evidence was
…
of the larger section
…
Fragment of ' Stela of the Vultures ' showing
…
Clialdee, i, PI. iii Ms, E. r, and the further
…
logique, however, chariots of the other class
814
one of them from a tomb of that date at Ur, depicting chariots reluctantl •
…
of Type I>
…
two reliefs on
…
in one case a lion, in the other
…
been now published by Mr. Woolley (111. "- In the Berlin Museum. Cf. Contenau,
815
AEGEAN RANGE OF CHARIOT TYPE B
…
upper thong—the pole itself
…
chariot form Type B go back considerably earlier than the Ramesside 0°xypeB
…
at least to the first half of the Fifteenth Century B.C.
…
form and.its L. M. I b date, see above, p. 493.
817
CHARIOT TYPE B ON GOLD BEAD-SEAL, THISBE 817
…
with some version of the saga in which Orestes
…
be taken here of the attempt of Commandant
…
the supposed falsity of the gold bead with the
818
chariot of the Ur relief. From this point the two elements that now co
…
a novel way to the wheels, the farther
…
Horses' Tails crossing, on Cypro-Minoan
…
is quite true, as he states, that the girth is here
819
CHARIOT TYPE C: LATER MINOAN AND ASSYRIAN S19
…
It has been already noted that one obvious method of better adjusting
…
Compare, for instance, Helbig, Borne- Etruscan'grave, Conieto; and pp.. 138, 139,
…
of tablets.
820
820 MINOAN CHARIOTS OF TYPE C: EARLIER CLASS
…
of C on
…
of Silver ' Rhyton '
…
The form of chariot here classified as C seems
…
as pointed out above, is of
…
of Type C: Vapheio Tom b.
…
seem to be any longer in evidence. The
821
Type C on Tablets—Associated with Later,' Dual' Form of Chariot.
…
Typical Examples of ' Dual ' Class of Chariot, of Type C : on
…
are three bars. The wheel, however, still centres with the front section.2
…
his otherwise useful work on ' The Chariot in
822
we notice the intrusion on that side of a special Syro-Egyptian adaptatiri
…
of a Syro-
…
chariot of
…
Minoan form may have been suggested by the elegant curve of the light
…
3 The spot where the rock-tomb was found
…
A bad impression exists in the Candia Museum
Armature in the Last Palatial Age
827
SEA-TRANSPORT OF THOROUGHBRED HORSE
…
Figure of Horse superimposed : Clay Seal-
…
Shelter : on Clay Sealing found
…
engraver as indicative of its cargo on a vessel provided both with sails and
828
THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE
…
horses on
…
and'Little
…
discovered amygdaloid bead-seal, Fig. 807, formed of a black stone veined
…
idea of the rigging. In the case of the
…
from the Hagia Triada
…
and Part of Driver, (f)
…
Athens dealer in 1933. The stone is of hard
829
knotted tufts. To a certain extent it finds an Egyptian parallel in the
…
and My-
…
These knots of hair are well illustrated on the painted fragment showing
…
At Mycenae, where the surface tint has not been darkened by the
830
Tiryns we see the same. On the sarcophagus the horse, as, elsewhere on
…
the impression that at this period the art of riding- was known either in
…
- In contemporary Egypt riding was hardly raised above the horse's back. On the
831
INTRODUCTION OF HORSES IN MAINLAND GREECE 831
…
v- 37T- ° Fig. 812 is based on a section of the fine
…
* For the Minoan gallop, see P. of M., vol. i,
832
332 HORNS OF WILD-GOATS ON 'ARMOURY' TABLETS
…
facture of
…
repeats a pictographic figure consisting of two curves with smaller excre-
833
till has a wide Asiatic range to Persia and the Indian borders.1 In
…
now mainly confined to the White Mountains, though it is still
…
bering omitted.) In the test, p. 165 seqq., the
835
the
…
1 o-th Qf ^0 ;.n-i while in one specimen killed near Karachi, 'the length
…
obtaining the horns by their own prowess brought them to the horn-workers'
…
the length of a couple of average size 10 For the 'composite' type of bow, see
…
° See P. 0f M., ii, Ft. I, p. 48 seqq. and
836
S3& 'ARMOURY b LOKtiS OJf ARROWS AND DOCUMENTS
…
mentsre- the wooden chests containing them, something has already been said in
…
'Armoury' Two actual depots of arrow-plates were found
…
loop handles which—as the broken pieces of " "
…
floor. The sealings were of the usual three-sided
…
"■ See above, pp. 616, 617, and Fig. 603,
837
TABLET RELATING TO CHESTS OF ARROWS 837
…
Concluding Section of Tablet from 'Armoury' Deposit
…
Tsountas found twenty similar bronze ' arrow-plates' in two bundles of
838
their
…
Tsountas, At TrpoioropiKat «Kpo7ro'/W AtyUTj- a'pit-cave'. The only painted vessel, about
…
accompanied with the ' proto-Libyan ' bow on 5 L. Savignoni, Scavi e scofcr/c nella iiecro
…
graber, Atlas, PI. CI, 536-40. It has been 1909), p. 202, who compares the specimen
839
arrow-heads with a stem or tang between the barbs are
…
very small game. But their appearance is deceptive. As has already been
…
Method of hafting Plate
…
Middle Helladic Period. The ease with which
…
»Pa.t from this, the idea that this form of
840
heads of flint and obsidian, as does their width of 1-1-5 cm. (c. {e t0 J_ : \
…
These arrows were equally effective both for hunting and for war, and
…
Tablet re- dart appears on a tablet (Fig. 819) found in the same ' Armoury' deposit as
…
intrusion, but it has the appearance of be- exceptionally large.
…
"- Preh. Tombs of Knossos, pp. 3r
841
f 11 vin°" the pictorial figure of the weapon seem to be s "=42. It appears
…
ranks of foot soldiers on ' Miniature' fresco
…
On a miniature fragment of the same Spears
…
later days of the Palace carries on his
…
' A'..Ej' r""!h "f the double Axes, fcsV.,
…
' lb., ii, Pt. II, pp. 755, 756, and PI. XIII,
842
842 SOCKETED SPEAR-HEADS AND TERMINAL RINGS
…
spear- °f Socketed bronze spear-heads, both with a stemmed and an almost flat
…
where the later part of the contents, to which these belonged, is of M. M. Ill
843
THE GOLDEN RING OF HECTOR'S SPEAR-HEAD 843
…
' In his hand he held his spear, eleven cubits long, and before him
…
- II., vi, 319, 320, and viii, 494, 495.
…
as referring to some kind of ferrule, enclosing
844
844 LATE PALATIAL SPEAR-HEADS OF KNOSSOS
…
the two is 34-4 centimetres in length (13-3 inches) and its socket is surrounded
845
Sword-types of the Closing Palatial Age: Foils or Rapiers
…
types of
…
and ' cruciform' forms, the first two can be shown to have an antecedent
…
excepting the phenomenal sword of Mallia—the Minoan 'Durendal'—the
…
at Isopata (Fig. 827, a, b). These are shown by the 'bridge' spouted stone
…
Droken away. With it (b) were parts of the blade of another foil.
…
carries back this rapier type to at least the close of the Seventeenth
…
v See F' °f M- 'l- Pt *» PP- 2?2< 2?3> and = See R °fM-> '■ PP- 55°' 55'' andcf- Pt l'
846
The fullest illustration of these round-shouldered short tanged sword
…
same class, with sharply defined median ribs, were abundant in the Mycenae
…
3 A. E., Tomb of the Double Axes, p. 3,
…
' 1\ of M., i, p. 4«, Fig. 29(5, and see
847
RAPIER TYPES AT KNOSSOS AND MYCENAE 847
…
tern of this class from Shaft Grave V (Fig. 828 a).
…
In the tomb No. 44, of the ' Shaft Grave' type, at Zafer Papoura, what
…
contrasting with that of a fine 'horned' sword found with it which was
848
and oval
…
to the earlier phase a
…
inlaid specimens from Mycenae—presenting the engraved designs of a
…
fortunately attached to the upper part of t ie
850
WS AND DAGGERS IN TOMBS
…
Fig. 832. Objects found in Base of Destroyed Chamber Tomb, Knossos : a, b, Spear-heads
…
Fig. 834. Ivory Mounted Dagger of • Horned ' Type from ' Tomb of Tripod Hearth ',
851
THE 'CRUCIFORM' SWORD DISTINCTLY CRETAN 851
…
Boyd-Hawes, Gournia, p. 34, and No. 50. 1926), p. 9, fig. 13 (unfortunately taken not
852
HILT-PLATES OF 'CRUCIFORM' SWORDS
…
are well established, contained in a chamber tomb of what has been termer!
…
jewels in the shape of argonauts
…
For the other see p. 321, Fig. 262 above,
…
Dr. Mackenzie recognized the Knossian fabric
…
"- Tsountas' statements about this and the
853
THE 'SWORD TABLETS' 853
…
(with pommel), No. 42, p. 59 seqq., 1. 58 cm., s The form of the ' man' sign on this
…
■ ^3 cm., No. 98, p. S6, 1. 61 cm. above as characteristic of a special class of
854
»54 LKYMAL bWOKD-HlLl Of CKULii-UKM TYPE
…
cal terminus a quo for the 'Sword
…
Fie. 837. Crystal Sword Hilt of 'Cruci- & . .. s '
…
'Sword Tablets'. tion identical with that of vases
…
wooden handles of swords and daggers—a part of a magnificent crystal lutt-
…
' See plan, Vol. ii, Pt. 1, p. 329, Fig. 18C. > See p. 271, Fig. 201 above, and cf. Karo>
…
and passim.
857
SWORD TYPES ON TABLETS: LEAF-SHAPED FORM S57
…
times.2 The expansion of the central
…
poura, Fig. 840,* is of
…
Compare, especially, Fig. 838 i,c. of the Minoan Civilization '. Some of the tab-
…
inclined, chiefly on the ground of the leaf:
…
he. cit., to refer to the Re-occupation period.
858
858 VARIETY IN TOMB FORMS BUT UNITY OF CULTURE
…
Knossos in its last days presented an abnormal variety of types. Apart
…
Might this heterogeneous origin be reflected in the pcculium of the
…
No racial jyi;noarl civilization. No distinction can really be drawn in the tomb groups
…
tombs of
859
SWORD AND DAGGER TYPES OF KNOSSIAN GRAVES S59
…
Fit;. 841. Group of Swords and Daggers from the Zafer Papoura Cemetery, Knossos.
860
86o THE 'CHIEFTAIN'S GRAVE' AND ITS CONTENTS
…
quite unrivalled—the only evidence of the
…
and hunt-
861
'CHIEFTAIN'S GRAVE'; UPPER AND LOWER DEPOSITS 861
…
exceptionally decorated, together with the gold collar—all indicative of his
862
'THE CHIEFTAIN'S GRAVE'
…
Sword. gathered from more than one pictorial and sculptural record. 1 he Priest-
…
Fig. 844. The 'Chie
863
beads had escaped the plunderer.1 The fine'Pal c t.
…
Fig. 848. ' Cruciform ' Sword with Onyx Pommel and Engraved Gold Plates,
864
of which was a metre
…
pins. The midrib
…
Shaft Graves, a rapier of
…
PI. LXXX, No. 266.) The
…
Graves such as op.at., PI.XCV, No. 905, are decidedly short. The fully developed 'horns
866
end of the
…
the hindquarters of
…
the coup de grace.
…
~l™£llT Pan ° thC midrib of the »»lide are reproduced and
868
ing Rows of Boars' Tusks
…
illustrated, on a relief from the large silver vase of the Fourth Shaft Grav
…
The diagonal markings of the horizonal rows of
…
with Ram'sHorns and Rows
…
'' A. E., Tomb of the Double Axes,
869
BOARS' TUSKS ON HELMETS
…
the Fourth Shaft Grave at Mycenae, of which two
…
Boar-hunting itself, as we see from the en- Sections of BoarsTusks,
…
S"c!< <t- "t., p. I20, Fig. 37, and Karo
The Latest Palatial Age of Knossos (L.M. Ib-L.M. II)
874
874 SURVIVAL FROM ' GREAT REBUILDING' OF M. M. Ill b
…
Empire models. The fact that these works were in both cases associated with
…
Ceiling A fully developed L. M. I a character must be attributed to the
…
Parallel corresponds with a well-known class, the classical example of which is the
…
Similar flat seems on the whole to mark a later stage. Such fresco bands have
…
patterns and the later discoveries described by Roclenwaldt.1 The remains, there
875
CEILING PATTERNS OF KNOSSOS AND TIRYNS S75
…
Stucco in the Flat, N.W. Heap, Rnossos.
…
(from Palace, Mycenae) of section of frieze:
…
^'g- 62, this fragment is drawn as part of the
…
40-42 and restored drawing, Fig. 11. As com-
…
looks as if at the time when it was made the
876
SIMILAR 'BUDS' AT KNOSSOS AND TIRYNS
…
Fig. 800. Section of Painted Stucco Frieze (in
…
Section of Painted Stucco
…
artisans belonging to the same guild of decorators who executed works
…
In conformity with a general law, it seems best to refer the flat versions
877
ROSETTES AND TRIGLYPHS NOW EXECUTED IN FLAT 877
…
of such
…
Palace.
…
Fig. 8CS. Conventional ' Buds ' on Border Bands of ' Palmette' Friezes :
…
through the last Palatial Age.
878
In the case of the basement rooms and passages of the ' Domesti
…
Seismic F°r measuring the extent of this catastrophe, which, like those that
880
8So EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE ON LATER ART AT KNOSSOS
…
scheme we already trace in the earlier phase of L. M. I—clue to the continued
…
ism with sn'owu by the wholesale adoption, in the initial stage of the New Palace, of
881
SIGNIFICANCE OF'SHIELD FRESCO' 88I
…
The echo of these processional records may well have reached Knossos
…
Minoan 8-shaped shield with a spiral band already appears on a remarkable on L.M-
882
EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
…
a fine 'amphora', now fully restored, from the borders of the ' North-West
…
and
…
of Camp-
…
Signs of Religious Influences, Egyptian and Syrian, on the ' New Era ':
…
- Examples can be cited of earlier date
883
SUCCESSIVE PHASES OF LAST PALATIAL AGE 883
…
main divisions. Its mature stage is signalized by the radical implantation of Age: two
…
and the presence of certain elements—particularly visible in the documents New
…
ot the gradual process of transition by which- one ceramic phase grew out
…
' See above, p. 414, Fig. 3-13*. ' P. of M., iv, Pt. I above, p. 346, Fig.
884
0S4 INDICATIONS OF ADVENT OF NEW DYNASTY
…
aggres- tion—to be reasonably interpreted as marking the accession of a new family
…
to the initial stage of the Palace as now remodelled, within which, indeed.
886
(-IE 'CAPTAIN OF THE BLACKS
…
Age, we see a Minoan officer armed with two spears, and wearing a black
887
PID 'MINOS IV USE BLACK TROOPS ON MAINLAND? 887
…
Iholosto'L.H.ni'(L.M.III). Butthestyle Aegisthos'—hard by that of ' Klytemnestra'
891
THE ARGONAUT FRIEZE
…
with reed-like stems showing striped foliation like that of J^f (
…
similar plants which we shall presently see between the couchant A''g°™iu
…
of'Griffin
892
corresponds with that in the ' Room of the Throne",' presenting seated
…
It seems probable, in view of this analogy, that the frieze itself
…
tinued circus scenes than to the open country—themselves, as already shown,
893
bench along tLe South wall of the Ante-room of the 'Room of the Throne',
…
ceramic motive on 'am-
…
the couchant Griffins
…
'hese cases have also been some suggestion of
…
1 See P. ofjlf., ii, Pt. II, p. 674 seqq., and
896
896 IMITATION MARBLE DADO OF M. M. Ilia DATE
…
74. Painted Stucco Dado from East Palace Border showing
…
M. M. Ill Period (a), is the actual section of the painted stucco dado known
…
vases of
897
1 -oe amphora of a kind of veined native alabaster.1 It was 69 centimetres Great
…
plates fixed and these polychrome touches added it would, indeed, have
Last Palatial Age. The 'Room of the Throne'
902a
902 'THRONE ROOM' SYSTEM: PROOFS OF L. M. II DATE
…
of early
…
not here a question of engrafting on to an existing system or of raisino- a ne
…
ning West of this seems to have been at first
905
Fig. 880. Section of Ends ok Projecting
…
' Room of
…
Interesting evidence also came to light that this finish to the two wall-
…
convenient, and it may be supposed that privacy, when needed, was secured
907
ROOM OF THRONE'
…
Fig. SS2. Corner of Balustrade with Steps descending to ' Lustral
…
trade, and
908
90S 'LOGGIA' ABOVE 'ROOM OF THRONE'
…
position—as to make possible a restoration as complete as anything of its
…
basin. fact the lower part of a double arrangement with a gallery above of the
…
tared precipitated from this upper ' Loggia ' into the ' Lustral Basin ' below at the
…
Griffin" pf tne wall-sections—in two cases immediately above the benches—runs
…
1 See Mr. TheodoreFyfe'sdrawing/-Painted - P. of'M., ii, l't. II, pp. 409, 410, and l''g-
910a
THE GRIFFIN FRIEZES
…
the ' Procession Fresco '-1 Each of these wall-sections is broken in the
…
this case the bands are divided by narrow
912
chrome charcoal-burner from the ' Temple
…
on a flat surface (see Fig. 886 a, b). That this
…
the Hellenistic Age, to become later one of the
913
THE WINGLESS GRIFFIN
…
Griffins here were wingless is' quite unparalleled. This is the first, and
…
of beasts of prey seizing their quarry—after three
…
headed Monster on Gold
914
THE WINGLESS GRIFFIN
…
888. Egyptian Hawk-headed Griffins and Minoan Derivatives.
…
This milder aspect is further enhanced by the peacock's plumes and rich
…
sentation is possibly clue to some assimilation with the Egyptian Sphinx,2
…
to spread—regarded as better embodiments of the settled spirit of guardian-
917
THE GYPSUM THRONE
…
Section of Seat
…
Fig. 891. Plan and Section 01 Gypsum Throne, by Theodore Fyfe.
…
covered with an elaborate painted design may be gathered by the appear-
918
GOTHIC FEATURES OF THRONE
…
wash were also found on the front and
…
sitter, had necessarily a somewhat weakening effect on the curved sec 1
919
TRANSLATION BACK OF THRONE INTO WOODWORK 9I,
…
of this work as executed
…
of the well-known Minoan
920
92o REPRESENTATIONS OF ALTAR-BASES
…
by the altar-base as thus depicted beside
…
curved Altar-Bases on either
…
The Inner Sanctuary.
…
The 'Room of the Throne' in Relation to the Surrounding' Structures.
924
A 'PALACE PICTURE GALLERY'
…
The 'Service' Section.
…
Palace block, and, from the economic point of view, was no less incorporated
925
THE 'SERVICE' SECTION
…
Ouarter by means of a small staircase running up from one of its back
…
found the clay impression with the axe-holding,
926
'SERVICE' SECTION AND KITCHEN
…
by a person in a standing position. The two quadrants of the column drum
…
table, and
927
KITCHEN OF 'SERVICE' SECTION AND WOMAN'S SEAT 927
…
Kitchen of 'Service' Section showing Woman's Seat of Limestone and
928
928 RELICS OF EARLY TREASURE
…
Precious 'I he objects found in the Throne Room area belong to two cateo-0nP.
…
i„ and relation to its ceremonial character. But a highly interesting group of
…
The objects in precious metal had been evidently picked out by later
930
like the others, had doubtless been overlaid on the bright blue kyanos
…
Crystnl To what purpose disks like/, bossed on both sides, had been apnl' I
…
ingbulf charging bull painted in bright colours on its lower surface,1 may have been
…
reliefwiih jyr ]\| jjj ostrich-ego- type—with the relief of the 'ambushed octopus'.2
…
bushed There can be little doubt that, as in other similar cases, the relief had been
…
- P. ofM., ii, p. 227, Pig. 130, and ii, Pt. II, where it is first adequately reproduced Iron'
…
Third Shaft Grave at Mycenae shows a simi- rightly regards this object as of Cretan i«>
931
STAL FABRICS IN PALACE ATELIERS
…
A crystal pommel of a
…
special class of miniaturists.
…
mel of Dagger.
932
SHELL CAMEO WITH DAGGER AND BELT
…
of the
…
of which the
…
Of the art of carving small cameos in relief in this material a much earlie
…
The development of the de-
…
or oval, but the
…
Fig. 904. Development of Cameo showing Dacgek and Belt (f). w;tla those of
933
disks linked by diagonal bands seen here on die dagger belt answer to
…
* See above, P. ofM., iii, p. 305, and Noel
934
Loculus with Remains of Egyptian Faience, Lafis Lazuli, &c.
…
further which in this case had fallen more directly from the floor above, was dis'
…
repository, we are bound to conclude that, down to the last days of the
935
Ritual Aspect of the ' Room of the Throne' and its Ante-chamber.
…
section above described must by no means be regarded as the lhrone besought
…
The State chamber with which we are concerned in this place, together Ritual
…
As to the character of the ritual itself the Ante-chamber must first 'be Ante"
…
In this case, happily, what seems to be a real clue is the fact that, in J"^1
…
See P. of M., iii, p. 333 seqq., and pp. 336, were throne and bench, with another rock-cut
937
SPRINKLING AND ANOINTING CEREMONIES
…
kws of Caesar (5 8-49 B.C.) show-
…
and Peaked Helmet {Apex).
938
of filling,
…
summary expedient of dipping them into open superficial oil-vats of tl
…
on the pavement where five more had habitually stood (see Plan, Fig. S77).
…
The curious specimen from Sedment, p. 268,
939
ALABASTRA ON THRONE-ROOM FLOOR
…
Tomb,' is here given in Fig. 911. In form it resembles the clay ladle
940
of casket
…
It seems possible that an inlaid casket, remains of which were brought
…
main groups in the space bordering on the bench of the balustrade
…
ance of
…
lay on their faces, showing that they belonged to some small case
…
- It is of course, well established that the
…
' P. of if.,
941
CRAFTSMEN'S SIGNS ON FAIENCE INLAYS
…
signifying units. Nine out of twelve linear
…
for Inlaying from ' Room of the
…
signs on
…
Fig. ill3. Incised Signs on Inlays from
943
SMOKE TRACES OF SOUTH-WESTERN GALE 943
…
Section of West Facade Wall of Palace showing Smoke Stains on its
…
' From iis Westerly touch .(Arab. Gharb): Tripoli was the 'West' land.
944
944 SEQUEL TO THE CATASTROPHE OF THE PALACF
…
Sequel to the Catastrophe of the Palace.
…
There is no reason to suppose that the overthrow that preceded the
Epilogue: Part I. The Royal signet-ring
947
S 117- Epilogue: Part I. The Royal Signet-ring.
…
up his father's midday meal, noticed a bright object on the tilled earth
…
favourite answer to inquirers was that he had ! P. 145 seqq., and cf. A. E., The Ring of
948a
OF 'MINOS' AND 'NESTOR' COMPARED
…
fou„d ^ti^tz^:i:lT rthe spot'the pyios r^ ™s
…
%. 454), the Minoan ring-type originated' T?Z? ^ Sma"er Size of the S,obl,,eS °"
…
m0uld'nS of the hoops wasaltogetherdecadet gb"y htot '" *** *an the other.
949
SUCCESSION OF SEPARATE SCENES
…
Fig. 916. Intaglio Design on
…
we may discern three separate religious scenes, two above, and the other,
…
ment of
…
account of the,' Ring of Minos' in Eos (xxxiii;
951
In the first of these, in the order here proposed, we see a somewhat Sacred
…
may recognize as the same Goddess arrived in her
…
b, Prow of Goddess's Bark
952
HIPPOCAMP PROW OF GODDESS'S BARK
…
hand as if saluting the sanctuary from which she departs (Fig. 9]g\r
…
animal's head which forms the prow
…
Sketchy Design of Goddess on Dog-
953
MINOAN ORIGIN OF CLASSICAL H1PPOCAMP 953
…
Caledonian seas unknown to the
…
h.M, Cat. Greek Coins, p. 12, No. 61. in a special manner mistress of sea monsters;
954
954 PARALLEL SCENES OF GODDESS'S DEPARTURE
…
trant of
…
one hand on the wrist of his flounced consort
…
before us there three separate scenes, in the resting on Edge of Altar-base,
…
are depicted on their original site. ihepossi- nRAW1NG\
…
1 See J', of M., ii, Pt. I, p. 245, Fig. 142;
955
f'me with the purely natural pose and action, is unparalleled among Minoan shrine-
…
the present signet most likely to strike the observer's eye is the convention vention
…
by other Minoan works 111 which the rocky surface of the ground is repro- of rocks,
…
this seems to be the most natural ex- ' P. of M., iii, p. 91, Fig. 50, and cf. p. 96,
Epilogue: Part II.
957
8 ii7. Epilogue: Part II. Legendary and Literary Tradition
…
to the signet-ring of Minos.1
…
himself to be a son of Poseidon, Minos, the offspring of the Cretan Zeus— legend.
…
summarized. So far as literary evidence goes, Frederic G. Kenyon, 7he Poems of Bacchyiides,
…
that of Bacchylides' paean has been now added
958
Theseus 901s Vase', by Kleitias and Ergotimos. On none of the vase paintings
…
subject for illustration, but no object referred to in the whole story has
959
TRADITION OF MINOS' SICILIAN EXPEDITION 959
…
Crete with Sicily—which has found another remarkable illustration in the Tomb of
…
linear script came to light in the Palace archives at Knossos. What more
960
Apollo of a ritual vessel, the double of which was found in the Treasury 0f
…
Royai tions, I had myself been inspired by the hope of finding such a ' temple
…
another —that brought out at Isopata, at some distance from the Palace, on a height
…
long known, though it did not reveal bath- Sicily a continuous tradition from the great
961
T nbs ' discovered by Professor Schaefer on the North Syrian Coast—the Hopes
…
tl at it was specially designed to stand in relation to a ritual cult on the S"^0'
…
foro-otten, they were literally fulfilled. They have materialized in the dis-
…
Fig. 927. View from S.W. Ancle of Palace Site showing Minoan Viaduct and 'Caravanserai'
Epilogue: Part III. Discovery of the Temple Tomb
962a
yii7- Epilogue: Part III. Discovery of Temple Tomb : Upper Shrine
…
byfindino looked in succession by two rocky headlands, the detritus from these
…
found to contain, with minor relics, a fine spouted bowd in the ' marine
963
Tomb Robbers' Cache of L. M. I a Date.
…
the spot where the signet-ring had been found, proved to be of a robber's
…
It was irregular and choice
…
of any inner chamber
965
DISCOVERY OF TEMPLE TOMB: UPPER SANCTUARY 965
…
subsequent excavation, this roof terrace itself stood in connexion on one side from,
968
968 TIMBER CONSTRUCTION OF SANCTUARY FLOOR
…
T1 . ThG Timber Construction of Floor.
…
both of the great main beams re,rinn , ai™igement and calibre
973
SEPULCHRAL CHAMBER CUT IN THE ROCK 973
…
break. It turned inwards, leaving a short passage-way of that width and Chamber
…
It was impossible to doubt that we had here hit on the counterpart to in Sicily.
…
Here, too, was a ' double tomb'—half sepulchre, half sanctuary.3 The
…
vault itself was largely choked, not only by rubble and clay that had worked
974
of ' Royal
…
974 EXCAVATIONS OF ROCK-CUT CHAMBER FROM ABOVE
…
against the walls of the rock chamber which proved to be cased in fine
975
VISIBLE SQUARES OF ROCK VAULT PAINTED BLUE 975
…
Fig. 935. Sepulchral Chamber with Central Gypsum Pillar and Lining Slab,
…
no doubt, to avoid the risk of detaching pieces of the chalk-like limestone,
976
Plain clay the occurrence of many sherds and even a series of vessels, either whole
…
bored for nveting to the body of the vase I I * '' ^ Wkh holeS
977
SEPULCHRAL CHAMBER AND PILLAR SHRINE 977
…
A orative °'olcl plates. Of the fate of the signet-ring and of part of a share
980
The type of stone vessel here seen, Fig. 939—presumably used
…
The present example was originally provided with five cups hollowed
981
ends, there is no direct evidence of the borings that characterise the ends
…
what may be regarded as a derivative class found in parallel Nilotic and
…
tives of
…
1 In the'parallel Nilotic type, Fig. 941, c, and
982
982 'CUPPED BLOCKS': CRETE AND PREHISTORIC EGYPT
…
The material of this ' cupped block ' from the Temple Tomb is a dark
…
wiihother Nilotic type here represented. As shown in Fig. 941, and pointed out above,5
…
3 A more distant offshoot and, apparently,
983
house beneath the pavement of the Central Court at Knossos supply, Other
…
Fig. 941. Cretan Stone Palettes and 'Cupped Blocks' compared with
…
misconceptions regarding both the extent and meaning of the evidence stone
…
Early Religious Connexions with the Delta.
…
Delta of
Epilogue: Part IV.
988
Traces of Catastrophe to Monument at end of. L. M. I a.—evidence of
…
9"a1 . to which came to light, is best reserved for description in the concluding
989
the rubble material interspersed with scattered human remains, heaped up
…
-the sherds, with the competent assistance of earthquake-stricken in Europe. South of the
990
ggo PART OF PILLAR CRYPT WALLED IN FOR BURIAL
…
ofi-e- was not the same motive ior removing the remains of those who mioht
…
pillar us demonstrates that such a destruction of the ' Temple Tomb' as originally
…
Associ- There being no elements among" the fallen remains later than
991
ROUGH COMPARTMENTS FOR BURIAL OF REMAINS
…
Among the evidences ot desirucuo r1pnnsit within these were of stmc-
992
992 ENTRANCE HALL AND INTERIOR STAIRS
…
terrace, above—to the entrance system to the East of it.
…
th Inner Hall was faced by its main entrance opening on a deep walled recess
…
and
993
EVIDENCE OF SYSTEM OF LOCKING
…
illustrated by the discovery of pin'or
…
themselves as to the control of
996
996 BASEMENT PORTAL AND BAYS
…
Priest's Road was in fact uncovered parallel with and a few metres below the
…
House present high-road, which itself runs close behind the Pavilion that formed
997
area lav at this ano-k of the building. At this point a rock-cut platform is En^cj
…
entrance passage. The Southern side of this plattoim
998
paved area stepping up to the roof terrace, on the West side of which three
…
Fig. 950. Eastern Section of Upper Plan of Monument showing Entrance Platform
…
roof of
1000
to be found in the whole building. There was no apparent remains of the
…
Fig. 951. The Pavilion, as restored, seen from the West, with 'Bridge' of
1001
EASTERN BASEMENT PLAN AND ENTRANCE SYSTEM iooi
…
The Eastern basement section of the Monument is given in Fig. 952,
1004
for ritual functions. But the sepulchral chamber excavated in the original
…
Fig. 95-i. Bronze Knife with Ivory Plates to Handle a, b, and Razor c:
…
the deposit of some good L. M. I b pottery,1 this rock-cut inner pillar crypt
…
Fig. 960. Of objects in precious metals, only a broken gold finger ring of
…
An ivory comb, Fig. 955, with the teeth broken off, recalls a class of
…
stellate flowers, and an 'adder-mark' border.
1005
Mainland Greece. The prominence in the middle of the back contains
…
which also recurs in a similar manner on another from the Sixth Stratum at
…
fouijd in the Chamber Tombs, excavated by
…
Palaikastro, pp. 126, 127, and Fig. 10S.
1006
LIZARDS ON PALAIKASTRO COMB
…
the lizards' scales. In this case the teeth did not, as in Fig. 955, form part
1007
Fio'. 959, already reproduced above,1 since it presents on its upper Large
…
Cover of Cylindrical Al
…
be an intrusion from the vessels
…
Vase of Egyptian Type.
1008
alabaster, and the 'bird's-nest'
…
the contents of a L. M. Ilia
…
responds with the evidence
…
Fig. 959. Large Globular Flask of L. M. ]I
…
Human Of human remains in actual relation to the pit only two or three
1010
ioio BONES OF OLD MAN AND CHILD
…
skull of
…
1 Dr. Buxton further observes: 'He must cultural, probably due to the type of bread
1011
INCENSE-BURNERS ON FLOOR OF TOMB ion
…
'Incense-burners' or Ritual Fumigators placed on Floor of Tomb
…
In addition to this, however, it seems clear that in the present case Hearth',
…
were both covered with an imperfectly fixed coloured decoration, found on painted
…
1 A. E., The Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos
…
amined a fragment of the material at the time)
…
* Good examples are supplied by the
1012a
tion on
…
the later burial within the rock vault, the smaller (Fig. 902 top) shows
…
Fig. 962. Incense-burners with Polychrome Decoration : on Floor of
1013
PAINTED SPRAYS OF INCENSE-BURNER
…
and, again, beside the Argonaut m another contemporary frieze, also re- byTell-el-
…
attest the supremacy there
…
scheme appears on pottery
…
with the forepart of a bo-
…
and Striated Foliage, suggested by Palm Leaves :
1014
ioi4 EVIDENCES OF SNAKE CULT
…
Cult- observed,2 be regarded as itself a shrine of the Goddess. As in the case
…
Room', us, were in any case mainly inspired by the idea of placing the dead under
Supplementary plates LIII-LXIX
General plans
1037
OF
786 THE 'CHARIOT TABLETS'
Grand Staircase and leading thus, we may conclude,to the material realizatio
of its subject, the Shields themselves, namely, suspended along the simila •
dado frieze in the great Hall below. When, indeed, after the great
catastrophe, the spirit and perhaps the actual persons of the Knossian lords
transported themselves to the Mainland side, its psychological expression
lived again in this respect in the closely imitative Shield frieze, less ambitious
in its scale, on the walls of the later Palace at Tiryns.1
Signifi- ln Crete itself the appearance at Knossos of what there is ever,,
CJlIltbrCilK .*-/
in history reason to believe to have been a new and aggressive dynasty about the
bourirS" beginning of the Fifteenth Century B.C., is marked not only by the break in
sites- continuity visible in the remains of a series of smaller sites along the
Northern Coast, from the neighbouring Tylissos to Nirou Khani and
Gournia, but by the eloquent cessation of the great rivals at Phaestos and
Hagia Triada, bordering the Libyan Sea.
The bureaucratic methods evidenced by the documents in the form
of the linear script, B, introduced by the new dynasty, sufficiently declare
the authoritative character of the government as regards internal matters.
On the other hand, the military parade visible in the continuous frieze
with rows of full-length shields, winding down the walls and galleries
of the Grand Staircase to the Great Hall that seems to have actually dis-
played them, finds its counterpart in the appearance of three important
deposits of clay tablets principally relating to armament.
The ' Chariot Tablets '.
Hoards of These hoards themselves stand in a certain administrative relation to the
Tablets'. building, unfortunately very imperfectly preserved, known as the ' Armoury .
This was situated on the Northern border of the paved ' Via Sacra' leading
from the ' Reception Area' to the ' Little Palace ', just off its Central Section,
where the road slightly dips. How far the royal chariots with which these
records mainly deal were able to penetrate within the Northern gateway
cannot be clearly ascertained from the existing remains on that side. But
the fact remains, that the two other deposits connected with the present
series were found respectively near the point where the Northern Entrance
Passage reaches the Central Court and, again, on the South-West border
of the Court itself.
The last-mentioned—known par excellence as the 'Deposit of Chariot
Tablets'—though largely found in a fragmentary state, and including man)
1 See, too, Dr. G. Rodenwaldt's remarks, Tiryns, ii, p. 34 seqq.
Grand Staircase and leading thus, we may conclude,to the material realizatio
of its subject, the Shields themselves, namely, suspended along the simila •
dado frieze in the great Hall below. When, indeed, after the great
catastrophe, the spirit and perhaps the actual persons of the Knossian lords
transported themselves to the Mainland side, its psychological expression
lived again in this respect in the closely imitative Shield frieze, less ambitious
in its scale, on the walls of the later Palace at Tiryns.1
Signifi- ln Crete itself the appearance at Knossos of what there is ever,,
CJlIltbrCilK .*-/
in history reason to believe to have been a new and aggressive dynasty about the
bourirS" beginning of the Fifteenth Century B.C., is marked not only by the break in
sites- continuity visible in the remains of a series of smaller sites along the
Northern Coast, from the neighbouring Tylissos to Nirou Khani and
Gournia, but by the eloquent cessation of the great rivals at Phaestos and
Hagia Triada, bordering the Libyan Sea.
The bureaucratic methods evidenced by the documents in the form
of the linear script, B, introduced by the new dynasty, sufficiently declare
the authoritative character of the government as regards internal matters.
On the other hand, the military parade visible in the continuous frieze
with rows of full-length shields, winding down the walls and galleries
of the Grand Staircase to the Great Hall that seems to have actually dis-
played them, finds its counterpart in the appearance of three important
deposits of clay tablets principally relating to armament.
The ' Chariot Tablets '.
Hoards of These hoards themselves stand in a certain administrative relation to the
Tablets'. building, unfortunately very imperfectly preserved, known as the ' Armoury .
This was situated on the Northern border of the paved ' Via Sacra' leading
from the ' Reception Area' to the ' Little Palace ', just off its Central Section,
where the road slightly dips. How far the royal chariots with which these
records mainly deal were able to penetrate within the Northern gateway
cannot be clearly ascertained from the existing remains on that side. But
the fact remains, that the two other deposits connected with the present
series were found respectively near the point where the Northern Entrance
Passage reaches the Central Court and, again, on the South-West border
of the Court itself.
The last-mentioned—known par excellence as the 'Deposit of Chariot
Tablets'—though largely found in a fragmentary state, and including man)
1 See, too, Dr. G. Rodenwaldt's remarks, Tiryns, ii, p. 34 seqq.